151
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Gharaibeh MH, Shatnawi SQ. An overview of colistin resistance, mobilized colistin resistance genes dissemination, global responses, and the alternatives to colistin: A review. Vet World 2019; 12:1735-1746. [PMID: 32009752 PMCID: PMC6925059 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1735-1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin, also known as polymyxin E, is an antimicrobial agent that is effective against a variety of Gram-negative bacilli, especially the Enterobacteriaceae family. Recently, the wide dissemination of colistin-resistance has brought strong attention to the scientific society because of its importance as the last resort for the treatment of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections and its possible horizontal transmission. The mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) gene was identified as the gene responsible for unique colistin resistance. Indeed, despite many studies that have revealed a pan variation in the existence of this gene, not only for the mcr genes main group but also for its many subgroups, the problem is growing and worsening day after day. In this regard, this review paper is set to review the updated data that has been published up to the end of 2019 third quarter, especially when related to colistin resistance by the mcr genes. It will include the present status of colistin resistance worldwide, the mcr gene dissemination in different sectors, the discovery of the mcr variants, and the global plan to deal with the threat of antimicrobial resistance. In line with global awareness, and to stop antibiotic misuse and overuse, especially in agricultural animals, the study will further discuss in detail the latest alternatives to colistin use in animals, which may contribute to the elimination of inappropriate antibiotic use and to the help in preventing infections. This review will advance our understanding of colistin resistance, while supporting the efforts toward better stewardship, for the proper usage of antimicrobial drugs in humans, animals, and in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Gharaibeh
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110 Jordan
| | - Shoroq Q Shatnawi
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110 Jordan
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152
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Luis Esaú LJ, Christian Rodolfo RG, Melissa HD, Claudia Adriana CC, Rodolfo GC, Rafael FC. An alternative disk diffusion test in broth and macrodilution method for colistin susceptibility in Enterobacteriales. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 167:105765. [PMID: 31676421 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.105765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Colistin and polymyxin B are old drugs that have been reintroduced to treat Gram-negative infections lacking other treatment options; however, colistin resistance have been reported. To know the correct susceptibility pattern is mandatory for multidrug resistant bacteria. Broth microdilution method is the gold standard to evaluate colistin and polymyxin B susceptibility; nevertheless, it is time consuming and needs expertise to be performed. Disk diffusion method on Müeller-Hinton agar is no longer recommended to evaluate polymyxins susceptibility. In this study we evaluated two methods (disk diffusion in broth and broth macrodilution) as alternative options to identify polymyxin resistance in an easy way. A total of 536 Enterobacteriales isolates were assessed for colistin susceptibility. All non-wild type Enterobacteriales (41) were chosen and 31 wild type bacteria were randomly selected, were used to perform disk diffusion tests in broth and for broth macrodilution tests. We found 100% of concordance between both tested methods and broth microdilution. In conclusion, these two methods are reliable and easier options that complement as initial screening susceptibility for colistin in Enterobacteriales in microbiology laboratories lacking personnel and infrastructure to perform broth microdilution method.
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Affiliation(s)
- López-Jácome Luis Esaú
- Infectious Diseases Division, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Hernández-Durán Melissa
- Infectious Diseases Division, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Colín-Castro Claudia Adriana
- Infectious Diseases Division, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - García-Contreras Rodolfo
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Medicine Faculty, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Franco-Cendejas Rafael
- Infectious Diseases Division, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Mexico City, Mexico.
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153
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Global Burden of Colistin-Resistant Bacteria: Mobilized Colistin Resistance Genes Study (1980-2018). Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100461. [PMID: 31623244 PMCID: PMC6843232 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin is considered to be an antimicrobial of last-resort for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. The recent global dissemination of mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes is an urgent public health threat. An accurate estimate of the global prevalence of mcr genes, their reservoirs and the potential pathways for human transmission are required to implement control and prevention strategies, yet such data are lacking. Publications from four English (PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Web of Science) and two Chinese (CNKI and WANFANG) databases published between 18 November 2015 and 30 December 2018 were identified. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, the prevalence of mcr genes in bacteria isolated from humans, animals, the environment and food products were investigated. A total of 974 publications were identified. 202 observational studies were included in the systematic review and 71 in the meta-analysis. mcr genes were reported from 47 countries across six continents and the overall average prevalence was 4.7% (0.1–9.3%). China reported the highest number of mcr-positive strains. Pathogenic Escherichia coli (54%), isolated from animals (52%) and harboring an IncI2 plasmid (34%) were the bacteria with highest prevalence of mcr genes. The estimated prevalence of mcr-1 pathogenic E. coli was higher in food-animals than in humans and food products, which suggests a role for foodborne transmission. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence of the mcr gene by source, organism, genotype and type of plasmid.
