151
|
Pasqualini L, Bu H, Puhr M, Narisu N, Rainer J, Schlick B, Schäfer G, Angelova M, Trajanoski Z, Börno ST, Schweiger MR, Fuchsberger C, Klocker H. miR-22 and miR-29a Are Members of the Androgen Receptor Cistrome Modulating LAMC1 and Mcl-1 in Prostate Cancer. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1037-54. [PMID: 26052614 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The normal prostate as well as early stages and advanced prostate cancer (PCa) require a functional androgen receptor (AR) for growth and survival. The recent discovery of microRNAs (miRNAs) as novel effector molecules of AR disclosed the existence of an intricate network between AR, miRNAs and downstream target genes. In this study DUCaP cells, characterized by high content of wild-type AR and robust AR transcriptional activity, were chosen as the main experimental model. By integrative analysis of chromatin immunoprecipitation-sequencing (ChIP-seq) and microarray expression profiling data, miRNAs putatively bound and significantly regulated by AR were identified. A direct AR regulation of miR-22, miR-29a, and miR-17-92 cluster along with their host genes was confirmed. Interestingly, endogenous levels of miR-22 and miR-29a were found to be reduced in PCa cells expressing AR. In primary tumor samples, miR-22 and miR-29a were less abundant in the cancerous tissue compared with the benign counterpart. This specific expression pattern was associated with a differential DNA methylation of the genomic AR binding sites. The identification of laminin gamma 1 (LAMC1) and myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL1) as direct targets of miR-22 and miR-29a, respectively, suggested a tumor-suppressive role of these miRNAs. Indeed, transfection of miRNA mimics in PCa cells induced apoptosis and diminished cell migration and viability. Collectively, these data provide additional information regarding the complex regulatory machinery that guides miRNAs activity in PCa, highlighting an important contribution of miRNAs in the AR signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenza Pasqualini
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Huajie Bu
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Martin Puhr
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Johannes Rainer
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Bettina Schlick
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Georg Schäfer
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Mihaela Angelova
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Zlatko Trajanoski
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Stefan T Börno
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michal R Schweiger
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology (L.P., H.B., M.P., B.S., G.S., H.K.), Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Research Institute for Biomedical Aging Research (H.B.), University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch (N.N.), National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892; Biocenter Innsbruck (J.R.), Section for Molecular Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Center for Biomedicine (J.R., C.F.), EURAC Bolzano, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; Oncotyrol (B.S.), Center for Personalized Cancer Medicine, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pathology (G.S.), Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Biocenter Innsbruck (M.A., Z.T.), Division of Bioinformatics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics (S.T.B., M.R.S.), 14195 Berlin, Germany; Cologne Center for Genomics (M.R.S.), University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany; and Department of Biostatistic (C.F.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Hata AN, Engelman JA, Faber AC. The BCL2 Family: Key Mediators of the Apoptotic Response to Targeted Anticancer Therapeutics. Cancer Discov 2015; 5:475-87. [PMID: 25895919 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-15-0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability of cancer cells to suppress apoptosis is critical for carcinogenesis. The BCL2 family proteins comprise the sentinel network that regulates the mitochondrial or intrinsic apoptotic response. Recent advances in our understanding of apoptotic signaling pathways have enabled methods to identify cancers that are "primed" to undergo apoptosis, and have revealed potential biomarkers that may predict which cancers will undergo apoptosis in response to specific therapies. Complementary efforts have focused on developing novel drugs that directly target antiapoptotic BCL2 family proteins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the role of BCL2 family members in cancer development and response to therapy, focusing on targeted therapeutics, recent progress in the development of apoptotic biomarkers, and therapeutic strategies designed to overcome deficiencies in apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE Apoptosis, long known to be important for response to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, has more recently been shown to be essential for the efficacy of targeted therapies. Approaches that increase the likelihood of a cancer to undergo apoptosis following therapy may help improve targeted treatment strategies. Cancer Discov; 5(5); 475-87. ©2015 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron N Hata
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Engelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Charlestown, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Anthony C Faber
- Virginia Commonwealth University Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Brahmbhatt H, Oppermann S, Osterlund EJ, Leber B, Andrews DW. Molecular Pathways: Leveraging the BCL-2 Interactome to Kill Cancer Cells--Mitochondrial Outer Membrane Permeabilization and Beyond. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2671-6. [PMID: 25838396 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-0959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The inhibition of apoptosis enables the survival and proliferation of tumors and contributes to resistance to conventional chemotherapy agents and is therefore a very promising avenue for the development of new agents that will enhance current cancer therapies. The BCL-2 family proteins orchestrate apoptosis at the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum and are involved in other processes such as autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR) that lead to different types of cell death. Over the past decade, significant efforts have been made to restore apoptosis using small molecules that modulate the activity of BCL-2 family proteins. The small molecule ABT-199, which antagonizes the activity of BCL-2, is currently the furthest in clinical trials and shows promising activity in many lymphoid malignancies as a single agent and in combination with conventional chemotherapy agents. Here, we discuss strategies to improve the specificity of pharmacologically modulating various antiapoptotic BCL-2 family proteins, review additional BCL-2 family protein interactions that can be exploited for the improvement of conventional anticancer therapies, and highlight important points of consideration for assessing the activity of small-molecule BCL-2 family protein modulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hetal Brahmbhatt
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sina Oppermann
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth J Osterlund
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Leber
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
Correia C, Lee SH, Meng XW, Vincelette ND, Knorr KLB, Ding H, Nowakowski GS, Dai H, Kaufmann SH. Emerging understanding of Bcl-2 biology: Implications for neoplastic progression and treatment. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1658-71. [PMID: 25827952 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2, the founding member of a family of apoptotic regulators, was initially identified as the protein product of a gene that is translocated and overexpressed in greater than 85% of follicular lymphomas (FLs). Thirty years later we now understand that anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members modulate the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by binding and neutralizing the mitochondrial permeabilizers Bax and Bak as well as a variety of pro-apoptotic proteins, including the cellular stress sensors Bim, Bid, Puma, Bad, Bmf and Noxa. Despite extensive investigation of all of these proteins, important questions remain. For example, how Bax and Bak breach the outer mitochondrial membrane remains poorly understood. Likewise, how the functions of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members such as eponymous Bcl-2 are affected by phosphorylation or cancer-associated mutations has been incompletely defined. Finally, whether Bcl-2 family members can be successfully targeted for therapeutic advantage is only now being investigated in the clinic. Here we review recent advances in understanding Bcl-2 family biology and biochemistry that begin to address these questions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Correia
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - X Wei Meng
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Nicole D Vincelette
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Katherine L B Knorr
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Husheng Ding
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Grzegorz S Nowakowski
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Haiming Dai
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Targeting deubiquitinase activity with a novel small-molecule inhibitor as therapy for B-cell malignancies. Blood 2015; 125:3588-97. [PMID: 25814533 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-10-605584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Usp9x was recently shown to be highly expressed in myeloma patients with short progression-free survival and is proposed to enhance stability of the survival protein Mcl-1. In this study, we found that the partially selective Usp9x deubiquitinase inhibitor WP1130 induced apoptosis and reduced Mcl-1 protein levels. However, short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown (KD) of Usp9x in myeloma cells resulted in transient induction of apoptosis, followed by a sustained reduction in cell growth. A compensatory upregulation of Usp24, a deubiquitinase closely related to Usp9x, in Usp9x KD cells was noted. Direct Usp24 KD resulted in marked induction of myeloma cell death that was associated with a reduction of Mcl-1. Usp24 was found to sustain myeloma cell survival and Mcl-1 regulation in the absence of Usp9x. Both Usp9x and Usp24 were expressed and activated in primary myeloma cells whereas Usp24 protein overexpression was noted in some patients with drug-refractory myeloma and other B-cell malignancies. Furthermore, we improved the drug-like properties of WP1130 and demonstrated that the novel compound EOAI3402143 dose-dependently inhibited Usp9x and Usp24 activity, increased tumor cell apoptosis, and fully blocked or regressed myeloma tumors in mice. We conclude that small-molecule Usp9x/Usp24 inhibitors may have therapeutic activity in myeloma.
