151
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Chen CW, Hsu CY, Lai SM, Syu WJ, Wang TY, Lai PS. Metal nanobullets for multidrug resistant bacteria and biofilms. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 78:88-104. [PMID: 25138828 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases were one of the major causes of mortality until now because drug-resistant bacteria have arisen under broad use and abuse of antibacterial drugs. These multidrug-resistant bacteria pose a major challenge to the effective control of bacterial infections and this threat has prompted the development of alternative strategies to treat bacterial diseases. Recently, use of metallic nanoparticles (NPs) as antibacterial agents is one of the promising strategies against bacterial drug resistance. This review first describes mechanisms of bacterial drug resistance and then focuses on the properties and applications of metallic NPs as antibiotic agents to deal with antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant bacteria. We also provide an overview of metallic NPs as bactericidal agents combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria and their potential in vivo toxicology for further drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wen Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yen Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Syu-Ming Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Jhe Syu
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Shan Lai
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan; Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250, Kuo Kuang Rd., Taichung 402, Taiwan.
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152
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Zhu X, Radovic-Moreno AF, Wu J, Langer R, Shi J. Nanomedicine in the Management of Microbial Infection - Overview and Perspectives. NANO TODAY 2014; 9:478-498. [PMID: 25267927 PMCID: PMC4175422 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
For more than 2 billion years, microbes have reigned on our planet, evolving or outlasting many obstacles they have encountered. In the 20th century, this trend took a dramatic turn with the introduction of antibiotics and vaccines. Nevertheless, since then, microbes have progressively eroded the effectiveness of previously successful antibiotics by developing resistance, and many infections have eluded conventional vaccine design approaches. Moreover, the emergence of resistant and more virulent strains of bacteria has outpaced the development of new antibiotics over the last few decades. These trends have had major economic and health impacts at all levels of the socioeconomic spectrum - we need breakthrough innovations that could effectively manage microbial infections and deliver solutions that stand the test of time. The application of nanotechnologies to medicine, or nanomedicine, which has already demonstrated its tremendous impact on the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries, is rapidly becoming a major driving force behind ongoing changes in the antimicrobial field. Here we provide an overview on the current progress of nanomedicine in the management of microbial infection, including diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, drug delivery, medical devices, and vaccines, as well as perspectives on the opportunities and challenges in antimicrobial nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhu
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aleksandar F. Radovic-Moreno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jun Wu
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jinjun Shi
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences & Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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153
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Périamé M, Pagès JM, Davin-Regli A. Enterobacter gergoviaeadaptation to preservatives commonly used in cosmetic industry. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:386-95. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Périamé
- UMR-MD-1; Aix-Marseille Université; IRBA; Transporteurs Membranaires; Chimiorésistance et Drug Design; Marseille France
| | - J.-M. Pagès
- UMR-MD-1; Aix-Marseille Université; IRBA; Transporteurs Membranaires; Chimiorésistance et Drug Design; Marseille France
| | - A. Davin-Regli
- UMR-MD-1; Aix-Marseille Université; IRBA; Transporteurs Membranaires; Chimiorésistance et Drug Design; Marseille France
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154
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Abstract
Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) infections vary widely, from local infections resulting from animal bites and scratches to general infections. As of yet, no vaccine against P. multocida has been developed, and the most effective way to prevent pathogenic transmission is to clean the host environment using disinfectants. In this study, we identified which disinfectants most effectively inhibited environmental isolates of P. multocida. Three readily available disinfectants were compared: 3% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 70% isopropyl alcohol, and synthetic phenol. In suspension tests and zone inhibition tests, 3% HP was the most promising disinfectant against P. multocida.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Soo Jung
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Jung Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Yong Jung
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Wha Kim
- College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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155
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Khatoon MM, Khatun MH, Islam ME, Parvin MS. Analgesic, antibacterial and central nervous system depressant activities of Albizia procera leaves. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2014; 4:279-84. [PMID: 25182551 PMCID: PMC3929790 DOI: 10.12980/apjtb.4.2014c348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain analgesic, antibacterial and central nervous system (CNS) depressant activities of ethyl acetate, dichloromethane and carbon tetrachloride fractions of methanol extract of Albizia procera (A. procera) leaves. METHODS Leaves extracts of A. procera were tested for analgesic activity by acetic acid induced and formalin test method in mice. The in vitro antibacterial activity was performed by agar well diffusion method. CNS depressant activity was evaluated by hole cross and open field tests. RESULTS All the extracts at 200 mg/kg exhibited significant (P<0.01) analgesic activity in acetic acid induced and formalin tests method in mice. Analgesic activity of the ethyl acetate fraction was almost same like as standard drug indomethacin in acetic acid induced method. The CNS depressant activity of the extracts at 500 mg/kg was comparable to the positive control diazepam as determined by hole cross and open field test method. The extracts exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Esherichia coli, Shigella soneii, Shigella boydii) at concentration of 0.8 mg/disc. The measured diameter of zone of inhibition for the extracts was within the range of 7 to 12 mm which was less than the standard kanamycin (16-24 mm). CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that all the extracts possess potential analgesic and CNS depressants activity. This study also showed that different fractions of methanol extract could be potential sources of new antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mst. Shahnaj Parvin