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154
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Survey on Some Carbapenems and Colistin Resistance Genes Among Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates from Burn and Cystic Fibrosis Patients, Tehran, Iran. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.93651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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155
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Richter P, Krüger M, Prasad B, Gastiger S, Bodenschatz M, Wieder F, Burkovski A, Geißdörfer W, Lebert M, Strauch SM. Using Colistin as a Trojan Horse: Inactivation of Gram-Negative Bacteria with Chlorophyllin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E158. [PMID: 31547053 PMCID: PMC6963628 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin (polymyxin E) is a membrane-destabilizing antibiotic used against Gram-negative bacteria. We have recently reported that the outer membrane prevents the uptake of antibacterial chlorophyllin into Gram-negative cells. In this study, we used sub-toxic concentrations of colistin to weaken this barrier for a combination treatment of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with chlorophyllin. In the presence of 0.25 µg/mL colistin, chlorophyllin was able to inactivate both bacteria strains at concentrations of 5-10 mg/L for E. coli and 0.5-1 mg/L for S. Typhimurium, which showed a higher overall susceptibility to chlorophyllin treatment. In accordance with a previous study, chlorophyllin has proven antibacterial activity both as a photosensitizer, illuminated with 12 mW/cm2, and in darkness. Our data clearly confirmed the relevance of the outer membrane in protection against xenobiotics. Combination treatment with colistin broadens chlorophyllin's application spectrum against Gram-negatives and gives rise to the assumption that chlorophyllin together with cell membrane-destabilizing substances may become a promising approach in bacteria control. Furthermore, we demonstrated that colistin acts as a door opener even for the photodynamic inactivation of colistin-resistant (mcr-1-positive) E. coli cells by chlorophyllin, which could help us to overcome this antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Richter
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Binod Prasad
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Gastiger
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mona Bodenschatz
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Florian Wieder
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Walter Geißdörfer
- Microbiological Diagnostics, Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Michael Lebert
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Joinville 89219-710, Brazil.
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156
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Wu X, Zha J, Koffas MAG, Dordick JS. ReducingStaphylococcus aureusresistance to lysostaphin using CRISPR‐dCas9. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:3149-3159. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
| | - Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological EngineeringShaanxi University of Science and Technology Xi'an Shaanxi China
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
| | - Mattheos A. G. Koffas
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
| | - Jonathan S. Dordick
- Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary StudiesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
- Department of Biological SciencesRensselaer Polytechnic Institute Troy New York
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157
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Lin Z, Wu T, Wang W, Li B, Wang M, Chen L, Xia H, Zhang T. Biofunctions of antimicrobial peptide-conjugated alginate/hyaluronic acid/collagen wound dressings promote wound healing of a mixed-bacteria-infected wound. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:330-342. [PMID: 31421174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increase in severe infections caused by antibiotic drug resistance and the decrease in the number of new antibacterial drugs approved for use in the last few decades are driving the need for the development of new antimicrobial strategies. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a potential new class of antimicrobial drugs that are expected to solve the problem of global antibiotic drug resistance. Herein, the AMP Tet213 was immobilised onto the substrates of alginate (ALG), hyaluronic acid (HA), and collagen (COL) to form the ALG/HA/COL-AMP wound dressing. This wound dressing exhibited a high degree of swelling and the appropriate porosity, mechanical properties, and biodegradability. The Tet213-immobilised ALG/HA/COL dressings exhibited antimicrobial activity against three pathogenic bacterial strains (Gram-negative E. coli and Gram-positive MRSA and S. aureus) and facilitated the proliferation of NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells. In addition, the ALG/HA/COL-AMP antimicrobial dressings promoted wound healing, re-epithelialisation, collagen deposition, and angiogenesis. Moreover, the wound-healing effects of ALG/HA/COL-AMP surpassed the gauze and ALG/HA/COL compared to commercially available silver-based dressings (Aguacel Ag). These results suggest that the Tet213-conjugated ALG/HA/COL wound dressing, with its multiple biological activities, is a promising wound-dressing material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zefeng Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China; Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wanshun Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510010, China
| | - Binglin Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, China
| | - Ming Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China; The First School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, 510515, China
| | - Hong Xia
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China; Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou 510010, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, Guangzhou 510010, China; Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Guangzhou 510010, China.