Collapse
|
156
|
Yang Y, Li F, Saha MN, Abdi J, Qiu L, Chang H. miR-137 and miR-197 Induce Apoptosis and Suppress Tumorigenicity by Targeting MCL-1 in Multiple Myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2399-411. [PMID: 25724519 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Deregulation of miRNA has been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma. We identified miR-137 and miR-197, mapped to the chromosome 1p (12)-(21) deletion region, and examined their antimyeloma activity as tumor suppressors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The expression of miR-137/197 was examined in multiple myeloma and normal plasma cells by qRT-PCR. Functional effect of miR-137/197 was analyzed by cell viability, apoptosis, clonogenic, and migration assays. Antimyeloma activity of miR-137/197 was further evaluated in vivo by lentiviral-based or lipid-based delivery in a mouse xenograft model of multiple myeloma. RESULTS miR-137/197 expression was significantly lower in multiple myeloma cell lines and multiple myeloma patient samples compared with normal plasma cells. Transfection of miR-137/197 resulted in reduction of MCL-1 protein expression, as well as alteration of apoptosis-related genes, and induction of apoptosis, inhibition of viability, colony formation, and migration in multiple myeloma cells. MCL-1 was further validated as a direct target of miR-137/197. Conversely, overexpression of MCL-1 partially reverted the effect of miR-137/197. Importantly, in vivo lentiviral-mediated or intratumor delivery of miR-137/197 induced regression of tumors in murine xenograft models of multiple myeloma. CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals a novel role of miR-137/197 as tumor suppressors in mediating apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells by targeting MCL-1. Our findings provide a proof-of-principle that lentivirus-based or formulated synthetic miR-137/197 exerts therapeutic activity in preclinical models, and support a framework for development of miR-137/197-based treatment strategies in patients with multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Yang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fei Li
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Manujendra N Saha
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jahangir Abdi
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lugui Qiu
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Disease Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
| | - Hong Chang
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Department of Laboratory Hematology and Laboratory Medicine Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
An G, Li Z, Tai YT, Acharya C, Li Q, Qin X, Yi S, Xu Y, Feng X, Li C, Zhao J, Shi L, Zang M, Deng S, Sui W, Hao M, Zou D, Zhao Y, Qi J, Cheng T, Ru K, Wang J, Anderson KC, Qiu L. The impact of clone size on the prognostic value of chromosome aberrations by fluorescence in situ hybridization in multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res 2015; 21:2148-56. [PMID: 25652456 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Accumulating evidence indicates that intratumor heterogeneity is prevalent in multiple myeloma and that a collection of multiple, genetically distinct subclones are present within the myeloma cell population. It is not clear whether the size of clonal myeloma populations harboring unique cytogenetic abnormalities carry any additional prognostic value. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We analyzed the prognostic impact of cytogenetic aberrations by fluorescence in situ hybridization at different cutoff values in a cohort of 333 patients with newly diagnosed myeloma and 92 patients with relapsed myeloma. RESULTS We found that nearly all IgH-related arrangements were observed in a large majority of the purified plasma cells; however, 13q deletion, 17p deletion, and 1q21 amplification appeared in different percentages within the malignant plasma cell population. Based on the size of subclones carrying these cytogenetic aberrations, the patients were divided into four groups: 0%-10%, 10.5%-20%, 20.5%-50%, and >50%. Receiver-operating characteristics analysis was applied to determine the optimal cutoff value with the greatest differential survival and showed that the most powerful clone sizes were 10% for 13q deletion, 50% for 17p deletion, and 20% for 1q21 gains, which provided the best possible cutoffs for predicting poor outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicated that the impact of clone size on prognostic value varies between specific genetic abnormalities. Prognostic value was observed for even a subgroup of plasma cells harboring the cytogenetic aberration of 13q deletion and 1q21 gains; however, 17p deletion displayed the most powerful cutoff for predicting survival only if the predominant clones harbored the abnormality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gang An
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu-Tzu Tai
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chirag Acharya
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Qian Li
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuhua Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China. LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Chengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiawei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Meirong Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuhui Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwei Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Mu Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Dehui Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Yaozhong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Junyuan Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Tao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Kun Ru
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Center for Multiple Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - Lugui Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Abstract
The debut of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Btz; Velcade®) radically and immediately improved the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM), an incurable malignancy of the plasma cell. Therapeutic resistance is unavoidable, however, and represents a major obstacle to maximizing the clinical potential of the drug. To address this challenge, studies have been conducted to uncover the molecular mechanisms driving Btz resistance and to discover new targeted therapeutic strategies and combinations that restore Btz activity. This review discusses the literature describing molecular adaptations that confer Btz resistance with a primary disease focus on MM. Also discussed are the most recent advances in therapeutic strategies that overcome resistance, approaches that include redox-modulating agents, murine double minute 2 inhibitors, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, and new epigenetic-targeted drugs like bromodomain and extra terminal domain inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Dolloff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Dalva-Aydemir S, Bajpai R, Martinez M, Adekola KUA, Kandela I, Wei C, Singhal S, Koblinski JE, Raje NS, Rosen ST, Shanmugam M. Targeting the metabolic plasticity of multiple myeloma with FDA-approved ritonavir and metformin. Clin Cancer Res 2014; 21:1161-71. [PMID: 25542900 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have previously demonstrated that ritonavir targeting of glycolysis is growth inhibitory and cytotoxic in a subset of multiple myeloma cells. In this study, our objective was to investigate the metabolic basis of resistance to ritonavir and to determine the utility of cotreatment with the mitochondrial complex I inhibitor metformin to target compensatory metabolism. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We determined combination indices for ritonavir and metformin, impact on myeloma cell lines, patient samples, and myeloma xenograft growth. Additional evaluation in breast, melanoma, and ovarian cancer cell lines was also performed. Signaling connected to suppression of the prosurvival BCL-2 family member MCL-1 was evaluated in multiple myeloma cell lines and tumor lysates. Reliance on oxidative metabolism was determined by evaluation of oxygen consumption, and dependence on glutamine was assessed by estimation of viability upon metabolite withdrawal in the context of specific metabolic perturbations. RESULTS Ritonavir-treated multiple myeloma cells exhibited increased reliance on glutamine metabolism. Ritonavir sensitized multiple myeloma cells to metformin, effectively eliciting cytotoxicity both in vitro and in an in vivo xenograft model of multiple myeloma and in breast, ovarian, and melanoma cancer cell lines. Ritonavir and metformin effectively suppressed AKT and mTORC1 phosphorylation and prosurvival BCL-2 family member MCL-1 expression in multiple myeloma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS FDA-approved ritonavir and metformin effectively target multiple myeloma cell metabolism to elicit cytotoxicity in multiple myeloma. Our studies warrant further investigation into repurposing ritonavir and metformin to target the metabolic plasticity of myeloma to more broadly target myeloma heterogeneity and prevent the reemergence of chemoresistant aggressive multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sevim Dalva-Aydemir
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Richa Bajpai
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maylyn Martinez
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kehinde U A Adekola
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Irawati Kandela
- Chemistry Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Changyong Wei
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Seema Singhal
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois. Division of Hematology and Oncology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jennifer E Koblinski
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Noopur S Raje
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Mala Shanmugam
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Sahasrabuddhe AA, Elenitoba-Johnson KSJ. Role of the ubiquitin proteasome system in hematologic malignancies. Immunol Rev 2014; 263:224-39. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
161
|
Beclin 1 restrains tumorigenesis through Mcl-1 destabilization in an autophagy-independent reciprocal manner. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5637. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
|
162
|
Silence of MCL-1 upstream signaling by shRNA abrogates multiple myeloma growth. Exp Hematol Oncol 2014; 3:27. [PMID: 25422792 PMCID: PMC4242602 DOI: 10.1186/2162-3619-3-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable B-cell cancer with accumulated clonal abnormal plasma cells in bone marrow of patients. MCL-1 (myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1) protein is an anti-apoptotic molecule in MM cells and regulated by pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-6 and downstream signaling molecules STAT3, PI3K and MAPK. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of STAT3, PI3K and MAPK gene silence on MCL-1 expression in human MM cells and the consequence of cell survival. Methods Lentivirus small hairpin RNA (shRNA) interference techniques were utilized to knock down STAT3, PI3K or MAPK genes. Gene and protein expression was quantified by quantitative real-time PCR and Western Blot. MM cell apoptosis was examined by annexin-V FITC/propidium iodide staining. Results Efficient silence of STAT3, PI3K, MAPK1 or MAPK2 gene robustly abrogated IL-6 enhanced MCL-1 expression and suppressed MM cell growth. Silencing STAT3 gene inhibited PI3K expression, silencing PI3K markedly abrogated STAT3 and MAPK production. Inhibition of MAPK2 gene by shMAPK2 suppressed STAT3, PI3K and MAPK1 expression in the cells. Silencing of STAT3, PI3K and MAPK2 together completely blocked MCL-1 expression in MM cells. Conclusion There is a syngeneic effect among the three independent STAT3, PI3K and MAPK2 survival-signaling pathways related to MCL-1 expression in MM cells. shRNAs silencing of STAT3, PI3K and MAPK2 together could provide an effective strategy to treat MM.
Collapse
|
163
|
RNA interference screening identifies lenalidomide sensitizers in multiple myeloma, including RSK2. Blood 2014; 125:483-91. [PMID: 25395420 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-577130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify molecular targets that modify sensitivity to lenalidomide, we measured proliferation in multiple myeloma (MM) cells transfected with 27 968 small interfering RNAs in the presence of increasing concentrations of drug and identified 63 genes that enhance activity of lenalidomide upon silencing. Ribosomal protein S6 kinase (RPS6KA3 or RSK2) was the most potent sensitizer. Other notable gene targets included 5 RAB family members, 3 potassium channel proteins, and 2 peroxisome family members. Single genes of interest included I-κ-B kinase-α (CHUK), and a phosphorylation dependent transcription factor (CREB1), which associate with RSK2 to regulate several signaling pathways. RSK2 knockdown induced cytotoxicity across a panel of MM cell lines and consistently increased sensitivity to lenalidomide. Accordingly, 3 small molecular inhibitors of RSK2 demonstrated synergy with lenalidomide cytotoxicity in MM cells even in the presence of stromal contact. Both RSK2 knockdown and small molecule inhibition downregulate interferon regulatory factor 4 and MYC, and provides an explanation for the synergy between lenalidomide and RSK2 inhibition. Interestingly, RSK2 inhibition also sensitized MM cells to bortezomib, melphalan, and dexamethasone, but did not downregulate Ikaros or influence lenalidomide-mediated downregulation of tumor necrosis factor-α or increase lenalidomide-induced IL-2 upregulation. In summary, inhibition of RSK2 may prove a broadly useful adjunct to MM therapy.
