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Tinajero-Díaz E, Salado-Leza D, Gonzalez C, Martínez Velázquez M, López Z, Bravo-Madrigal J, Knauth P, Flores-Hernández FY, Herrera-Rodríguez SE, Navarro RE, Cabrera-Wrooman A, Krötzsch E, Carvajal ZYG, Hernández-Gutiérrez R. Green Metallic Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy: Evaluation Models and Cancer Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1719. [PMID: 34684012 PMCID: PMC8537602 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-based nanoparticles are widely used to deliver bioactive molecules and drugs to improve cancer therapy. Several research works have highlighted the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles by green chemistry, using biological entities to minimize the use of solvents and control their physicochemical and biological properties. Recent advances in evaluating the anticancer effect of green biogenic Au and Ag nanoparticles are mainly focused on the use of conventional 2D cell culture and in vivo murine models that allow determination of the half-maximal inhibitory concentration, a critical parameter to move forward clinical trials. However, the interaction between nanoparticles and the tumor microenvironment is not yet fully understood. Therefore, it is necessary to develop more human-like evaluation models or to improve the existing ones for a better understanding of the molecular bases of cancer. This review provides recent advances in biosynthesized Au and Ag nanoparticles for seven of the most common and relevant cancers and their biological assessment. In addition, it provides a general idea of the in silico, in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models used for the anticancer evaluation of green biogenic metal-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Tinajero-Díaz
- Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, ETSEIB, Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de La Normal, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.M.V.); (J.B.-M.); (F.Y.F.-H.); (S.E.H.-R.)
| | - Daniela Salado-Leza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (D.S.-L.); (C.G.)
- Cátedras CONACyT, México City 03940, Mexico
| | - Carmen Gonzalez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava, Zona Universitaria, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico; (D.S.-L.); (C.G.)
| | - Moisés Martínez Velázquez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de La Normal, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.M.V.); (J.B.-M.); (F.Y.F.-H.); (S.E.H.-R.)
| | - Zaira López
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Cell Biology Laboratory, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Ocotlán 47810, Mexico; (Z.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Jorge Bravo-Madrigal
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de La Normal, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.M.V.); (J.B.-M.); (F.Y.F.-H.); (S.E.H.-R.)
| | - Peter Knauth
- Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Cell Biology Laboratory, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad 1115, Ocotlán 47810, Mexico; (Z.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Flor Y. Flores-Hernández
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de La Normal, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.M.V.); (J.B.-M.); (F.Y.F.-H.); (S.E.H.-R.)
| | - Sara Elisa Herrera-Rodríguez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de La Normal, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.M.V.); (J.B.-M.); (F.Y.F.-H.); (S.E.H.-R.)
| | - Rosa E. Navarro
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, México City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Alejandro Cabrera-Wrooman
- Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, México City 14389, Mexico; (A.C.-W.); (E.K.)
| | - Edgar Krötzsch
- Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, México City 14389, Mexico; (A.C.-W.); (E.K.)
| | - Zaira Y. García Carvajal
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de La Normal, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.M.V.); (J.B.-M.); (F.Y.F.-H.); (S.E.H.-R.)
| | - Rodolfo Hernández-Gutiérrez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de La Normal, Guadalajara 44270, Mexico; (M.M.V.); (J.B.-M.); (F.Y.F.-H.); (S.E.H.-R.)
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Mare AD, Man A, Ciurea CN, Toma F, Cighir A, Mareș M, Berța L, Tanase C. Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized with Spruce Bark Extract-A Molecular Aggregate with Antifungal Activity against Candida Species. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1261. [PMID: 34680841 PMCID: PMC8532861 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10101261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their high content of biomolecules, combined with silver's well known antimicrobial potential, silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using spruce bark (AgNP SBEs) demonstrate antibacterial and antioxidant activity, making them a versatile option for developing new antimicrobial agents that might be used for medical treatment or as adjuvants for the classical agents. This study aims to analyze if silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) mediated by spruce bark extract (SBE) and silver salts (AgNP SBE Acetate, AgNP SBE Nitrate) presents antifungal activity against five different Candida spp., synergistic activity with fluconazole, and if they interact with some virulence factors of C. albicans. AgNP SBEs presented MICs (minimum inhibitory concentrations) for all the five tested Candida spp. AgNP SBEs inhibited the growth of C. parapsilosis, C. krusei, and C. guilliermondii, exerted synergistic activity with fluconazole for C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii, and inhibited biofilm production for C. albicans, C. auris, and C. guilliermondii. MICs of AgNP SBE Acetate significantly inhibited the production of germ tubes of C. albicans. The expression of C. albicans SAP2 gene was down-regulated by the short-time treatment with MICs of AgNP SBE Acetate, while ALS3 and HSP70 genes were up-regulated by the AgNPs MICs. These results emphasize the potential of using the AgNP SBEs as treatments/adjuvants options, not only against the redundant C. albicans but also for the non-albicans Candida species (which are not as frequently involved in human pathologies, but, sometimes, can be more aggressive).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Delia Mare
- Department of Microbiology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (A.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Adrian Man
- Department of Microbiology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (A.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea
- Department of Microbiology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (A.M.); (A.C.)
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Felicia Toma
- Department of Microbiology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (A.M.); (A.C.)
| | - Anca Cighir
- Department of Microbiology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (A.M.); (A.C.)
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Mihai Mareș
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Life Science, 8 Aleea Mihail Sadoveanu, 700489 Iași, Romania;
| | - Lavinia Berța
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Corneliu Tanase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, Mureș, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
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153
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Novel static magnetic field effects on green chemistry biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20078. [PMID: 34635721 PMCID: PMC8505620 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99487-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacteriocidal properties of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) depend on their average diameter (toxicity increases with decreasing diameter). In the present work, we describe novel green chemistry biosynthesis of AgNPs from AgNO3 added to cell-free culture medium of baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, yielding nanoparticles in the range 11–25 nm. However, when yeast was grown in a moderate static magnetic field, AgNPs obtained from the resulting cell-free culture medium, were significantly smaller (2–12 nm) than those obtained without magnetic field. These latter nanoparticles were highly crystalline, stable and near-uniform shape. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of AgNPs obtained from static magnetic fields were greater than those from control cultures. Static magnetic fields show a promising ability to generate biocidal nanoparticles via this novel green chemistry approach.
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154
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Mare AD, Ciurea CN, Man A, Mareș M, Toma F, Berța L, Tanase C. In Vitro Antifungal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Biosynthesized with Beech Bark Extract. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10102153. [PMID: 34685961 PMCID: PMC8538873 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis is a green method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). This study aimed to assess the antifungal activity of two silver nanoparticle solutions, synthesized using beech bark extract (BBE) and acetate and nitrate silver salts (AgNP Acetate BBE and AgNP Nitrate BBE), their influence on biofilm production, their potential synergistic effects with fluconazole, on different Candida spp., and their influence on virulence factors of C. albicans (germ tube production, gene expression for ALS3, SAP2, HSP70). Both the AgNP BBEs presented different minimum inhibitory concentrations for all the studied Candida spp., but biofilm production was inhibited only for C. albicans and C. guilliermondii. The growth rates of all the studied Candida spp. were inhibited in the presence of both AgNP BBEs, except for C. auris. Synergistic activity was observed for C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii, for different combinations of fluconazole with both the AgNP BBEs. The germ tube production of C. albicans was slightly inhibited by the AgNP BBEs. Only AgNP Acetate BBE was able to down-regulate the expression of SAP2. Overall, we can conclude that, even if more studies are necessary, AgNPs synthesized with beech bark extract might be an interesting alternative to classic antifungal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Delia Mare
- Department of Microbiology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Cristina Nicoleta Ciurea
- Department of Microbiology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.)
- Doctoral School, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania
- Correspondence: (C.N.C.); (A.M.); Tel.: +40-759083638 (C.N.C.); +40-745350520 (A.M.)
| | - Adrian Man
- Department of Microbiology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.)
- Correspondence: (C.N.C.); (A.M.); Tel.: +40-759083638 (C.N.C.); +40-745350520 (A.M.)
| | - Mihai Mareș
- Laboratory of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Ion Ionescu de la Brad University of Life Sciences, 8 Aleea Mihail Sadoveanu, 700489 Iași, Romania;
| | - Felicia Toma
- Department of Microbiology, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania; (A.D.M.); (F.T.)
| | - Lavinia Berța
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
| | - Corneliu Tanase
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “George Emil Palade” University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology of Târgu Mureș, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540139 Târgu Mureș, Romania;
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155
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Ranjani S, Kathun UR, Hemalatha S. Silver Decorated Myconanoparticles Control Growth and Biofilm Formation in Uropathogenic E. coli. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2021; 194:504-516. [PMID: 34618338 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology involves the synthesis of nanoparticles that have been used in the therapeutic application for treating diseases. In this present study, we have adopted the synthesis of myconanoparticles from the extracellular extract of endophytic fungi Penicillium sclerotiorum (PsNps) and validated its antibacterial potential against antibiotic-resistant uropathogenic E. coli and ATCC (25,922) strain of Escherichia coli. Endophytic fungi were isolated from the healthy leaves of Tamarindus indica. The genomic DNA from endophytic fungi was isolated and the ITS region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using universal fungal primers ITS1 and ITS4 and sequenced for the identification of endophytic fungal isolates. Penicillium sclerotiorum extract was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (PsNps) and was characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential, FE-SEM, and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX). Antibacterial activity of PsNps was tested against the antibiotic-resistant uropathogenic E. coli and ATCC (25,922) strain of E. coli. Further experiments were carried out to explore the potential of PsNps in regulating the CTX-M-15 gene. The antimicrobial activity showed that the PsNps inhibited growth, biofilm formation in both the strains of E. coli. The expression of the gene encoding CTX-M-15 was downregulated in a resistant strain of uropathogenic E. coli. Our results suggest that the PsNps could be used as an alternative source for antibiotics. Thus, further studies can be conducted to prove the in vivo potential of PsNps and can be formulated for commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ranjani
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, 600048, India
| | - U Rubiya Kathun
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, 600048, India
| | - S Hemalatha
- School of Life Sciences, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Vandalur, Chennai, 600048, India.
