151
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Ghag SB, Shekhawat UKS, Ganapathi TR. Petunia floral defensins with unique prodomains as novel candidates for development of fusarium wilt resistance in transgenic banana plants. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39557. [PMID: 22745785 PMCID: PMC3382125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are a potent group of defense active molecules that have been utilized in developing resistance against a multitude of plant pathogens. Floral defensins constitute a group of cysteine-rich peptides showing potent growth inhibition of pathogenic filamentous fungi especially Fusarium oxysporum in vitro. Full length genes coding for two Petunia floral defensins, PhDef1 and PhDef2 having unique C-terminal 31 and 27 amino acid long predicted prodomains, were overexpressed in transgenic banana plants using embryogenic cells as explants for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. High level constitutive expression of these defensins in elite banana cv. Rasthali led to significant resistance against infection of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense as shown by in vitro and ex vivo bioassay studies. Transgenic banana lines expressing either of the two defensins were clearly less chlorotic and had significantly less infestation and discoloration in the vital corm region of the plant as compared to untransformed controls. Transgenic banana plants expressing high level of full-length PhDef1 and PhDef2 were phenotypically normal and no stunting was observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that high-level constitutive expression of floral defensins having distinctive prodomains is an efficient strategy for development of fungal resistance in economically important fruit crops like banana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhesh B. Ghag
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Upendra K. Singh Shekhawat
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
| | - Thumballi R. Ganapathi
- Plant Cell Culture Technology Section, Nuclear Agriculture & Biotechnology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, India
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152
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Zhao S, Du CM, Tian CY. Suppression of Fusarium oxysporum and induced resistance of plants involved in the biocontrol of Cucumber Fusarium Wilt by Streptomyces bikiniensis HD-087. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2919-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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153
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Chen MH, Jack ALH, McGuire IC, Nelson EB. Seed-colonizing bacterial communities associated with the suppression of Pythium seedling disease in a municipal biosolids compost. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2012; 102:478-489. [PMID: 22352305 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-11-0240-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to characterize seed-colonizing microbial communities that were previously shown to be involved in the suppression of seedling disease caused by Pythium ultimum in a municipal biosolids compost. Selective microbial inhibitors were employed to inactivate portions of the microbial community associated with seed germinated in a compost medium to evaluate their impact on disease suppression. After initial screenings for toxicity to both cucumber and P. ultimum, six selective inhibitors were eventually used to assess the impact of seed treatment on the reduction of bacterial and fungal populations and on disease suppression. Rifampicin was the most effective inhibitor for inactivating disease suppression. Bacterial communities that colonized cucumber seed sown in compost medium for 8 h and seed sown in compost medium for 8 h followed by a 3-h treatment of either rifampicin at 500 ppm or water were dislodged from seed surfaces and subjected to RNA extraction and reverse transcription to cDNA. Differences in the composition of seed-colonizing bacterial communities were assessed using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms (T-RFLP) of polymerase chain reaction-amplified 16S rDNA genes. T-RFLP profiles revealed a diversity of distinct bacterial taxa, a number of which dominate seed surfaces within 8 h of sowing. Analysis of similarity (ANOSIM) using terminal restriction fragment (T-RF) presence or absence showed that community profiles of nontreated and water-treated seed were quite similar whereas community profiles from rifampicin-treated seed were distinct. Differences in community profiles based on T-RF abundance (peak height and peak area) indicated that all treatments were unique (ANOSIM, all pairwise comparisons P < 0.05) Peaks heights and areas of relatively few T-RFs were reduced to zero following rifampicin treatment and 34 T-RFs explained 85% of the observed difference between treatments. Tentative taxon assignments for each of the T-RFs that contributed to the treatment differences revealed a preponderance of sequences with affinities to the α-, β-, and γ-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes. Limited sequencing of clones associated with water-treated and rifampicin-treated seed revealed the presence of similar taxa dominated by members of the γ-Proteobacteria. Many species within these taxa (such as Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacter spp., and Bacillus spp.) are known to be suppressive to Pythium diseases. Results of our study have confirmed that Pythium disease suppression in a municipal biosolids compost is mediated by compost-associated bacteria that colonize seed within hours after sowing. By focusing on actively growing microbes in the infection court during important stages of pathogen infection, we believe we can more efficiently determine the mechanisms of disease suppression and the microbes involved. Although specific to this pathosystem and compost, our results have a much broader scope of inference and illustrate the utility of such a targeted approach in identifying a relatively small subset of microbial taxa from complex communities likely to be involved in disease suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hsing Chen
- Cornell University, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Ithaca, NY, USA
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154
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Oliveira I, Pereira JA, Lino-Neto T, Bento A, Baptista P. Fungal diversity associated to the olive moth, Prays Oleae bernard: a survey for potential entomopathogenic fungi. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2012; 63:964-974. [PMID: 21994034 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9955-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Olive production is one of the main agricultural activities in Portugal. In the region of Trás-os-Montes, this crop has been considerably affected by Prays oleae. In order to evaluate the diversity of fungi on Prays oleae population of Trás-os-Montes olive orchards, larvae and pupae of the three annual generations (phyllophagous, antophagous and carpophagous) were collected and evaluated for fungal growth on their surface. From the 3,828 larvae and pupae, a high percentage of individuals exhibited growth of a fungal agent (40.6%), particularly those from the phyllophagous generation. From all the moth generations, a total of 43 species from 24 genera were identified, but the diversity and abundance of fungal species differed between the three generations. Higher diversity was found in the carpophagous generation, followed by the antophagous and phyllophagous generations. The presence of fungi displaying entomopathogenic features was highest in the phyllophagous larvae and pupae, with Beauveria bassiana as the most abundant taxa. The first report of Beauveria bassiana presence on Prays oleae could open new strategies for the biocontrol of this major pest in olive groves since the use of an already adapted species increases the guarantee of success of a biocontrol approach. The identification of antagonistic fungi able to control agents that cause major olive diseases, such as Verticillium dahliae, will benefit future biological control approaches for limiting this increasingly spreading pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo Oliveira