Collapse
|
164
|
Lee YJ, Hwang IS, Lee YJ, Lee CH, Kim SH, Nam HS, Choi YJ, Lee SH. Knockdown of Bcl-xL enhances growth-inhibiting and apoptosis-inducing effects of resveratrol and clofarabine in malignant mesothelioma H-2452 cells. J Korean Med Sci 2014; 29:1464-72. [PMID: 25408576 PMCID: PMC4234912 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2014.29.11.1464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL, key anti-apoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family, have attracted attention as important molecules in the cell survival and drug resistance. In this study, we investigated whether inhibition of Bcl-xL influences cell growth and apoptosis against simultaneous treatment of resveratrol and clofarabine in the human malignant mesothelioma H-2452 cells. Resveratrol and clofarabine decreased Mcl-1 protein levels but had little effect on Bcl-xL levels. In the presence of two compounds, any detectable change in the Mcl-1 mRNA levels was not observed in RT-PCR analysis, whereas pretreatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 led to its accumulation to levels far above basal levels. The knockdown of Bcl-xL inhibited cell proliferation with cell accumulation at G2/M phase and the appearance of sub-G0/G1 peak in DNA flow cytometric assay. The suppression of cell growth was accompanied by an increase in the caspase-3/7 activity with the resultant cleavages of procaspase-3 and its substrate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and increased percentage of apoptotic propensities in annexin V binding assay. Collectively, our data represent that the efficacy of resveratrol and clofarabine for apoptosis induction was substantially enhanced by Bcl-xL-lowering strategy in which the simultaneous targeting of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL could be a more effective strategy for treating malignant mesothelioma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Jin Lee
- Soonchunhyung Environmental Health Center for Asbestos, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
- Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, Cheonan, Korea
| | - In-Sung Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Yong-Jin Lee
- Soonchunhyung Environmental Health Center for Asbestos, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Chang-Ho Lee
- Department of Urology, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea
| | - Hae-Saeon Nam
- Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Young-Jin Choi
- Division of Molecular Cancer Research, Soonchunhyang Medical Research Institute, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Soonchunhyung Environmental Health Center for Asbestos, Soonchunhyang University Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan, Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Zi FM, He JS, Li Y, Wu C, Yang L, Yang Y, Wang LJ, He DH, Zhao Y, Wu WJ, Zheng GF, Han XY, Huang H, Yi Q, Cai Z. Metformin displays anti-myeloma activity and synergistic effect with dexamethasone in in vitro and in vivo xenograft models. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:443-53. [PMID: 25305450 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses have suggested that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a higher incidence of malignancies, including myeloma. Metformin is a widely prescribed antidiabetic drug. Recently, researchers have shown that metformin has direct anticancer activity against many tumor cell lines, mainly through activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or reducing the blood insulin level. In the present study, we investigated whether metformin exerts an anti-myeloma effect in in vitro and in vivo xenograft models and explored the underlying mechanism. We found that metformin can inhibit proliferation of MM cells by inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase. Western blot showed that metformin activated caspase 3, caspase 9, PARP-1, Bak, and p21 and inactivated Mcl-1, HIAP-1, cyclin D1, CDK4, and CDK6. Metformin inhibited the expression of insulin growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR), and phosphatidyl inositol 3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB/AKT) and the downstream mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). IGF-I blocked metformin-induced MM cell apoptosis and reactivation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Metformin also demonstrated synergistic activity with dexamethasone but not bortezomib to eradicate MM cells in vitro and in vivo, especially in MM.1S cells. We conclude that metformin inhibits MM cell proliferation through the IGF-1R/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Metformin and dexamethasone combination therapy may be an option for MM treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ming Zi
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Song He
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cai Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Juan Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Hua He
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zhao
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wen-Jun Wu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gao-Feng Zheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Han
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zhen Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
Sadahira K, Sagawa M, Nakazato T, Uchida H, Ikeda Y, Okamoto S, Nakajima H, Kizaki M. Gossypol induces apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells by inhibition of interleukin-6 signaling and Bcl-2/Mcl-1 pathway. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2278-86. [PMID: 25231749 PMCID: PMC4215583 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell disorder affecting the immune system with various systemic symptoms. MM remains incurable even with high dose chemotherapy using conventional drugs, thus necessitating development of novel therapeutic strategies. Gossypol (Gos) is a natural polyphenolic compound extracted from cotton plants, and has been shown to possess anti-neoplastic activity against various tumors. Recent studies have shown that Gos is an inhibitor for Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL acting as BH3 mimetics that interfere interaction between pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins and Bcl-2/Bcl-XL. Since most of the patients with MM overexpress Bcl-2 protein, we considered Gos might be a promising therapeutic agent for MM. We herein show that Gos efficiently induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation of the OPM2 MM cell line, in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Gos induced activation of caspase-3 and cytochrome c release from mitochondria, showing mitochondrial dysfunction pathway is operational during apoptosis. Further investigation revealed that phosphorylation of Bcl-2 at serine-70 was attenuated by Gos treatment, while protein levels were not affected. In addition, Mcl-1 was downregulated by Gos. Interestingly, phosphorylation of JAK2, STAT3, ERK1/2 and p38MAPK was inhibited by Gos-treatment, indicating that Gos globally suppressed interleukin-6 (IL-6) signals. Moreover, JAK2 inhibition mimicked the effect of Gos in OPM2 cells including Bcl-2 dephosphorylation and Mcl-1 downregulation. These results demonstrated that Gos induces apoptosis in MM cells not only through displacing BH3-only proteins from Bcl-2, but also through inhibiting IL-6 signaling, which leads to Bcl-2 dephosphorylation and Mcl-1 downregulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Sadahira
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Morihiko Sagawa
- Department of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nakazato
- Department of Hematology, Yokohama Municipal Hospital, Kanagawa 240-8555, Japan
| | - Hideo Uchida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tokyo Electric Power Company Hospital, Tokyo 160-0016, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ikeda
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Okamoto
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nakajima
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kizaki
- Department of Hematology, Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-8550, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Translation initiation factor eIF4F modifies the dexamethasone response in multiple myeloma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:13421-6. [PMID: 25197055 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402650111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced protein synthesis capacity is associated with increased tumor cell survival, proliferation, and resistance to chemotherapy. Cancers like multiple myeloma (MM), which display elevated activity in key translation regulatory nodes, such as the PI3K/mammalian target of rapamycin and MYC-eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E pathways, are predicted to be particularly sensitive to therapeutic strategies that target this process. To identify novel vulnerabilities in MM, we undertook a focused RNAi screen in which components of the translation apparatus were targeted. Our screen was designed to identify synthetic lethal relationships between translation factors or regulators and dexamethasone (DEX), a corticosteroid used as frontline therapy in this disease. We find that suppression of all three subunits of the eIF4F cap-binding complex synergizes with DEX in MM to induce cell death. Using a suite of small molecules that target various activities of eIF4F, we observed that cell survival and DEX resistance are attenuated upon eIF4F inhibition in MM cell lines and primary human samples. Levels of MYC and myeloid cell leukemia 1, two known eIF4F-responsive transcripts and key survival factors in MM, were reduced upon eIF4F inhibition, and their independent suppression also synergized with DEX. Inhibition of eIF4F in MM exerts pleotropic effects unraveling a unique therapeutic opportunity.
