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Corydon TJ, Schulz H, Richter P, Strauch SM, Böhmer M, Ricciardi DA, Wehland M, Krüger M, Erzinger GS, Lebert M, Infanger M, Wise PM, Grimm D. Current Knowledge about the Impact of Microgravity on Gene Regulation. Cells 2023; 12:cells12071043. [PMID: 37048115 PMCID: PMC10093652 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microgravity (µg) has a massive impact on the health of space explorers. Microgravity changes the proliferation, differentiation, and growth of cells. As crewed spaceflights into deep space are being planned along with the commercialization of space travelling, researchers have focused on gene regulation in cells and organisms exposed to real (r-) and simulated (s-) µg. In particular, cancer and metastasis research benefits from the findings obtained under µg conditions. Gene regulation is a key factor in a cell or an organism’s ability to sustain life and respond to environmental changes. It is a universal process to control the amount, location, and timing in which genes are expressed. In this review, we provide an overview of µg-induced changes in the numerous mechanisms involved in gene regulation, including regulatory proteins, microRNAs, and the chemical modification of DNA. In particular, we discuss the current knowledge about the impact of microgravity on gene regulation in different types of bacteria, protists, fungi, animals, humans, and cells with a focus on the brain, eye, endothelium, immune system, cartilage, muscle, bone, and various cancers as well as recent findings in plants. Importantly, the obtained data clearly imply that µg experiments can support translational medicine on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-28-992-179
| | - Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Joinville 89219-710, SC, Brazil
| | - Maik Böhmer
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dario A. Ricciardi
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gilmar S. Erzinger
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Joinville 89219-710, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra M. Wise
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- The Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Hoegh Guldbergs Gade 10, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Research Group ‘Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt-und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen’ (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Akif FA, Mahmoud M, Prasad B, Richter P, Azizullah A, Qasim M, Anees M, Krüger M, Gastiger S, Burkovski A, Strauch SM, Lebert M. Polyethylenimine Increases Antibacterial Efficiency of Chlorophyllin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11101371. [PMID: 36290029 PMCID: PMC9598908 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11101371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylenimines (PEIs), a group of polycationic molecules, are known to impair the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and exhibit antimicrobial activity. The outer membrane of Gram-negative strains hinders the uptake of photosensitizer chlorophyllin. In this study, we report chlorophyllin and branched PEI combinations’ activity against Escherichia coli strains DH5α and RB791, Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium LT2, and Bacillus subtilis 168. The minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by plating cells treated with different concentrations of PEI and chlorophyllin on agar and monitoring their growth after 24 h. All tested combinations of PEI and chlorophyllin were lethal for S. enterica after 240 min of incubation in light, whereas PEI alone (<100 µg mL−1) was ineffective. In the darkness, complete inhibition was noted with a combination of ≥2.5 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin and 50 µg mL−1 PEI. If applied alone, PEI alone of ≥800 µg mL−1 of PEI was required to completely inactivate E. coli DH5α cells in light, whereas with ≥5 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin, only ≥100 µg mL−1 PEI was needed. No effect was detected in darkness with PEI alone. However, 1600 µg mL−1 PEI in combination with 2.5 µg mL−1 resulted in complete inactivation after 4 h dark incubation. PEI alone did not inhibit E. coli strain RB791, while cells were inactivated when treated with 10 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin in combination with ≥100 µg mL−1 (in light) or ≥800 µg mL−1 PEI (in darkness). Under illumination, B. subtilis was inactivated at all tested concentrations. In the darkness, 1 µg mL−1 chlorophyllin and 12.5 µg mL−1 PEI were lethal for B. subtilis. Overall, PEI can be used as an antimicrobial agent or potentiating agent for ameliorating the antimicrobial activity of chlorophyllin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Ahmad Akif
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mona Mahmoud
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Dairy Department (Microbiology Lab.), National Research Centre, Cairo 12622, Egypt
- Department of Biology, Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Binod Prasad
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Azizullah Azizullah
- Department of Botany, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (M.Q.)