- CIMO/School of Agriculture, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
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155
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Moretti M, Minerdi D, Gehrig P, Garibaldi A, Gullino ML, Riedel K. A bacterial-fungal metaproteomic analysis enlightens an intriguing multicomponent interaction in the rhizosphere of Lactuca sativa. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2061-77. [PMID: 22360353 DOI: 10.1021/pr201204v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fusarium oxysporum MSA 35 [wild-type (WT) strain] is an antagonistic isolate that protects plants against pathogenic Fusaria. This strain lives in association with ectosymbiotic bacteria. When cured of the prokaryotic symbionts [cured (CU) form], the fungus is pathogenic, causing wilt symptoms similar to those of F. oxysporum f.sp. lactucae. The aim of this study was to understand if and how the host plant Lactuca sativa contributes to the expression of the antagonistic/pathogenic behaviors of MSA 35 strains. A time-course comparative analysis of the proteomic profiles of WT and CU strains was performed. Fungal proteins expressed during the early stages of plant-fungus interaction were involved in stress defense, energy metabolism, and virulence and were equally induced in both strains. In the late phase of the interkingdom interaction, only CU strain continued the production of virulence- and energy-related proteins. The expression analysis of lettuce genes coding for proteins involved in resistance-related processes corroborated proteomic data by showing that, at the beginning of the interaction, both fungi are perceived by the plant as pathogen. On the contrary, after 8 days, only the CU strain is able to induce plant gene expression. For the first time, it was demonstrated that an antagonistic F. oxysporum behaves initially as pathogen, showing an interesting similarity with other beneficial organisms such as mychorrizae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marino Moretti
- Agroinnova-Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Field, University of Torino, Italy
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156
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Kawabe M, Okabe Onokubo A, Arimoto Y, Yoshida T, Azegami K, Teraoka T, Arie T. GMC oxidoreductase, a highly expressed protein in a potent biocontrol agent Fusarium oxysporum Cong:1-2, is dispensable for biocontrol activity. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2012; 57:207-17. [PMID: 21914969 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.57.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
A spontaneous non-pathogenic variant (Cong:1-2) derived from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. conglutinans (Cong: 1-1), a causal agent of cabbage yellows, carries biocontrol activity for cabbage yellows. We found a GMC oxidoreductase (ODX1) among the proteins expressed much more in Cong:1-2 than Cong:1-1 by 2D-DIGE comparison. GMC oxidoreductases have been reported to be involved in biocontrol activity of several plant pathogenic fungi. The gene encoding ODX1 in Cong:1-2 was cloned, and targeted disruption of the gene in Cong:1-2 did not affect its biocontrol activity, suggesting that GMC oxidoreductase is dispensable for biocontrol activity in the fungal biocontrol agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Kawabe
- Research Team for Detection of Plant Pathogens and Nematodes, National Agriculture Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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157
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Croll D, McDonald BA. Intron gains and losses in the evolution of Fusarium and Cryptococcus fungi. Genome Biol Evol 2012; 4:1148-61. [PMID: 23054310 PMCID: PMC3514964 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evs091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of spliceosomal introns in eukaryotic genes poses a major puzzle for the study of genome evolution. Intron densities vary enormously among distant lineages. However, the mechanisms driving intron gains are poorly understood and very few intron gains and losses have been documented over short evolutionary time spans. Fungi emerged recently as excellent models to study intron evolution and "reverse splicing" was found to be a major driver of recent intron gains in a clade of ascomycete fungi. We screened a total of 38 genomes from two fungal clades important in medicine and agriculture to identify intron gains and losses both within and between species. We detected 86 and 198 variable intron positions in the Cryptococcus and Fusarium clades, respectively. Some genes underwent extensive changes in their exon-intron structure, with up to six variable intron positions per gene. We identified a very recently gained intron in a group of tomato-infecting strains belonging to the F. oxysporum species complex. In the human pathogen C. gattii, we found recent intron losses in subtypes of the species. The two studied fungal clades provided evidence for extensive changes in their exon-intron structure within and among closely related species. We show that both intronization of previously coding DNA and insertion of exogenous DNA are the major drivers of intron gains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Croll
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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158
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Brum M, Araújo W, Maki C, Azevedo J. Endophytic fungi from Vitis labrusca L. ‘Niagara Rosada’) and its potential for the biological control of Fusarium oxysporum. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:4187-97. [DOI: 10.4238/2012.december.6.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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159
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Pseudomonas and other Microbes in Disease-Suppressive Soils. SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE REVIEWS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4113-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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160
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Gaur M, Goel M, Sridhar L, Ashok TDS, Prabhakar S, Dureja P, Raghunathan P, Eswaran SV. Synthesis, characterization, and antifungal activity of biaryl-based bis(1,2,3-triazoles) using click chemistry. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-011-0652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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161