Collapse
|
168
|
Francis SM, Taylor CA, Tang T, Liu Z, Zheng Q, Dondero R, Thompson JE. SNS01-T modulation of eIF5A inhibits B-cell cancer progression and synergizes with bortezomib and lenalidomide. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1643-52. [PMID: 24569836 PMCID: PMC4435495 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The high rates of recurrence and low median survival in many B-cell cancers highlight a need for new targeted therapeutic modalities. In dividing cells, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A) is hypusinated and involved in regulation of protein synthesis and proliferation, whereas the non-hypusinated form of eIF5A is a potent inducer of cell death in malignant cells. Here, we demonstrate the potential of modulating eIF5A expression as a novel approach to treating B-cell cancers. SNS01-T is a nonviral polyethylenimine-based nanoparticle, designed to induce apoptosis selectively in B-cell cancers by small interfering RNA-mediated suppression of hypusinated eIF5A and plasmid-based overexpression of a non-hypusinable eIF5A mutant. In this study, we show that SNS01-T is preferentially taken up by malignant B cells, inhibits tumor growth in multiple animal models of B-cell cancers without damaging normal tissues, and synergizes with the current therapies bortezomib and lenalidomide to inhibit tumor progression. The results collectively demonstrate the potential of SNS01-T as a novel therapeutic for treatment of a diverse range of B-cell malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Francis
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Catherine A Taylor
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Terence Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhongda Liu
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qifa Zheng
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - John E Thompson
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Senesco Technologies, Bridgewater, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Chi X, Kale J, Leber B, Andrews DW. Regulating cell death at, on, and in membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1843:2100-13. [PMID: 24927885 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins are central regulators of apoptosis. Various family members are located in the cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondrial outer membrane in healthy cells. However during apoptosis most of the interactions between family members that determine the fate of the cell occur at the membranes of intracellular organelles. It has become evident that interactions with membranes play an active role in the regulation of Bcl-2 family protein interactions. Here we provide an overview of various models proposed to explain how the Bcl-2 family regulates apoptosis and discuss how membrane binding affects the structure and function of each of the three categories of Bcl-2 proteins (pro-apoptotic, pore-forming, and anti-apoptotic). We also examine how the Bcl-2 family regulates other aspects of mitochondrial and ER physiology relevant to cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Chi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Justin Kale
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Brian Leber
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - David W Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8N 3Z5, Canada; Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Bao GK, Zhou L, Wang TJ, He LF, Liu T. A Combined Pharmacophore-Based Virtual Screening, Docking Study and Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation Approach to Identify Inhibitors with Novel Scaffolds for Myeloid cell leukemia (Mcl-1). B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.7.2097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
171
|
Plasmacytomagenesis in Eμ-v-abl transgenic mice is accelerated when apoptosis is restrained. Blood 2014; 124:1099-109. [PMID: 24986687 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-570770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice susceptible to plasma cell tumors provide a useful model for human multiple myeloma. We previously showed that mice expressing an Eµ-v-abl oncogene solely develop plasmacytomas. Here we show that loss of the proapoptotic BH3-only protein Bim or, to a lesser extent, overexpression of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 or Mcl-1, significantly accelerated the development of plasmacytomas and increased their incidence. Disease was preceded by an increased abundance of plasma cells, presumably reflecting their enhanced survival capacity in vivo. Plasmacytomas of each genotype expressed high levels of v-abl and frequently harbored a rearranged c-myc gene, probably as a result of chromosome translocation. As in human multiple myelomas, elevated expression of cyclin D genes was common, and p53 deregulation was rare. Our results for plasmacytomas highlight the significance of antiapoptotic changes in multiple myeloma, which include elevated expression of Mcl-1 and, less frequently, Bcl-2, and suggest that closer attention to defects in Bim expression is warranted.
Collapse
|
172
|
Tan YS, Spring DR, Abell C, Verma C. The Use of Chlorobenzene as a Probe Molecule in Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Chem Inf Model 2014; 54:1821-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ci500215x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Sing Tan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Bioinformatics
Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street,
#07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671
| | - David R. Spring
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Abell
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra Verma
- Bioinformatics
Institute (A*STAR), 30 Biopolis Street,
#07-01 Matrix, Singapore 138671
- Department
of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science
Drive 4, Singapore 117543
- School
of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang
Drive, Singapore 637551
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Abulwerdi F, Liao C, Mady AS, Gavin J, Shen C, Cierpicki T, Stuckey J, Showalter HDH, Nikolovska-Coleska Z. 3-Substituted-N-(4-hydroxynaphthalen-1-yl)arylsulfonamides as a novel class of selective Mcl-1 inhibitors: structure-based design, synthesis, SAR, and biological evaluation. J Med Chem 2014; 57:4111-33. [PMID: 24749893 PMCID: PMC4033665 DOI: 10.1021/jm500010b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mcl-1, an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is a validated and attractive target for cancer therapy. Overexpression of Mcl-1 in many cancers results in disease progression and resistance to current chemotherapeutics. Utilizing high-throughput screening, compound 1 was identified as a selective Mcl-1 inhibitor and its binding to the BH3 binding groove of Mcl-1 was confirmed by several different, but complementary, biochemical and biophysical assays. Guided by structure-based drug design and supported by NMR experiments, comprehensive SAR studies were undertaken and a potent and selective inhibitor, compound 21, was designed which binds to Mcl-1 with a Ki of 180 nM. Biological characterization of 21 showed that it disrupts the interaction of endogenous Mcl-1 and biotinylated Noxa-BH3 peptide, causes cell death through a Bak/Bax-dependent mechanism, and selectively sensitizes Eμ-myc lymphomas overexpressing Mcl-1, but not Eμ-myc lymphoma cells overexpressing Bcl-2. Treatment of human leukemic cell lines with compound 21 resulted in cell death through activation of caspase-3 and induction of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fardokht
A. Abulwerdi
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Life Sciences Institute, and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chenzhong Liao
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ahmed S. Mady
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Life Sciences Institute, and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jordan Gavin
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Chenxi Shen
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tomasz Cierpicki
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jeanne
A. Stuckey
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Life Sciences Institute, and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - H. D. Hollis Showalter
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Life Sciences Institute, and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Zaneta Nikolovska-Coleska
- Department of Pathology, University of
Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Interdepartmental
Program in Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Life Sciences Institute, and Vahlteich Medicinal Chemistry Core, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Mcl-1 ubiquitination: unique regulation of an essential survival protein. Cells 2014; 3:418-37. [PMID: 24814761 PMCID: PMC4092850 DOI: 10.3390/cells3020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mcl-1 is an anti-apoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family that is essential for the survival of multiple cell lineages and that is highly amplified in human cancer. Under physiological conditions, Mcl-1 expression is tightly regulated at multiple levels, involving transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational processes. Ubiquitination of Mcl-1, that targets it for proteasomal degradation, allows for rapid elimination of the protein and triggering of cell death, in response to various cellular events. In the last decade, a number of studies have elucidated different pathways controlling Mcl-1 ubiquitination and degradation. Four different E3 ubiquitin-ligases (e.g., Mule, SCFβ-TrCP, SCFFbw7 and Trim17) and one deubiquitinase (e.g., USP9X), that respectively mediate and oppose Mcl-1 ubiquitination, have been formerly identified. The interaction between Mule and Mcl-1 can be modulated by other Bcl-2 family proteins, while recognition of Mcl-1 by the other E3 ubiquitin-ligases and deubiquitinase is influenced by phosphorylation of specific residues in Mcl-1. The protein kinases and E3 ubiquitin-ligases that are involved in the regulation of Mcl-1 stability vary depending on the cellular context, highlighting the complexity and pivotal role of Mcl-1 regulation. In this review, we attempt to recapitulate progress in understanding Mcl-1 regulation by the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
Collapse
|
175
|
Synthetic approaches to the 2012 new drugs. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2005-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
176
|
Gupta P, Cairns MJ, Saksena NK. Regulation of gene expression by microRNA in HCV infection and HCV-mediated hepatocellular carcinoma. Virol J 2014; 11:64. [PMID: 24690114 PMCID: PMC3977900 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) exert a profound effect on Hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication and on the manifestation of HCV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). miR-122 in particular, is highly enriched in liver and has been shown to interact with HCV, suggesting this virus has evolved to subvert and manipulate the host gene silencing machinery in order to support its life cycle. It is therefore likely that miR-122 and other miRNAs play an important role in the pathophysiology of HCV infection. The changes in post-transcriptional gene regulation by the miRNAs may play a key role in the manifestation of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma. Understanding of HCV-host miRNA interactions will ultimately lead to the design of therapeutic modalities against HCV infection and HCV-mediated HCC and may also provide important biomarkers that direct treatment options. Here, we review the current knowledge on the role of miRNA and gene expression on HCV infection and hepatocellular carcinoma, in addition to the possible role of miRNA as future therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nitin K Saksena