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158
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Vaara M. Polymyxins and Their Potential Next Generation as Therapeutic Antibiotics. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1689. [PMID: 31404242 PMCID: PMC6671869 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of polymyxins, highly basic lipodecapeptides, was published independently by three laboratories in 1947. Their clinical use, however, was abandoned in the sixties because of nephrotoxicity and because better-tolerated drugs belonging to other antibiotic classes were discovered. Now polymyxins have resurged as the last-resort drugs against extremely multi-resistant strains, even though their nephrotoxicity forces clinicians to administer them at doses that are lower than those required for optimal efficacy. As their therapeutic windows are very narrow, the use of polymyxins has received lots of justified criticism. To address this criticism, consensus guidelines for the optimal use of polymyxins have just been published. Quite obviously, too, improved polymyxins with increased efficacy and lowered nephrotoxicity would be more than welcome. Over the last few years, more than USD 40 million of public money has been used in programs that aim at the design of novel polymyxin derivatives. This perspective article points out that polymyxins do have potential for further development and that the novel derivatives already now at hand might offer major advantages over the old polymyxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martti Vaara
- Northern Antibiotics Ltd., Espoo, Finland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Helsinki University Medical School, Helsinki, Finland
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159
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Long N, Tang H, Sun F, Lin L, Dai M. Effect and mechanism of citral against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in vivo. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:4423-4429. [PMID: 30891759 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citral is an active component of many plant extracts, and it is a safe additive used in food and cosmetics. A previous study showed that citral has a good antibacterial effect against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in vitro, but its in vivo anti-infective activity has not been studied. Anti-MRSA activity and the preliminary mechanism of citral against MRSA were investigated in MRSA-infected KM mice. The ED50 was calculated using Karber's method. Groups were selected for inflammatory and oxidative stress level tests, and lung and liver tissues were counterstained with HE for detection of pathological changes. Cytokines and oxidative factors were evaluated using the ELISA method (one-way ANOVA computed using SPSS 19.0.). RESULTS With the increase in the concentration of citral, the survival rate of MRSA-infected mice increased accordingly. The ED50 values of citral for intramuscular injection and intragastric administration were 0.09 and 0.26 g kg-1 respectively. Citral significantly reduced cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α) and oxidative factors (malondialdehyde and hydroxyl radicals) of MRSA-infected mice, whereas it increased gluthtione and superoxide dismutase levels. Citral can reduce the lung inflammatory infiltrates infected by MRSA. CONCLUSIONS Citral exerted a dose-dependent anti-MRSA effect and ameliorated MRSA-induced abnormal changes in inflammation and oxidative stress. This indicates that citral has the potential for development as a new anti-MRSA drug. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Long
- Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue Prevention and Control Technology of Animal-Derived Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue Prevention and Control Technology of Animal-Derived Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Fenghui Sun
- Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue Prevention and Control Technology of Animal-Derived Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Lin Lin
- Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue Prevention and Control Technology of Animal-Derived Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Min Dai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residue Prevention and Control Technology of Animal-Derived Food, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, PR China
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160
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Synergistic Effect of Colistin Combined with PFK-158 against Colistin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00271-19. [PMID: 30988150 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00271-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As increasing numbers of colistin-resistant bacteria emerge, new therapies are urgently needed to treat infections caused by these pathogens. The discovery of new combination therapies is one important way to solve such problems. Here, we report that the antitumor drug PFK-158 and its analogs PFK-015 and 3PO can exert synergistic effects with colistin against colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including mcr-1-positive or high-level-colistin-resistant (HLCR) isolates, as shown by a checkerboard assay. The results of a time-kill assay revealed that colistin combined with PFK-158 continuously eliminated colistin-resistant Escherichia coli 13-43, Klebsiella pneumoniae H04, and Enterobacter cloacae D01 in 24 h. Images from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) at 5 h postinoculation confirmed the killing effect of the combination. Finally, in vivo treatment showed that PFK-158 had a better synergistic effect than its analogs. Compared to the corresponding rates after colistin monotherapy, the survival rates of systemically infected mice were significantly increased 30% or 60% when the mice received an intravenous injection of colistin in combination with 15 mg/kg of body weight PFK-158. These results have important implications for repurposing PFK-158 to combat colistin resistance.
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161
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Pouwels KB, Muller-Pebody B, Smieszek T, Hopkins S, Robotham JV. Selection and co-selection of antibiotic resistances among Escherichia coli by antibiotic use in primary care: An ecological analysis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218134. [PMID: 31181106 PMCID: PMC6557515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The majority of studies that link antibiotic usage and resistance focus on simple associations between the resistance against a specific antibiotic and the use of that specific antibiotic. However, the relationship between antibiotic use and resistance is more complex. Here we evaluate selection and co-selection by assessing which antibiotics, including those mainly prescribed for respiratory tract infections, are associated with increased resistance to various antibiotics among Escherichia coli isolated from urinary samples. Methods Monthly primary care prescribing data were obtained from National Health Service (NHS) Digital. Positive E. coli records from urine samples in English primary care (n = 888,207) between April 2014 and January 2016 were obtained from the Second Generation Surveillance System. Elastic net regularization was used to evaluate associations between prescribing of different antibiotic groups and resistance against amoxicillin, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, co-amoxiclav and nitrofurantoin at the clinical commissioning group (CCG) level. England is divided into 209 CCGs, with each NHS practice prolonging to one CCG. Results Amoxicillin prescribing (measured in DDD/ 1000 inhabitants / day) was positively associated with amoxicillin (RR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01–1.04) and ciprofloxacin (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04–1.17) resistance. In contrast, nitrofurantoin prescribing was associated with lower levels of resistance to amoxicillin (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.84–0.97). CCGs with higher levels of trimethoprim prescribing also had higher levels of ciprofloxacin resistance (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.10–1.59). Conclusion Amoxicillin, which is mainly (and often unnecessarily) prescribed for respiratory tract infections is associated with increased resistance against various antibiotics among E. coli causing urinary tract infections. Our findings suggest that when predicting the potential impact of interventions on antibiotic resistances it is important to account for use of other antibiotics, including those typically used for other indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen B. Pouwels
- Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- Health Economics Research Centre, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Health Sciences, Global Health, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Berit Muller-Pebody
- Healthcare-Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
| | - Timo Smieszek
- Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College School of Public Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Hopkins
- Healthcare-Associated Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Division, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at University of Oxford in partnership with Public Health England, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Directorate of Infection, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julie V. Robotham
- Modelling and Economics Unit, National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, United Kingdom
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance at University of Oxford in partnership with Public Health England, Oxford, United Kingdom
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162
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Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases (EID) and reemerging infectious diseases are increasing globally. Zoonotic diseases are transmitted from animals to humans through direct contact or through food, water, and the environment. Vector-borne diseases are major sources of mortality and morbidity globally. Three mosquito-borne viruses are yellow fever, chikungunya virus, and dengue virus. Recent EIDs include Candida auris, Elizabethkingia anopheles, The Lone Star tick, and avian influenza H7N2. In addition, mcr-1 may contribute to the dissemination of drug resistance to gram-negative bacteria. Nurses play a major role in the identification and prevention of EID within health care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Behler McArthur
- University of Arizona College of Nursing and Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, 1305 North Martin Avenue, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Vanderbilt University School of Nursing, 461 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA.