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Kim HS, Park SY, Lee S, Adams EL, Czymmek K, Kang S. Loss of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A affects multiple traits important for root pathogenesis by Fusarium oxysporum. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2011; 24:719-732. [PMID: 21261464 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-10-0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The soilborne fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum causes vascular wilt and root rot diseases in many plant species. We investigated the role of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase A of F. oxysporum (FoCPKA) in growth, morphology, and root attachment, penetration, and pathogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. Affinity of spore attachment to root surfaces of A. thaliana, observed microscopically and measured by atomic force microscopy, was reduced by a loss-of-function mutation in the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of FoCPKA. The resulting mutants also failed to penetrate into the vascular system of A. thaliana roots and lost virulence. Even when the mutants managed to enter the vascular system via physically wounded roots, the degree of vascular colonization was significantly lower than that of the corresponding wild-type strain O-685 and no noticeable disease symptoms were observed. The mutants also had reduced vegetative growth and spore production, and their hyphal growth patterns were distinct from those of O-685. Coinoculation of O-685 with an focpkA mutant or a strain nonpathogenic to A. thaliana significantly reduced disease severity and the degree of root colonization by O-685. Several experimental tools useful for studying mechanisms of fungal root pathogenesis are also introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Seon Kim
- Department of Plant Pathology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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162
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Saunders M, Glenn AE, Kohn LM. Exploring the evolutionary ecology of fungal endophytes in agricultural systems: using functional traits to reveal mechanisms in community processes. Evol Appl 2010; 3:525-37. [PMID: 25567944 PMCID: PMC3352505 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00141.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
All plants, including crop species, harbor a community of fungal endophyte species, yet we know little about the biotic factors that are important in endophyte community assembly. We suggest that the most direct route to understanding the mechanisms underlying community assembly is through the study of functional trait variation in the host and its fungal consortium. We review studies on crop endophytes that investigate plant and fungal traits likely to be important in endophyte community processes. We focus on approaches that could speed detection of general trends in endophyte community assembly: (i) use of the 'assembly rules' concept to identify specific mechanisms that influence endophyte community dynamics, (ii) measurement of functional trait variation in plants and fungi to better understand endophyte community processes and plant-fungal interactions, and (iii) investigation of microbe-microbe interactions, and fungal traits that mediate them. This approach is well suited for research in agricultural systems, where pair-wise host-fungus interactions and mechanisms of fungal-fungal competition have frequently been described. Areas for consideration include the possibility that human manipulation of crop phenotype and deployment of fungal biocontrol species can significantly influence endophyte community assembly. Evaluation of endophyte assembly rules may help to fine-tune crop management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Saunders
- Environmental Studies, University of California Santa CruzSanta Cruz, CA, USA
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of TorontoMississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony E Glenn
- Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, Richard B. Russell Research CenterUSDA-ARS, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Linda M Kohn
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of TorontoMississauga, ON, Canada
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163
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Pareja-Jaime Y, Martín-Urdíroz M, Roncero MIG, González-Reyes JA, Roldán MDCR. Chitin synthase-deficient mutant of Fusarium oxysporum elicits tomato plant defence response and protects against wild-type infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:479-93. [PMID: 20618706 PMCID: PMC6640515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A mutant of the root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, deficient in class V chitin synthase, has been shown previously to be nonvirulent. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the cause of its avirulence could be the elicitation of the induced plant defence response, leading to the restriction of fungal infection. Co-inoculation of tomato plants with the wild-type strain and the DeltachsV mutant resulted in a significant reduction in symptom development, supporting a protective mechanism exerted by the mutant. The ability of the mutant to penetrate and colonize plant tissues was determined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, as well as fluorescence microscopy using green fluorescent protein- or cherry fluorescent protein-labelled fungal strains. The extent of wild-type strain colonization in co-inoculated plants decreased steadily throughout the infection process, as shown by the quantification of fungal biomass using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The hypothesis that defence responses are activated by the DeltachsV mutant was confirmed by the analysis of plant pathogenesis-related genes using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Tomato plants inoculated with the DeltachsV mutant showed a three fold increase in endochitinase activity in comparison with wild-type inoculated plants. Taken together, these results suggest that the perturbation of fungal cell wall biosynthesis results in elicitation of the plant defence response during the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pareja-Jaime
- Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio C5, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
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164
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Li X, Yu HY, Lin YF, Teng HM, Du L, Ma GG. Morphological changes of Fusarium oxysporum induced by CF66I, an antifungal compound from Burkholderia cepacia. Biotechnol Lett 2010; 32:1487-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-010-0316-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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165
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Walid. The Efficiency of Trichoderma harzianum and Aneurinobacillus migulanus in the Control of Gladiolus Corm Rot in Soil-Less Culture System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3844/ajabssp.2010.436.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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166
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Gupta V, Misra A, Gaur R, Jain P, Gaur D, Sharma S. Current Status of Fusarium Wilt Disease of Guava
(Psidium guajava L.) in India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3923/biotech.2010.176.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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167