- Centre for Virus Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Darcy Road, Sydney, Westmead NSW 2145, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Pei XY, Dai Y, Felthousen J, Chen S, Takabatake Y, Zhou L, Youssefian LE, Sanderson MW, Bodie WW, Kramer LB, Orlowski RZ, Grant S. Circumvention of Mcl-1-dependent drug resistance by simultaneous Chk1 and MEK1/2 inhibition in human multiple myeloma cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89064. [PMID: 24594907 PMCID: PMC3942309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1 plays a major role in multiple myeloma (MM) cell survival as well as bortezomib- and microenvironmental forms of drug resistance in this disease. Consequently, there is a critical need for strategies capable of targeting Mcl-1-dependent drug resistance in MM. The present results indicate that a regimen combining Chk1 with MEK1/2 inhibitors effectively kills cells displaying multiple forms of drug resistance stemming from Mcl-1 up-regulation in association with direct transcriptional Mcl-1 down-regulation and indirect disabling of Mcl-1 anti-apoptotic function through Bim up-regulation and increased Bim/Mcl-1 binding. These actions release Bak from Mcl-1, accompanied by Bak/Bax activation. Analogous events were observed in both drug-naïve and acquired bortezomib-resistant MM cells displaying increased Mcl-1 but diminished Bim expression, or cells ectopically expressing Mcl-1. Moreover, concomitant Chk1 and MEK1/2 inhibition blocked Mcl-1 up-regulation induced by IL-6/IGF-1 or co-culture with stromal cells, effectively overcoming microenvironment-related drug resistance. Finally, this regimen down-regulated Mcl-1 and robustly killed primary CD138+ MM cells, but not normal hematopoietic cells. Together, these findings provide novel evidence that this targeted combination strategy could be effective in the setting of multiple forms of Mcl-1-related drug resistance in MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yan Pei
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yun Dai
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jessica Felthousen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Shuang Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Yukie Takabatake
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Liang Zhou
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Leena E. Youssefian
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Sanderson
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Wesley W. Bodie
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Lora B. Kramer
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Robert Z. Orlowski
- Department of Lymphoma/Myeloma, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Steven Grant
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Ionizing radiation-inducible microRNA miR-193a-3p induces apoptosis by directly targeting Mcl-1. Apoptosis 2013; 18:896-909. [PMID: 23546867 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0841-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The functions of microRNAs (miRNAs) as either oncogenes or tumor suppressors in regulating cancer-related events have been established. We analyzed the alterations in the miRNA expression profile of the glioma cell line U-251 caused by ionizing radiation (IR) by using an miRNA array and identified several miRNAs whose expression was significantly affected by IR. Among the IR-responsive miRNAs, we further examined the function of miR-193a-3p, which exhibited the most significant growth-inhibiting effect. miR-193a-3p was observed to induce apoptosis in both U-251 and HeLa cells. We also demonstrated that miR-193a-3p induces the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and DNA damage as determined by the level of γH2AX and by performing the comet assay. The induction of both apoptosis and DNA damage by miR-193a-3p was blocked by antioxidant treatment, indicating the crucial role of ROS in the action of miR-193a-3p. Among the putative target proteins, the expression of Mcl-1, an anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, decreased because of miR-193a-3p transfection. A reporter assay using a luciferase construct containing the 3'-untranslated region of Mcl-1 confirmed that Mcl-1 is a direct target of miR-193a-3p. Down-regulation of Mcl-1 by siRNA transfection closely mimicked the outcome of miR-193a-3p transfection showing increased ROS, DNA damage, cytochrome c release, and apoptosis. Ectopic expression of Mcl-1 suppressed the pro-apoptotic action of miR-193a-3p, suggesting that Mcl-1 depletion is critical for miR-193a-3p induced apoptosis. Collectively, our results suggest a novel function for miR-193a-3p and its potential application in cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
179
|
Noto JM, Piazuelo MB, Chaturvedi R, Bartel CA, Thatcher EJ, Delgado A, Romero-Gallo J, Wilson KT, Correa P, Patton JG, Peek RM. Strain-specific suppression of microRNA-320 by carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori promotes expression of the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G786-96. [PMID: 24136787 PMCID: PMC3882435 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00279.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is the strongest risk factor for gastric cancer, and strains harboring the cag pathogenicity island, which translocates the oncoprotein CagA into host cells, further augment cancer risk. We previously reported that in vivo adaptation of a noncarcinogenic H. pylori strain (B128) generated a derivative strain (7.13) with the ability to induce adenocarcinoma, providing a unique opportunity to define mechanisms that mediate gastric carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate expression of oncogenes or tumor suppressors and are frequently dysregulated in carcinogenesis. To identify miRNAs and their targets involved in H. pylori-mediated carcinogenesis, miRNA microarrays were performed on RNA isolated from gastric epithelial cells cocultured with H. pylori strains B128, 7.13, or a 7.13 cagA(-) isogenic mutant. Among 61 miRNAs differentially expressed in a cagA-dependent manner, the tumor suppressor miR-320 was significantly downregulated by strain 7.13. Since miR-320 negatively regulates the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1, we demonstrated that H. pylori significantly induced Mcl-1 expression in a cagA-dependent manner and that suppression of Mcl-1 results in increased apoptosis. To extend these results, mice were challenged with H. pylori strain 7.13 or its cagA(-) mutant; consistent with cell culture data, H. pylori induced Mcl-1 expression in a cagA-dependent manner. In human subjects, cag(+) strains induced significantly higher levels of Mcl-1 than cag(-) strains, and Mcl-1 expression levels paralleled the severity of neoplastic lesions. Collectively, these results indicate that H. pylori suppresses miR-320, upregulates Mcl-1, and decreases apoptosis in a cagA-dependent manner, which likely confers an increased risk for gastric carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Noto
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Courtney A. Bartel
- 2Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | | | - Alberto Delgado
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Judith Romero-Gallo
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Keith T. Wilson
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; ,3Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; ,4Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; and ,5Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Pelayo Correa
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - James G. Patton
- 2Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| | - Richard M. Peek
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee; ,3Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee;
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Kim JH, Bae J. MCL-1ES induces MCL-1L-dependent BAX- and BAK-independent mitochondrial apoptosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79626. [PMID: 24260268 PMCID: PMC3832543 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MCL-1 (myeloid cell leukemia-1), a member of the BCL-2 family, has three splicing variants, antiapoptotic MCL-1L, proapoptotic MCL-1S, and MCL-1ES. We previously reported cloning MCL-1ES and characterizing it as an apoptotic molecule. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism by which MCL-1ES promotes cell death. MCL-1ES was distinct from other proapoptotic BCL-2 members that induce apoptosis by promoting BAX or BAK oligomerization, leading to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), in that MCL-1ES promoted mitochondrial apoptosis independently of both BAX and BAK. Instead, MCL-1L was crucial for the apoptotic activity of MCL-1ES by facilitating its proper localization to the mitochondria. MCL-1ES did not interact with any BCL-2 family proteins except for MCL-1L, and antiapoptotic BCL-2 members failed to inhibit apoptosis induced by MCL-1ES. The BCL-2 homology 3 (BH3) domain of MCL-1ES was critical for both MCL-1ES association with MCL-1L and apoptotic activity. MCL-1ES formed mitochondrial oligomers, and this process was followed by MOMP and cytochrome c release in a MCL-1L-dependent manner. These findings indicate that MCL-1ES, as a distinct proapoptotic BCL-2 family protein, may be useful for intervening in diseases that involve uncontrolled MCL-1L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeehyeon Bae
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Paulus A, Chitta K, Akhtar S, Personett D, Miller KC, Thompson KJ, Carr J, Kumar S, Roy V, Ansell SM, Mikhael JR, Dispenzieri A, Reeder CB, Rivera CE, Foran J, Chanan-Khan A. AT-101 downregulates BCL2 and MCL1 and potentiates the cytotoxic effects of lenalidomide and dexamethasone in preclinical models of multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinaemia. Br J Haematol 2013; 164:352-365. [PMID: 24236538 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma, the second most common haematological malignancy in the U.S., is currently incurable. Disruption of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway by BCL2 and MCL1 upregulation is observed in >80% of myeloma cases and is associated with an aggressive clinical course. Remarkably, there is no approved drug with the ability to target BCL2 or MCL1. Thus, we investigated the anti-tumour effects of a pan-BCL2 inhibitor, AT-101, which has high binding specificity for BCL2 and MCL1 in preclinical models of plasma cell cancers (Multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinaemia). Gene expression and immunoblot analysis of six plasma cell cancer models showed upregulation of BCL2 family members. AT-101 was able to downregulate BCL2 and MCL1 in all plasma cell cancer models and induced apoptotic cell death in a caspase-dependent manner by altering mitochondrial membrane permeability. This cytotoxic effect and BCL2 downregulation were further potentiated when AT-101 was combined with lenalidomide/dexamethasone (LDA). NanoString nCounter mRNA quantification and Ingenuity Pathways Analysis revealed differential changes in the CCNA2, FRZB, FYN, IRF1, PTPN11 genes in LDA-treated cells. In summary, we describe for the first time the cellular and molecular events associated with the use of AT-101 in combination with lenalidomide/dexamethasone in preclinical models of plasma cell malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aneel Paulus