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156
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Hu Q, Zhou Z, Gao L, Zhou N, Chen Y, Wang S. Green Synthesis of Ag NP‐Decorated Poly(dopamine) Microcapsules for Antibacterial Applications. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202102654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiyan Hu
- School of Pharmacy Wannan Medical College Wuhu 241002 PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhou
- School of Pharmacy Wannan Medical College Wuhu 241002 PR China
| | - Liwen Gao
- School of Pharmacy Wannan Medical College Wuhu 241002 PR China
| | - Naijun Zhou
- School of Pharmacy Wannan Medical College Wuhu 241002 PR China
| | - Yuanyan Chen
- School of Pharmacy Wannan Medical College Wuhu 241002 PR China
| | - Shaozhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy Wannan Medical College Wuhu 241002 PR China
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157
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Khanna K, Kohli SK, Handa N, Kaur H, Ohri P, Bhardwaj R, Yousaf B, Rinklebe J, Ahmad P. Enthralling the impact of engineered nanoparticles on soil microbiome: A concentric approach towards environmental risks and cogitation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 222:112459. [PMID: 34217114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is an avant-garde field of scientific research that revolutionizes technological advancements in the present world. It is a cutting-edge scientific approach that has undoubtedly a plethora of functions in controlling environmental pollutants for the welfare of the ecosystem. However, their unprecedented utilization and hysterical release led to a huge threat to the soil microbiome. Nanoparticles(NPs) hamper physicochemical properties of soil along with microbial metabolic activities within rhizospheric soils.Here in this review shed light on concentric aspects of NP-biosynthesis, types, toxicity mechanisms, accumulation within the ecosystem. However, the accrual of tiny NPs into the soil system has dramatically influenced rhizospheric activities in terms of soil properties and biogeochemical cycles. We have focussed on mechanistic pathways engrossed by microbes to deal with NPs.Also, we have elaborated the fate and behavior of NPs within soils. Besides, a piece of very scarce information on NPs-toxicity towards environment and rhizosphere communities is available. Therefore, the present review highlights ecological perspectives of nanotechnology and solutions to such implications. We have comprehend certain strategies such as avant-garde engineering methods, sustainable procedures for NP synthesis along with vatious regulatory actions to manage NP within environment. Moreover, we have devised risk management sustainable and novel strategies to utilize it in a rationalized and integrated manner. With this background, we can develop a comprehensive plan about NPs with novel insights to understand the resistance and toxicity mechanisms of NPs towards microbes. Henceforth, the orientation towards these issues would enhance the understanding of researchers for proper recommendation and promotion of nanotechnology in an optimized and sustainable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Khanna
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Neha Handa
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Harsimran Kaur
- Plant Protection Division, PG Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Puja Ohri
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Balal Yousaf
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey; CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany; Department of Environment, Energy and Geoinformatics, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong, Guangjin-Gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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158
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Kashyap M, Samadhiya K, Ghosh A, Anand V, Lee H, Sawamoto N, Ogura A, Ohshita Y, Shirage PM, Bala K. Synthesis, characterization and application of intracellular Ag/AgCl nanohybrids biosynthesized in Scenedesmus sp. as neutral lipid inducer and antibacterial agent. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111499. [PMID: 34146525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The current research focuses on the Intracellular biosynthesis of Ag/AgCl nanohybrids in microalgae, Scenedesmus sp. The effect of biosynthesis process on growth and lipid profile of cells is key element of this study. Ag/AgCl nanohybrids synthesized intracellularly were characterized by UV-Vis spectrophotometer, Powder X-Ray Diffraction (P-XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). 10-20 nm and 10-50 nm sized spherical shaped nanoparticles of polycrystalline nature were grown using 0.5 and 1 mM of AgNO3 precursor, respectively and Scenedesmus sp. as reducing agent. Total lipid content of the cells treated with 0.5 mM and 1 mM AgNO3 was static and found to be 43.2 ± 0.01 μg/mL and 48.2 ± 0.02 μg/mL respectively at 120 h of Ag/AgCl nanoparticles biosynthesis. FAME (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) profile was improved due to intracellular nanoparticles biosynthesis with maximum C16:0 (palmitic acid) (35.7%) in cells treated with 0.5 mM AgNO3 used for Ag/AgCl nanohybrids synthesis. Palmitic acid in cells exposed to 0.5 mM concentration of metallic precursor increased by 75.86%. Synthesized nanoparticles were tested on four bacterial strains to establish its antibacterial efficiency showing appropriate zone of inhibition at varying concentrations. Present study efficiently demonstrates the utility of microalgae integrating nanoparticles biosynthesis and lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Kashyap
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, IIT Indore, India
| | - Kanchan Samadhiya
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, IIT Indore, India
| | - Atreyee Ghosh
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, IIT Indore, India
| | - Vishal Anand
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, IIT Indore, India
| | - Hyunju Lee
- Meiji Renewable Energy Laboratory, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Naomi Sawamoto
- Meiji Renewable Energy Laboratory, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ogura
- Meiji Renewable Energy Laboratory, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan; School of Science and Technology, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | | | | | - Kiran Bala
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, IIT Indore, India.
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159
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Giridasappa A, Ismail SM, Rangappa D, Shanubhoganahalli Maheshwarappa G, Marilingaiah NR, Gollapalli SSR, Daddakunche Shivaramu P. Antioxidant, antiproliferative and antihemolytic properties of phytofabricated silver nanoparticles using Simarouba glauca and Celastrus paniculatus extracts. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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160
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Aabed K, Mohammed AE. Phytoproduct, Arabic Gum and Opophytum forsskalii Seeds for Bio-Fabrication of Silver Nanoparticles: Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Capabilities. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2573. [PMID: 34685014 PMCID: PMC8538938 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of biological materials in synthesizing nanoparticles has become significant issue in nanotechnology. This research was designed to assess biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated using two aqueous extracts of Acacia arabica (Arabic Gum) (A-AgNPs) and Opophytum forsskalii (Samh) seed (O-AgNPs), which were used as reducing and capping agents in the NPs development, respectively. The current study is considered as the first report for AgNP preparation using Opophytum forsskalii extract. The dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy were employed to analyze the size and morphology of the biogenic AgNPs. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were used to identify the possible phyto-components of plant extracts. The phyto-fabricated NPs were assessed for their antibacterial activity and also when combined with some antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli (Gram-negative) and their anticandidal ability against Candida albicans using an agar well diffusion test. Furthermore, cytotoxicity against LoVo cancer cell lines was studied. The results demonstrated the capability of the investigated plant extracts to change Ag+ ions into spherical AgNPs with average size diameters of 91 nm for the prepared O-AgNPs and 75 nm for A-AgNPs. The phyto-fabricated AgNPs presented substantial antimicrobial capabilities with a zone diameter in the range of 10-29.3 mm. Synergistic effects against all tested strains were observed when the antibiotic and phyto-fabricated AgNPs were combined and assessed. The IC50 of the fabricated O-AgNPs against LoVo cancer cell lines was 28.32 μg/mL. Ten and four chemical components were identified in Acacia arabica (Arabic Gum) and Opophytum forsskalii seed extracts, respectively, by GC-MS that are expected as NPs reducing and capping agents. Current results could lead to options for further research, such as investigating the internal mechanism of AgNPs in bacteria, Candida spp., and LoVo cancer cell lines as well as identifying specific molecules with a substantial impact as metal-reducing agents and biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawther Aabed
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah E. Mohammed
- Biology Department, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia
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Talabani RF, Hamad SM, Barzinjy AA, Demir U. Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Harvesting Sunlight for Solar Thermal Generation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2421. [PMID: 34578737 PMCID: PMC8471701 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) have been synthesized through an easy, inexpensive, and ecofriendly method. Petroselinum crispum, parsley, leaf extract was utilized as a reducing, capping, and stabilizing agent, without using any hazardous chemical materials, for producing Ag NPs. The biosynthesized Ag NPs were characterized using different characterization techniques, namely UV-Vis, FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), zeta potential, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscope (TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis to investigate the optical, thermal, structural, morphological, and chemical properties of the plant extract and the biosynthesized Ag NPs. After that, the biosynthesized Ag NPs were utilized in harvesting sunlight for solar thermal generation. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for the green synthesized Ag NPs with the dark color were adjusted at nearly 450 nm. Once the Ag NPs are excited at the SPR, a large amount of heat is released, which causes a change in the local refractive index surrounding the Ag NPs. The released heat from the Ag NPs under the solar irradiation at the precise wavelength of plasmon resonance significantly increased the temperature of the aqueous medium. Different percentages of Ag NPs were dispersed in water and then exposed to the sunlight to monitor the temperature of the suspension. It was found that the temperature of the aqueous medium reached its highest point when 0.3 wt. % of Ag NPs was utilized. This investigation is rare and unique, and it shows that utilizing a small amount of the biosynthesized Ag NPs can increase the temperature of the aqueous medium remarkably.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebwar Faiq Talabani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Turkey; (R.F.T.); (U.D.)
| | | | - Azeez Abdullah Barzinjy
- Department of Physics, College of Education, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Erbil 44002, Iraq
- Department of Physics Education, Faculty of Education, Tishk International University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Usame Demir
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering and Architecture Faculty, Bingöl University, 12000 Bingöl, Turkey; (R.F.T.); (U.D.)