| | - Muhammad Anees
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST), Kohat 26000, Pakistan
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Environmental Cell Biology Group, Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Gastiger
- Department of Biology, Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Department of Biology, Microbiology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Joinville 89219-710, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität, Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Space Biology Unlimited S.A.S., 33000 Bordeaux, France
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Schulz H, Strauch SM, Richter P, Wehland M, Krüger M, Sahana J, Corydon TJ, Wise P, Baran R, Lebert M, Grimm D. Latest knowledge about changes in the proteome in microgravity. Expert Rev Proteomics 2022; 19:43-59. [PMID: 35037812 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2022.2030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION : A long-term stay of humans in space causes a large number of well-known health problems and changes in protists and plants. Deep space exploration will increase the time humans or rodents will spend in microgravity (µg). Moreover, they are exposed to cosmic radiation, hypodynamia, and isolation. OMICS investigations will increase our knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of µg-induced alterations in vivo and in vitro. AREAS COVERED : We summarize the findings over the recent 3 years on µg-induced changes in the proteome of protists, plants, rodent and human cells. Considering the thematic orientation of microgravity-related publications in that time frame, we focus on medicine-associated findings such as the µg-induced antibiotic resistance of bacteria, the myocardial consequences of µg-induced calpain activation and the role of MMP13 in osteoarthritis. All these point to the fact that µg is an extreme stressor that could not be evolutionarily addressed on Earth. EXPERT COMMENTARY : In conclusion, when interpreting µg-experiments, the direct, mostly unspecific stress response, must be distinguished from specific µg-effects. For this reason, recent studies often do not consider single protein findings but place them in the context of protein-protein interactions. This enables an estimation of functional relationships, especially if these are supported by epigenetic and transcriptional data (multi-omics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Schulz
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC, CEP 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas J Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Petra Wise
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,The Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ronni Baran
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Space Biology Unlimited SAS, 24 Cours de l'Intendance, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group 'Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen' (MARS), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Prasad B, Grimm D, Strauch SM, Erzinger GS, Corydon TJ, Lebert M, Magnusson NE, Infanger M, Richter P, Krüger M. Influence of Microgravity on Apoptosis in Cells, Tissues, and Other Systems In Vivo and In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9373. [PMID: 33317046 PMCID: PMC7764784 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All life forms have evolved under the constant force of gravity on Earth and developed ways to counterbalance acceleration load. In space, shear forces, buoyance-driven convection, and hydrostatic pressure are nullified or strongly reduced. When subjected to microgravity in space, the equilibrium between cell architecture and the external force is disturbed, resulting in changes at the cellular and sub-cellular levels (e.g., cytoskeleton, signal transduction, membrane permeability, etc.). Cosmic radiation also poses great health risks to astronauts because it has high linear energy transfer values that evoke complex DNA and other cellular damage. Space environmental conditions have been shown to influence apoptosis in various cell types. Apoptosis has important functions in morphogenesis, organ development, and wound healing. This review provides an overview of microgravity research platforms and apoptosis. The sections summarize the current knowledge of the impact of microgravity and cosmic radiation on cells with respect to apoptosis. Apoptosis-related microgravity experiments conducted with different mammalian model systems are presented. Recent findings in cells of the immune system, cardiovascular system, brain, eyes, cartilage, bone, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and pancreas, as well as cancer cells investigated under real and simulated microgravity conditions, are discussed. This comprehensive review indicates the potential of the space environment in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binod Prasad
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (D.G.); (T.J.C.)
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian M. Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (G.S.E.)
| | - Gilmar Sidnei Erzinger
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC 89219-710, Brazil; (S.M.S.); (G.S.E.)
| | - Thomas J. Corydon
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Høegh-Guldbergsgade 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; (D.G.); (T.J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Michael Lebert
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
- Space Biology Unlimited SAS, 24 Cours de l’Intendance, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nils E. Magnusson
- Diabetes and Hormone Diseases, Medical Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 165, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
| | - Manfred Infanger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (B.P.); (M.L.)
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.I.); (M.K.)