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Kasyapa Chitta
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Sharoon Akhtar
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, USA
| | - David Personett
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Kena C Miller
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Carr
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, USA
| | - Shaji Kumar
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Vivek Roy
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Joseph R Mikhael
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | - Craig B Reeder
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Candido E Rivera
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - James Foran
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Asher Chanan-Khan
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Fan F, Tonon G, Bashari MH, Vallet S, Antonini E, Goldschmidt H, Schulze-Bergkamen H, Opferman JT, Sattler M, Anderson KC, Jäger D, Podar K. Targeting Mcl-1 for multiple myeloma (MM) therapy: drug-induced generation of Mcl-1 fragment Mcl-1(128-350) triggers MM cell death via c-Jun upregulation. Cancer Lett 2013; 343:286-94. [PMID: 24120758 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1, HGNC: 6943), a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 family, plays a crucial role in Multiple Myeloma (MM) pathogenesis and drug resistance, thus representing a promising therapeutic target in MM. A novel strategy to inhibit Mcl-1 activity is the induction of ubiquitin-independent Mcl-1 degradation. Our own and other previous studies have demonstrated caspase-dependent generation of a 28kDa Mcl-1 fragment, Mcl-1(128-350), which inhibits MM cell proliferation and survival. Here, we show that similar to bortezomib, the novel proteasome inhibitors carfilzomib and ixazomib, as well as staurosporine and adaphostin, induce the generation of Mcl-1(128-350) in MM cells. Next, the molecular sequelae downstream of Mcl-1(128-350), which mediate its pro-apoptotic activity, were delineated. Surprisingly, we observed nuclear accumulation of drug-induced or exogenously overexpressed Mcl-1(128-350), followed by elevated mRNA and protein levels of c-Jun, as well as enhanced AP-1 reporter activity. Moreover, drug-induced AP-1 activity was blocked after introducing a point mutation into the highly conserved Mcl-1 caspase-cleavage site Asp127, but not Asp157. Consequently, drug-triggered cell death was significantly decreased in MM cells transfected with Mcl-1 D127A, but not with Mcl-1 D157A. Consistent with these data, treatment with bortezomib triggered c-Jun upregulation followed by apoptosis in Mcl-1(wt/wt), but not Mcl-1(Δ/null) murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Transfection of a plasmid carrying Mcl-1(wt) into Mcl-1(Δ/null) MEFs restored bortezomib-induced Mcl-1 fragmentation, c-Jun upregulation and AP-1 reporter activity. Finally, our data indicate that drug-induced generation of a pro-apoptotic Mcl-1 fragment followed by c-Jun upregulation may also be a novel therapeutic approach in other tumor entities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fengjuan Fan
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Tonon
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Muhammad Hasan Bashari
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sonia Vallet
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena Antonini
- Functional Genomics of Cancer Unit, Division of Molecular Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Hartmut Goldschmidt
- Section Multiple Myeloma, Department of Internal Medicine V, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Henning Schulze-Bergkamen
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Sattler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Klaus Podar
- Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Inhibition of Mcl-1 expression by citrate enhances the effect of Bcl-xL inhibitors on human ovarian carcinoma cells. J Ovarian Res 2013; 6:72. [PMID: 24103422 PMCID: PMC3851866 DOI: 10.1186/1757-2215-6-72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of two major anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, appears essential to destroy chemoresistant cancer cells. We have studied their concomitant inhibition, using ABT 737 or siRNA targeting XL1 and citrate, a molecule which reduces the expression level of Mcl-1. Two cisplatin-chemoresistant ovarian cell lines (SKOV3 and IGROV1-R10) were exposed to ABT 737 or siRNA targeting XL1 and citrate at various individual concentrations, or combined. Cell proliferation, cell cycle repartition and nuclear staining with DAPI were recorded. Western blot analyses were performed to detect various proteins implied in apoptotic cell death pathways. Mcl-1 expression was barely reduced when cells were exposed to citrate alone, whereas a mild reduction was observed after ABT 737 treatment. Concomitant inhibition of Bcl-xL and Mcl-1 using ABT 737 or siXL1 associated with citrate was far more effective in inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell death than treatment alone. Given that few, if any, specific inhibitors of Mcl-1 are currently available, anti-glycolytic agents such as citrate could be tested in association with synthetic inhibitors of Bcl-xL.
Collapse
|
184
|
Fernald K, Kurokawa M. Evading apoptosis in cancer. Trends Cell Biol 2013; 23:620-33. [PMID: 23958396 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 390] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carcinogenesis is a mechanistically complex and variable process with a plethora of underlying genetic causes. Cancer development comprises a multitude of steps that occur progressively starting with initial driver mutations leading to tumorigenesis and, ultimately, metastasis. During these transitions, cancer cells accumulate a series of genetic alterations that confer on the cells an unwarranted survival and proliferative advantage. During the course of development, however, cancer cells also encounter a physiologically ubiquitous cellular program that aims to eliminate damaged or abnormal cells: apoptosis. Thus, it is essential that cancer cells acquire instruments to circumvent programmed cell death. Here we discuss emerging evidence indicating how cancer cells adopt various strategies to override apoptosis, including amplifying the antiapoptotic machinery, downregulating the proapoptotic program, or both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaleigh Fernald
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Roy R, Kumar D, Chakraborty B, Chowdhury C, Das P. Apoptotic and autophagic effects of Sesbania grandiflora flowers in human leukemic cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e71672. [PMID: 23967233 PMCID: PMC3742510 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identification of cytotoxic compounds that induce apoptosis has been the mainstay of anti-cancer therapeutics for several decades. In recent years, focus has shifted to inducing multiple modes of cell death coupled with reduced systemic toxicity. The plant Sesbania grandiflora is widely used in Indian traditional medicine for the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases. This encouraged us to investigate into the anti-proliferative effect of a fraction (F2) isolated from S. grandiflora flowers in cancer cells and delineate the underlying involvement of apoptotic and autophagic pathways. Principal Findings Using MTT based cell viability assay, we evaluated the cytotoxic potential of fraction F2. It was the most effective on U937 cells (IC50∶18.6 µg/ml). Inhibition of growth involved enhancement of Annexin V positivity. This was associated with elevated reactive oxygen species generation, measured by flow cytometry and reduced oxygen consumption – both effects being abrogated by anti-oxidant NAC. This caused stimulation of pro-apoptotic proteins and concomitant inhibition of anti-apoptotic protein expressions inducing mitochondrial depolarization, as measured by flow cytometry and release of cytochrome c. Interestingly, even with these molecular features of apoptosis, F2 was able to alter Atg protein levels and induce LC3 processing. This was accompanied by formation of autophagic vacuoles as revealed by fluorescence and transmission electron microscopy – confirming the occurrence of autophagy. Eventually, F2 triggered caspase cascade – executioners of programmed cell death and AIF translocation to nuclei. This culminated in cleavage of the DNA repair enzyme, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase that caused DNA damage as proved by staining with Hoechst 33258 leading to cell death. Conclusions The findings suggest fraction F2 triggers pro-oxidant activity and mediates its cytotoxicity in leukemic cells via apoptosis and autophagy. Thus, it merits consideration and further investigation as a therapeutic option for the treatment of leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajneeta Roy
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Deepak Kumar
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswajit Chakraborty
- Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmay Chowdhury
- Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Padma Das
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Natoni A, Coyne MRE, Jacobsen A, Rainey MD, O’Brien G, Healy S, Montagnoli A, Moll J, O’Dwyer M, Santocanale C. Characterization of a Dual CDC7/CDK9 Inhibitor in Multiple Myeloma Cellular Models. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:901-18. [PMID: 24202326 PMCID: PMC3795371 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5030901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two key features of myeloma cells are the deregulation of the cell cycle and the dependency on the expression of the BCL2 family of anti-apoptotic proteins. The cell division cycle 7 (CDC7) is an essential S-phase kinase and emerging CDC7 inhibitors are effective in a variety of preclinical cancer models. These compounds also inhibit CDK9 which is relevant for MCL-1 expression. The activity and mechanism of action of the dual CDC7/CDK9 inhibitor PHA-767491 was assessed in a panel of multiple myeloma cell lines, in primary samples from patients, in the presence of stromal cells and in combination with drugs used in current chemotherapeutic regimens. We report that in all conditions myeloma cells undergo cell death upon PHA-767491 treatment and we report an overall additive effect with melphalan, bortezomib and doxorubicin, thus supporting further assessment of targeting CDC7 and CDK9 in multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Natoni
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
| | - Mark R. E. Coyne
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
- Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Haematology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alan Jacobsen
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
| | - Michael D. Rainey
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
| | - Gemma O’Brien
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
| | - Sandra Healy
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
| | - Alessia Montagnoli
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Via Pasteur 10, Nerviano 20014, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Jürgen Moll
- Nerviano Medical Sciences S.r.l., Via Pasteur 10, Nerviano 20014, Italy; E-Mail:
| | - Michael O’Dwyer
- Department of Medicine, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Haematology, Galway University Hospital, Galway, Ireland
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.O.); (C.S.); Tel.: +353-91-544-281 (M.O.); Fax: +353-91-542-469 (M.O.); Tel.: +353-91-495-174 (C.S.); Fax: +353-91-495-547 (C.S.)