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Cummings JA, Miles CA, du Toit LJ. Greenhouse Evaluation of Seed and Drench Treatments for Organic Management of Soilborne Pathogens of Spinach. PLANT DISEASE 2009; 93:1281-1292. [PMID: 30759506 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-93-12-1281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of 14 seed and drench treatments for control of soilborne damping-off pathogens in organic production of spinach was evaluated in a greenhouse study. The efficacy of each treatment was compared with nontreated seed and seed treated with a conventional fungicide for control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. spinaciae, Pythium ultimum, and Rhizoctonia solani. Two experimental seed treatments, GTG I and GTG II (each comprised of a proprietary organic disinfectant and the latter also containing Trichoderma harzianum T22), provided equivalent control to the conventional fungicide, mefenoxam, against P. ultimum in one trial and significant reduction of damping-off in the second trial. Natural II and Natural X (Streptomycete products), and Subtilex (Bacillus subtilis) seed treatments each suppressed damping-off significantly in one of the two trials. For R. solani, GTG I and Natural II seed treatments reduced damping-off as effectively as a drench with the fungicide Terraclor (pentachloronitrobenzene). A soil drench with Prestop (Gliocladium catenulatum) suppressed postemergence wilt caused by F. oxysporum in both trials; a compost tea drench and seed treatment with Yield Shield (Bacillus pumilis) each suppressed postemergence wilt in only one of two trials. GTG I and GTG II significantly increased seed germination compared to nontreated seed. No treatment was effective against all three pathogens, and some treatments exacerbated damping-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Cummings
- MS Graduate, Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University
| | | | - Lindsey J du Toit
- Associate Professor, Washington State University Mount Vernon Northwestern Washington Research and Extension Center, 16650 State Route 536, Mount Vernon, WA 98273
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168
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Alabouvette C, Olivain C, Migheli Q, Steinberg C. Microbiological control of soil-borne phytopathogenic fungi with special emphasis on wilt-inducing Fusarium oxysporum. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 184:529-544. [PMID: 19761494 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.03014.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases induced by soil-borne plant pathogens are among the most difficult to control. In the absence of effective chemical control methods, there is renewed interest in biological control based on application of populations of antagonistic micro-organisms. In addition to Pseudomonas spp. and Trichoderma spp., which are the two most widely studied groups of biological control agents, the protective strains of Fusarium oxysporum represent an original model. These protective strains of F. oxysporum can be used to control wilt induced by pathogenic strains of the same species. Exploring the mechanisms involved in the protective capability of these strains is not only necessary for their development as commercial biocontrol agents but raises many basic questions related to the determinism of pathogenicity versus biocontrol capacity in the F. oxysporum species complex. In this paper, current knowledge regarding the interaction between the plant and the protective strains is reviewed in comparison with interactions between the plant and pathogenic strains. The success of biological control depends not only on plant-microbial interactions but also on the ecological fitness of the biological control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Alabouvette
- UMR 1229, INRA Université de Bourgogne, Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Chantal Olivain
- UMR 1229, INRA Université de Bourgogne, Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
| | - Quirico Migheli
- Dipartimento di Protezione delle Piante and Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Università degli Studi di Sassari,Via Enrico De Nicola 9, I - 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Christian Steinberg
- UMR 1229, INRA Université de Bourgogne, Microbiologie du Sol et de l'Environnement, 17 rue Sully, BP 86510, F 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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169
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Quantitative changes of plant defense enzymes and phytohormone in biocontrol of cucumber Fusarium wilt by Bacillus subtilis B579. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0222-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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170
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Lievens B, Houterman PM, Rep M. Effector gene screening allows unambiguous identification of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici races and discrimination from other formae speciales. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 300:201-15. [PMID: 19799634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection of tomato, the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici secretes several unique proteins, called 'secreted in xylem' (Six) proteins, into the xylem sap. At least some of these proteins promote virulence towards tomato and among them, all predicted avirulence proteins that can trigger disease resistance in tomato have been found. In this study, a large, worldwide collection of F. oxysporum isolates was screened for the presence of seven SIX genes (SIX1-SIX7). The results convincingly show that identification of F. oxysporum formae speciales and races based on host-specific virulence genes can be very robust. SIX1, SIX2, SIX3 and SIX5 can be used for unambiguous identification of the forma specialis lycopersici. In addition, SIX4 can be used for the identification of race 1 strains, while polymorphisms in SIX3 can be exploited to differentiate race 2 from race 3 strains. For SIX6 and SIX7, close homologs were found in a few other formae speciales, suggesting that these genes may play a more general role in pathogenicity. Host specificity may be determined by the unique SIX genes, possibly in combination with the absence of genes that trigger resistance in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Lievens
- Scientia Terrae Research Institute, Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium
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171
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O'Donnell K, Gueidan C, Sink S, Johnston PR, Crous PW, Glenn A, Riley R, Zitomer NC, Colyer P, Waalwijk C, Lee TVD, Moretti A, Kang S, Kim HS, Geiser DM, Juba JH, Baayen RP, Cromey MG, Bithell S, Sutton DA, Skovgaard K, Ploetz R, Corby Kistler H, Elliott M, Davis M, Sarver BAJ. A two-locus DNA sequence database for typing plant and human pathogens within the Fusarium oxysporum species complex. Fungal Genet Biol 2009; 46:936-48. [PMID: 19715767 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2009.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We constructed a two-locus database, comprising partial translation elongation factor (EF-1alpha) gene sequences and nearly full-length sequences of the nuclear ribosomal intergenic spacer region (IGS rDNA) for 850 isolates spanning the phylogenetic breadth of the Fusarium oxysporum species complex (FOSC). Of the 850 isolates typed, 101 EF-1alpha, 203 IGS rDNA, and 256 two-locus sequence types (STs) were differentiated. Analysis of the combined dataset suggests that two-thirds of the STs might be associated with a single host plant. This analysis also revealed that the 26 STs associated with human mycoses were genetically diverse, including several which appear to be nosocomial in origin. A congruence analysis, comparing partial EF-1alpha and IGS rDNA bootstrap consensus, identified a significant number of conflicting relationships dispersed throughout the bipartitions, suggesting that some of the IGS rDNA sequences may be non-orthologous. We also evaluated enniatin, fumonisin and moniliformin mycotoxin production in vitro within a phylogenetic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry O'Donnell
- Microbial Genomics Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Peoria, IL 61604, USA.