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163
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Kaza P, Mahindroo J, Veeraraghavan B, Mavuduru RS, Mohan B, Taneja N. Evaluation of risk factors for colistin resistance among uropathogenic isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae: a case–control study. J Med Microbiol 2019; 68:837-847. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.000986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Parinitha Kaza
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | | | | - Balvinder Mohan
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
| | - Neelam Taneja
- 1 Department of Medical Microbiology, PGIMER, Chandigarh, India
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164
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Tridecaptin M, a New Variant Discovered in Mud Bacterium, Shows Activity against Colistin- and Extremely Drug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00338-19. [PMID: 30936101 PMCID: PMC6535564 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00338-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization has categorized the Gram-negative superbugs, which are inherently impervious to many antibiotics, as critical priority pathogens due to the lack of effective treatments. The breach in our last-resort antibiotic (i.e., colistin) by extensively drug-resistant and pan-drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains demands the immediate development of new therapies. The World Health Organization has categorized the Gram-negative superbugs, which are inherently impervious to many antibiotics, as critical priority pathogens due to the lack of effective treatments. The breach in our last-resort antibiotic (i.e., colistin) by extensively drug-resistant and pan-drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains demands the immediate development of new therapies. In the present study, we report the discovery of tridecaptin M, a new addition to the family, and its potential against colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in vitro and in vivo. Also, we performed mode-of-action studies using various fluorescent probes and studied the hemolytic activity and mammalian cytotoxicity in two cell lines. Tridecaptin M displayed strong antibacterial activity (MICs of 2 to 8 μg ml−1) against clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (which were resistant to colistin, carbapenems, third- and fourth-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, and other antibiotics) and mcr-1-positive Escherichia coli strains. Unlike polymyxins, tridecaptin M did not permeabilize the outer membrane or cytoplasmic membrane. It blocked ATP synthesis in bacteria by dissipating the proton motive force. The compound exhibited negligible acquired resistance, low in vitro cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity, and no significant acute toxicity in mice. It also showed promising efficacy in a thigh infection model of colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae. Altogether, these results demonstrate the future prospects of this class of antibiotics to address the unmet medical need to circumvent colistin resistance in extensively drug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections. The work also emphasizes the importance of natural products in our shrunken drug discovery pipeline.
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165
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Torrens G, Barceló IM, Pérez-Gallego M, Escobar-Salom M, Tur-Gracia S, Munar-Bestard M, González-Nicolau MDM, Cabrera-Venegas YJ, Rigo-Rumbos EN, Cabot G, López-Causapé C, Rojo-Molinero E, Oliver A, Juan C. Profiling the susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from acute and chronic infections to cell-wall-targeting immune proteins. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3575. [PMID: 30837659 PMCID: PMC6401076 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40440-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario of high antibiotic resistance, the search for therapeutic options against Pseudomonas aeruginosa must be approached from different perspectives: cell-wall biology as source of bacterial weak points and our immune system as source of weapons. Our recent study suggests that once the permeability barrier has been overcome, the activity of our cell-wall-targeting immune proteins is notably enhanced, more in mutants with impaired peptidoglycan recycling. The present work aims at analyzing the activity of these proteins [lysozyme and Peptidoglycan-Recognition-Proteins (PGLYRPs)], alone or with a permeabilizer (subinhibitory colistin) in clinical strains, along with other features related to the cell-wall. We compared the most relevant and complementary scenarios: acute (bacteremia) and chronic infections [early/late isolates from lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients]. Although a low activity of lysozyme/PGLYRPs per se (except punctual highly susceptible strains) was found, the colistin addition significantly increased their activity regardless of the strains’ colistin resistance levels. Our results show increased susceptibility in late CF isolates, suggesting that CF adaptation renders P. aeruginosa more vulnerable to proteins targeting the cell-wall. Thus, our work suggests that attacking some P. aeruginosa cell-wall biology-related elements to increase the activity of our innate weapons could be a promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Torrens
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Isabel M Barceló
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Marcelo Pérez-Gallego
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Maria Escobar-Salom
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Sara Tur-Gracia
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Marta Munar-Bestard
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - María Del Mar González-Nicolau
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Yoandy José Cabrera-Venegas
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Estefany Nayarith Rigo-Rumbos
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Gabriel Cabot
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Carla López-Causapé
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Estrella Rojo-Molinero
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Antonio Oliver
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain
| | - Carlos Juan
- Servicio de Microbiología and Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitari Son Espases-Institut de Investigació Sanitària de Balears (IdISBa), Palma, Spain.