- Research Group “Magdeburger Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Forschung unter Raumfahrt- und Schwerelosigkeitsbedingungen” (MARS), Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
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Krüger J, Richter P, Stoltze J, Strauch SM, Krüger M, Daiker V, Prasad B, Sonnewald S, Reid S, Lebert M. Changes of Gene Expression in Euglena gracilis Obtained During the 29 th DLR Parabolic Flight Campaign. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14260. [PMID: 31582787 PMCID: PMC6776534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50611-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Parabolic flight maneuvers of Novespace's Airbus A310 ZERO-G produce subsequent phases of hypergravity (about 20 s), microgravity (about 22 s) and another 20 s hypergravity on experiments located in the experiment area of the aircraft. The 29th DLR parabolic flight campaign consisted of four consecutive flight days with thirty-one parabolas each day. Euglena gracilis cells were fixed with TRIzol during different acceleration conditions at the first and the last parabola of each flight. Samples were collected and analyzed with microarrays for one-color gene expression analysis. The data indicate significant changes in gene expression in E. gracilis within short time. Hierarchical clustering shows that changes induced by the different accelerations yield reproducible effects at independent flight days. Transcription differed between the first and last parabolas indicating adaptation effects in the course of the flight. Different gene groups were found to be affected in different phases of the parabolic flight, among others, genes involved in signal transduction, calcium signaling, transport mechanisms, metabolic pathways, and stress-response as well as membrane and cytoskeletal proteins. In addition, transcripts of other areas, e.g., DNA and protein modification, were altered. The study contributes to the understanding of short-term effects of microgravity and different accelerations on cells at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Cell Biology Division: Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Cell Biology Division: Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Stoltze
- Cell Biology Division: Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Cell Biology Division: Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10 - Zona Industrial Norte, Joinville, SC, CEP 89219-710, Brazil
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Straße 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Daiker
- Cell Biology Division: Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Binod Prasad
- Cell Biology Division: Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sophia Sonnewald
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen Reid
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Lebert
- Cell Biology Division: Gravitational Biology Group, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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6
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Richter P, Krüger M, Prasad B, Gastiger S, Bodenschatz M, Wieder F, Burkovski A, Geißdörfer W, Lebert M, Strauch SM. Using Colistin as a Trojan Horse: Inactivation of Gram-Negative Bacteria with Chlorophyllin. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E158. [PMID: 31547053 PMCID: PMC6963628 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8040158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colistin (polymyxin E) is a membrane-destabilizing antibiotic used against Gram-negative bacteria. We have recently reported that the outer membrane prevents the uptake of antibacterial chlorophyllin into Gram-negative cells. In this study, we used sub-toxic concentrations of colistin to weaken this barrier for a combination treatment of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium with chlorophyllin. In the presence of 0.25 µg/mL colistin, chlorophyllin was able to inactivate both bacteria strains at concentrations of 5-10 mg/L for E. coli and 0.5-1 mg/L for S. Typhimurium, which showed a higher overall susceptibility to chlorophyllin treatment. In accordance with a previous study, chlorophyllin has proven antibacterial activity both as a photosensitizer, illuminated with 12 mW/cm2, and in darkness. Our data clearly confirmed the relevance of the outer membrane in protection against xenobiotics. Combination treatment with colistin broadens chlorophyllin's application spectrum against Gram-negatives and gives rise to the assumption that chlorophyllin together with cell membrane-destabilizing substances may become a promising approach in bacteria control. Furthermore, we demonstrated that colistin acts as a door opener even for the photodynamic inactivation of colistin-resistant (mcr-1-positive) E. coli cells by chlorophyllin, which could help us to overcome this antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Richter
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Krüger
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Binod Prasad
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Gastiger
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mona Bodenschatz
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Florian Wieder
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Burkovski
- Microbiology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Walter Geißdörfer
- Microbiological Diagnostics, Clinical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University Hospital Erlangen, Wasserturmstraße 3/5, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Michael Lebert
- Cell Biology Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Environment, University of Joinville Region, Rua Paulo Malschitzki, 10, Joinville 89219-710, Brazil.