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162
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Nene A, Galluzzi M, Hongrong L, Somani P, Ramakrishna S, Yu XF. Synthetic preparations and atomic scale engineering of silver nanoparticles for biomedical applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:13923-13942. [PMID: 34477675 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01851e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their peculiar oxidative effect, silver cations (Ag+) are well known for their antimicrobial properties and explored as therapeutic agents for biomedical applications. Size control with improved dispersion and stability are the key factors of Ag NPs (silver nanoparticles) to be used in biomedical applications. Silver based nano-materials are highly efficient due to their biological, chemical and physical properties in comparison with bulk silver. Atomic scale fabrication is achieved by rearranging the internal components of a material, in turn, influencing the mechanical, electrical, magnetic, thermal and chemical properties. For instance, size and shape have a strong impact on the optical, thermal and catalytic properties of Ag NPs. Such properties can be tuned by controlling the surface/volume ratio of Ag nanostructures with a small size (ideally <100 nm), in turn showing peculiar biological activity different from that of bulk silver. Silver nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, thin films and nanorods can be synthesized by various physical, chemical and biological methods whose most recent implementations will be described in this review. By controlling the structure-functionality relationship, silver based nano-materials have high potential for commercialization in biomedical applications. Antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory Ag NPs can be applied in several fields such as pharmaceutics, sensors, coatings, cosmetics, wound healing, bio-labelling agents, antiviral drugs, and packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajinkya Nene
- Materials Interfaces Center, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China.
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Baruah K, Haque M, Langbang L, Das S, Aguan K, Singha Roy A. Ocimum sanctum mediated green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: A biophysical study towards lysozyme binding and anti-bacterial activity. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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164
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Annamalai J, Ummalyma SB, Pandey A, Bhaskar T. Recent trends in microbial nanoparticle synthesis and potential application in environmental technology: a comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:49362-49382. [PMID: 34331227 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbial technology comprising environment in various aspects of pollution monitoring, treatment of pollutants, and energy generation has been put forth by the researchers worldwide in an eco-friendly manner. During the past few decades, this revolution has pronounced microbial cells in green nanotechnology, extending the scope, efficiency, and investment capita at research institutes, industries, and global markets. In the present review, initially, the source for the microbial synthesis of nanoparticles will be discussed involving bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, microalgae, and viruses. Further, the mechanism and bio-components of microbial cells such as enzymes, proteins, peptides, amino-acids, exopolysaccharides, and others involved in the bio-reduction of metal ions to corresponding metal nanoparticles will be emphasized. The biosynthesized nanoparticles physicochemical properties and bio-reduction methods' advantages compared with synthetic methods will be detailed. To understand the suitability of biosynthesized nanoparticles in a wide range of applications, an overview of its blend of medicine, agriculture, and electronics will be discussed. This will be geared up with its applications specific to environmental aspects such as bioremediation, wastewater treatment, green-energy production, and pollution monitoring. Towards the end of the review, nano-waste management and limitations, i.e., void gaps that tend to impede the application of biosynthesized nanoparticles and microbial-based nanoparticles' prospects, will be deliberated. Thus, the review would claim to be worthy of unwrapping microorganisms sustainability in the emerging field of green nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayshree Annamalai
- Centre for Environmental Studies, Department of Civil Engineering, Anna University, CEG Campus, Chennai, 600025, India
| | - Sabeela Beevi Ummalyma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development (IBSD), An Autonomous Institute under Department of Biotechnology, Goverment of India, Takyelpat, Imphal, 795001, India.
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, 226 001, India
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Material Resource Efficiency Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun, 248005, India
- Academy of Scientific and Industrial Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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Kashyap M, Kiran B. Milking microalgae in conjugation with nano-biorefinery approach utilizing wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 293:112864. [PMID: 34049157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In today's era, we need to replace chemical or physical processes of nanoparticle synthesis with biosynthesis processes to avoid environmental damage. These bioderived nanoparticles can help in addressing the problems of wastewater treatment and biofuels production. This review gives an insight into solving multiple problems using a nano-biorefinery approach in conjugation with wastewater treatment. The major advantage of using a bio-derivative method in nanoparticle synthesis is its low toxicity towards the environment. The current review discusses the development of nanoscience and its biogenic importance. It covers the usage of microalgae for (A) Nanoparticle's biosynthesis (B) Mechanism of nanoparticle biosynthesis (C) Nanoparticles in bio-refinery processes (D) Wastewater treatment with microalgae and bio-derived nanoparticles (E) A hypothetical mechanistic approach, which utilizes the photothermal effect of metallic nanoparticles to extract lipids from the cells without cell damage. The term "cell milking" has been around for quite some time, and the hypothesis discussed in the present study can help in this context. The current hypothesized process can pave ways for futuristic endeavors to conjugate nanoparticles and microalgae for viable and commercial production of biofuel, nanoparticles, and many other molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal Kashyap
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, 453552, India
| | - Bala Kiran
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, 453552, India.
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Mukherjee A, Sarkar D, Sasmal S. A Review of Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Algae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:693899. [PMID: 34512571 PMCID: PMC8427820 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.693899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of algae to accumulate metals and reduce metal ions make them a superior contender for the biosynthesis of nanoparticles and hence they are called bio-nano factories as both the live and dead dried biomass are used for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. Microalgae, forming a substantial part of the planet's biodiversity, are usually single-celled colony-forming or filamentous photosynthetic microorganisms, including several legal divisions like Chlorophyta, Charophyta, and Bacillariophyta. Whole cells of Plectonema boryanum (filamentous cyanobacteria) proved efficient in promoting the production of Au, Ag, and Pt nanoparticles. The cyanobacterial strains of Anabaena flos-aquae and Calothrix pulvinate were used to implement the biosynthesis of Au, Ag, and Pt nanoparticles. Once synthesized within the cells, the nanoparticles were released into the culture media where they formed stable colloids easing their recovery. Lyngbya majuscule and Chlorella vulgaris have been reported to be used as a cost-effective method for Ag nanoparticle synthesis. Dried edible algae (Spirulina platensis) was reported to be used for the extracellular synthesis of Au, Ag, and Au/Ag bimetallic nanoparticles. Synthesis of extracellular metal bio-nanoparticles using Sargassum wightii and Kappaphycus alvarezi has also been reported. Bioreduction of Au (III)-Au (0) using the biomass of brown alga, Fucus vesiculosus, and biosynthesis of Au nanoparticles using red algal (Chondrus crispus) and green algal (Spyrogira insignis) biomass have also been reported. Algae are relatively convenient to handle, less toxic, and less harmful to the environment; synthesis can be carried out at ambient temperature and pressure and in simple aqueous media at a normal pH value. Therefore, the study of algae-mediated biosynthesis of metallic nanoparticles can be taken toward a new branch, termed phyco-nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Mukherjee
- Department of Biotechnology, Heritage Institute of Technology, Kolkata, India
| | - Dhruba Sarkar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Soumya Sasmal
- Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi, India
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167
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Chugh D, Viswamalya VS, Das B. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with algae and the importance of capping agents in the process. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:126. [PMID: 34427807 PMCID: PMC8385017 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00228-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanoparticle synthesis is a very interesting area of research currently due to the wide applications of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles have a diameter ranging between 1 and 100 nm and they are used in different fields like electronics, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, biotechnology, medicines, etc. Nanoparticles have gained the interest of researchers due to their large surface-to-volume ratio and their capability to interact effectively with other particles. Several different methods can be used for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) including chemical, physical, and biological. Out of all the methods, the biological method is considered the cleanest and safest as no toxic chemicals are used in the process. The biological method includes the use of bacteria, fungi, algae, and plant extract for the synthesis. Algal synthesis of AgNPs is especially interesting because of the high capacity of the algae to take in metals and reduce metal ions. Algae is a widely distributed organism and its availability is abundant; an added advantage is their growth under laboratory conditions. These organisms can help in large-scale production at a low cost. SHORT CONCLUSION This review article explains the different factors that should be considered for the effective synthesis of AgNPs using algae. Capping agents also affect the stability of nanoparticles. It also sheds light on the importance of capping agents in the synthesis of AgNPs. Alga-mediated synthesis of AgNPs along with the use of different capping agents can help in modulating the stability and size of the nanoparticles, thereby improving its cost-effectiveness and environment-friendly production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deeksha Chugh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College, Autonomous, Bangalore, 560052 India
| | - V. S. Viswamalya
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College, Autonomous, Bangalore, 560052 India
| | - Bannhi Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Mount Carmel College, Autonomous, Bangalore, 560052 India
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Ssekatawa K, Byarugaba DK, Kato CD, Wampande EM, Ejobi F, Nakavuma JL, Maaza M, Sackey J, Nxumalo E, Kirabira JB. Green Strategy–Based Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Antibacterial Applications. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.697303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been the nucleus of chemotherapy since their discovery and introduction into the healthcare system in the 1940s. They are routinely used to treat bacterial infections and to prevent infections in patients with compromised immune systems and enhancing growth in livestock. However, resistance to last-resort antibiotics used in the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections has been reported worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate green synthesized nanomaterials such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as alternatives to antibiotics. UV-vis spectroscopy surface plasmon resonance peaks for AgNPs were obtained between 417 and 475 nm. An X-ray diffraction analysis generated four peaks for both Prunus africana extract (PAE) and Camellia sinensis extract (CSE) biosynthesized AgNPs positioned at 2θ angles of 38.2°, 44.4°, 64.5°, and 77.4° corresponding to crystal planes (111), (200), (220), and (311), respectively. A dynamic light-scattering analysis registered the mean zeta potential of +6.3 mV and +0.9 mV for PAE and CSE biosynthesized nanoparticles, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra exhibited bands corresponding to different organic functional groups confirming the capping of AgNPs by PAE and CSE phytochemicals. Field emission scanning electron microscopy imaging showed that AgNPs were spherical with average size distribution ranging from 10 to 19 nm. Biosynthesized AgNPs exhibited maximum growth inhibitory zones of 21 mm with minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of 125 and 250 μg/ml, respectively, against carbapenem-resistant bacteria.