| | - Corrado Santocanale
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; E-Mails: (A.N.); (M.R.E.C.); (A.J.); (M.D.R.); (G.O.); (S.H.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (M.O.); (C.S.); Tel.: +353-91-544-281 (M.O.); Fax: +353-91-542-469 (M.O.); Tel.: +353-91-495-174 (C.S.); Fax: +353-91-495-547 (C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Hu J, Van Valckenborgh E, Xu D, Menu E, De Raeve H, De Bruyne E, De Bryune E, Xu S, Van Camp B, Handisides D, Hart CP, Vanderkerken K. Synergistic induction of apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells by bortezomib and hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302, in vivo and in vitro. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:1763-73. [PMID: 23832122 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that hypoxia is a critical microenvironmental factor in multiple myeloma, and that the hypoxia-activated prodrug TH-302 selectively targets hypoxic multiple myeloma cells and improves multiple disease parameters in vivo. To explore approaches for sensitizing multiple myeloma cells to TH-302, we evaluated in this study the antitumor effect of TH-302 in combination with the clinically used proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. First, we show that TH-302 and bortezomib synergistically induce apoptosis in multiple myeloma cell lines in vitro. Second, we confirm that this synergism is related to the activation of caspase cascades and is mediated by changes of Bcl-2 family proteins. The combination treatment induces enhanced cleavage of caspase-3/8/9 and PARP, and therefore triggers apoptosis and enhances the cleavage of proapoptotic BH3-only protein BAD and BID as well as the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1. In particular, TH-302 can abrogate the accumulation of antiapoptotic Mcl-1 induced by bortezomib, and decreases the expression of the prosurvival proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL. Furthermore, we found that the induction of the proapoptotic BH3-only proteins PUMA (p53-upregulated modulator of apoptosis) and NOXA is associated with this synergism. In response to the genotoxic and endoplasmic reticulum stresses by TH-302 and bortezomib, the expression of PUMA and NOXA were upregulated in p53-dependent and -independent manners. Finally, in the murine 5T33MMvv model, we showed that the combination of TH-302 and bortezomib can improve multiple disease parameters and significantly prolong the survival of diseased mice. In conclusion, our studies provide a rationale for clinical evaluation of the combination of TH-302 and bortezomib in patients with multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Hu
- Corresponding Author: Karin Vanderkerken, Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090 Brussels, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Bose P, Simmons GL, Grant S. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor therapy for hematologic malignancies. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2013; 22:723-38. [PMID: 23647051 PMCID: PMC4039040 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.789859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) regulate cell cycle progression. Certain CDKs (e.g., CDK7, CDK9) also control cellular transcription. Consequently, CDKs represent attractive targets for anticancer drug development, as their aberrant expression is common in diverse malignancies, and CDK inhibition can trigger apoptosis. CDK inhibition may be particularly successful in hematologic malignancies, which are more sensitive to inhibition of cell cycling and apoptosis induction. AREAS COVERED A number of CDK inhibitors, ranging from pan-CDK inhibitors such as flavopiridol (alvocidib) to highly selective inhibitors of specific CDKs (e.g., CDK4/6), such as PD0332991, that are currently in various phases of development, are profiled in this review. Flavopiridol induces cell cycle arrest, and globally represses transcription via CDK9 inhibition. The latter may represent its major mechanism of action via down-regulation of multiple short-lived proteins. In early phase trials, flavopiridol has shown encouraging efficacy across a wide spectrum of hematologic malignancies. Early results with dinaciclib and PD0332991 also appear promising. EXPERT OPINION In general, the antitumor efficacy of CDK inhibitor monotherapy is modest, and rational combinations are being explored, including those involving other targeted agents. While selective CDK4/6 inhibition might be effective against certain malignancies, broad-spectrum CDK inhibition will likely be required for most cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prithviraj Bose
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Internal Medicine, 1101 E Marshall
St, Sanger Hall, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Gary L Simmons
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Internal Medicine, 1101 E Marshall
St, Sanger Hall, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Steven Grant
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Internal Medicine, 1101 E Marshall
St, Sanger Hall, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Cives M, Ciavarella S, Rizzo FM, De Matteo M, Dammacco F, Silvestris F. Bendamustine overcomes resistance to melphalan in myeloma cell lines by inducing cell death through mitotic catastrophe. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1108-17. [PMID: 23380051 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Melphalan has been a mainstay of multiple myeloma (MM) therapy for many years. However, following treatment with this alkylator, malignant plasma cells usually escape both apoptosis and cell cycle control, and acquire drug-resistance resulting in tumor progression. Bendamustine is being used in MM patients refractory to conventional DNA-damaging agents, although the mechanisms driving this lack of cross-resistance are still undefined. Here, we investigated the molecular pathway of bendamustine-induced cell death in melphalan-sensitive and melphalan-resistant MM cell lines. Bendamustine affected cell survival resulting in secondary necrosis, and prompted cell death primarily through caspase-2 activation. Also, bendamustine blocked the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and induced micronucleation, erratic chromosome spreading and mitotic spindle perturbations in melphalan-resistant MM cells. In these cells, both Aurora kinase A (AURKA) and Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK-1), key components of the spindle-assembly checkpoint, were down-regulated following incubation with bendamustine, whereas levels of Cyclin B1 increased as a consequence of the prolonged mitotic arrest induced by the drug. These findings indicate that, at least in vitro, bendamustine drives cell death by promoting mitotic catastrophe in melphalan-resistant MM cells. Hence, activation of this alternative pathway of cell death may be a novel approach to the treatment of apoptosis-resistant myelomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Cives
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Oncology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Fan MQ, Huang CB, Gu Y, Xiao Y, Sheng JX, Zhong L. Decrease expression of microRNA-20a promotes cancer cell proliferation and predicts poor survival of hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2013; 32:21. [PMID: 23594563 PMCID: PMC3699415 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-32-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Growing evidences indicate microRNAs play important roles in cancer development, progression, metastasis and may constitute robust biomarkers for cancer prognosis. The aim of this study was to identify the clinical and functional association of microRNA-20a (miR-20a) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods MiR-20a was detected using Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional regression analyses were utilized to determine the association of miR-20a with survival of patients. The potential functions of miR-20a on proliferation were evaluated by proliferation and flow cytometry analysis. The direct target gene of miR-20a was also identified by luciferase reporter assays. Results MiR-20a was lower in primary HCC than normal liver, and were further decreased in those with post-liver transplantation (LT) HCC recurrence compared with those with non-recurrence (p = 0.001). Patients with lower miR-20a expression had significantly poorer recurrence-free survival (RFS, Log rank p < 0.001) and overall survival (OS, Log rank p < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed that lower miR-20a was an independent predictor of poor prognosis. MiR-20a restoration could suppress HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells proliferation and induce cell cycle G1 arrest and apoptosis. Subsequent investigations revealed that miR-20a directly targeted myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1) and reduced the endogenous protein level of Mcl-1 in HCC cells. Conclusions MiR-20a is decreased in HCCs and correlates with HCC recurrence and prognosis. Down-regulation of miR-20a increases the proliferation abilities of HCC cells. Our findings suggest miR-20a may represent a novel potential therapeutic target and biomarker for survival of HCC patients.
Collapse
|
191
|
Chang-Yew Leow C, Gerondakis S, Spencer A. MEK inhibitors as a chemotherapeutic intervention in multiple myeloma. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e105. [PMID: 23524590 PMCID: PMC3615214 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ras/Raf/MEK/extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) (Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK)) signal transduction pathway is a crucial mediator of many fundamental biological processes, including cellular proliferation, survival, angiogenesis and migration. Aberrant signalling through the Ras/MAPK cascade is common in a wide array of malignancies, including multiple myeloma (MM), making it an appealing candidate for the development of novel targeted therapies. In this review, we explore our current understanding of the Ras/MAPK pathway and its role in MM. Additionally, we summarise the current status of small molecule inhibitors of MEK under clinical evaluation, and discuss future approaches required to optimise their use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Chang-Yew Leow
- Myeloma Research Group, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases and Division of Blood Cancers, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
Matthews GM, Newbold A, Johnstone RW. Intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathway signaling as determinants of histone deacetylase inhibitor antitumor activity. Adv Cancer Res 2013; 116:165-97. [PMID: 23088871 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394387-3.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) can elicit a range of biological responses that impede the growth and/or survival of tumor cells. Depending on the physiological context, HDACi can induce apoptosis via two well-defined apoptotic pathways; the intrinsic/mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor (DR)/extrinsic pathway. A number of groups have demonstrated that overexpression of prosurvival Bcl-2 family members significantly reduces HDACi-mediated tumor cell death and therapeutic efficacy in preclinical models. In many cases, HDACi activate the intrinsic pathway via upregulation of a number of proapoptotic BH3-only Bcl-2 family genes including Bim, Bid, and Bmf. Additionally, HDACi can engage the extrinsic pathway through upregulation of DR expression, reductions in c-FLIP, and upregulation of ligands such as TRAIL. Overall, it appears that activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway is the predominant mechanism of HDACi-induced tumor cell death; however, the DR pathway may also be engaged, either to amplify the apoptotic signal through the intrinsic pathway or to directly induce cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Matthews
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, Gene Regulation Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Andrews Place, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
193
|