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Richter P, Strauch SM, Lebert M. Disproval of the Starch-Amyloplast Hypothesis? Trends Plant Sci 2019; 24:291-293. [PMID: 30827844 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In a recent publication, Edelmann (Protoplasma 2018; 255,1877-1881) refuted the well-established starch-amyloplast hypothesis of gravitropism in plants. Gravitropic curvatures of shoots and roots were still present after amyloplast-containing tissues (in sheath of vascular bundles and root caps) were dissected. Here, we discuss Edelmann's data in the light of Popper's falsification principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Richter
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Gravitational Biology Group, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Gravitational Biology Group, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Lebert
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Gravitational Biology Group, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstrasse 5, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Strauch SM, Grimm D, Corydon TJ, Krüger M, Bauer J, Lebert M, Wise P, Infanger M, Richter P. Current knowledge about the impact of microgravity on the proteome. Expert Rev Proteomics 2018; 16:5-16. [PMID: 30451542 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1550362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Microgravity (µg) is an extreme stressor for plants, animals, and humans and influences biological systems. Humans in space experience various health problems during and after a long-term stay in orbit. Various studies have demonstrated structural alterations and molecular biological changes within the cellular milieu of plants, bacteria, microorganisms, animals, and cells. These data were obtained by proteomics investigations applied in gravitational biology to elucidate changes in the proteome occurring when cells or organisms were exposed to real µg (r-µg) and simulated µg (s-µg). Areas covered: In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the impact of µg on the proteome in plants, animals, and human cells. The literature suggests that µg impacts the proteome and thus various biological processes such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix proteins, migration, proliferation, stress response, and signal transduction. The changes in cellular function depend on the respective cell type. Expert commentary: This data is important for the topics of gravitational biology, tissue engineering, cancer research, and translational regenerative medicine. Moreover, it may provide new ideas for countermeasures to protect the health of future space travelers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian M Strauch
- a Department of Biology, Cell Biology , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Daniela Grimm
- b Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus C , Denmark.,c Clinic and Policlinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery , Otto-von-Guericke-University , Magdeburg , Germany.,d Gravitational Biology and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Mechanical Engineering , Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Thomas J Corydon
- b Department of Biomedicine , Aarhus University , Aarhus C , Denmark.,e Department of Ophthalmology , Aarhus University Hospital , Aarhus C , Denmark
| | - Marcus Krüger
- c Clinic and Policlinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery , Otto-von-Guericke-University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- f Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry, Information Retrieval Services , Martinsried , Germany
| | - Michael Lebert
- a Department of Biology, Cell Biology , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
| | - Petra Wise
- g Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, AXIS Center , Los Angeles , CA , USA
| | - Manfred Infanger
- c Clinic and Policlinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery , Otto-von-Guericke-University , Magdeburg , Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- a Department of Biology, Cell Biology , Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen , Germany
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Becker I, Strauch SM, Hauslage J, Lebert M. Long term stability of Oligo (dT) 25 magnetic beads for the expression analysis of Euglena gracilis for long term space projects. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2017; 13:12-18. [PMID: 28554505 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular freshwater flagellate Euglena gracilis has a highly developed sensory system. The cells use different stimuli such as light and gravity to orient themselves in the surrounding medium to find areas for optimal growth. Due to the ability to produce oxygen and consume carbon dioxide, Euglena is a suitable candidate for life support systems. Participation in a long-term space experiment would allow for the analysis of changes and adaptations to the new environment, and this could bring new insights into the mechanism of perception of gravity and the associated signal transduction chain. For a molecular analysis of transcription patterns, an automated system is necessary, capable of performing all steps from taking a sample, processing it and generating data. One of the developmental steps is to find long-term stable reagents and materials and test them for stability at higher-than-recommended temperature conditions during extended storage time. We investigated the usability of magnetic beads in an Euglena specific lysis buffer after addition of the RNA stabilizer Dithiothreitol over 360 days and the lysis buffer with the stabilizer alone over 455 days at the expected storage temperature of 19 °C. We can claim that the stability is not impaired at all after an incubation period of over one year. This might be an interesting result for researchers who have to work under non-standard lab conditions, as in biological or medicinal fieldwork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Becker
- Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen 91058, Germany.