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172
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Characterization and selection ofBacillus sp. strains, effective biocontrol agents againstFusarium oxysporum f. sp.radicis-lycopersici, the causal agent of Fusarium crown and root rot in tomato. ANN MICROBIOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03178317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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173
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Edel-Hermann VÃ, Brenot S, Gautheron N, Aimé SÃ, Alabouvette C, Steinberg C. Ecological fitness of the biocontrol agent Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 in soil and its impact on the soil microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2009; 68:37-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2009.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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174
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Kim J, Kim JD. Inhibitory Effect of Algal Extracts on Mycelial Growth of the Tomato-Wilt Pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. MYCOBIOLOGY 2008; 36:242-8. [PMID: 23997634 PMCID: PMC3755203 DOI: 10.4489/myco.2008.36.4.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to explore the inhibitory effect of cyanobacterial extracts of Nostoc commune FA-103 against the tomato-wilt pathogen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. In an optimal medium, cell growth, antifungal activity, and antifungal compound production could be increased 2.7-fold, 4.1-fold, and 13.4-fold, respectively. A crude algal extract had a similar effect as mancozeb at the recommended dose, both in laboratory and pot tests. In vitro and in vivo fungal growth, spore sporulation and fungal infection of wilt pathogen in tomato seeds were significantly inhibited by cyanobacterial extracts. Nostoc commune FA-103 extracts have potential for the suppression of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Department of Biological Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Korea
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175
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Lehner A, Meimoun P, Errakhi R, Madiona K, Barakate M, Bouteau F. Toxic and signalling effects of oxalic acid: Oxalic acid-Natural born killer or natural born protector? PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2008; 3:746-8. [PMID: 19704845 PMCID: PMC2634576 DOI: 10.4161/psb.3.9.6634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Accepted: 07/18/2008] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Oxalic acid is thought to be a key factor of the early pathogenic stage in a wide range of necrotrophic fungi. We have recently published that oxalic acid induces Programmed Cell Death (PCD) in Arabidopsis thaliana cells. This cell death results from an early anionic efflux which is a prerequisite for the synthesis of ethylene and the PCD. Complementary experiments have been carried out by using seedlings of A. thaliana. The effects of millimolar concentrations of oxalic acid were analysed on A. thaliana seedlings. A treatment with a 3 mM oxalic acid solution does not alter the development of the plants but induces the transcription of defence related genes which are anion channel dependant. Moreover, our results suggest that a pre-treatment of the seedlings with oxalic acid is able to confer the resistance of A. thaliana against Sclerotium rolfsii. Regarding our results, we suggest that oxalic acid plays two distinct roles, depending on the concentration: a high concentration of oxalic acid induces a large PCD and then contribute to the progression of the fungi. However, at low concentration it is able to induce the establishment of a resistance of the plant against the fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Lehner
- LEM; EA3514; Université Paris Diderot (Paris 7); Paris, France
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176
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Lievens B, Rep M, Thomma BPHJ. Recent developments in the molecular discrimination of formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2008; 64:781-788. [PMID: 18335459 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Rapid and reliable detection and identification of potential plant pathogens is required for taking appropriate and timely disease management measures. For many microbial species of which all strains generally are plant pathogens on a known host range, this has become quite straightforward. However, for some fungal species this is quite a challenge. One of these is Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend:Fr., which, as a species, has a very broad host range, while individual strains are usually highly host-specific. Moreover, many strains of this fungus are non-pathogenic soil inhabitants. Thus, with regard to effective disease management, identification below the species level is highly desirable. So far, the genetic basis of host specificity in F. oxysporum is poorly understood. Furthermore, strains that infect a particular plant species are not necessarily more closely related to each other than to strains that infect other hosts. Despite these difficulties, recently an increasing number of studies have reported the successful development of molecular markers to discriminate F. oxysporum strains below the species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Lievens
- Scientia Terrae Research Institute, Fortsesteenweg 30A, 2860 Sint-Katelijne-Waver, Belgium.