- *Corresponding author: Mst. Shahnaj Parvin, Associate Professor, Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh. E-mail:
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156
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Sharma V, Chitranshi N, Agarwal AK. Significance and biological importance of pyrimidine in the microbial world. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:202784. [PMID: 25383216 PMCID: PMC4207407 DOI: 10.1155/2014/202784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbes are unique creatures that adapt to varying lifestyles and environment resistance in extreme or adverse conditions. The genetic architecture of microbe may bear a significant signature not only in the sequences position, but also in the lifestyle to which it is adapted. It becomes a challenge for the society to find new chemical entities which can treat microbial infections. The present review aims to focus on account of important chemical moiety, that is, pyrimidine and its various derivatives as antimicrobial agents. In the current studies we represent more than 200 pyrimidines as antimicrobial agents with different mono-, di-, tri-, and tetrasubstituted classes along with in vitro antimicrobial activities of pyrimidines derivatives which can facilitate the development of more potent and effective antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinita Sharma
- School of Pharmacy, Lloyd Institute of Management & Technology, Plot. No. 11, Knowledge Park II, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201306, India
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Bioinformatics Centre, Biotech Park, Sector G, Jankipuram, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226021, India
- Gautam Buddh Technical University, IET Campus, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226021, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra, Haryana 136119, India
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157
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Food handler-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in public hospitals in Salvador, Brazil. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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158
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Anjum N, Maqsood S, Masud T, Ahmad A, Sohail A, Momin A. Lactobacillus acidophilus: Characterization of the Species and Application in Food Production. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1241-51. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.621169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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159
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Burrowes B, Harper DR, Anderson J, McConville M, Enright MC. Bacteriophage therapy: potential uses in the control of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 9:775-85. [DOI: 10.1586/eri.11.90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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160
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Obłąk E, Piecuch A, Guz-Regner K, Dworniczek E. Antibacterial activity of gemini quaternary ammonium salts. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 350:190-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Obłąk
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
| | - Agata Piecuch
- Institute of Genetics and Microbiology; University of Wroclaw; Wroclaw Poland
| | | | - Ewa Dworniczek
- Department of Microbiology; Wroclaw Medical University; Wroclaw Poland
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161
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Fernández-Fuentes MA, Abriouel H, Ortega Morente E, Pérez Pulido R, Gálvez A. Genetic determinants of antimicrobial resistance in Gram positive bacteria from organic foods. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 172:49-56. [PMID: 24361832 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biocide resistance is becoming a matter of concern. In the present study, a collection of biocide-resistant, Gram-positive bacteria from organic foods (including 11 isolates from genus Bacillus, 25 from Enterococcus and 10 from Staphylococcus) were analyzed for genes associated to biocide resistance efflux pumps and antibiotic resistance. The only qac-genes detected were qacA/B (one Bacillus cereus isolate) and smr (one B. cereus and two Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates). Efflux pump genes efrA and efrB genes were detected in Staphylococcus (60% of isolates), Bacillus (54.54%) and Enterococcus (24%); sugE was detected in Enterococcus (20%) and in one Bacillus licheniformis; mepA was detected in Staphylococcus (60%) and in one Enterococcus isolate (which also carried mdeA), and norE gene was detected only in one Enterococcus faecium and one S. saprophyticus isolate. An amplicon for acrB efflux pump was detected in all but one isolate. When minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined, it was found that the addition of reserpine reduced the MICs by eight fold for most of the biocides and isolates, corroborating the role of efflux pumps in biocide resistance. Erythromycin resistance gene ermB was detected in 90% of Bacillus isolates, and in one Staphylococcus, while ereA was detected only in one Bacillus and one Staphyloccus, and ereB only in one Staphylococcus. The ATP-dependent msrA gene (which confers resistance to macrolides, lincosamides and type B streptogramins) was detected in 60% of Bacillus isolates and in all staphylococci, which in addition carried msrB. The lincosamide and streptogramin A resistance gene lsa was detected in Staphylococcus (40%), Bacillus (27.27%) and Enterococcus (8%) isolates. The aminoglycoside resistance determinant aph (3_)-IIIa was detected in Staphylococcus (40%) and Bacillus (one isolate), aph(2_)-1d in Bacillus (27.27%) and Enterococcus (8%), aph(2_)-Ib in Bacillus (one isolate), and the bifunctional aac(6_)1e-aph(2_)-Ia in Staphylococcus (20%), Enterococcus (8%) and Bacillus (one isolate). Chloramphenicol resistance cat gene was detected in Enterococcus (8%) and Staphylococcus (20%), and blaZ only in Staphylococcus (20%). All other antibiotic or biocide resistance genes investigated were not detected in any isolate. Isolates carrying multiple biocide and antibiotic determinants were frequent among Bacillus (36.36%) and Staphylococcus (50%), but not Enterococcus. These results suggest that biocide and antibiotic determinants may be co-selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Fernández-Fuentes
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Hikmate Abriouel
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Elena Ortega Morente
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Rubén Pérez Pulido
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Gálvez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain.