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen 91058, Germany.
| | - Jens Hauslage
- German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Linder Höhe, Cologne 51147, Germany.
| | - Michael Lebert
- Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Staudtstrasse 5, Erlangen 91058, Germany.
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Richter PR, Liu Y, An Y, Li X, Nasir A, Strauch SM, Becker I, Krüger J, Schuster M, Ntefidou M, Daiker V, Haag FWM, Aiach A, Lebert M. Amino acids as possible alternative nitrogen source for growth of Euglena gracilis Z in life support systems. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2015; 4:1-5. [PMID: 26177616 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent times Euglena gracilis Z was employed as primary producer in closed environmental life-support system (CELSS), e.g. in space research. The photosynthetic unicellular flagellate is not capable of utilizing nitrate, nitrite, and urea as nitrogen source. Therefore, ammonium is supplied as an N-source in the lab (provided as diammonium-dihydrogenphosphate, (NH4)2HPO4) to E. gracilis cultures. While nitrate exerts low toxicity to organisms, ammonium is harmful for many aquatic organisms especially, at high pH-values, which causes the ionic NH4+ (low toxicity) to be partially transformed into the highly toxic ammonia, NH3. In earlier reports, Euglena gracilis was described to grow with various amino acids as sole N-source. Our aim was to investigate alternatives for (NH4)2HPO4 as N-source with lower toxicity for organisms co-cultivated with Euglena in a CELSS. The growth kinetics of Euglena gracilis cultures was determined in the presence of different amino acids (glycine, glutamine, glutamic acid, leucine, and threonine). In addition, uptake of those amino acids by the cells was measured. Cell growth in the presence of glycine and glutamine was quite comparable to the growth in (NH4)2HPO4 containing cultures while a delay in growth was observed in the presence of leucine and threonine. Unlike, aforementioned amino acids glutamate consumption was very poor. Cell density and glutamate concentration were almost unaltered throughout the experiment and the culture reached the stationary phase within 8 days. The data are compared with earlier studies in which utilization of amino acids in Euglena gracilis was investigated. All tested amino acids (glutamate with limitations) were found to have the potential of being an alternative N-source for Euglena gracilis. Hence, these amino acids can be used as a non-toxic surrogate for (NH4)2HPO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Richter
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - Y Liu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Y An
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - X Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - A Nasir
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - S M Strauch
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - I Becker
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - J Krüger
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - M Schuster
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - M Ntefidou
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - V Daiker
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - F W M Haag
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
| | - A Aiach
- Private Universities Al-Andalus, Al-Kadmous, Tartous, Syria.
| | - M Lebert
- Department of Biology, Department of Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University, Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany.