Goard CA, Schimmer AD. An evidence-based review of obatoclax mesylate in the treatment of hematological malignancies. CORE EVIDENCE 2013; 8:15-26. [PMID: 23515850 PMCID: PMC3601645 DOI: 10.2147/ce.s42568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Obatoclax mesylate is an intravenously-administered drug under investigation in Phase I and II clinical trials as a novel anticancer therapeutic for hematological malignancies and solid tumors. Obatoclax was developed as a pan-inhibitor of antiapoptotic members of the B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia/lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) family of proteins, which control the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Resistance to apoptosis through dysregulation of BCL-2 family members is commonly observed in hematological malignancies, and can be linked to therapeutic resistance and poor clinical outcomes. By inhibiting pro-survival BCL-2 family proteins, including MCL-1, obatoclax is proposed to (1) trigger cell death as a single agent, and (2) potentiate the anticancer effects of other therapeutics. Preclinical investigations have supported these proposals and have provided evidence suggestive of a promising therapeutic index for this drug. Phase I trials of obatoclax mesylate in leukemia and lymphoma have defined well-tolerated regimens and have identified transient neurotoxicity as the most common adverse effect of this drug. In these studies, a limited number of objective responses were observed, along with hematological improvement in a larger proportion of treated patients. Published Phase II evaluations in lymphoma and myelofibrosis, however, have not reported robust single-agent activity. Emerging evidence from ongoing preclinical and clinical investigations suggests that the full potential of obatoclax mesylate as a novel anticancer agent may be realized (1) in rational combination treatments, and (2) when guided by molecular predictors of therapeutic response. By understanding the molecular underpinnings of obatoclax response, along with optimal therapeutic regimens and indications, the potential of obatoclax mesylate for the treatment of hematological malignancies may be further clarified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Goard
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aaron D Schimmer
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Follin-Arbelet V, Torgersen ML, Naderi EH, Misund K, Sundan A, Blomhoff HK. Death of multiple myeloma cells induced by cAMP-signaling involves downregulation of Mcl-1 via the JAK/STAT pathway. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:323-31. [PMID: 23454584 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a continuous search for new therapeutic targets for treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). Here we investigated the mechanisms involved in cAMP-induced apoptosis of human MM cells. cAMP-increasing agents rapidly inhibited activation of JAK1 and its substrate STAT3. In line with STAT3 being a regulator of Mcl-1 transcription, the expression of this pro-survival factor was rapidly and selectively reduced. Notably, exogenous interleukin-6 neither prevented the inhibition of JAK1/STAT3 nor the death of MM cells induced by cAMP. Our results suggest that cAMP-mediated killing of MM cells involves inhibition of the JAK/STAT pathway, making the cAMP-pathway a promising target for treatment of MM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Follin-Arbelet
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1112, Blindern, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Mcl-1 is essential for the survival of plasma cells. Nat Immunol 2013; 14:290-7. [PMID: 23377201 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The long-term survival of plasma cells is entirely dependent on signals derived from their environment. These extrinsic factors presumably induce and sustain the expression of antiapoptotic proteins of the Bcl-2 family. It is uncertain whether there is specificity among Bcl-2 family members in the survival of plasma cells and whether their expression is linked to specific extrinsic factors. We found here that deletion of the gene encoding the antiapoptotic protein Mcl-1 in plasma cells resulted in rapid depletion of this population in vivo. Furthermore, we found that the receptor BCMA was needed to establish high expression of Mcl-1 in bone marrow but not spleen plasma cells and that establishing this survival pathway preceded the component of plasma cell differentiation that depends on the transcriptional repressor Blimp-1. Our results identify a critical role for Mcl-1 in the maintenance of plasma cells.
Collapse
|
196
|
Perciavalle RM, Opferman JT. Delving deeper: MCL-1's contributions to normal and cancer biology. Trends Cell Biol 2012; 23:22-9. [PMID: 23026029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BCL-2 molecules are regulators of programmed cell death and defects in this pathway contribute to human diseases. One family member, MCL-1, is unique because its expression is tightly regulated and it is essential for promoting the survival of myriad cellular lineages. Additionally, MCL-1 promotes the maintenance of normal mitochondrial morphology and energy production. Dissection of these functions revealed recently that they depend on separate mitochondrial sublocalizations. MCL-1's antiapoptotic activity is restricted to the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), whereas its function in mitochondrial physiology requires localization to the matrix. These findings provide an attractive model for how MCL-1's diverse functions may contribute to normal cell homeostasis and function. MCL-1 is highly amplified in human cancer, suggesting that these functions may contribute to malignant cell growth and evasion of apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda M Perciavalle
- Department of Biochemistry, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
197
|
Joseph TL, Lane DP, Verma CS. Stapled BH3 peptides against MCL-1: mechanism and design using atomistic simulations. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43985. [PMID: 22952838 PMCID: PMC3432064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomistic simulations of a set of stapled alpha helical peptides derived from the BH3 helix of MCL-1 (Stewart et al. (2010) Nat Chem Biol 6: 595–601) complexed to a fragment (residues 172–320) of MCL-1 revealed that the highest affinity is achieved when the staples engage the surface of MCL-1 as has also been demonstrated for p53-MDM2 (Joseph et al. (2010) Cell Cycle 9: 4560–4568; Baek et al. (2012) J Am Chem Soc 134: 103–106). Affinity is also modulated by the ability of the staples to pre-organize the peptides as helices. Molecular dynamics simulations of these stapled BH3 peptides were carried out followed by determination of the energies of interactions using MM/GBSA methods. These show that the location of the staple is a key determinant of a good binding stapled peptide from a bad binder. The good binder derives binding affinity from interactions between the hydrophobic staple and a hydrophobic patch on MCL-1. The position of the staple was varied, guiding the design of new stapled peptides with higher affinities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Joseph
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David P. Lane
- p53 Laboratory, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore
| | - Chandra S. Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Biopolis, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Abstract
Mitochondria have been classically characterized as organelles with responsibility for cellular energy production in the form of ATP, but they are also the organelles through which apoptotic signaling occurs. Cell stress stimuli can result in outer membrane permeabilization, after which mitochondria release numerous proteins involved in apoptotic signaling, including cytochrome c, apoptosis-inducing factor, endonuclease G, Smac/DIABLO and Omi/HtrA2. Cell fate is determined by signaling through apoptotic proteins within the Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) protein family, which converges on mitochondria. Many cancerous cells display abnormal levels of Bcl-2 protein family member expression that results in defective apoptotic signaling. Alterations in bioenergetic function also contribute to cancer as well as numerous other disorders. Recent evidence indicates that several pro-apoptotic proteins localized within mitochondria, as well as proteins within the Bcl-2 protein family, can influence mitochondrial bioenergetic function. This review focuses on the emerging roles of these proteins in the control of mitochondrial activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Kilbride
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Centre for Systems Medicine, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | |
Collapse
|
199
|
Chen S, Dai Y, Pei XY, Myers J, Wang L, Kramer LB, Garnett M, Schwartz DM, Su F, Simmons GL, Richey JD, Larsen DG, Dent P, Orlowski RZ, Grant S. CDK inhibitors upregulate BH3-only proteins to sensitize human myeloma cells to BH3 mimetic therapies. Cancer Res 2012; 72:4225-37. [PMID: 22693249 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BH3 mimetic drugs induce cell death by antagonizing the activity of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors that function as transcriptional repressors downregulate the Bcl-2 family member Mcl-1 and increase the activity of selective BH3 mimetics that fail to target this protein. In this study, we determined whether CDK inhibitors potentiate the activity of pan-BH3 mimetics directly neutralizing Mcl-1. Specifically, we evaluated interactions between the prototypical pan-CDK inhibitor flavopiridol and the pan-BH3 mimetic obatoclax in multiple myeloma (MM) cells in which Mcl-1 is critical for survival. Coadministration of flavopiridol and obatoclax synergistically triggered apoptosis in both drug-naïve and drug-resistant MM cells. Mechanistic investigations revealed that flavopiridol inhibited Mcl-1 transcription but increased transcription of Bim and its binding to Bcl-2/Bcl-xL. Obatoclax prevented Mcl-1 recovery and caused release of Bim from Bcl-2/Bcl-xL and Mcl-1, accompanied by activation of Bax/Bak. Whether administered singly or in combination with obatoclax, flavopiridol also induced upregulation of multiple BH3-only proteins, including BimEL, BimL, Noxa, and Bik/NBK. Notably, short hairpin RNA knockdown of Bim or Noxa abrogated lethality triggered by the flavopiridol/obatoclax combination in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings show that CDK inhibition potentiates pan-BH3 mimetic activity through a cooperative mechanism involving upregulation of BH3-only proteins with coordinate downregulation of their antiapoptotic counterparts. These findings have immediate implications for the clinical trial design of BH3 mimetic-based therapies that are presently being studied intensively for the treatment of diverse hematopoietic malignancies, including lethal multiple myeloma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University and the Massey Cancer Center, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
Anti-apoptotic MCL-1 localizes to the mitochondrial matrix and couples mitochondrial fusion to respiration. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:575-83. [PMID: 22544066 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
MCL-1, an anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family member that is essential for the survival of multiple cell lineages, is also among the most highly amplified genes in cancer. Although MCL-1 is known to oppose cell death, precisely how it functions to promote survival of normal and malignant cells is poorly understood. Here, we report that different forms of MCL-1 reside in distinct mitochondrial locations and exhibit separable functions. On the outer mitochondrial membrane, an MCL-1 isoform acts like other anti-apoptotic BCL-2 molecules to antagonize apoptosis, whereas an amino-terminally truncated isoform of MCL-1 that is imported into the mitochondrial matrix is necessary to facilitate normal mitochondrial fusion, ATP production, membrane potential, respiration, cristae ultrastructure and maintenance of oligomeric ATP synthase. Our results provide insight into how the surprisingly diverse salutary functions of MCL-1 may control the survival of both normal and cancer cells.
Collapse
|