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162
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Wessels S, Ingmer H. Modes of action of three disinfectant active substances: A review. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 67:456-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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163
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Pelgrift RY, Friedman AJ. Nanotechnology as a therapeutic tool to combat microbial resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1803-15. [PMID: 23892192 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 723] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Use of nanoparticles is among the most promising strategies to overcome microbial drug resistance. This review article consists of three parts. The first part discusses the epidemiology of microbial drug resistance. The second part describes mechanisms of drug resistance used by microbes. The third part explains how nanoparticles can overcome this resistance, including the following: Nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles (NO NPs), chitosan-containing nanoparticles (chitosan NPs), and metal-containing nanoparticles all use multiple mechanisms simultaneously to combat microbes, thereby making development of resistance to these nanoparticles unlikely. Packaging multiple antimicrobial agents within the same nanoparticle also makes development of resistance unlikely. Nanoparticles can overcome existing drug resistance mechanisms, including decreased uptake and increased efflux of drug from the microbial cell, biofilm formation, and intracellular bacteria. Finally, nanoparticles can target antimicrobial agents to the site of infection, so that higher doses of drug are given at the infected site, thereby overcoming resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Y Pelgrift
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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164
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Schindler BD, Jacinto P, Kaatz GW. Inhibition of drug efflux pumps in Staphylococcus aureus: current status of potentiating existing antibiotics. Future Microbiol 2013; 8:491-507. [PMID: 23534361 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.13.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus coupled with a declining output of new antibiotic treatment options from the pharmaceutical industry is a growing worldwide healthcare problem. Multidrug efflux pumps are known to play a role in antibiotic and biocide resistance in S. aureus. These membrane transporters are capable of extruding drugs and other structurally unrelated compounds, hence decreasing intracellular concentration and increasing survival. Coadministration of efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs) with antibiotics that are pump substrates could increase intracellular drug levels, thus bringing renewed efficacy to existing antistaphylococcal agents. Numerous EPIs have been identified or synthesized over the past two decades; these include existing pharmacologic drugs, naturally occurring compounds, and synthetic derivatives thereof. This review describes the current progress in EPI development for use against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Schindler
- John D Dingell Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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165
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Chen F, Zheng N, Wang Y, Wen JL, Tu WF, Du YQ, Lin JM. Sequential intravenous/oral moxifloxacin monotherapy for complicated skin and skin structure infections: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Clin Pract 2013; 67:834-42. [PMID: 23952463 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.12174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The presumed superiority of moxifloxacin for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs) is based on laboratory data, but has not yet been established on clinical grounds. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of sequential intravenous (i.v.)/oral (p.o.) moxifloxacin monotherapy for the treatment of cSSSIs. METHODS Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published prior to November 2012 were systematically retrieved from PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, ClinicalTrials.gov and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Finally, a meta-analysis of all RCTs eligible for inclusion criteria was performed. RESULTS Three studies that enrolled 2255 patients were included in the meta-analysis. There were no statistically significant differences between patients given moxifloxacin and those given other antibiotics with regard to clinical success rate [1667 patients, odds ratio (OR) = 0.83, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.63 to 1.09, p = 0.18], bacteriological success rate (bacteriological success rates: 1502 patients, OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.68-1.18, p = 0.45) or mortality (2207 patients, OR = 1.96, 95% CI 0.79-4.88, p = 0.15). Significantly, more overall adverse events (AEs) were associated with the use of moxifloxacin than with other antibiotics (2207 patients, OR = 1.21, 95%CI 1.00-1.45, p = 0.04). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of drug-related AEs, serious AEs or serious drug-related AEs between patients given moxifloxacin and those given other antibiotics. CONCLUSION Sequential i.v./p.o. moxifloxacin monotherapy is an effective and relatively safe option for the treatment of cSSSIs. Other benefits of moxifloxacin may make it a more viable option compared with the currently used regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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166
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Khuntayaporn P, Montakantikul P, Santanirand P, Kiratisin P, Chomnawang MT. Molecular investigation of carbapenem resistance among multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated clinically in Thailand. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:170-8. [PMID: 23278679 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbapenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated among multidrug-resistant (CR-MDR) organisms from tertiary hospitals in Thailand. Decreased expression of oprD mRNA (93.65%) was predominant followed by increased expression of mexAB-oprM mRNA (92.06%) and mexXY mRNA (63.49%). Interestingly, 23 of 126 (18.25%) isolates were susceptible to imipenem with down-regulated oprD expression and non-up-regulated mexCD-oprJ mRNA expression. Metallo-β-lactamases production was clearly positive in 24 isolates (18.46%) and weakly positive in 12 isolates (9.23%). Among both of these sets of isolates, imp-1, imp-14 and vim-2 were identified. Hyperproduction of AmpC β-lactamase had the lowest prevalence rate (3.97%). It was concluded that CR-MDR P. aeruginosa clinical isolates in Thailand possess multifactorial resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyatip Khuntayaporn
- Department of Microbiology, Mahidol University, 447 Sri Ayudthaya Road, Rachathevi, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
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167
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Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an efflux membrane transporter, is widely distributed throughout the body and is responsible for limiting cellular uptake and the distribution of xenobiotics and toxic substances. Hundreds of structurally diverse therapeutic agents are substrates to it and it impedes the absorption, permeability, and retention of the drugs, extruding them out of the cells. It is overexpressed in cancer cells and accountable for obstructing cell internalization of chemotherapeutic agents and for developing transporter mediated resistance by cancer cells during anti-tumor treatments. As it jeopardizes the success of drug delivery and cancer targeting, strategies are being developed to overcome P-gp mediated drug transport. This concise review represents a brief discussion on P-gp mediated drug transport and how it hinders the success of various therapies. Its main focus is on various strategies used to tackle this curb in the field of drug delivery and targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Lutful Amin
- Department of Pharmacy, Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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168
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Elkins CA, Beenken KE. Modeling the Tripartite Drug Efflux Pump Archetype: Structural and Functional Studies of the Macromolecular Constituents Reveal More Than Their Names Imply. J Chemother 2013; 17:581-92. [PMID: 16433187 DOI: 10.1179/joc.2005.17.6.581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
It is a remarkable age in molecular biology when one can argue that our current understanding of a process is influenced as much by structural studies as it is by genetic and physiological manipulations. This statement is particularly poignant with membrane proteins for which structural knowledge has been long impeded by the inability to easily obtain crystal structures in a lipid matrix. Thus, several high-resolution structures of the components comprising tripartite multidrug efflux pumps from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are now available and were received with much acclaim over ever-evolving crystal structures of soluble, aqueous proteins. These structures, in conjunction with functional mutagenesis studies, have provided insight into substrate capture and binding domains and redefined the potential interactions between individual pump constituents. However, correct assembly of the components is still a matter of debate as is the functional contribution of each to the translocation of drug substrates over long distances spanning the Gram-negative cell envelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Elkins
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079-9502, USA.