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Richter PR, Strauch SM, Ntefidou M, Schuster M, Daiker V, Nasir A, Haag FWM, Lebert M. Influence of different light-dark cycles on motility and photosynthesis of Euglena gracilis in closed bioreactors. Astrobiology 2014; 14:848-858. [PMID: 25279932 PMCID: PMC4201281 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2014.1176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The unicellular photosynthetic freshwater flagellate Euglena gracilis is a promising candidate as an oxygen producer in biological life-support systems. In this study, the capacity of Euglena gracilis to cope with different light regimes was determined. Cultures of Euglena gracilis in closed bioreactors were exposed to different dark-light cycles (40 W/m(2) light intensity on the surface of the 20 L reactor; cool white fluorescent lamps in combination with a 100 W filament bulb): 1 h-1 h, 2 h-2 h, 4 h-4 h, 6 h-6 h, and 8 h-16 h, respectively. Motility and oxygen development in the reactors were measured constantly. It was found that, during exposure to light-dark cycles of 1 h-1 h, 2 h-2 h, 4 h-4 h, and 6 h-6 h, precision of gravitaxis as well as the number of motile cells increased during the dark phase, while velocity increased in the light phase. Oxygen concentration did not yet reach a plateau phase. During dark-light cycles of 8 h-16 h, fast changes of movement behavior in the cells were detected. The cells showed an initial decrease of graviorientation after onset of light and an increase after the start of the dark period. In the course of the light phase, graviorientation increased, while motility and velocity decreased after some hours of illumination. In all light profiles, Euglena gracilis was able to produce sufficient oxygen in the light phase to maintain the oxygen concentration above zero in the subsequent dark phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Richter
- Cell Biology Division, Gravitational Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg , Erlangen, Germany
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Grimm D, Pietsch J, Wehland M, Richter P, Strauch SM, Lebert M, Magnusson NE, Wise P, Bauer J. The impact of microgravity-based proteomics research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:465-76. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.926221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimm
- Institute of Biomedicine, Pharmacology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jessica Pietsch
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter Richter
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Strauch
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Lebert
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nils Erik Magnusson
- Medical Research Laboratories, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Petra Wise
- Hematology/Oncology, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Johann Bauer
- Max-Planck Institute for Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Nasir A, Strauch SM, Becker I, Sperling A, Schuster M, Richter PR, Weißkopf M, Ntefidou M, Daiker V, An YA, Li XY, Liu YD, Lebert M. The influence of microgravity on Euglena gracilis as studied on Shenzhou 8. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2014; 16 Suppl 1:113-119. [PMID: 23926886 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The German Aerospace Center (DLR) enabled German participation in the joint space campaign on the unmanned Shenzhou 8 spacecraft in November 2011. In this report, the effect of microgravity on Euglena gracilis cells is described. Custom-made dual compartment cell fixation units (containing cells in one chamber and fixative - RNA lysis buffer - in another one) were enclosed in a small container and placed in the Simbox incubator, which is an experiment support system. Cells were fixed by injecting them with fixative at different time intervals. In addition to stationary experiment slots, Simbox provides a 1 g reference centrifuge. Cell fixation units were mounted in microgravity and 1 g reference positions of Simbox. Two Simbox incubators were used, one for space flight and the other as ground reference. Cells were fixed soon after launch and shortly before return of the spaceship. Due to technical problems, only early in-flight samples (about 40 min after launch microgravity and corresponding 1 g reference) were fully mixed with fixative, therefore only data from those samples are presented. Transcription of several genes involved in signal transduction, oxidative stress defence, cell cycle regulation and heat shock responses was investigated with quantitative PCR. The data indicate that Euglena cells suffer stress upon short-term exposure to microgravity; various stress-induced genes were up-regulated. Of 32 tested genes, 18 were up-regulated, one down-regulated and the rest remained unaltered. These findings are in a good agreement with results from other research groups using other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nasir