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169
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Martins PM, Lima AC, Ribeiro S, Lanceros-Mendez S, Martins P. Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications: From the Soul of the Earth to the Deep History of Ourselves. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5839-5870. [PMID: 35006927 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Precisely engineered magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely explored for applications including theragnostic platforms, drug delivery systems, biomaterial/device coatings, tissue engineering scaffolds, performance-enhanced therapeutic alternatives, and even in SARS-CoV-2 detection strips. Such popularity is due to their unique, challenging, and tailorable physicochemical/magnetic properties. Given the wide biomedical-related potential applications of MNPs, significant achievements have been reached and published (exponentially) in the last five years, both in synthesis and application tailoring. Within this review, and in addition to essential works in this field, we have focused on the latest representative reports regarding the biomedical use of MNPs including characteristics related to their oriented synthesis, tailored geometry, and designed multibiofunctionality. Further, actual trends, needs, and limitations of magnetic-based nanostructures for biomedical applications will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Martins
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,IB-S - Institute for Research and Innovation on Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Ana C Lima
- Centre/Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Sylvie Ribeiro
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,Centre/Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Mendez
- 3BCMaterials, Basque Centre for Materials and Applications, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa 48940, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Pedro Martins
- IB-S - Institute for Research and Innovation on Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Braga 4710-057, Portugal.,Centre/Department of Physics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga 4710-057, Portugal
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170
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Gupta N, Yadav V, Patel R. A brief review of the essential role of nanovehicles for improving the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological agents against tumours. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:301-316. [PMID: 34391379 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210813144105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is the leading cause of death globally. There are several differences between cancer cells and normal cells. From all the therapies, chemotherapy is the most prominent therapy to treat cancer. However, the conventional drug delivery that is used to deliver poorly aqueous soluble chemotherapeutic agents has several obstacles such as whole-body distribution, rapid excretion, degradation before reaching the infected site, side effects, etc. Nanoformulation of these aqueous insoluble agents is the emerging delivery system for targeted and increasing solubility. Among all the three methods (physical, chemical and biological) chemical and biological methods are mostly used for the synthesis of nanovehicles (NVs) of different sizes, shapes and dimensions. A passive targeting delivery system in which NVs supports the pharmacological agents (drugs/genes) is a good way for resolving the obstacles with a conventional delivery system. It enhances the therapeutic efficacy of pharmacological agents (drugs/genes). These NVs have several specific characters like small size, large surface area to volume ratio, surface functionalization, etc. However, this delivery is not able to deliver site-specific delivery of drugs. An active targeting delivery system in which pharmacological agents are loaded on NVs to attack directly on cancer cells and tissues is a superior way for delivering the pharmacological agents compared to a passive targeting delivery system. Various targeting ligands have been investigated and applied for targeting the delivery of drugs such as sugar, vitamin, antibodies, protein, peptides, etc. These targeted ligand supports to guide the NVs accumulated directly on the cancer cells with a higher level of cellular internalization compared to passive targeting and conventional delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Gupta
- School of Nano Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar- 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Virendra Yadav
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jaipur- 341503, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rakesh Patel
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Ganpat University, Mehsana- 384012, Gujarat, India
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Antibacterial potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using phycocyanin of freshwater cyanobacterium Oscillatoria pseudogeminata. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01973-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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172
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Bharadwaj KK, Rabha B, Pati S, Choudhury BK, Sarkar T, Gogoi SK, Kakati N, Baishya D, Kari ZA, Edinur HA. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Diospyros malabarica Fruit Extract and Assessments of Their Antimicrobial, Anticancer and Catalytic Reduction of 4-Nitrophenol (4-NP). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1999. [PMID: 34443829 PMCID: PMC8401075 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has currently been gaining wide applications in the medical field of nanomedicine. Green synthesis is one of the most effective procedures for the production of AgNPs. The Diospyros malabarica tree grown throughout India has been reported to have antioxidant and various therapeutic applications. In the context of this, we have investigated the fruit of Diospyros malabarica for the potential of forming AgNPs and analyzed its antibacterial and anticancer activity. We have developed a rapid, single-step, cost-effective and eco-friendly method for the synthesis of AgNPs using Diospyros malabarica aqueous fruit extract at room temperature. The AgNPs began to form just after the reaction was initiated. The formation and characterization of AgNPs were confirmed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry, XRD, FTIR, DLS, Zeta potential, FESEM, EDX, TEM and photoluminescence (PL) methods. The average size of AgNPs, in accordance with TEM results, was found to be 17.4 nm. The antibacterial activity of the silver nanoparticles against pathogenic microorganism strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was confirmed by the well diffusion method and was found to inhibit the growth of the bacteria with an average zone of inhibition size of (8.4 ± 0.3 mm and 12.1 ± 0.5 mm) and (6.1 ± 0.7 mm and 13.1 ± 0.5 mm) at 500 and 1000 µg/mL concentrations of AgNPs, respectively. The anticancer effect of the AgNPs was confirmed by MTT assay using the U87-MG (human primary glioblastoma) cell line. The IC50 value was found to be 58.63 ± 5.74 μg/mL. The results showed that green synthesized AgNPs exhibited significant antimicrobial and anticancer potency. In addition, nitrophenols, which are regarded as priority pollutants by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), can also be catalytically reduced to less toxic aminophenols by utilizing synthesized AgNPs. As a model reaction, AgNPs are employed as a catalyst in the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol, which is an intermediate for numerous analgesics and antipyretic drugs. Thus, the study is expected to help immensely in the pharmaceutical industries in developing antimicrobial drugs and/or as an anticancer drug, as well as in the cosmetic and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Kumar Bharadwaj
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University Institute of Science and Technology, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India; (K.K.B.); (B.R.); (N.K.)
| | - Bijuli Rabha
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University Institute of Science and Technology, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India; (K.K.B.); (B.R.); (N.K.)
| | - Siddhartha Pati
- SIAN Institute, Association for Biodiversity Conservation and Research (ABC), Balasore 756001, Odisha, India;
- Centre of Excellence, Khallikote University, Berhampur, Ganjam 761008, Odisha, India
| | - Bhabesh Kumar Choudhury
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India; (B.K.C.); (S.K.G.)
| | - Tanmay Sarkar
- Malda Polytechnic, West Bengal State Council of Technical Education, Government of West Bengal, Malda 732102, West Bengal, India;
- Department of Food Technology and Biochemical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India
| | - Sonit Kumar Gogoi
- Department of Chemistry, Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India; (B.K.C.); (S.K.G.)
| | - Nayanjyoti Kakati
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University Institute of Science and Technology, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India; (K.K.B.); (B.R.); (N.K.)
| | - Debabrat Baishya
- Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University Institute of Science and Technology, Guwahati 781014, Assam, India; (K.K.B.); (B.R.); (N.K.)
| | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Faculty of Agro Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli 17600, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hisham Atan Edinur
- School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
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Das S, Langbang L, Haque M, Belwal VK, Aguan K, Singha Roy A. Biocompatible silver nanoparticles: An investigation into their protein binding efficacies, anti-bacterial effects and cell cytotoxicity studies. J Pharm Anal 2021; 11:422-434. [PMID: 34513118 PMCID: PMC8424387 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has garnered tremendous interest as conventional methods include the use and production of toxic chemicals, products, by-products and reagents. In this regard, the synthesis of AgNPs using green tea (GT) extract and two of its components, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and (+)-catechin (Ct) as capping/stabilizing agents, is reported. The synthesized AgNPs showed antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, along with anticancer activity against HeLa cells. After administering nanoparticles to the body, they come in contact with proteins and results in the formation of a protein corona; hence we studied the interactions of these biocompatible AgNPs with hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) as a carrier protein. Static quenching mechanism was accountable for the quenching of HEWL fluorescence by the AgNPs. The binding constant (K b) was found to be higher for EGCG-AgNPs ((2.309 ± 0.018) × 104 M-1) than for GT-AgNPs and Ct-AgNPs towards HEWL. EGCG-AgNPs increased the polarity near the binding site while Ct-AgNPs caused the opposite effect, but GT-AgNPs had no such observable effects. Circular dichroism studies indicated that the AgNPs had no such appreciable impact on the secondary structure of HEWL. The key findings of this research included the synthesis of AgNPs using GT extract and its constituent polyphenols, and showed significant antibacterial, anticancer and protein-binding properties. The -OH groups of the polyphenols drive the in situ capping/stabilization of the AgNPs during synthesis, which might offer new opportunities having implications for nanomedicine and nanodiagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourav Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, 793003, India
| | - Leader Langbang
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Mahabul Haque
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, 793003, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Belwal
- Department of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Kripamoy Aguan
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, India
| | - Atanu Singha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Meghalaya, Shillong, 793003, India
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174
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Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from aqueous extract of Ctenolepis garcini L. and assess their possible biological applications. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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175
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Nanoparticles: Mechanism of biosynthesis using plant extracts, bacteria, fungi, and their applications. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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176
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Gallo G, Schillaci D. Bacterial metal nanoparticles to develop new weapons against bacterial biofilms and infections. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5357-5366. [PMID: 34184105 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11418-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in the outbreak and spread of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Bacterial antibiotic resistance may develop at cellular and community levels. In the latter case, it is based on tolerance which implicates the shift from a free-living form of life (i.e., planktonic) to a sessile multi-stratified community (i.e., biofilm). Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) have been shown to be promising candidates as antimicrobial agents. MNPs are able to interact with and penetrate bacterial biofilms, thus, resulting effective antibiofilm compounds. Another interesting aspect is the possibility of using plants, fungi, yeasts, and bacteria to obtain biogenic MNPs (BMNP). Bacteria are able to grow in presence of many different toxic heavy metal ions thanks to different metal resistance gene clusters that allow a variety of biochemical counters (formation of harmless complexes, efflux, precipitation, reduction, etc.). The formation of BMNPs by bacterial cells could be, in most cases, just a consequence of metal detoxification mechanisms. This review focuses on BMNPs from bacterial origin that may represent a good source of compounds with a broad spectrum of activity against common Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens and bacterial biofilms thereof. In particular, the state of art on BMNP synthesis by bacteria is presented and potential applications in the fight against biofilm-associated infections and resistant pathogens are highlighted. In addition, critical aspects on BMNP bacterial synthesis and utilization are commented.Key points• New antimicrobials to fight antibiotic-resistant pathogens are urgently needed.• Biogenic metal nanoparticles can efficiently hit biofilm-forming pathogens.• Metal-nanoparticle composition could confer specific antibiofilm activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Gallo
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 16, 90128, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Domenico Schillaci
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biologic Assays, Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
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177
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Wibawa PJ, Nur M, Asy’ari M, Wijanarka W, Susanto H, Sutanto H, Nur H. Green Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles Immobilized on Activated Carbon Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity Enhancement Study and Its Application on Textiles Fabrics. Molecules 2021; 26:3790. [PMID: 34206375 PMCID: PMC8270246 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to enhance the antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized from silver nitrate (AgNO3) using aloe vera extract. It was performed by means of incorporating AgNPs on an activated carbon nanoparticle (ACNPs) under ultrasonic agitation (40 kHz, 2 × 50 watt) for 30 min in an aqueous colloidal medium. The successful AgNPs synthesis was clarified with both Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometers. The successful AgNPs-ACNPs incorporation and its particle size analysis was performed using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). The brown color suspension generation and UV-Vis's spectra maximum wavelength at around 480 nm confirmed the existence of AgNPs. The particle sizes of the produced AgNPs were about 5 to 10 nm in the majority number, which collectively surrounded the aloe vera extract secondary metabolites formed core-shell like nanostructure of 8.20 ± 2.05 nm in average size, while ACNPs themselves were about 20.10 ± 1.52 nm in average size formed particles cluster, and 48.00 ± 8.37 nm in average size as stacking of other particles. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized AgNPs and AgNPs-immobilized ACNPs was 57.58% and 63.64%, respectively (for E. coli); 61.25%, and 93.49%, respectively (for S. aureus). In addition, when the AgNPs-immobilized ACNPs material was coated on the cotton and polyester fabrics, the antibacterial activity of the materials changed, becoming 19.23% (cotton; E. coli), 31.73% (polyester; E. coli), 13.36% (cotton; S. aureus), 21.15% (polyester; S. aureus).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratama Jujur Wibawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jalan Prof. H. Soedarto, SH. No.1 Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia;
| | - Muhammad Nur
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jalan Prof. H. Soedarto, SH. No.1 Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia; (M.N.); (H.S.)
| | - Mukhammad Asy’ari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jalan Prof. H. Soedarto, SH. No.1 Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia;
| | - Wijanarka Wijanarka
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jalan Prof. H. Soedarto, SH. No.1 Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia;
| | - Heru Susanto
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Enginering, Diponegoro University, Jalan Prof. H. Soedarto, SH. No.1 Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia;
| | - Heri Sutanto
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, Diponegoro University, Jalan Prof. H. Soedarto, SH. No.1 Tembalang, Semarang 50275, Indonesia; (M.N.); (H.S.)
| | - Hadi Nur
- Center for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Inbu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia;
- Central Laboratory of Minerals and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematica and Natural Sciences, State University of Malang, Malang 65145, Indonesia
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178
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Silver nanoparticles produced from Cedecea sp. exhibit antibiofilm activity and remarkable stability. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12619. [PMID: 34135368 PMCID: PMC8209203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens on the rise, there is a strong research focus on alternative antibacterial treatments that could replace or complement classical antibiotics. Metallic nanoparticles, and in particular silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), have been shown to kill bacterial biofilms effectively, but their chemical synthesis often involves environmentally unfriendly by-products. Recent studies have shown that microbial and plant extracts can be used for the environmentally friendly synthesis of AgNPs. Herein we report a procedure for producing AgNPs using a putative Cedecea sp. strain isolated from soil. The isolated bacterial strain showed a remarkable potential for producing spherical, crystalline and stable AgNPs characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The concentration of produced nanoparticles was 1.31 µg/µl with a negative surface charge of − 15.3 mV and nanoparticles size ranging from 10–40 nm. The AgNPs was tested against four pathogenic microorganisms S. epidermidis, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The nanoparticles exhibited strong minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12.5 and 6.25 µg/µl and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values of 12.5 and 12.5 µg/mL against E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively. One distinguishing feature of AgNPs produced by Cedecea sp. extracts is their extreme stability. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the produced AgNPs are stable for periods exceeding one year. This means that their strong antibacterial effects, demonstrated against E. coli and P. aeruginosa biofilms, can be expected to persist during extended periods.
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179
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Synthesis and characterization of Ag–TiO2 nano-composites to study their effect on seed germination. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-01912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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180
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Kumar S, Basumatary IB, Sudhani HP, Bajpai VK, Chen L, Shukla S, Mukherjee A. Plant extract mediated silver nanoparticles and their applications as antimicrobials and in sustainable food packaging: A state-of-the-art review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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181
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Madakka M, Jayaraju N, Rajesh N. Evaluating the antimicrobial activity and antitumor screening of green synthesized silver nanoparticles compounds, using Syzygium jambolanum, towards MCF7 cell line (Breast cancer cell line). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2021.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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182
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Chandraker SK, Ghosh MK, Lal M, Shukla R. A review on plant-mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles, their characterization and applications. NANO EXPRESS 2021. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-959x/ac0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
For decades, silver has been used as a non-toxic inorganic antimicrobial agent. Silver has a lot of potential in a variety of biological/chemical applications, particularly in the form of nanoparticles (NPs). Eco-friendly synthesis approach for NPs are becoming more common in nanobiotechnology, and the demand for biological synthesis methods is growing, with the goal of eliminating hazardous and polluting agents. Cultures of bacteria, fungi, and algae, plant extracts, and other biomaterials are commonly used for NP synthesis in the ‘green synthesis’ process. Plant-based green synthesis is a simple, fast, dependable, cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and one-step method that has a significant advantage over microbial synthesis due to the lengthy process of microbial isolation and pure culture maintenance. In this report, we focussed on phytosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and their characterization using various techniques such as spectroscopy (UV–vis, FTIR), microscopy (TEM, SEM), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), and other particle analysis. The potential applications of AgNPs in a variety of biological and chemical fields are discussed.
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183
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Mba IE, Nweze EI. Nanoparticles as therapeutic options for treating multidrug-resistant bacteria: research progress, challenges, and prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021. [PMID: 34046779 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03070-x/tables/5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to antimicrobial agents has been alarming in recent years and poses a huge public health threat globally according to the WHO. The increase in morbidity and mortality resulting from microbial infections has been attributed to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes. Associated with the increase in multidrug resistance is the lack of new and effective antimicrobials. This has led to global initiatives to identify novel and more effective antimicrobial agents in addition to discovering novel and effective drug delivery and targeting methods. The use of nanoparticles as novel biomaterials to fully achieve this feat is currently gaining global attention. Nanoparticles could become an indispensable viable therapeutic option for treating drug-resistant infections. Of all the nanoparticles, the metals and metal oxide nanoparticles appear to offer the most promise and have attracted tremendous interest from many researchers. Moreover, the use of nanomaterials in photothermal therapy has received considerable attention over the years. This review provides current insight on antimicrobial resistance as well as the mechanisms of nanoparticle antibacterial activity. It offers an in-depth review of all the recent findings in the use of nanomaterials as agents against multi-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Also, nanomaterials that can respond to light stimuli (photothermal therapy) to kill microbes and facilitate enhanced drug delivery and release are discussed. Moreover, the synergistic interactions of nanoparticles with antibiotics and other nanomaterials, microbial adaptation strategies to nanoparticles, current challenges, and future prospects were extensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyi E Mba
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria
| | - Emeka I Nweze
- Department of Microbiology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Nigeria.