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169
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Cierniak P, Jübner M, Müller S, Bender K. Insights into mechanisms and proteomic characterisation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa adaptation to a novel antimicrobial substance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66862. [PMID: 23869205 PMCID: PMC3711899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance has been reported since the introduction of synthetic antibiotics. Bacteria, such as one of the most common nosocomial pathogens P. aeruginosa, adapt quickly to changing environmental conditions, due to their short generation time. Thus microevolutional changes can be monitored in situ. In this study, the microevolutional process of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 resistance against a recently developed novel antibacterial zinc Schiff-base (ZSB) was investigated at the proteome level. After extended exposure to ZSB the passaged strain differed in tolerance against ZSB, with the adapted P. aeruginosa PAO1 exhibiting 1.6 times higher minimal inhibitory concentration. Using Two-dimensional Difference Gel Electrophoresis, the changes in the proteome of ZSB adapted P. aeruginosa PAO1 were examined by comparison with the non-adapted P. aeruginosa PAO1. The proteome of the adapted P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain differed significantly from the non-adapted in the abundance of two proteins when both strains were grown under stressing conditions. One protein could be identified as the outer membrane protein D that plays a role in uptake of basic amino acids as well as in carbapeneme resistance. The second protein has been identified as alkyl peroxide reductase subunit F. Our data indicated a slight increase in abundance of alkyl peroxide reductase F (AhpF) in the case of ZSB passaged P. aeruginosa PAO1. Higher abundance of Ahp has been discussed in the literature as a promoter of accelerated detoxification of benzene derivatives. The observed up-regulated AhpF thus appears to be connected to an increased tolerance against ZSB. Changes in the abundance of proteins connected to oxidative stress were also found after short-time exposure of P. aeruginosa PAO1 to the ZSB. Furthermore, adapted P. aeruginosa PAO1 showed increased tolerance against hydrogen peroxide and, in addition, showed accelerated degradation of ZSB, as determined by HPLC measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Cierniak
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Jübner
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Müller
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Katja Bender
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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170
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Elli M, Arioli S, Guglielmetti S, Mora D. Biocide susceptibility in bifidobacteria of human origin. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2013; 1:97-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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171
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Evaluation of reduced susceptibility to quaternary ammonium compounds and bisbiguanides in clinical isolates and laboratory-generated mutants of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:3488-97. [PMID: 23669380 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00498-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) for the biocides benzalkonium chloride and chlorhexidine were determined against 1,602 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Both compounds showed unimodal MIC and MBC distributions (2 and 4 or 8 mg/liter, respectively) with no apparent subpopulation with reduced susceptibility. To investigate further, all isolates were screened for qac genes, and 39 of these also had the promoter region of the NorA multidrug-resistant (MDR) efflux pump sequenced. The presence of qacA, qacB, qacC, and qacG genes increased the mode MIC, but not MBC, to benzalkonium chloride, while only qacA and qacB increased the chlorhexidine mode MIC. Isolates with a wild-type norA promoter or mutations in the norA promoter had similar biocide MIC distributions; notably, not all clinical isolates with norA mutations were resistant to fluoroquinolones. In vitro efflux mutants could be readily selected with ethidium bromide and acriflavine. Multiple passages were necessary to select mutants with biocides, but these mutants showed phenotypes comparable to those of mutants selected by dyes. All mutants showed changes in the promoter region of norA, but these were distinct from this region of the clinical isolates. Still, none of the in vitro mutants displayed fitness defects in a killing assay in Galleria mellonella larvae. In conclusion, our data provide an in-depth comparative overview on efflux in S. aureus mutants and clinical isolates, showing also that plasmid-encoded efflux pumps did not affect bactericidal activity of biocides. In addition, current in vitro tests appear not to be suitable for predicting levels of resistance that are clinically relevant.
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172
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Finger S, Wiegand C, Buschmann HJ, Hipler UC. Antibacterial properties of cyclodextrin-antiseptics-complexes determined by microplate laser nephelometry and ATP bioluminescence assay. Int J Pharm 2013; 452:188-93. [PMID: 23665083 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are able to form inclusion complexes with other molecules, thereby, protecting these guest molecules from degradation, enhancing their biocompatibility or influencing their physiological distribution while retaining their activity. Here, antibacterial effects of CD-complexes with the antiseptics chlorhexidine diacetate (CHX), iodine (IOD) and polihexanide (PHMB) were determined using two different in vitro methods, microplate laser nephelometry and an ATP bioluminescence assay. Laser nephelometry is a direct method for monitoring and evaluating growth of micro-organisms by measurement of the turbidity of the solution. In contrast, the ATP bioluminescence assay determines specifically the amount of metabolic active bacterial cells. The antibacterial effects of CD-antiseptics-complexes were examined for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis and the results of both methods were compared in respect of calculated means of half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) and statistical evaluated Pearson's correlation coefficients (r). It could be demonstrated that both methods showed a high comparability although they differ in the parameters tested. This study revealed that CD-complexes with CHX and PHMB were most effective against E. coli and the tested staphylococci. While CD-IOD-complexes obtained high activity against K. pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa was distinctly more resistant compared to the other bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Finger
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Jena, Germany.