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166
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Farha MA, Brown ED. Drug repurposing for antimicrobial discovery. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:565-577. [PMID: 30833727 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance continues to be a public threat on a global scale. The ongoing need to develop new antimicrobial drugs that are effective against multi-drug-resistant pathogens has spurred the research community to invest in various drug discovery strategies, one of which is drug repurposing-the process of finding new uses for existing drugs. While still nascent in the antimicrobial field, the approach is gaining traction in both the public and private sector. While the approach has particular promise in fast-tracking compounds into clinical studies, it nevertheless has substantial obstacles to success. This Review covers the art of repurposing existing drugs for antimicrobial purposes. We discuss enabling screening platforms for antimicrobial discovery and present encouraging findings of novel antimicrobial therapeutic strategies. Also covered are general advantages of repurposing over de novo drug development and challenges of the strategy, including scientific, intellectual property and regulatory issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya A Farha
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric D Brown
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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167
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Oliva A, Garzoli S, De Angelis M, Marzuillo C, Vullo V, Mastroianni CM, Ragno R. In-Vitro Evaluation of Different Antimicrobial Combinations with and without Colistin Against Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter Baumannii. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050886. [PMID: 30832412 PMCID: PMC6429394 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CR-Ab) infections are associated with high morbidity and mortality. The aim of the study was to evaluate the in-vitro activity of different antimicrobial combinations (with and without colistin, COL) against clinical isolates of CR-Ab collected from patients with CR-Ab infection, including unconventional combinations such as COL + VANcomycin (VAN) and COL + rifampin (RIF). CR-Ab strains were collected from hospitalized patients at Sapienza University of Rome. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were determined throughout MIC50/90s whereas the synergistic activity was evaluated by qualitative (i.e., checkerboard) and quantitative (i.e., killing studies) methods. All the strains were found oxacillinase (OXA) producers and tigecycline (TIG) sensitive whereas 2 strains were resistant to COL. Application of the checkerboard method indicated complete synergism in COL combinations at different extension: 21.4%, 57.1%, 42.8%, 35.7% for COL + meropenem (MEM), COL + RIF, COL + VAN and COL + TIG, respectively, with the non-conventional combinations COL + VAN and COL + RIF exhibiting the highest rate of synergism. Regarding COL-free combination, complete synergism was observed in 35.7% of the strains for MEM + TIG. Killing studies showed that the combinations COL + MEM, COL + TIG and MEM + TIG were bactericidal and synergistic against both colistin-sensitive and low colistin-resistant strains whereas only the combinations COL + VAN and COL + RIF showed an early and durable bactericidal activity against all the tested strains, with absence of growth at 24 h. This study demonstrated that COL-based combinations lead to a high level of synergic and bactericidal activity, especially COL + VAN and COL + RIF, even in the presence of high level of COL resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Oliva
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano De Angelis
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Carolina Marzuillo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Vullo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Claudio M Mastroianni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
| | - Rino Ragno
- Rome Center for Molecular Design, Sapienza University, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy.
- Alchemical Dynamics s.r.l., 00125 Rome, Italy.
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168
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Heesterbeek DAC, Martin NI, Velthuizen A, Duijst M, Ruyken M, Wubbolts R, Rooijakkers SHM, Bardoel BW. Complement-dependent outer membrane perturbation sensitizes Gram-negative bacteria to Gram-positive specific antibiotics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3074. [PMID: 30816122 PMCID: PMC6395757 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are refractory to the action of many antibiotics due to their impermeable outer membrane. An important player of the immune system is the complement system, a protein network in serum that directly kills Gram-negative bacteria through pore-formation by the Membrane Attack Complexes (MAC). We here show that the MAC rapidly perforates the outer membrane but that inner membrane damage, which is essential for killing, is relatively slow. Importantly, we demonstrate that MAC-induced outer membrane damage sensitizes Gram-negative bacteria to otherwise ineffective, Gram-positive-specific, antimicrobials. Synergy between serum and nisin was observed for 22 out of 53 tested Gram-negative clinical isolates and for multi-drug resistant (MDR) blood isolates. The in vivo relevance of this process is further highlighted by the fact that blood sensitizes a MDR K. pneumoniae strain to vancomycin. Altogether, these data imply that antibiotics that are considered ineffective to treat infections with Gram-negatives may have different functional outcomes in patients, due to the presence of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A C Heesterbeek
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - N I Martin
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - A Velthuizen
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M Duijst
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M Ruyken
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - R Wubbolts
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - S H M Rooijakkers
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - B W Bardoel
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
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169
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Ghaith D, Hassan R, Dawoud MEED, Eweis M, Metwally R, Zafer M. Effect of rifampicin-colistin combination against XDR Acinetobacter baumannii harbouring bla OXA 23-like gene and showed reduced susceptibility to colistin at Cairo University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt. Infect Dis (Lond) 2019; 51:308-311. [PMID: 30776934 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2018.1558369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ghaith
- a Department of Clinical and Chemical pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Reem Hassan
- a Department of Clinical and Chemical pathology, Faculty of Medicine , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed Eweis
- b Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Reem Metwally
- b Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science , Cairo University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Mai Zafer
- c Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Ahram Canadian University , Giza , Egypt
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170
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Ursolic acid inhibits colistin efflux and curtails colistin resistant Enterobacteriaceae. AMB Express 2019; 9:27. [PMID: 30778773 PMCID: PMC6379497 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae especially Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli is driving the evolution of pan drug resistant strains. Screening a library of 13 plant nutraceuticals led to the identification of acetyl shikonin and ursolic acid, which exhibited synergy with colistin against extremely drug resistant (XDR) clinical strains of E. coli (U3790) and K. pneumoniae (BC936). Ursolic acid caused a significant colistin MIC reversal of 16-fold in U3790 and 4-fold in BC936 strains. Ursolic acid also potentiated the bactericidal effect of colistin against both U3790 and BC936 by causing ~ 4 to 4.5 log fold decline in CFU of both clinical isolates in a time kill assay. At 2× minimum effective concentration, ursolic acid was non-toxic to zebrafish as evidenced by brain and liver enzyme profiles and by histopathology studies. In combination with colistin, ursolic acid reduced bacterial bioburden of U3790/BC936 by 1–1.58 log fold from the infected muscle tissue of zebrafish. Mechanistic explorations via studies on real time efflux, membrane potential and intracellular accumulation of dansyl chloride tagged colistin revealed that colistin efflux is inhibited by ursolic acid. In addition, ursolic acid also enhanced outer membrane permeability which probably facilitates colistin’s attack on outer and inner membranes. Our study shows that ursolic acid synergizes with colistin by inhibiting colistin efflux in Enterobacteriaceae that helps to curtail colistin resistant Enterobacteriaceae.