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology Division, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Giordanino MVF, Strauch SM, Villafañe VE, Helbling EW. Influence of temperature and UVR on photosynthesis and morphology of four species of cyanobacteria. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 2011; 103:68-77. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Strauch SM, Richter P, Schuster M, Häder DP. The beating pattern of the flagellum of Euglena gracilis under altered gravity during parabolic flights. J Plant Physiol 2010; 167:41-46. [PMID: 19679374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The unicellular freshwater flagellate Euglena gracilis shows negative gravitactic behavior. Previous experiments have revealed that the orientation is most likely an active physiological process in which the beating pattern of the flagellum is controlled by gravity and mediated by a change in the calcium concentration inside the cell. In a signal transduction chain, the calcium signal activates a calmodulin, which in turn raises the concentration of cAMP. This alters the beating pattern of the flagellum; reorientation is therefore not a passive process driven by buoyancy. In a recent parabolic flight experiment (ESA 45th parabolic flight campaign), we observed the beating of the flagellum with a high-resolution light microscope. Transition from hyper g to microg as well as from microg to hyper g caused a change of the beating pattern of the flagellum, which confirmed the physiological nature of the process. In microg cells stopped moving the flagellum or tried to reorient, while in hyper g, the cells realigned consecutively. The reaction times for the flagellar responses in previous experiments are confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Strauch
- Department for Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstr. 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
Apomorphine is a dopamine receptor agonist used as an emetic, for Parkinson's disease, and for treating erectile dysfunction. This study was conducted to monitor cardiovascular function in dogs given the standard emetic dose (0.05 mg/kg) or 10 times that. Measurements were made during baseline and at 1, 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after iv administration. There were no changes produced by the 0.05 mg/kg dose of apomorphine except for a decrease in mean systemic arterial pressure (AoPm) at the 1 through 15 min recordings. For the 0.5 mg/kg dose, there were reductions in systemic vascular resistance at the 1 and 5 min recordings and in AoPm at the 1 through 60 min recordings. Although not significant, when AoPm fell, heart rate, stroke volume, and cardiac output tended to increase. Action potentials were recorded from superfused Purkinje and endocardial ventricular fibers while exposed to 10(-9) to 10(-5) M apomorphine (10(-10) M is considered therapeutic and 10(-7) M is considered lethal). There were no changes in action potential characteristics of Purkinje fibers, but action potential duration at 90% repolarization prolonged approximately 10-12% in endocardium at concentrations of 10(-6) M and greater. At the usual emetic dose (0.05 mg/kg) apomorphine resulted in no signs of cardiovascular toxicity and, at 0.5 mg/kg, cardiovascular changes were minimal. The emetic dose is higher than that for Parkinson's disease or erectile dysfunction; thus apomorphine appears to be a safe compound for clinical use in dogs and by extrapolation to man.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Nakayama
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210-1092, USA
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Bicer S, Nakayama H, Nakayama T, Strauch SM, Hamlin RL. Effects of chronic, oral amiodarone on left ventricular pressure, electrocardiograms, and action potentials from myocardium in vivo and from Purkinje fibers in vitro. Vet Ther 2001; 2:325-333. [PMID: 19746655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Left ventricular pressure, electrocardiograms, and action potentials from myocardium and Purkinje fibers were recorded from five untreated controls and five dogs given amiodarone at 25 mg/kg every 12 hours for 4 weeks, followed by 25 mg/kg once daily for an additional 6 weeks. QT interval and action potential duration were more prolonged following treatment with amiodarone, but there were no significant changes in Purkinje fibers except that automaticity was suppressed. This study demonstrated that amiodarone given orally for 10 weeks to healthy dogs lengthens action potential duration of myocardium but has no effect on Purkinje fibers or heart rate variability. This is contrary to previous reports of dogs given amiodarone at a lower dose and for shorter times.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bicer
- The Ohio State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, 1900 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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van der Woerdt A, Gilger BC, Wilkie DA, Strauch SM, Orczeck SM. Normal variation in, and effect of 2% pilocarpine on, intraocular pressure and pupil size in female horses. Am J Vet Res 1998; 59:1459-62. [PMID: 9829407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine normal variation in, and effect of 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride on, intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil size in female horses during a specified period. ANIMALS 10 female horses with normotensive eyes. PROCEDURE IOP and horizontal and vertical pupil size were measured on a single day between 8 AM and 8 PM at hours 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. Measurements were repeated after single- dose application of 2% pilocarpine to both eyes. IOP and pupil size were measured at 8 AM and noon in a 5-day experiment of twice-daily application of 2% pilocarpine. RESULTS Variation in IOP and pupil size was not significant between 8 AM and 8 PM. Change in IOP