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173
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Arioli S, Elli M, Ricci G, Mora D. Assessment of the susceptibility of lactic acid bacteria to biocides. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 163:1-5. [PMID: 23474651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Biocides are antimicrobial compounds that are widely used in the food industry and medical environments. In this study, we determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) by the microdilution method of four different biocides for a large collection of LAB of different origins. The tested isolates belong to 11 species of the Lactobacillus genus and to Streptococcus thermophilus, Streptococcus salivarius and Lactococcus garvieae. The results obtained in this study indicate that low susceptibilities to benzalkonium chloride (BC), triclosan (Tr), chlorhexidine (Ch), and sodium hypochlorite (SH) are not frequent among LAB. Moreover, no systematic co-tolerance between two or more tested biocides was found; that is, strains displaying high MIC values and thus low sensitivity to one of the biocides did not show higher MIC values for the other biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Arioli
- DeFENS Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
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174
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175
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Biocide tolerance in bacteria. Int J Food Microbiol 2013; 162:13-25. [PMID: 23340387 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2012.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biocides have been employed for centuries, so today a wide range of compounds showing different levels of antimicrobial activity have become available. At the present time, understanding the mechanisms of action of biocides has also become an important issue with the emergence of bacterial tolerance to biocides and the suggestion that biocide and antibiotic resistance in bacteria might be linked. While most of the mechanisms providing antibiotic resistance are agent specific, providing resistance to a single antimicrobial or class of antimicrobial, there are currently numerous examples of efflux systems that accommodate and, thus, provide tolerance to a broad range of structurally unrelated antimicrobials, both antibiotics and biocides. If biocide tolerance becomes increasingly common and it is linked to antibiotic resistance, not only resistant (even multi-resistant) bacteria could be passed along the food chain, but also there are resistance determinants that can spread and lead to the emergence of new resistant microorganisms, which can only be detected and monitored when the building blocks of resistance traits are understood on the molecular level. This review summarizes the main advances reached in understanding the mechanism of action of biocides, the mechanisms of bacterial resistance to both biocides and antibiotics, and the incidence of biocide tolerance in bacteria of concern to human health and the food industry.
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176
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Zhang X, Wang L, Levänen E. Superhydrophobic surfaces for the reduction of bacterial adhesion. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40497h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 420] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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177
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Gnanadhas DP, Marathe SA, Chakravortty D. Biocides--resistance, cross-resistance mechanisms and assessment. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2012; 22:191-206. [PMID: 23215733 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2013.748035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens has increased worldwide leading to treatment failures. Concerns have been raised about the use of biocides as a contributing factor to the risk of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development. In vitro studies demonstrating increase in resistance have often been cited as evidence for increased risks. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms of resistance employed by bacteria toward biocides used in consumer products and their potential to impart cross-resistance to therapeutic antibiotics. AREAS COVERED In this review, the mechanisms of resistance and cross-resistance reported in the literature toward biocides commonly used in consumer products are summarized. The physiological and molecular techniques used in describing and examining these mechanisms are reviewed and application of these techniques for systematic assessment of biocides for their potential to develop resistance and/or cross-resistance is discussed. EXPERT OPINION The guidelines in the usage of biocides in household or industrial purpose should be monitored and regulated to avoid the emergence of any MDR strains. The genetic and molecular methods to monitor the resistance development to biocides should be developed and included in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Prakash Gnanadhas
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Centre for Infectious Disease Research and Biosafety Laboratories, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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178
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Becerril R, Nerín C, Gómez-Lus R. Evaluation of Bacterial Resistance to Essential Oils and Antibiotics After Exposure to Oregano and Cinnamon Essential Oils. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012; 9:699-705. [DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2011.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Becerril
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Grupo GUIA, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cristina Nerín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Investigación en Ingeniería de Aragón (I3A), Grupo GUIA, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Rafael Gómez-Lus
- Departamento de Microbiología Medicina Preventiva y Salud Pública, Instituto de Investigación de Ciencias Ambientales (IUCA), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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179
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Condell O, Iversen C, Cooney S, Power KA, Walsh C, Burgess C, Fanning S. Efficacy of biocides used in the modern food industry to control salmonella enterica, and links between biocide tolerance and resistance to clinically relevant antimicrobial compounds. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:3087-97. [PMID: 22367085 PMCID: PMC3346496 DOI: 10.1128/aem.07534-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocides play an essential role in limiting the spread of infectious disease. The food industry is dependent on these agents, and their increasing use is a matter for concern. Specifically, the emergence of bacteria demonstrating increased tolerance to biocides, coupled with the potential for the development of a phenotype of cross-resistance to clinically important antimicrobial compounds, needs to be assessed. In this study, we investigated the tolerance of a collection of susceptible and multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica strains to a panel of seven commercially available food-grade biocide formulations. We explored their abilities to adapt to these formulations and their active biocidal agents, i.e., triclosan, chlorhexidine, hydrogen peroxide, and benzalkonium chloride, after sequential rounds of in vitro selection. Finally, cross-tolerance of different categories of biocidal formulations, their active agents, and the potential for coselection of resistance to clinically important antibiotics were investigated. Six of seven food-grade biocide formulations were bactericidal at their recommended working concentrations. All showed a reduced activity against both surface-dried and biofilm cultures. A stable phenotype of tolerance to biocide formulations could not be selected. Upon exposure of Salmonella strains to an active biocidal compound, a high-level of tolerance was selected for a number of Salmonella serotypes. No cross-tolerance to the different biocidal agents or food-grade biocide formulations was observed. Most tolerant isolates displayed changes in their patterns of susceptibility to antimicrobial compounds. Food industry biocides are effective against planktonic Salmonella. When exposed to sublethal concentrations of individual active biocidal agents, tolerant isolates may emerge. This emergence was associated with changes in antimicrobial susceptibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla Condell
- UCD Centre for Food Safety & Centre for Food-borne Zoonomics, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Carol Iversen
- UCD Centre for Food Safety & Centre for Food-borne Zoonomics, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Nestlé Research Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shane Cooney
- UCD Centre for Food Safety & Centre for Food-borne Zoonomics, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karen A. Power
- UCD Centre for Food Safety & Centre for Food-borne Zoonomics, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ciara Walsh
- UCD Centre for Food Safety & Centre for Food-borne Zoonomics, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Food Safety Authority of Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Catherine Burgess
- UCD Centre for Food Safety & Centre for Food-borne Zoonomics, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Séamus Fanning
- UCD Centre for Food Safety & Centre for Food-borne Zoonomics, UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy & Population Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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180
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Andersson DI, Hughes D. Evolution of antibiotic resistance at non-lethal drug concentrations. Drug Resist Updat 2012; 15:162-72. [PMID: 22516308 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human use of antimicrobials in the clinic, community and agricultural systems has driven selection for resistance in bacteria. Resistance can be selected at antibiotic concentrations that are either lethal or non-lethal, and here we argue that selection and enrichment for antibiotic resistant bacteria is often a consequence of weak, non-lethal selective pressures - caused by low levels of antibiotics - that operates on small differences in relative bacterial fitness. Such conditions may occur during antibiotic therapy or in anthropogenically drug-polluted natural environments. Non-lethal selection increases rates of mutant appearance and promotes enrichment of highly fit mutants and stable mutators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan I Andersson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden.