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184
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Nanoparticles as therapeutic options for treating multidrug-resistant bacteria: research progress, challenges, and prospects. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:108. [PMID: 34046779 PMCID: PMC8159659 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to antimicrobial agents has been alarming in recent years and poses a huge public health threat globally according to the WHO. The increase in morbidity and mortality resulting from microbial infections has been attributed to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes. Associated with the increase in multidrug resistance is the lack of new and effective antimicrobials. This has led to global initiatives to identify novel and more effective antimicrobial agents in addition to discovering novel and effective drug delivery and targeting methods. The use of nanoparticles as novel biomaterials to fully achieve this feat is currently gaining global attention. Nanoparticles could become an indispensable viable therapeutic option for treating drug-resistant infections. Of all the nanoparticles, the metals and metal oxide nanoparticles appear to offer the most promise and have attracted tremendous interest from many researchers. Moreover, the use of nanomaterials in photothermal therapy has received considerable attention over the years. This review provides current insight on antimicrobial resistance as well as the mechanisms of nanoparticle antibacterial activity. It offers an in-depth review of all the recent findings in the use of nanomaterials as agents against multi-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Also, nanomaterials that can respond to light stimuli (photothermal therapy) to kill microbes and facilitate enhanced drug delivery and release are discussed. Moreover, the synergistic interactions of nanoparticles with antibiotics and other nanomaterials, microbial adaptation strategies to nanoparticles, current challenges, and future prospects were extensively discussed.
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185
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Luna-Vázquez-Gómez R, Arellano-García ME, García-Ramos JC, Radilla-Chávez P, Salas-Vargas DS, Casillas-Figueroa F, Ruiz-Ruiz B, Bogdanchikova N, Pestryakov A. Hemolysis of Human Erythrocytes by Argovit™ AgNPs from Healthy and Diabetic Donors: An In Vitro Study. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2792. [PMID: 34073953 PMCID: PMC8197390 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The use of nanomaterials is becoming increasingly widespread, leading to substantial research focused on nanomedicine. Nevertheless, the lack of complete toxicity profiles limits nanomaterials' uses, despite their remarkable diagnostic and therapeutic results on in vitro and in vivo models. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), particularly Argovit™, have shown microbicidal, virucidal, and antitumoral effects. Among the first-line toxicity tests is the hemolysis assay. Here, the hemolytic effect of Argovit™ AgNPs on erythrocytes from one healthy donor (HDE) and one diabetic donor (DDE) is evaluated by the hemolysis assay against AgNO3. The results showed that Argovit™, in concentrations ≤24 µg/mL of metallic silver, did not show a hemolytic effect on the HDE or DDE. On the contrary, AgNO3 at the same concentration of silver ions produces more than 10% hemolysis in both the erythrocyte types. In all the experimental conditions assessed, the DDE was shown to be more prone to hemolysis than the HDE elicited by Ag+ ions or AgNPs, but much more evident with Ag+ ions. The results show that Argovit™ is the least hemolytic compared with the other twenty-two AgNP formulations previously reported, probably due to the polymer mass used to stabilize the Argovit™ formulation. The results obtained provide relevant information that contributes to obtaining a comprehensive toxicological profile to design safe and effective AgNP formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Luna-Vázquez-Gómez
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (R.L.-V.-G.); (F.C.-F.)
| | - María Evarista Arellano-García
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (R.L.-V.-G.); (F.C.-F.)
| | - Juan Carlos García-Ramos
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Valle Dorado, Ensenada 22890, Baja California, Mexico; (P.R.-C.); (D.S.S.-V.)
| | - Patricia Radilla-Chávez
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Valle Dorado, Ensenada 22890, Baja California, Mexico; (P.R.-C.); (D.S.S.-V.)
| | - David Sergio Salas-Vargas
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Valle Dorado, Ensenada 22890, Baja California, Mexico; (P.R.-C.); (D.S.S.-V.)
| | - Francisco Casillas-Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), Ensenada 22860, Baja California, Mexico; (R.L.-V.-G.); (F.C.-F.)
| | - Balam Ruiz-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Unidad Regional Los Mochis, Universidad Autónoma de Occidente, Los Mochis 81223, Sinaloa, Mexico;
| | - Nina Bogdanchikova
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Center (CNyN), National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 58089, Distrito Federal, Mexico;
| | - Alexey Pestryakov
- Research School of Chemistry & Applied Biomedical Sciences, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
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186
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Huq MA, Akter S. Bacterial Mediated Rapid and Facile Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Efficacy against Pathogenic Microorganisms. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14102615. [PMID: 34069757 PMCID: PMC8155946 DOI: 10.3390/ma14102615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), biosynthesized using culture supernatant of bacterial strain Paenarthrobacter nicotinovorans MAHUQ-43, were characterized and their antimicrobial activity was investigated against both Gram-positive Bacillus cereus and Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bacterial-mediated synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer, field emission-transmission electron microscopy (FE-TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. The UV-Vis spectral analysis showed the absorption maxima at 466 nm which assured the synthesis of AgNPs. The FE-TEM analysis revealed the spherical shape of nanoparticles with the size range from 13 to 27 nm. The EDX and XRD analysis ensured the crystalline nature of biosynthesized AgNPs. The FTIR analysis revealed the involvement of different biomolecules for the synthesis of AgNPs as reducing and capping agents. The bacterial-mediated synthesized AgNPs inhibited the growth of pathogenic strains B. cereus and P. aeruginosa and developed a clear zone of inhibition (ZOI). The MIC and MBC for both pathogens were 12.5 µg/mL and 25 µg/mL, respectively. Moreover, field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis revealed that the synthesized AgNPs can destroy the outer membrane and alter the cell morphology of treated pathogens, leading to the death of cells. This study concludes the eco-friendly, facile and rapid synthesis of AgNPs using P. nicotinovorans MAHUQ-43 and synthesized AgNPs showed excellent antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Amdadul Huq
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Biotechnology and Natural Resource, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
- Correspondence: or (M.A.H.); (S.A.); Tel.: +82-031-670-4568 (M.A.H.)
| | - Shahina Akter
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Gachon University, Seongnam 461-701, Korea
- Correspondence: or (M.A.H.); (S.A.); Tel.: +82-031-670-4568 (M.A.H.)
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187
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Devanesan S, AlSalhi MS. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using the Flower Extract of Abelmoschus esculentus for Cytotoxicity and Antimicrobial Studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:3343-3356. [PMID: 34017172 PMCID: PMC8131074 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s307676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, an economically important malvaceous vegetable crop popularly known as okra, is used in various culinary preparations and is rich in vitamins, minerals, and nutrients. The biological properties of okra flowers in relation to nanoparticle synthesis have not yet been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the current study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using extracts of the flowers of A. esculentus. The characteristics of the AgNPs were studied using a UV-vis spectrometer, Fourier transmission infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX). Antibacterial activity screening was performed using the agar well diffusion method, and cytotoxicity and cell viability studies were conducted using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. RESULTS The synthesized AgNPs were spherical and ranged in size from 5.52 to 31.96 nm, with an average size of 16.19 nm, as determined by UV-vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, TEM and EDX. A. esculentus flower extract-mediated silver nanoparticles (AME-AgNPs) exhibited excellent activities in vitro studies, particularly in vitro cytotoxic and antiproliferative studies against cancer cell lines, such as the TERT-4 and A-549 cell lines. The antibacterial effects on the Gram-positive pathogens Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes and the Gram-negative pathogens Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella sonnei were tested. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values varied with the bacterial strain. The IC50 values of the synthesized NPs for the tested cell lines were close to that of a standard drug. CONCLUSION Compared to other NPs the NPs synthesized in this study were smaller in size and exhibited a higher level of antibacterial activity, cytotoxicity and apoptosis at minimal concentrations, and this is the first study on okra flower-induced anticancer and antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhanasamy Devanesan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamad S AlSalhi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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188
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Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activity Evaluation of Cowpea-Porous-Starch-Formulated Silver Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5525690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Health issues involving inadequate treatment of diseases such as cancer and microbial infections continue to be the subject of much ongoing recent research. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Zeta Sizer, Ultraviolet (UV), and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Their antimicrobial activity was evaluated on selected Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, using the disc diffusion and broth dilution assays. Cell viability profiles were evaluated using MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and apoptosis studies on selected human noncancer and cancer cells. The biosynthesized AgNPs were evaluated to be spherical clusters, with sizes between 40 and 70 nm. The absorption peak at 423 nm and the presence of polyphenols confirmed the synthesis and stabilization of these tested AgNPs. The AgNPs showed a good stability of −23.9 ± 1.02 mV. Good antimicrobial activity (6.0–18.0 mm) was seen on all tested bacteria at a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranging from 5 to 16 μg/ml, with the highest activity seen against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (18 ± 0.5 mm), and the lowest activity was seen against Gram-positive Listeria monocytogenes (6.0 ± 0.4 mm) after treatment with the AgNPs. These NPs showed a concentration-dependent and cell-specific cytotoxicity with low IC50 values (41.7, 56.3, and 63.8 μg/ml). The NPs were well tolerated by tested cells as indicated by a more than 50% cell viability at the high dose tested and low apoptotic indices (<0.2). These findings indicated that these biosynthesized AgNPs showed great potential as effective antibacterial agents and anticancer drug delivery modalities.