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177
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Minerdi D, Moretti M, Gilardi G, Barberio C, Gullino ML, Garibaldi A. Bacterial ectosymbionts and virulence silencing in a Fusarium oxysporum strain. Environ Microbiol 2008; 10:1725-41. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2008.01594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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178
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Abstract
This paper discusses biotic interactions in agroecosystems and how they may be manipulated to support crop productivity and environmental health by provision of ecosystem services such as weed, pest and disease management, nutrient cycling and biodiversity conservation. Important elements for understanding biotic interactions include consideration of the effects of diversity, species composition and food web structure on ecosystem processes; the impacts of timing, frequency and intensity of disturbance; and the importance of multitrophic interactions. All of these elements need to be considered at multiple scales that depend in part on the range of the movement of the organisms involved. These issues are first discussed in general, followed by an examination of the application of these concepts in agricultural management. The potential for a greater use of ecological management approaches is high; however, owing to the nature of complex interactions in ecosystems, there is some inherent unpredictability about responses to management interventions under different conditions. Such uncertainty needs to be accommodated in the development of recommendations for farm management. This requires an increased emphasis on the effective synthesis of complex and often apparently contradictory information and on field-based adaptive research, monitoring and social learning by farmer/researcher collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shennan
- Center for Agroecology and Sustainable Agriculture, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA.
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179
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180
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Kim HY, Choi GJ, Lee HB, Lee SW, Lim HK, Jang KS, Son SW, Lee SO, Cho KY, Sung ND, Kim JC. Some fungal endophytes from vegetable crops and their anti-oomycete activities against tomato late blight. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 44:332-7. [PMID: 17309513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.02093.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To isolate endophytic fungi from vegetable plants and examine their in vivo anti-oomycete activity against Phytophthora infestans in tomato plants. METHODS AND RESULTS Endophytic fungi were isolated from surface-sterilized plant tissues and anti-oomycete activity was measured by in vivo assay using tomato seedlings. Endophytic fungi showing potent anti-oomycete activity were identified by morphological characteristics and nuclear ribosomal ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 sequence analysis. A total of 152 isolates were obtained from 66 healthy tissue samples of cucumber, red pepper, tomato, pumpkin and Chinese cabbage and the fermentation broths of 23 isolates showed potent in vivo anti-oomycete activity against tomato late blight with control values over 90%. The Fusarium oxysporum strain EF119, which was isolated from roots of red pepper, showed the most potent disease control efficacy against tomato late blight. In dual-culture tests, it inhibited the growth of Pythium ultimum, P. infestans and Phytophthora capsici. CONCLUSIONS Among endophytic fungi isolated from healthy tissues of vegetable plants, F. oxysporum EF119 showed the most potent in vivo anti-oomycete activity against tomato late blight and in vitro anti-oomycete activity against several oomycete pathogens. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Endophytic fungi showing anti-oomycete activity in vitro and in vivo may be used as biocontrol agents particularly of tomato late blight.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Kim
- Biological Function Research Team, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Taejon, Korea
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181
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Sekiguchi H, Kushida A, Takenaka S. Effects of Cattle Manure and Green Manure on the Microbial Community Structure in Upland Soil Determined by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis. Microbes Environ 2007. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.22.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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182
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Yergeau E, Sommerville DW, Maheux E, Vujanovic V, Hamel C, Whalen JK, St-Arnaud M. Relationships between Fusarium population structure, soil nutrient status and disease incidence in field-grown asparagus. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2006; 58:394-403. [PMID: 17117984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2006.00161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium species cause important diseases in many crops. Lack of knowledge on how Fusarium species and strains interact with their environment hampers growth management strategies to control root diseases. A field experiment involving asparagus as host plant and three phosphorus fertilization levels was designed to examine the seasonal changes and ecological relationships between Fusarium populations and their soil and plant environments. Fusarium taxa were identified and assessed using PCR-denaturing gradient electrophoresis of the EF1-alpha gene. Resulting profiles were analyzed with respect to 17 ecological parameters measured during the three main asparagus phenological phases across a growing season. Multivariate statistical analysis showed that Fusarium population structure was strongly influenced by soil P level while seasonal variation was less important. A significant relationship between Fusarium population composition and Fusarium crown and root rot incidence was also found in September. Canonical analysis further revealed significant relationships between Fusarium population structure, and plant manganese and iron contents, soil dehydrogenase activity and soil calcium concentration. If higher Fusarium crown and root rot incidence is related to the Fusarium community structure, strategies to reduce the incidence in asparagus plantations may be found through manipulation of the soil fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Yergeau
- Institut de recherche en biologie végétale, Université de Montréal and Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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183
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Identification and characterization of non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum capable of increasing and decreasing Fusarium wilt severity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 110:929-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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184