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171
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Shanmugakani RK, Akeda Y, Sugawara Y, Laolerd W, Chaihongsa N, Sirichot S, Yamamoto N, Hagiya H, Morii D, Fujiya Y, Nishi I, Yoshida H, Takeuchi D, Sakamoto N, Malathum K, Santanirand P, Tomono K, Hamada S. PCR-Dipstick-Oriented Surveillance and Characterization of mcr-1- and Carbapenemase-Carrying Enterobacteriaceae in a Thai Hospital. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:149. [PMID: 30800104 PMCID: PMC6375898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin is used as an alternative therapeutic for carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) infections which are spreading at a very high rate due to the transfer of carbapenemase genes through mobile genetic elements. Due to the emergence of mcr-1, the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae (MCRPEn) pose a high risk for the transfer of mcr-1-carrying plasmid to CPE, leading to a situation with no treatment alternatives for infections caused by Enterobacteriaceae possessing both mcr-1 and carbapenemase genes. Here, we report the application of PCR-dipstick-oriented surveillance strategy to control MCRPEn and CPE by conducting the PCR-dipstick technique for the detection of MCRPEn and CPE in a tertiary care hospital in Thailand and comparing its efficacy with conventional surveillance method. Our surveillance results showed a high MCRPEn (5.9%) and CPE (8.7%) carriage rate among the 219 rectal swab specimens examined. Three different CPE clones were determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) whereas only two MCRPEn isolates were found to be closely related as shown by single nucleotide polymorphism-based phylogenetic analysis. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) and plasmid analysis showed that MCRPEn carried mcr-1 in two plasmids types—IncX4 and IncI2 with ~99% identity to the previously reported mcr-1-carrying plasmids. The identification of both MCRPEn and CPE in the same specimen indicates the plausibility of plasmid-mediated transfer of mcr-1 genes leading to the emergence of colistin- and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. The rapidity (<2 h) and robust sensitivity (100%)/specificity (~99%) of PCR-dipstick show that this specimen-direct screening method could aid in implementing infection control measures at the earliest to control the dissemination of MCRPEn and CPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathina Kumar Shanmugakani
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Akeda
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Yo Sugawara
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Warawut Laolerd
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Narong Chaihongsa
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suntariya Sirichot
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Norihisa Yamamoto
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Hideharu Hagiya
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Daiichi Morii
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Fujiya
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Isao Nishi
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Dan Takeuchi
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Noriko Sakamoto
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Kumthorn Malathum
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pitak Santanirand
- Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kazunori Tomono
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan.,Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Osaka University Hospital, Suita, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Hamada
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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172
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Tyrrell JM, Aboklaish AF, Walsh TR, Vaara T, Vaara M. The polymyxin derivative NAB739 is synergistic with several antibiotics against polymyxin-resistant strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii. Peptides 2019; 112:149-153. [PMID: 30586602 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The antibiotic crisis has reinstated polymyxins, once abandoned because of their toxicity. Now, preclinical studies have revealed better tolerated and more effective derivatives of polymyxins such as NAB739. Simultaneously, polymyxin-resistant (PMR) strains such as the mcr-1 strains have received lots of justified publicity, even though they are still very rare. Here we show that NAB739 sensitizes the PMR strains to rifampin, a classic "anti-Gram-positive" antibiotic excluded by the intact outer membrane (OM) permeability barrier, as well as to retapamulin, the surrogate of lefamulin, an antibiotic under development against Gram-positive bacteria. Polymyxin B was used as a comparator. The combination of NAB739 and rifampin was synergistic against ten out of eleven PMR strains of Escherichia coli (Fractional Synergy Indices, FICs, 0.14-0.19) and that of NAB739 and retapamulin against all the tested eleven strains (FICs 0.19-0.25). Against PMR Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 7), the FICs were 0.13-0.27 for NAB739 + rifampin and 0.14-0.28 for NAB739+retapamulin. Against Acinetobacter baumannii (n = 2), the combination of NAB739 and rifampin had the FIC of 0.09-0.19. Furthermore, NAB739 and meropenem were synergistic (FICs 0.25-0.50) against four out of five PMR strains that were simultaneously resistant to meropenem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Tyrrell
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Ali F Aboklaish
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy R Walsh
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease, Cardiff University Medical School, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Timo Vaara
- Northern Antibiotics Ltd, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Martti Vaara
- Northern Antibiotics Ltd, FI-02150, Espoo, Finland; Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, Helsinki University Medical School, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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173
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Drug combinations: a strategy to extend the life of antibiotics in the 21st century. Nat Rev Microbiol 2019; 17:141-155. [PMID: 30683887 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-018-0141-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance threatens a resurgence of life-threatening bacterial infections and the potential demise of many aspects of modern medicine. Despite intensive drug discovery efforts, no new classes of antibiotics have been developed into new medicines for decades, in large part owing to the stringent chemical, biological and pharmacological requisites for effective antibiotic drugs. Combinations of antibiotics and of antibiotics with non-antibiotic activity-enhancing compounds offer a productive strategy to address the widespread emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains. In this Review, we outline a theoretical and practical framework for the development of effective antibiotic combinations.
