151
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Hong V, Udit AK, Evans RA, Finn MG. Electrochemically protected copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Chembiochem 2008; 9:1481-6. [PMID: 18504727 PMCID: PMC3574790 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction has found broad application in myriad fields. For the most demanding applications that require high yields at low substrate concentrations, highly active but air-sensitive copper complexes must be used. We describe here the use of an electrochemical potential to maintain catalysts in the active Cu(I) oxidation state in the presence of air. This simple procedure efficiently achieves excellent yields of CuAAC products from both small-molecule and protein substrates without the use of potentially damaging chemical reducing agents. A new water-soluble carboxylated version of the popular tris(benzyltriazolylmethyl)amine (TBTA) ligand is also described. Cyclic voltammetry revealed reversible or quasi-reversible electrochemical redox behavior of copper complexes of the TBTA derivative (2; E(1/2)=60 mV vs. Ag/AgCl), sulfonated bathophenanthroline (3; E(1/2)=-60 mV), and sulfonated tris(benzimidazoylmethyl)amine (4; E(1/2) approximately -70 mV), and showed catalytic turnover to be rapid relative to the voltammetry time scale. Under the influence of a -200 mV potential that was established by using a reticulated vitreous carbon working electrode, CuSO4 and 3 formed a superior catalyst. Electrochemically protected bioconjugations in air were performed by using bacteriophage Qbeta that was derivatized with azide moieties at surface lysine residues. Complete derivatization of more than 600 reactive sites per particle was demonstrated within 12 h of electrolysis with substoichiometric quantities of Cu3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Hong
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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152
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Dhingra K, Maier ME, Beyerlein M, Angelovski G, Logothetis NK. Synthesis and characterization of a smart contrast agent sensitive to calcium. Chem Commun (Camb) 2008:3444-6. [PMID: 18633517 DOI: 10.1039/b801975d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel first-generation Ca2+ sensitive contrast agent, Gd-DOPTRA has been synthesized and characterized. The agent shows approximately 100% relaxivity enhancement upon addition of Ca2+. The agent is selective and sensitive to Ca2+ also in the presence of Mg2+ and Zn2+. The relaxivity studies carried out in physiological fluids prove the prospects of the agent for in vivo measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirti Dhingra
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Department of Physiology of Cognitive Processes, Tübingen, Germany.
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153
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Song Y, Kohlmeir EK, Meade TJ. Synthesis of multimeric MR contrast agents for cellular imaging. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:6662-3. [PMID: 18452288 DOI: 10.1021/ja0777990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have prepared a series of molecular multimeric MR contrast agents for cell labeling that are easy to synthesize, relatively low molecular weight, and biocompatible. The relaxivities of the agents range from 17 to 85 mM(-1) s(-1). Cellular uptake is concentration dependent and viability is excellent. MR images of cell pellets reveal a marked increase in observed signal intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Song
- Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Physiology, Radiology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, USA
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154
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Kaltgrad E, O'Reilly MK, Liao L, Han S, Paulson JC, Finn MG. On-virus construction of polyvalent glycan ligands for cell-surface receptors. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:4578-9. [PMID: 18341338 PMCID: PMC5469293 DOI: 10.1021/ja077801n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycans arrayed on the exterior of virus particles were used as substrates for glycosyltransferase reactions to build di- and trisaccharides from the virus surface. The resulting particles exhibited tight and specific associations with cognate receptors on beads and cells, in one example defeating in cis cell-surface interactions in a manner characteristic of polyvalent binding. Combined with the ability of viruses to provide structurally well-defined attachment points, the methodology provides a convenient and powerful way to prepare complex carbohydrate ligands for clustered receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiton Kaltgrad
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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155
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Strable E, Prasuhn DE, Udit AK, Brown S, Link AJ, Ngo JT, Lander G, Quispe J, Potter CS, Carragher B, Tirrell DA, Finn MG. Unnatural amino acid incorporation into virus-like particles. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:866-75. [PMID: 18318461 PMCID: PMC2713011 DOI: 10.1021/bc700390r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles composed of hepatitis B virus (HBV) or bacteriophage Qbeta capsid proteins have been labeled with azide- or alkyne-containing unnatural amino acids by expression in a methionine auxotrophic strain of E. coli. The substitution does not affect the ability of the particles to self-assemble into icosahedral structures indistinguishable from native forms. The azide and alkyne groups were addressed by Cu(I)-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition: HBV particles were decomposed by the formation of more than 120 triazole linkages per capsid in a location-dependent manner, whereas Qbeta suffered no such instability. The marriage of these well-known techniques of sense-codon reassignment and bioorthogonal chemical coupling provides the capability to construct polyvalent particles displaying a wide variety of functional groups with near-perfect control of spacing.