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181
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Emergence of resistance to antibacterial agents: the role of quaternary ammonium compounds--a critical review. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 39:381-9. [PMID: 22421329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2012.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely distributed in hospitals, industry and cosmetics. Little attention has been focused on the potential impact of QACs on the emergence of antibiotic resistance in patients and the environment. To assess this issue, we conducted a literature review on QAC chemical structure, fields of application, mechanism of action, susceptibility testing, prevalence, and co- or cross-resistance to antibiotics. Special attention was paid to the effects of QACs on microflora; in particular, the issue of the potential of QACs for applying selective pressure on multiple-antibiotic-resistant organisms was raised. It was found that there is a lack of standardised procedures for interpreting susceptibility test results. QACs have different impacts on the minimum inhibitory concentrations of antibacterials depending on the antibacterial compound investigated, the resistance genes involved, the measuring methodology and the interpretative criteria. The unmet needs for adequate detection of reduced susceptibility to QACs and antibiotics include (i) a consensus definition for resistance, (ii) epidemiological cut-off values and (iii) clinical resistance breakpoints. This review advocates the design of international guidelines for QAC use.
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182
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Scientific Opinion on the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of Cecure® for the removal of microbial surface contamination of raw poultry products. EFSA J 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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183
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Mavri A, Smole Možina S. Involvement of efflux mechanisms in biocide resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:800-808. [PMID: 22361460 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.041467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Active efflux has an important role in the antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. The effects of two putative efflux pump inhibitors (EPIs), phenylalanine-arginine β-naphthylamide and 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine, and the effects of inactivation of the cmeB,cmeF and cmeR genes on resistance to a broad range of antimicrobials were studied using the broth microdilution method. The antimicrobials tested in C. jejuni and C. coli were the biocides triclosan, benzalkonium chloride, chlorhexidine diacetate, cetylpyridinium chloride and trisodium phosphate, along with the anionic surfactant SDS and the antibiotics erythromycin and ciprofloxacin. Both EPIs partially reversed the resistance to all of these antimicrobials. Differences between these EPIs were seen for substrate preference and reductions in MIC. The MICs of the antimicrobials were reduced in the cmeB and cmeF mutants and increased in the cmeR mutant, with few exceptions. Both of these putative EPIs further decreased the MICs of the antimicrobials in these mutant strains. These data confirm that active efflux is an important mechanism in biocide resistance in C. jejuni and C. coli. At least one non-CmeABC efflux system or reduced uptake is responsible for resistance to biocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mavri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Smole Možina
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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184
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Bischoff M, Bauer J, Preikschat P, Schwaiger K, Mölle G, Hölzel C. First Detection of the Antiseptic Resistance GeneqacA/B inEnterococcus faecalis. Microb Drug Resist 2012; 18:7-12. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Bischoff
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Johann Bauer
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Petra Preikschat
- Research Coordination and Risk Assessment, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, LGL, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Gabriele Mölle
- Research Coordination and Risk Assessment, Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, LGL, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christina Hölzel
- Chair of Animal Hygiene, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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185
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McIntosh EDG. Efflux: how bacteria use pumps to control their microenvironment. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2012:153-166. [PMID: 23090601 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-28951-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Efflux pumps are a potent and clinically important cause of antibiotic resistance. The particular focus of this chapter is on the efflux pump as a target for antimicrobial therapy and the development of new antibacterials to address the efflux problem.Tigecycline is an example of how old antibiotics, in this case tetracyclines, which have become substrates for efflux pumps, can be extensively modified to restore antimicrobial activity and clinical efficacy.
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186
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Reis LMD, Rabello BR, Ross C, Santos LMRD. Avaliação da atividade antimicrobiana de antissépticos e desinfetantes utilizados em um serviço público de saúde. Rev Bras Enferm 2011; 64:870-5. [DOI: 10.1590/s0034-71672011000500011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
O estudo teve como objetivo determinar in vitro a atividade antimicrobiana de antissépticos e desinfetantes utilizados no serviço de atenção primária à saúde de uma cidade do norte do Paraná, utilizando microrganismos padronizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde da Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Para tanto, foram realizadas análises da atividade antimicrobiana e da estabilidade química de três diferentes antissépticos e um desinfetante utilizados no serviço de atenção primária à saúde. A partir das análises realizadas no primeiro, sétimo, décimo quarto e vigésimo primeiro dias, após a abertura dos frascos, verificou-se que as amostras mantiveram sua atividade antimicrobiana in vitro em relação às cepas padronizadas, evidenciadas pela ausência de crescimento de unidades formadoras de colônias e estabilidade química dos princípios ativos dos antissépticos. O estudo permitiu verificar a eficácia das amostras frente a análises microbiológicas in vitro utilizando microrganismos padronizados.