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189
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Sachin K, Karn SK. Microbial Fabricated Nanosystems: Applications in Drug Delivery and Targeting. Front Chem 2021; 9:617353. [PMID: 33959586 PMCID: PMC8093762 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.617353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of nanosystems for different biomedical and drug delivery applications has drawn the attention of researchers worldwide. The likeness of microorganisms including bacteria, yeast, algae, fungi, and even viruses toward metals is well-known. Higher tolerance to toxic metals has opened up new avenues of designing microbial fabricated nanomaterials. Their synthesis, characterization and applications in bioremediation, biomineralization, and as a chelating agent has been well-documented and reviewed. Further, these materials, due to their ability to get functionalized, can also be used as theranostics i.e., both therapeutic as well as diagnostic agents in a single unit. Current article attempts to focus particularly on the application of such microbially derived nanoformulations as a drug delivery and targeting agent. Besides metal-based nanoparticles, there is enough evidence wherein nanoparticles have been formulated using only the organic component of microorganisms. Enzymes, peptides, polysaccharides, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), poly-(amino acids) are amongst the most used biomolecules for guiding crystal growth and as a capping/reducing agent in the fabrication of nanoparticles. This has promulgated the idea of complete green chemistry biosynthesis of nano-organics that are most sought after in terms of their biocompatibility and bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Sachin
- Department of Biosciences, Swami Rama Himalayan University, Dehradun, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Karn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, India
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190
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Nobahar A, Carlier JD, Miguel MG, Costa MC. A review of plant metabolites with metal interaction capacity: a green approach for industrial applications. Biometals 2021; 34:761-793. [PMID: 33961184 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-021-00315-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrial development is responsible for severe problems related to environmental pollution. Many human and industrial activities require different metals and, as a result, great amounts of metals/heavy metals are discharged into the water and soil making them dangerous for both human and ecosystems and this is being aggravated by intensive demand and utilization. In addition, compounds with metal binding capacities are needed to be used for several purposes including in activities related to the removal and/or recovery of metals from effluents and soils, as metals' corrosion inhibitors, in the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles and as metal related pharmaceuticals, preferably a with minimum risks associated to the environment. Plants are able to synthesize an uncountable number of compounds with numerous functions, including compounds with metal binding capabilities. In fact, some of the plants' secondary metabolites can bind to various metals through different mechanisms, as such they are excellent sources of such compounds due to their high availability and vast diversity. In addition, the use of plant-based compounds is desirable from an environmental and economical point of view, thus being potential candidates for utilization in different industrial activities, replacing conventional physiochemical methods. This review focuses on the ability of some classes of compounds that can be found in relatively high concentrations in plants, having good metal binding capacities and thus with potential utilization in metal based industrial activities and that can be involved in the progressive development of new environmentally friendly strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Nobahar
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.,Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Jorge Dias Carlier
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria Graça Miguel
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria Clara Costa
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of the Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal. .,Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
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191
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Adeyeye SAO, Ashaolu TJ. Applications of nano‐materials in food packaging: A review. J FOOD PROCESS ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpe.13708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ayofemi Olalekan Adeyeye
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tolulope Joshua Ashaolu
- Institute of Research and Development Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
- Faculty of Environmental and Chemical Engineering Duy Tan University Da Nang Vietnam
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192
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Awad MA, Al Olayan EM, Siddiqui MI, Merghani NM, Alsaif SSAL, Aloufi AS. Antileishmanial effect of silver nanoparticles: Green synthesis, characterization, in vivo and in vitro assessment. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111294. [PMID: 33571836 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The drugs used to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cannot effectively penetrate lesions. Nanogold and nanosilver have been used for treating or enhancing drug delivery in CL. The present study used Commiphora molmol (myrrh) to synthesize silver nanoparticles (MSNPs). The MSNPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. In addition, antiparasitic effect of myrrh silver nanoparticles (MSNPs) was assessed on Leishmania major both in vitro and in vivo. Five concentrations of MSNPs (10, 50, 80, 100, and 150 μl/100 μL) were used to study their effect on L. major cultures in vitro, and MSNPs were also applied topically to subcutaneous lesions in mice in vivo. The results showed that the MSNPs were 49.09 nm in size. MSNPs, showed a marked and significant (p ≤ 0.05) growth inhibition of L. major promastigotes which was concentration dependent. Overall, the higher concentrations (100, 150 μl/100 μL had a significantly greater inhibitory effect for the MSNPs in comparison to the chemical nanoparticles (CNPs) and pentostam at the same concentrations. Lesions healed completely in 21 d after MSNP treatment in vivo, while pentostam, a commercial drug, and CNPs showed a moderate healing effect on the lesions. Thus, MSNPs were more effective than pentostam and CNPs both in the in vivo and in vitro studies. MSNPs can therefore be promising candidates for various nanomedicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Ahmed Awad
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | | | - Nada Mahmmed Merghani
- Central Lab & Prince Naif for Health Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | | | - Abeer S Aloufi
- Department of Zoology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; The Research Chair of Vaccines for Infectious Disease, Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University, RDO-MOE Postdoctoral Fellowship Program PFP, Saudi Arabia.
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193
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Aabed K, Mohammed AE. Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles in Combination With Antibiotics Against Some Pathogenic Microbes. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:652362. [PMID: 33959599 PMCID: PMC8093520 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.652362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The latest advances in green nanoparticle synthesis have preserved natural and non-renewable resources and decreased environmental pollution. The current study was designed to evaluate silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabricated using aqueous extracts of two medicinal plants, Anastatica hierochuntica L. (Kaff Maryam) and Artemisia absinthium. The phytochemicals were detected by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The effects of the AgNPs on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans as well as the cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 cells were examined. The synergistic and antagonistic effects of the biogenic AgNPs in combination with standard antibiotics against several microbes were also investigated. The ability of the plant extracts to transfer silver ions to AgNPs was measured via dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurement, and transmission electron microscopy. The most sensitive microbes to AgNP treatment were examined via scanning electron microscopy to assess morphological changes. Biogenic AgNPs showed significant antibacterial effects against most of the tested microbes and significant cytotoxicity was noted. Polysaccharides, proteins and Phenolic compounds are likely involved in AgNP biosynthesis since hydroxyl groups and amides were detected via FTIR as well as GC-MS. This study confirmed that plant-based AgNP fabrication with AgNO3 as the Ag (I) delivering salt can be an economical and practical approach for large-scale production of particles with antimicrobial and cytotoxic potential. The synergistic effects of biogenic AgNPs in combination with some antibiotics support their potential as a safe therapeutic for bacterial infections because they are capped with organic biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawther Aabed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afrah E Mohammed
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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194
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Ghosh S, Ahmad R, Zeyaullah M, Khare SK. Microbial Nano-Factories: Synthesis and Biomedical Applications. Front Chem 2021; 9:626834. [PMID: 33937188 PMCID: PMC8085502 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.626834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent times, nanomaterials have emerged in the field of biology, medicine, electronics, and agriculture due to their immense applications. Owing to their nanoscale sizes, they present large surface/volume ratio, characteristic structures, and similar dimensions to biomolecules resulting in unique properties for biomedical applications. The chemical and physical methods to synthesize nanoparticles have their own limitations which can be overcome using biological methods for the synthesis. Moreover, through the biogenic synthesis route, the usage of microorganisms has offered a reliable, sustainable, safe, and environmental friendly technique for nanosynthesis. Bacterial, algal, fungal, and yeast cells are known to transport metals from their environment and convert them to elemental nanoparticle forms which are either accumulated or secreted. Additionally, robust nanocarriers have also been developed using viruses. In order to prevent aggregation and promote stabilization of the nanoparticles, capping agents are often secreted during biosynthesis. Microbial nanoparticles find biomedical applications in rapid diagnostics, imaging, biopharmaceuticals, drug delivery systems, antimicrobials, biomaterials for tissue regeneration as well as biosensors. The major challenges in therapeutic applications of microbial nanoparticles include biocompatibility, bioavailability, stability, degradation in the gastro-intestinal tract, and immune response. Thus, the current review article is focused on the microbe-mediated synthesis of various nanoparticles, the different microbial strains explored for such synthesis along with their current and future biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhrima Ghosh
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Razi Ahmad
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Md. Zeyaullah
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University (KKU), Khamis Mushait, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sunil Kumar Khare
- Enzyme and Microbial Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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195
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Hamida RS, Ali MA, Abdelmeguid NE, Al-Zaban MI, Baz L, Bin-Meferij MM. Lichens-A Potential Source for Nanoparticles Fabrication: A Review on Nanoparticles Biosynthesis and Their Prospective Applications. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:291. [PMID: 33921411 PMCID: PMC8069866 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is a safe, eco-friendly, and relatively inexpensive alternative to conventional routes of NPs production. These methods require natural resources such as cyanobacteria, algae, plants, fungi, lichens, and naturally extracted biomolecules such as pigments, vitamins, polysaccharides, proteins, and enzymes to reduce bulk materials (the target metal salts) into a nanoscale product. Synthesis of nanomaterials (NMs) using lichen extracts is a promising eco-friendly, simple, low-cost biological synthesis process. Lichens are groups of organisms including multiple types of fungi and algae that live in symbiosis. Until now, the fabrication of NPs using lichens has remained largely unexplored, although the role of lichens as natural factories for synthesizing NPs has been reported. Lichens have a potential reducible activity to fabricate different types of NMs, including metal and metal oxide NPs and bimetallic alloys and nanocomposites. These NPs exhibit promising catalytic and antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. To the best of our knowledge, this review provides, for the first time, an overview of the main published studies concerning the use of lichen for nanofabrication and the applications of these NMs in different sectors. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of biosynthesis are discussed, together with the various optimization factors influencing the biological synthesis and toxicity of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Samir Hamida
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt; (R.S.H.); (N.E.A.)