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174
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Polymyxin Derivatives that Sensitize Gram-Negative Bacteria to Other Antibiotics. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24020249. [PMID: 30641878 PMCID: PMC6359160 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymyxins (polymyxin B (PMB) and polymyxin E (colistin)) are cyclic lipodecapeptide antibiotics, highly basic due to five free amino groups, and rapidly bactericidal against Gram-negative bacteria, such as the majority of Enterobacteriaceae as well as Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Their clinical use was abandoned in the 1960s because of nephrotoxicity and because better-tolerated drugs belonging to other antibiotic classes were introduced. Now, due to the global dissemination of extremely-drug resistant Gram-negative bacterial strains, polymyxins have resurged as the last-line drugs against those strains. Novel derivatives that are less toxic and/or more effective at tolerable doses are currently under preclinical development and their properties have recently been described in several extensive reviews. Other derivatives lack any direct bactericidal activity but damage the outermost permeability barrier, the outer membrane, of the target bacteria and make it more permeable to many other antibiotics. This review describes the properties of three thus far best-characterized “permeabilizer” derivatives, i.e., the classic permeabilizer polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN), NAB7061, and SPR741/NAB741, a compound that recently successfully passed the clinical phase 1. Also, a few other permeabilizer compounds are brought up.
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175
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Viana AT, Caetano T, Covas C, Santos T, Mendo S. Environmental superbugs: The case study of Pedobacter spp. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:1048-1055. [PMID: 30029312 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The environment is one of the main reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) but multidrug resistant (MDR) environmental isolates are barely characterised. As suggested by the name, Pedobacter species have been predominantly isolated from soils, but are also recovered from water (including drinking water), chilled food, fish, compost, sludge, glaciers and other extreme environments. The susceptibility phenotype of Pedobacter lusitanus NL19 (isolated from a deactivated uranium mine), its closely related species and the genus type strain were investigated. All strains are MDR bacteria, resistant to β-lactams, colistin, aminoglycosides and ciprofloxacin. Therefore, Pedobacter spp. are likely intrinsically resistant to β-lactams (including ertapenem) and to other three classes of antibiotics. 6%-8% of their total protein-encoding genes encode a diverse collection of putative ARGs, including β-lactamases. These enzymes are highly abundant in all the other Pedobacter strains with sequenced genomes, especially class C, class B3 and class A. LUS-1 and PLN-1 were further characterised in E. coli. LUS-1 is a class A β-lactamase and it conferred an increase in the MIC of cefotaxime, albeit very low. PLN-1 is a class B3 β-lactamase with carbapenemase activity, conferring resistance to ertapenem and a 66x and 16x increase in the MIC of imipenem and meropenem, respectively. PLN-1 also hydrolyses ampicillin, 1st and 3rd generation cephalosporins, and at a lower extent cephamycins and 4th generation cephalosporins. Therefore, Pedobacter spp. encode a large and diverse arsenal of resistance mechanisms that make them environmental superbugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Teresa Viana
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tânia Caetano
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Claúdia Covas
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tiago Santos
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Mendo
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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176
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Lewies A, Du Plessis LH, Wentzel JF. Antimicrobial Peptides: the Achilles’ Heel of Antibiotic Resistance? Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2018; 11:370-381. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-018-9465-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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177
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Brochado AR, Telzerow A, Bobonis J, Banzhaf M, Mateus A, Selkrig J, Huth E, Bassler S, Zamarreño Beas J, Zietek M, Ng N, Foerster S, Ezraty B, Py B, Barras F, Savitski MM, Bork P, Göttig S, Typas A. Species-specific activity of antibacterial drug combinations. Nature 2018; 559:259-263. [PMID: 29973719 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The spread of antimicrobial resistance has become a serious public health concern, making once-treatable diseases deadly again and undermining the achievements of modern medicine1,2. Drug combinations can help to fight multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections, yet they are largely unexplored and rarely used in clinics. Here we profile almost 3,000 dose-resolved combinations of antibiotics, human-targeted drugs and food additives in six strains from three Gram-negative pathogens-Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa-to identify general principles for antibacterial drug combinations and understand their potential. Despite the phylogenetic relatedness of the three species, more than 70% of the drug-drug interactions that we detected are species-specific and 20% display strain specificity, revealing a large potential for narrow-spectrum therapies. Overall, antagonisms are more common than synergies and occur almost exclusively between drugs that target different cellular processes, whereas synergies are more conserved and are enriched in drugs that target the same process. We provide mechanistic insights into this dichotomy and further dissect the interactions of the food additive vanillin. Finally, we demonstrate that several synergies are effective against multi-drug-resistant clinical isolates in vitro and during infections of the larvae of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella, with one reverting resistance to the last-resort antibiotic colistin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Brochado
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anja Telzerow
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jacob Bobonis
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Banzhaf
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology & Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - André Mateus
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Joel Selkrig
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Emily Huth
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Hospital of Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefan Bassler
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jordi Zamarreño Beas
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS UMR 7283, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Matylda Zietek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Ng
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sunniva Foerster
- Institute of Social & Preventive Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Ezraty
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS UMR 7283, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Béatrice Py
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS UMR 7283, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Frédéric Barras
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, Institut de Microbiologie de la Méditerranée, CNRS UMR 7283, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mikhail M Savitski
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peer Bork
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural & Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.,Max-Delbrück-Centre for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Molecular Medicine Partnership Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Göttig
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Hospital of Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Athanasios Typas
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Genome Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany. .,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Structural & Computational Biology Unit, Heidelberg, Germany.