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187
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Effect of higher minimum inhibitory concentrations of quaternary ammonium compounds in clinical E. coli isolates on antibiotic susceptibilities and clinical outcomes. J Hosp Infect 2011; 79:141-6. [PMID: 21807440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are cationic surfactants used as preservatives and environmental disinfectants. Limited data are available regarding the effect of QACs in the clinical setting. We performed a prospective cohort study in 153 patients with Escherichia coli bacteraemia from February to September 2008 at University Hospital in Rennes. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of antibiotics and QACs alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (ADBAC) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) were determined by the agar dilution method. The capacity of biofilm production was assayed using the Crystal Violet method, and mutation frequencies by measuring the capacity of strains to generate resistance to rifampicin. Logistic regression analysis showed that one of the significant factors related to low MICs for ADBAC (≤16 mg/L) and DDAC (≤8 mg/L), was cotrimoxazole susceptibility (odds ratio: 3.72; 95% confidence interval: 1.22-11.24; P=0.02 and OR: 3.61; 95% CI: 1.56-7.56; P<0.01, respectively). Antibiotic susceptibility to cotrimoxazole was strongly associated with susceptibility to amoxicillin and nalidixic acid (P<0.01). Community-acquired or healthcare-associated bacteraemia, severity of bacteraemia, and patient outcome were independent of the MICs of ADBAC and DDAC. Our findings demonstrate an epidemiological relationship between higher MIC values of QACs in clinical E. coli isolates and antibiotic resistance.
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188
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Molecular analysis of antimicrobial agent translocation through the membrane porin BpsOmp38 from an ultraresistant Burkholderia pseudomallei strain. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1808:1552-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2010.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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189
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Presence of qacEΔ1 Gene and Susceptibility to a Hospital Biocide in Clinical Isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Resistant to Antibiotics. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:16-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9934-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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190
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Mutation in the sdeS gene promotes expression of the sdeAB efflux pump genes and multidrug resistance in Serratia marcescens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2011; 55:2922-6. [PMID: 21422216 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01755-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens gained resistance to both biocides and antibiotics on expressing the SdeAB efflux pump, following exposure to increasingly higher concentrations of a biocide (H. Maseda et al., Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53:5230-5235, 2009). To reveal the regulatory mechanism of sdeAB expression, wild-type cells were subjected to transposon-mediated random mutagenesis, and a mutant with antibiotic resistance, which mimicked the phenotype of the previous biocide-resistant cells, was obtained. The transposon element was found in the chromosomal DNA downstream of the sdeAB operon. Sequencing revealed the presence of an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a protein with 159 amino acid residues that is highly similar to the BadM-type transcriptional repressor, designated sdeS. The level of sdeB::xylE reporter gene expression, undetectable in the wild-type cells, appeared to be fully comparable to that in the biocide-resistant cells. Nucleotide sequencing of the mutant revealed sdeS to have a single G-to-A base substitution at position 269 that converted Trp90 to a stop codon. Introduction of a plasmid-borne intact sdeS into the mutant cells and the biocide-resistant cells resulted in a reduction in sdeB::xylE reporter activity to an undetectable level. These results suggested that SdeS functions as a repressor of the sdeAB operon. It was concluded that the original biocide-resistant cells had an impaired sdeS and, therefore, a derepressed level of the SdeAB efflux pump.
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191
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Hegstad K, Langsrud S, Lunestad BT, Scheie AA, Sunde M, Yazdankhah SP. Does the wide use of quaternary ammonium compounds enhance the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance and thus threaten our health? Microb Drug Resist 2010; 16:91-104. [PMID: 20370507 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are widely used biocides that possess antimicrobial effect against a broad range of microorganisms. These compounds are used for numerous industrial purposes, water treatment, antifungal treatment in horticulture, as well as in pharmaceutical and everyday consumer products as preserving agents, foam boosters, and detergents. Resistance toward QACs is widespread among a diverse range of microorganisms and is facilitated by several mechanisms such as modifications in the membrane composition, expression of stress response and repair systems, or expression of efflux pump genes. Development of resistance in both pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria has been related to application in human medicine and the food industry. QACs in cosmetic products will inevitably come into intimate contact with the skin or mucosal linings in the mouth and thus are likely to add to the selection pressure toward more QAC-resistant microorganisms among the skin or mouth flora. There is increasing evidence of coresistance and cross-resistance between QACs and a range of other clinically important antibiotics and disinfectants. Use of QACs may have driven the fixation and spread of certain resistance cassette collectors (class 1 integrons), currently responsible for a major part of antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bacteria. More indiscriminate use of QACs such as in cosmetic products may drive the selection of further new genetic elements that will aid in the persistence and spread of antimicrobial resistance and thus in limiting our treatment options for microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Hegstad
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Reference Centre for Detection of Antimicrobial Resistance, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.