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156
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Prasuhn DE, Singh P, Strable E, Brown S, Manchester M, Finn M. Plasma clearance of bacteriophage Qbeta particles as a function of surface charge. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1328-34. [PMID: 18177041 PMCID: PMC2657921 DOI: 10.1021/ja075937f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled protein capsids have gained attention as a promising class of nanoparticles for biomedical applications due to their monodisperse nature and versatile genetic and chemical tailorability. To determine the plasma clearance and tissue distribution in mice of the versatile capsid of bacteriophage Qbeta, the particles were decorated with gadolinium complexes using the CuI-mediated azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction. Interior surface labeling was engineered by the introduction of an azide-containing unnatural amino acid into the coat protein for the first time. Clearance rates were conveniently monitored by quantitative detection of Gd using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and were found to be inversely proportional to the number of complexes attached to the exterior surface of the particle. This phenomenon was correlated to changes in exterior surface charge brought about by acylation of surface-exposed amine groups in the initial step of the bioconjugation protocol. When primary amine groups were reintroduced by azide-alkyne coupling, the circulation time increased accordingly. These results show that nanoparticle trafficking may be tailored in predictable ways by chemical and genetic modifications that modulate surface charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duane E. Prasuhn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Pratik Singh
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Erica Strable
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Steven Brown
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - M.G. Finn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute of Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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157
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Steinmetz NF, Bock E, Richter RP, Spatz JP, Lomonossoff GP, Evans DJ. Assembly of multilayer arrays of viral nanoparticles via biospecific recognition: a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring study. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:456-62. [PMID: 18197628 DOI: 10.1021/bm700797b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of multilayered thin film assemblies containing (bio)molecules is driven by the need to miniaturize sensors, reactors, and biochips. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) have become popular nanobuilding blocks for material fabrication, and our research has focused on the well-characterized plant virus Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). In a previous study, we have reported the construction of multilayer VNP assemblies. Here we extend these studies by providing further details on the formation and properties of arrays that are made by the alternating deposition of biotinylated CPMV particles and streptavidin molecules. Array formation was followed in real time by a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring. Our data provide indications that multiple interactions between biotin and streptavidin not only promote the assembly of a multilayered structure but also generate cross-links within each layer of CPMV particles. The degree of intralayer and interlayer cross-linking and hence the mechanical properties and order of the array can be modulated by the grafting density and spacer length of the biotin moieties on the CPMV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom.
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158
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Young M, Willits D, Uchida M, Douglas T. Plant viruses as biotemplates for materials and their use in nanotechnology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 46:361-84. [PMID: 18473700 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.032508.131939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, plant virus capsids, the protein shells that form the surface of a typical plant virus particle, have emerged as useful biotemplates for material synthesis. All virus capsids are assembled from virus-coded protein subunits. Many plant viruses assemble capsids with precise 3D structures providing nanoscale architectures that are highly homogeneous and can be produced in large quantities. Capsids are amenable to both genetic and chemical modifications allowing new functions to be incorporated into their structure by design. The three capsid surfaces, the interior surface, the exterior surface, or the interface between coat protein subunits, can be independently functionalized to produce multifunctional biotemplates. In this review, we examine the recent advances in using plant virus capsids as biotemplates for nanomaterials and their potential for applications in nanotechnology, especially medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Young
- Department of Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology, Montana State University-Bozeman, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA.