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Gong M, Wang JD, Zhang J, Yang H, Lu XF, Pei Y, Cheng JQ. Study of the antifungal ability of Bacillus subtilis strain PY-1 in vitro and identification of its antifungal substance (iturin A). Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2006; 38:233-40. [PMID: 16604262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7270.2006.00157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A Bacillus strain, denoted as PY-1, was isolated from the vascular bundle of cotton. Biochemical, physiological and 16S rDNA sequence analysis proved that it should belong to Bacillus subtilis. The PY-1 strain showed strong ability against many common plant fungal pathogens in vitro. The antibiotics produced by this strain were stable in neutral and basic conditions, and not sensitive to high temperature. From the culture broth of PY-1 strain, five antifungal compounds were isolated by acidic precipitation, methanol extraction, gel filtration and reverse-phase HPLC. Advanced identification was performed by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These five antifungal compounds were proved to be the isomers of iturin A: A2, A3, A4, A6 and A7. In fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry collision-induced dissociation spectra, fragmentation ions from two prior linear acylium ions were observed, and the prior ion, Tyr-Asn-Gln-Pro-Asn-Ser-betaAA-Asn-CO+, was first reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gong
- Key Laboratory of Transplant Engineering and Immunology, Ministry of Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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185
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Rodríguez MA, Cabrera G, Godeas A. Cyclosporine A from a nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum suppressing Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. J Appl Microbiol 2006; 100:575-86. [PMID: 16478497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the antagonistic activity of Fusarium oxysporum nonpathogenic fungal strain S6 against the phytopathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and to identify the antifungal compounds involved. METHODS AND RESULTS The antagonistic activity of Fusarium oxysporum strain S6 was determined in vitro by dual cultures. The metabolite responsible for the activity was isolated by chromatographic techniques, purified and identified by spectroscopic methods as cyclosporine A. The antifungal activity against the pathogen was correlated with the presence of this metabolite by a dilution assay and then quantified. Cyclosporine A caused both growth inhibition and suppression of sclerotia formation. In a greenhouse assay, a significant increase in the number of surviving soybean (Glycine max) plants was observed when S. sclerotiorum and F. oxysporum (S6) were inoculated together when compared with plants inoculated with S. sclerotiorum alone. CONCLUSION Fusarium oxysporum (S6) may be a good fungal biological control agent for S. sclerotiorum and cyclosporine A is the responsible metabolite involved in its antagonistic activity in vitro. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Cyclosporine A has not been previously described as an inhibitor of S. sclerotiorum. Its minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.1 microg disc(-1) makes it suitable to use as a biofungicide. In vivo experiments showed that F. oxysporum (S6) is a good candidate for the biocontrol of S. sclerotiorum in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, C1428 EGA Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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186
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Vujanovic V, Hamel C, Yergeau E, St-Arnaud M. Biodiversity and biogeography of Fusarium species from northeastern North American asparagus fields based on microbiological and molecular approaches. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2006; 51:242-55. [PMID: 16453201 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-005-0046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen Fusarium species were recovered from 52 asparagus commercial fields, representing all major ecological (edaphic and climatic) area of asparagus production in the province of Québec, eastern Canada. This study extends our understanding of the geographic range of these species. It also provides climatological and edaphic properties linked to community changes and adaptations. Fusarium oxysporum and F. proliferatum were omnipresent and abundant in all five ecological area under study, whereas F. redolens was less frequently found. Species of Fusarium that produce carmine red pigmentation on potato dextrose agar, i.e., F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum, etc., were common at the northern limit of asparagus production. Abundance of red Fusarium species corresponded with a low isolation frequency of F. proliferatum. Nevertheless, F. proliferatum had a high recovery rate throughout Québec asparagus growing areas, under climatic conditions as cold as those of northern Europe where this species is uncommon in asparagus fields. In the light of these results, redefinition of the geographical distribution of F. proliferatum in asparagus fields is proposed. Intraspecific molecular differences in F. proliferatum and F. oxysporum were detected in the EF-1 alpha sequences and compared with well-characterized strains of North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vujanovic
- Institut de Recherche en Biologie Végétale, Université de Montréal & Jardin botanique de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.
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187
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Deng Y, Dong H, Jin Q, Dai C, Fang Y, Liang S, Wang K, Shao J, Lou Y, Shi W, Vakalounakis DJ, Li D. Analysis of expressed sequence tag data and gene expression profiles involved in conidial germination of Fusarium oxysporum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2006; 72:1667-71. [PMID: 16461724 PMCID: PMC1392917 DOI: 10.1128/aem.72.2.1667-1671.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2005] [Accepted: 11/08/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We obtained 3,372 tentative unique transcripts (TUTs) from a cDNA library of Fusarium oxysporum. A cDNA array with 3,158 TUTs was produced to analyze gene expression profiles in conidial germination. It seems that ras and other signaling genes, e.g., ccg, cooperatively initiate conidial germination in Fusarium by increasing protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Deng
- Bioinformatics and Gene Network Research Group, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China
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188
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Bolwerk A, Lagopodi AL, Lugtenberg BJJ, Bloemberg GV. Visualization of interactions between a pathogenic and a beneficial Fusarium strain during biocontrol of tomato foot and root rot. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2005; 18:710-21. [PMID: 16042017 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-0710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The soilborne fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici causes tomato foot and root rot (TFRR), which can be controlled by the addition of the nonpathogenic fungus F. oxysporum Fo47 to the soil. To improve our understanding of the interactions between the two Fusarium strains on tomato roots during biocontrol, the fungi were labeled using different autofluorescent proteins as markers and subsequently visualized using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results were as follows. i) An at least 50-fold excess of Fo47over F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was required to obtain control of TFRR. ii) When seedlings were planted in sand infested with spores of a single fungus, Fo47 hyphae attached to the root earlier than those of F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. iii) Subsequent root colonization by F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici was faster and to a larger extent than that by Fo47. iv) Under disease-controlling conditions, colonization of tomato roots by the pathogenic fungus was significantly reduced. v) When the inoculum concentration of Fo47 was increased, root colonization by the pathogen was arrested at the stage of initial attachment to the root. vi) The percentage of spores of Fo47 that germinates in tomato root exudate in vitro is higher than that of the pathogen F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Based on these results, the mechanisms by which Fo47 controls TFRR are discussed in terms of i) rate of spore germination and competition for nutrients before the two fungi reach the rhizoplane; ii) competition for initial sites of attachment, intercellular junctions, and nutrients on the tomato root surface; and iii) inducing systemic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annouschka Bolwerk