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192
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Cardoso K, Gandra RF, Wisniewski ES, Osaku CA, Kadowaki MK, Felipach-Neto V, Haus LFAÁ, Simão RDCG. DnaK and GroEL are induced in response to antibiotic and heat shock in Acinetobacter baumannii. J Med Microbiol 2010; 59:1061-1068. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.020339-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the expression of DnaK and GroEL in Acinetobacter baumannii cells (strains ATCC 19606 and RS4) under stress caused by heat shock or antibiotics. A Western blot assay showed that DnaK and GroEL levels increased transiently more than 2-fold after exposure of bacterial cells to heat shock for 20 min at 50 °C. Heat induction of DnaK and GroEL was blocked completely when an inhibitor of transcription, rifampicin, was added 1 min before a temperature upshift to 50 °C, suggesting that the induction of these chaperones depends on transcription. A. baumannii cells pretreated at 45 °C for 30 min were better able to survive at 50 °C for 60 min than cells pretreated at 37 °C, indicating that A. baumannii is able to acquire thermotolerance. DnaK and GroEL were successfully induced in cells pre-incubated with a subinhibitory concentration of streptomycin. Moreover, bacterial cells pretreated for 30 min at 45 °C were better able to survive streptomycin exposure than cells pretreated at physiological temperatures. DnaK expression was upregulated in a multidrug-resistant strain of A. baumannii (RS4) in the presence of different antimicrobials (ampicillin+sulbactam, cefepime, meropenem and sulphamethoxazole+trimethoprim). This study is to the best of our knowledge the first to show that A. baumannii DnaK and GroEL could play an important role in the stress response induced by antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Cardoso
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR 85814-110, Brazil
| | - Rinaldo Ferreira Gandra
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica, Hospital Universitário do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR 85806-470, Brazil
| | - Edirlene Sara Wisniewski
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR 85814-110, Brazil
| | - Clarice Aoki Osaku
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR 85814-110, Brazil
| | - Marina Kimiko Kadowaki
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR 85814-110, Brazil
| | - Vicente Felipach-Neto
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR 85814-110, Brazil
| | - Leandro Fávero Aby-Ázar Haus
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR 85814-110, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Garcia Simão
- Laboratório de Bioquímica Molecular, Centro de Ciências Médicas e Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná, Cascavel, PR 85814-110, Brazil
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193
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An MM, Zou Z, Shen H, Gao PH, Cao YB, Jiang YY. Moxifloxacin monotherapy versus β-lactam-based standard therapy for community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 36:58-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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194
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Todorov SD, Franco BDGDM. Lactobacillus Plantarum: Characterization of the Species and Application in Food Production. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2010.484113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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195
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Affiliation(s)
- M Begley
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; ,
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196
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Gupta AK, Katoch VM, Chauhan DS, Sharma R, Singh M, Venkatesan K, Sharma VD. Microarray Analysis of Efflux Pump Genes in Multidrug-ResistantMycobacterium tuberculosisDuring Stress Induced by Common Anti-Tuberculous Drugs. Microb Drug Resist 2010; 16:21-8. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2009.0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Kumar Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (NJILOMD), Agra, India
| | - Vishwa Mohan Katoch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (NJILOMD), Agra, India
| | - Devendra Singh Chauhan
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (NJILOMD), Agra, India
| | - Rahul Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (NJILOMD), Agra, India
| | - Mradula Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (NJILOMD), Agra, India
| | - Krishnamurthy Venkatesan
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (NJILOMD), Agra, India
| | - Vishnu Dutt Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases (NJILOMD), Agra, India
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197
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Cunningham JH, Lin LS. Fate of amoxicillin in mixed-culture bioreactors and its effects on microbial growth and resistance to silver ions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:1827-1832. [PMID: 20136118 DOI: 10.1021/es9022442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This research focused on studying the fate of amoxicillin (AMX) in mixed-culture bioreactors and its effects on bacterial growth and bacterial resistance to silver-ion disinfection. The bioreactors were dosed with a range of AMX (10-70 mg L(-1) d(-1)) mimicking a biological treatment unit of a proposed water recovery system for long-term space missions. Aqueous-phase AMX concentrations in the bioreactors were monitored to characterize the kinetics of selected AMX fate processes. Specific growth rates and silver minimum effective concentrations (MECs) of the bacterial cultures were determined by assessing cell viability using flow cytometry. Hydrolysis, sorption, and biodegradation of AMX followed first-order kinetics with rate constants of 0.078, 0.083, and 0.13 d(-1), respectively. Specific growth rates of the AMX-dosed cultures were suppressed from 7% to 35% in order of increasing AMX dose as compared to the AMX-free control cultures. The AMX-treated cultures had higher silver MECs than the AMX-free control cultures, indicating an enhanced bacterial resistance to silver ions as a result of the AMX exposure. Biosorption experiments revealed that the AMX-treated cultures exhibited exclusion of silver ions from the cells as a potential mechanism for the enhanced resistance. This paper reports for the first time that low levels of AMX (<100 mg L(-1)) could induce bacterial cross-resistance to silver ion in an aqueous system mimicking an active biological system for wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Cunningham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6103, USA.
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198
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Etheridge LA, Crawford TQ, Zhang S, Roelink H. Evidence for a role of vertebrate Disp1 in long-range Shh signaling. Development 2010; 137:133-40. [PMID: 20023168 DOI: 10.1242/dev.043547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Dispatched 1 (Disp1) encodes a twelve transmembrane domain protein that is required for long-range sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling. Inhibition of Disp1 function, both by RNAi or dominant-negative constructs, prevents secretion and results in the accumulation of Shh in source cells. Measuring the Shh response in neuralized embryoid bodies (EBs) derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells, with or without Disp1 function, demonstrates an additional role for Disp1 in cells transporting Shh. Co-cultures with Shh-expressing cells revealed a significant reduction in the range of the contact-dependent Shh response in Disp1(-/-) neuralized EBs. These observations support a dual role for Disp1, not only in the secretion of Shh from the source cells, but also in the subsequent transport of Shh through tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alton Etheridge
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California at Berkeley, 16 Barker Hall #3204, Berkeley, CA 94720-3204, USA
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199
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Coulborn RM, Clayton ER, Aiello AE. Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products in the Environment and Potential Risks of Emerging Antibiotic Resistance. ACS SYMPOSIUM SERIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2010-1048.ch018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Coulborn
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, 1415 Washington Heights, SPH Tower, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Erin Rees Clayton
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, 1415 Washington Heights, SPH Tower, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Allison E. Aiello
- University of Michigan School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Center for Social Epidemiology and Population Health, 1415 Washington Heights, SPH Tower, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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200
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Yoon SS. Anaerobiosis ofPseudomonas aeruginosa: Implications for Treatments of Airway Infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2010.40.2.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Sun Yoon
- Department of Microbiology and Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Sciences, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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