or pupil size after a single dose of 2% pilocarpine also was not significant. In the multiple-dose experiment, the IOP at noon on the fifth day was significantly higher than the IOP in the morning on the first and second days. The IOP in the morning on the fifth day was significantly higher than the IOP in the morning and at noon on the first and second days. The IOP at noon on the fourth day was significantly higher than the morning IOP on the first and second days and at noon on the first day. The decrease in vertical pupil size was significant. CONCLUSIONS Between 8 AM and 8 PM, variation in IOP and pupil size in normotensive eyes of horses is not significant. Two percent pilocarpine does not significantly change IOP between 8 AM and 8 PM in clinically normal horses after a single dose or multiple twice-daily applications. After multiple twice-daily applications, a trend toward an increase in IOP was seen, and the decrease in vertical pupil size was significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A van der Woerdt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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van der Woerdt A, Gilger BC, Wilkie DA, Strauch SM. Effect of auriculopalpebral nerve block and intravenous administration of xylazine on intraocular pressure and corneal thickness in horses. Am J Vet Res 1995; 56:155-8. [PMID: 7717576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured, using applanation tonometry, in both eyes of 20 horses after topical application of 0.5% proparacaine to the cornea. Ultrasonic pachymetry was used to measure central, mid-peripheral, and peripheral corneal thickness (CT) in all 4 quadrants of both eyes of 25 horses. All measurements were repeated after auriculopalpebral nerve block, sedation by IV administration of xylazine, or combination of nerve block and sedation. Mean IOP after topical anesthesia of the cornea was 20.6 +/- 4.7 mm of Hg for the left eye and 20.35 +/- 3.7 mm of Hg for the right eye. Mean central CT was 793.2 +/- 42.3 microns. The peripheral part of the cornea was significantly (P < 0.05) thicker, on average, than the central part of the cornea. Auriculopalpebral nerve block had no significant effect on IOP or CT. Intravenous administration of xylazine resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in IOP, but had no effect on CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- A van der Woerdt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA
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Abstract
The antiarrhythmic compound disopyramide has been shown to possess negative inotropic effects. The present study was conducted to establish the effects of graded doses of disopyramide on ventricular function and electrocardiograms from healthy, awake dogs. Electrocardiograms and echocardiograms were obtained during a control period, and during an experimental period in which the six dogs on test received 7.5, 15 or 30 mg disopyramide per kg body weight orally three times per day. Six other dogs served as vehicle controls. No changes of statistical significance occurred in heart rate. The PQ interval was prolonged at all doses, the QRS complex was prolonged only at the highest dose, and the QT interval was prolonged at the intermediate and high doses. Left ventricular pre-ejection period (PEP) was prolonged in a dose-dependent relationship, and the left ventricular ejection time (ET) was shortened only at the highest dose. The percent shortening fraction of the left ventricle (% delta D) decreased significantly at intermediate and high doses, while the ratio of pre-ejection period to ejection time increased in a dose-dependent relationship. Conclusions are that even in therapeutic levels disopyramide produces significant reduction in left ventricular function, and that ratio of PEP/ET correlates better with the dose of disopyramide than did % delta D. This study demonstrates the feasibility of evaluating cardiac effects of compounds by non-invasive means.
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Abstract
Microelectrode techniques were used to study the electrophysiologic effects of the tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) drugs imipramine , amitriptyline, doxepin, desipramine, protriptyline, and nortriptyline on isolated Tyrode's ([K +]o= 4.0 mM) superfused dog Purkinje fibers. Drug concentrations ranged from 10(-7) to 10(-5) M. TCA drug concentrations greater than 10(-6) M resulted in decreases in action potential amplitude, duration, and maximum slope of phase O (Vmax). Simultaneously with decreases in action potential duration, the effective refractory period decreased. In addition, the voltage time course of repolarization between proximally and distally recorded action potentials became less obvious. Imipramine, doxepin, protriptyline, and nortriptyline (10(-6), 10(-5) M) depressed membrane responsiveness. Superfusion of dog Purkinje fibers with 10(-5) M concentrations of TCA drugs resulted in conduction delay, postrepolarization refractoriness and, occasionally, total inexcitability. TCA drugs caused an increase in escape time and a decrease in spontaneous rate of spontaneously automatic Purkinje fibers equilibrated with epinephrine (10(-7) M) in 5 X 10(-5) M EDTA. Imipramine, doxepin, protriptyline, and nortriptyline abolished extra nondriven action potentials, and diminished oscillatory afterpotentials in dog Purkinje fibers exposed to toxic concentrations of ouabain (2 X 10(-7) M).
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