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178
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Mandler MD, Baidin V, Lee J, Pahil KS, Owens TW, Kahne D. Novobiocin Enhances Polymyxin Activity by Stimulating Lipopolysaccharide Transport. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6749-6753. [PMID: 29746111 PMCID: PMC5990483 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria are challenging to kill with antibiotics due to their impenetrable outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The polymyxins, including colistin, are the drugs of last resort for treating Gram-negative infections. These drugs bind LPS and disrupt the outer membrane; however, their toxicity limits their usefulness. Polymyxin has been shown to synergize with many antibiotics including novobiocin, which inhibits DNA gyrase, by facilitating transport of these antibiotics across the outer membrane. Recently, we have shown that novobiocin not only inhibits DNA gyrase but also binds and stimulates LptB, the ATPase that powers LPS transport. Here, we report the synthesis of novobiocin derivatives that separate these two activities. One analog retains LptB-stimulatory activity but is unable to inhibit DNA gyrase. This analog, which is not toxic on its own, nevertheless enhances the lethality of polymyxin by binding LptB and stimulating LPS transport. Therefore, LPS transport agonism contributes substantially to novobiocin-polymyxin synergy. We also report other novobiocin analogs that inhibit DNA gyrase better than or equal to novobiocin, but bind better to LptB and therefore have even greater LptB stimulatory activity. These compounds are more potent than novobiocin when used in combination with polymyxin. Novobiocin analogs optimized for both gyrase inhibition and LPS transport agonism may allow the use of lower doses of polymyxin, increasing its efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Mandler
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Vadim Baidin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - James Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Karanbir S Pahil
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Tristan W Owens
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Daniel Kahne
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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179
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Zinne N, Krueger M, Hoeltig D, Tuemmler B, Boyle EC, Biancosino C, Hoeffler K, Braubach P, Rajab TK, Ciubotaru A, Rohde J, Waldmann KH, Haverich A. Treatment of infected lungs by ex vivo perfusion with high dose antibiotics and autotransplantation: A pilot study in pigs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193168. [PMID: 29505574 PMCID: PMC5837087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi-drug resistant bacteria threatens to end the era of antibiotics. Drug resistant bacteria have evolved mechanisms to overcome antibiotics at therapeutic doses and further dose increases are not possible due to systemic toxicity. Here we present a pilot study of ex vivo lung perfusion (EVLP) with high dose antibiotic therapy followed by autotransplantation as a new therapy of last resort for otherwise incurable multidrug resistant lung infections. Severe Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia was induced in the lower left lungs (LLL) of 18 Mini-Lewe pigs. Animals in the control group (n = 6) did not receive colistin. Animals in the conventional treatment group (n = 6) received intravenous application of 2 mg/kg body weight colistin daily. Animals in the EVLP group (n = 6) had their LLL explanted and perfused ex vivo with a perfusion solution containing 200 μg/ml colistin. After two hours of ex vivo treatment, autotransplantation of the LLL was performed. All animals were followed for 4 days following the initiation of treatment. In the control and conventional treatment groups, the infection-related mortality rate after five days was 66.7%. In the EVLP group, there was one infection-related mortality and one procedure-related mortality, for an overall mortality rate of 33.3%. Moreover, the clinical symptoms of infection were less severe in the EVLP group than the other groups. Ex vivo lung perfusion with very high dose antibiotics presents a new therapeutic option of last resort for otherwise incurable multidrug resistant pneumonia without toxic side effects on other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Zinne
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Marcus Krueger
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Doris Hoeltig
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine, and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Burkhard Tuemmler
- Clinic for Paediatric Pneumology, Allergology, and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Erin C. Boyle
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Christian Biancosino
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Klaus Hoeffler
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Taufiek K. Rajab
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anatol Ciubotaru
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Judith Rohde
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Waldmann
- Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine, and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
| | - Axel Haverich
- Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Hannover, Lower Saxony, Germany
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