| | - Mohamed Abdelaal Ali
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia;
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Nabila Elsayed Abdelmeguid
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt; (R.S.H.); (N.E.A.)
| | - Mayasar Ibrahim Al-Zaban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Lina Baz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Mohammed Bin-Meferij
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia;
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196
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Najeeb J, Naeem S, Nazar MF, Naseem K, Shehzad U. Green Chemistry: Evolution in Architecting Schemes for Perfecting the Synthesis Methodology of the Functionalized Nanomaterials. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jawayria Najeeb
- Department of Chemistry University of Gujrat Gujrat 50700 Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Naeem
- Department of Chemistry University of Gujrat Gujrat 50700 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad F. Nazar
- Department of Chemistry Division of Science and Technology University of Education Lahore Multan Campus- 60700 Lahore Pakistan
| | - Khalida Naseem
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science University of Central Punjab Lahore Pakistan
| | - Usman Shehzad
- Electrical Engineering Section Pakistan Meteorological Department Government of Pakistan Pakistan
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197
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Wibowo A, Tajalla GUN, Marsudi MA, Cooper G, Asri LA, Liu F, Ardy H, Bartolo PJ. Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Extract of Cilembu Sweet Potatoes ( Ipomoea batatas L var. Rancing) as Potential Filler for 3D Printed Electroactive and Anti-Infection Scaffolds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26072042. [PMID: 33918502 PMCID: PMC8038213 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26072042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroactive biomaterials are fascinating for tissue engineering applications because of their ability to deliver electrical stimulation directly to cells, tissue, and organs. One particularly attractive conductive filler for electroactive biomaterials is silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) because of their high conductivity, antibacterial activity, and ability to promote bone healing. However, production of AgNPs involves a toxic reducing agent which would inhibit biological scaffold performance. This work explores facile and green synthesis of AgNPs using extract of Cilembu sweet potato and studies the effect of baking and precursor concentrations (1, 10 and 100 mM) on AgNPs’ properties. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) results revealed that the smallest particle size of AgNPs (9.95 ± 3.69 nm) with nodular morphology was obtained by utilization of baked extract and ten mM AgNO3. Polycaprolactone (PCL)/AgNPs scaffolds exhibited several enhancements compared to PCL scaffolds. Compressive strength was six times greater (3.88 ± 0.42 MPa), more hydrophilic (contact angle of 76.8 ± 1.7°), conductive (2.3 ± 0.5 × 10−3 S/cm) and exhibited anti-bacterial properties against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC3658 (99.5% reduction of surviving bacteria). Despite the promising results, further investigation on biological assessment is required to obtain comprehensive study of this scaffold. This green synthesis approach together with the use of 3D printing opens a new route to manufacture AgNPs-based electroactive with improved anti-bacterial properties without utilization of any toxic organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Wibowo
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (G.U.N.T.); (M.A.M.); (L.A.T.W.A.); (H.A.)
- Research Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (G.C.); (P.J.D.S.B.)
| | - Gusti U. N. Tajalla
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (G.U.N.T.); (M.A.M.); (L.A.T.W.A.); (H.A.)
- Materials and Metallurgy Engineering, Institut Teknologi Kalimantan, Jl. Soekarno Hatta 15, Balikpapan 76127, Indonesia
| | - Maradhana A. Marsudi
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (G.U.N.T.); (M.A.M.); (L.A.T.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Glen Cooper
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (G.C.); (P.J.D.S.B.)
| | - Lia A.T.W. Asri
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (G.U.N.T.); (M.A.M.); (L.A.T.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Fengyuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
| | - Husaini Ardy
- Material Science and Engineering Research Group, Faculty of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia; (G.U.N.T.); (M.A.M.); (L.A.T.W.A.); (H.A.)
| | - Paulo J.D.S. Bartolo
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Civil Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK;
- Correspondence: (A.W.); (G.C.); (P.J.D.S.B.)
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198
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de Oliveira DM, Menezes DB, Andrade LR, Lima FDC, Hollanda L, Zielinska A, Sanchez-Lopez E, Souto EB, Severino P. Silver nanoparticles obtained from Brazilian pepper extracts with synergistic anti-microbial effect: production, characterization, hydrogel formulation, cell viability, and in vitro efficacy. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:539-548. [PMID: 33685334 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1898634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts is known as a green approach, as it does not require the use of high pressure, energy, high temperature, or toxic chemicals. The approach makes use of plant extracts in a process called bioreduction, which is mediated by enzymes, proteins, amino acids, and metabolites found in bark, seed, and leaf extracts, transforming silver ions into metallic silver. This work aimed at developing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Brazilian pepper, applying this green methodology. Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi was prepared and its concentration of polyphenols, tannins, and saponins quantified. The produced nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential (ZP). AgNPs were formulated in sodium alginate hydrogels to obtain a nano-based semi-solid formulation for skin application. The obtained silver nanoparticles of mean size between 350 and 450 nm showed no cytotoxicity against L929 mouse fibroblasts within the concentration range of 0.025 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi was found to enhance microbial inhibition against the tested strains, especially against gram-negative bacteria. Its potential use as an alternative to overcome bacterial resistance can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Diego B Menezes
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Lucas R Andrade
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Felipe da C Lima
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Luciana Hollanda
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Aleksandra Zielinska
- Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUC), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Elena Sanchez-Lopez
- Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUC), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUC), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Tiradentes Institute, Dorchester, MA, USA.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women & Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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199
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Kakakhel MA, Wu F, Feng H, Hassan Z, Ali I, Saif I, Zaheer Ud Din S, Wang W. Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using animal blood, their preventive efficiency of bacterial species, and ecotoxicity in common carp fish. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:1765-1774. [PMID: 33694296 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Possible high biodeterioration of the microorganisms due to their metabolic pathway and activities on stone materials causes solemn problems in cultural heritage. Different kinds of laboratory-scale methods have been used for the reduction of microbial growth, that is, chemical, mechanical, and physical, which are cost-effective and not ecofriendly. In the current study, an ecofriendly approach utilizing silver nanoparticles were synthesized using sheep blood serum. Transmission electron microscopy results have confirmed the spherical and well dispersed silver nanoparticles with an average size of 32.49 nm, while energy dispersive X-ray has shown the abundance of silver nanoparticles. The efficiency against bacterial species was verified through laboratory-scale testing. The strong antibacterial activity was confirmed when B-AgNPs was tested against different bacterial species isolated from the Beishiku Cave Temple. The largest zone of inhibition was measured 26.48 ± 0.14 mm against Sphingomonas sp. while the smallest zone of inhibition measured was 9.70 ± 0.27 mm against Massilia sp. Moreover, these ecofriendly B-AgNPs were tested for daily based dose in different concentrations (0.03, 0.06, and 0.09 mg/L) against common carp fish for a long exposure (20 days) and 6.5% fatality was found. The highest lethal concentration (LC50 ) for fish (0.61 ± 0.09 mg/L). No doubt, the laboratory scale applications have revealed the best results with minute toxicity in fish. Therefore, sheep serum should be continued to synthesize silver nanoparticles on a large scale. A strict monitoring system should be developed for the synthesis and application of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian Adnan Kakakhel
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Fasi Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.,National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China
| | - Huyuan Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Zubair Hassan
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ihsan Ali
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710069, China
| | - Irfan Saif
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Syed Zaheer Ud Din
- International School for Optoelectronic Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Wanfu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.,National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Department of Conservation Research, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, Gansu, 736200, China
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200
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Ross A, Muñoz M, Rotstein BH, Suuronen EJ, Alarcon EI. A low cost and open access system for rapid synthesis of large volumes of gold and silver nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5420. [PMID: 33686164 PMCID: PMC7940392 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84896-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid synthesis of nanomaterials in scalable quantities is critical for accelerating the discovery and commercial translation of nanoscale-based technologies. The synthesis of metal nanogold and silver in volumes larger than 100 mL is not automatized and might require of the use of harsh conditions that in most cases is detrimental for the production of nanoparticles with reproducible size distributions. In this work, we present the development and optimization of an open-access low-cost NanoParticle Flow Synthesis System (NPFloSS) that allows for the rapid preparation of volumes of up to 1 L of gold and silver nanoparticle aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ross
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada.,Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Marcelo Muñoz
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Rotstein
- Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada.,Molecular Imaging Probes and Radiochemistry Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Erik J Suuronen
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada
| | - Emilio I Alarcon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, 40 Ruskin street, Ottawa, ON, K1Y4W7, Canada. .,Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada.
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