- Leiden University, Institute of Biology Leiden, Wassenaarseweg 64, 2333 AL Leiden, The Netherlands
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189
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Selosse MA, Baudoin E, Vandenkoornhuyse P. Symbiotic microorganisms, a key for ecological success and protection of plants. C R Biol 2005; 327:639-48. [PMID: 15344814 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2003.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Plant-associated microbial diversity encompasses symbionts, protecting their host against various aggressions. Mycorrhizal and rhizospheric microorganisms buffer effects of soil toxic compounds and soil-borne pathogens. Endophytic bacteria and fungi, some of which are vertically inherited through seeds, take part in plant protection by acting directly on aggressive factors (mainly pathogens and herbivores) or by enhancing plant responses. Plant protective microbial symbionts determine the ecological success of plants; they drastically modify plant communities and related trophic webs. This review suggests approaches to improve the inventory of diversity and functions of in situ plant-associated microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-André Selosse
- UMR CNRS 7138 Systématique, adaptation et évolution, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 43, rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
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190
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Abstract
Particular bacterial strains in certain natural environments prevent infectious diseases of plant roots. How these bacteria achieve this protection from pathogenic fungi has been analysed in detail in biocontrol strains of fluorescent pseudomonads. During root colonization, these bacteria produce antifungal antibiotics, elicit induced systemic resistance in the host plant or interfere specifically with fungal pathogenicity factors. Before engaging in these activities, biocontrol bacteria go through several regulatory processes at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Haas
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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191
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Schouten A, van den Berg G, Edel-Hermann V, Steinberg C, Gautheron N, Alabouvette C, de Vos CH, Lemanceau P, Raaijmakers JM. Defense responses of Fusarium oxysporum to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol, a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2004; 17:1201-1211. [PMID: 15559985 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi.2004.17.11.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A collection of 76 plant-pathogenic and 41 saprophytic Fusarium oxysporum strains was screened for sensitivity to 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG), a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by multiple strains of antagonistic Pseudomonas fluorescens. Approximately 17% of the F. oxysporum strains were relatively tolerant to high 2,4-DAPG concentrations. Tolerance to 2,4-DAPG did not correlate with the geographic origin of the strains, formae speciales, intergenic spacer (IGS) group, or fusaric acid production levels. Biochemical analysis showed that 18 of 20 tolerant F. oxysporum strains were capable of metabolizing 2,4-DAPG. For two tolerant strains, analysis by mass spectrometry indicated that deacetylation of 2,4-DAPG to the less fungitoxic derivatives monoacetylphloroglucinol and phloroglucinol is among the initial mechanisms of 2,4-DAPG degradation. Production of fusaric acid, a known inhibitor of 2,4-DAPG biosynthesis in P. fluorescens, differed considerably among both 2,4-DAPG-sensitive and -tolerant F. oxysporum strains, indicating that fusaric acid production may be as important for 2,4-DAPG-sensitive as for -tolerant F. oxysporum strains. Whether 2,4-DAPG triggers fusaric acid production was studied for six F. oxysporum strains; 2,4-DAPG had no significant effect on fusaric acid production in four strains. In two strains, however, sublethal concentrations of 2,4-DAPG either enhanced or significantly decreased fusaric acid production. The implications of 2,4-DAPG degradation, the distribution of this trait within F. oxysporum and other plant-pathogenic fungi, and the consequences for the efficacy of biological control are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schouten
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Plant Sciences Department, Wageningen University, 6700 EE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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192
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Stone A, Scheuerell S, Darby H. Suppression of Soilborne Diseases in Field Agricultural Systems. SOIL ORGANIC MATTER IN SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE 2004. [DOI: 10.1201/9780203496374.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Harman GE, Lorito M, Lynch JM. Uses of Trichoderma spp. to alleviate or remediate soil and water pollution. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2004; 56:313-30. [PMID: 15566984 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(04)56010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G E Harman
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, USA.
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Harman GE, Howell CR, Viterbo A, Chet I, Lorito M. Trichoderma species — opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004; 2:43-56. [PMID: 15035008 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1203] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are free-living fungi that are common in soil and root ecosystems. Recent discoveries show that they are opportunistic, avirulent plant symbionts, as well as being parasites of other fungi. At least some strains establish robust and long-lasting colonizations of root surfaces and penetrate into the epidermis and a few cells below this level. They produce or release a variety of compounds that induce localized or systemic resistance responses, and this explains their lack of pathogenicity to plants. These root-microorganism associations cause substantial changes to the plant proteome and metabolism. Plants are protected from numerous classes of plant pathogen by responses that are similar to systemic acquired resistance and rhizobacteria-induced systemic resistance. Root colonization by Trichoderma spp. also frequently enhances root growth and development, crop productivity, resistance to abiotic stresses and the uptake and use of nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary E Harman
- Departments of Horticultural Sciences and Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Geneva, New York 14456, USA.
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195
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Sen R. The root-microbe-soil interface: new tools for sustainable plant production. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2003; 157:391-394. [PMID: 33873395 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00715.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Sen
- Department of Biosciences, Division of General Microbiology, Viikki Biocenter (Viikinkaari 9), PO Box 56, FIN-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland (tel +358 919159221; fax +358 919159262 email )
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