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159
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De León-Rodríguez LM, Kovacs Z. The Synthesis and Chelation Chemistry of DOTA−Peptide Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 19:391-402. [DOI: 10.1021/bc700328s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. De León-Rodríguez
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Advanced Imaging Research Center, 2201 Inwood Road NE 4.2, Dallas, Texas 75390-8568
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Advanced Imaging Research Center, 2201 Inwood Road NE 4.2, Dallas, Texas 75390-8568
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160
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Knör S, Modlinger A, Poethko T, Schottelius M, Wester HJ, Kessler H. Synthesis of novel 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA) derivatives for chemoselective attachment to unprotected polyfunctionalized compounds. Chemistry 2007; 13:6082-90. [PMID: 17503419 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200700231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A convenient synthesis of novel bifunctional poly(amino carboxylate) chelating agents allowing chemoselective attachment to highly functionalized biomolecules is described. Based on the well known chelator 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid (DOTA), we synthesized novel bifunctional chelating agents bearing additional functional groups by alkylating 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (cyclen) with one equivalent of para-functionalized alkyl 2-bromophenyl-acetate and three equivalents of tert-butyl 2-bromoacetate. The resulting compounds, which contain an additional carbonyl or alkyne functionality, allow site specific labeling of appropriately functionalized unprotected biomolecules in a rapid manner via click reactions. This was demonstrated by the attachment of our new DOTA derivatives to the somatostatin analogue Tyr3-octreotate by chemoselective oxime ligation and CuI-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Initial biodistribution studies in mice with the radiometalated compound demonstrated the applicability of the described DOTA conjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Knör
- Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany
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161
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Singh P, Prasuhn D, Yeh RM, Destito G, Rae CS, Osborn K, Finn MG, Manchester M. Bio-distribution, toxicity and pathology of cowpea mosaic virus nanoparticles in vivo. J Control Release 2007; 120:41-50. [PMID: 17512998 PMCID: PMC2849971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Virus-based nanoparticles (VNPs) from a variety of sources are being developed for biomedical and nanotechnology applications that include tissue targeting and drug delivery. However, the fate of most of those particles in vivo has not been investigated. Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), a plant comovirus, has been found to be amenable to the attachment of a variety of molecules to its coat protein, as well as to modification of the coat protein sequence by genetic means. We report here the results of studies of the bio-distribution, toxicology, and pathology of CPMV in mice. Plasma clearance and tissue biodistribution were measured using CPMV particles derivatized with lanthanide metal complexes. CPMV particles were cleared rapidly from plasma, falling to undetectable levels within 20 min. By 30 min the majority of the injected VNPs were trapped in the liver and to a lesser extent the spleen with undetectable amounts in other tissues. At doses of 1 mg, 10 mg and 100 mg per kg body weight, no toxicity was noted and the mice appeared to be normal. Hematology was essentially normal, although with the highest dose examined, the mice were somewhat leukopenic with relative decreases in both neutrophils and lymphocytes. Histological examination of the spleen showed cellular infiltration, which upon flow cytometry analyses revealed elevated B lymphocytes on the first day following virus administration that subsequently subsided. Microscopic evaluation of various other tissues revealed a lack of apparent tissue degeneration or necrosis. Overall, CPMV appears to be a safe and non-toxic platform for in vivo biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratik Singh
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Duane Prasuhn
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert M. Yeh
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Giuseppe Destito
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Università degli Studi Magna Graecia di Catanzaro Viale Europa, Campus Universitario di Germaneto 88100, Catanzaro, ITALY
| | - Chris S. Rae
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kent Osborn
- Department of Animal Resources, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - M. G. Finn
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Corresponding authors: M.G. Finn, CB248, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, Tel : 858 784 8845, Fax : 858 784 2139, e-mail: . Marianne Manchester, CB 262, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, Tel : 858 784 8086, Fax : 858 784 7979, e-mail:
| | - Marianne Manchester
- Center for Integrative Molecular Biosciences, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
- Corresponding authors: M.G. Finn, CB248, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, Tel : 858 784 8845, Fax : 858 784 2139, e-mail: . Marianne Manchester, CB 262, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 92037, Tel : 858 784 8086, Fax : 858 784 7979, e-mail:
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162
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Abstract
Bionanoscience/technology sits at the interface of chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, engineering and medicine and involves the exploitation of biomaterials, devices or methodologies on the nanoscale. One sub-field of bionanoscience/technology is concerned with the exploitation of biomaterials in the fabrication of new nano-materials and/or -devices. In this Perspective we describe examples of how plant viruses, focusing particularly on cowpea mosaic virus, a naturally occurring pre-formed sphere-like nanoparticle, are being used as templates and/or building blocks in bionanoscience and indicate their potential for future application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, United Kingdom
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163
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Avedano S, Tei L, Lombardi A, Giovenzana GB, Aime S, Longo D, Botta M. Maximizing the relaxivity of HSA-bound gadolinium complexes by simultaneous optimization of rotation and water exchange. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:4726-8. [DOI: 10.1039/b714438e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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