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Chen K, Bao Z, Gong W, Tang P, Yoshimura T, Wang JM. Regulation of inflammation by members of the formyl-peptide receptor family. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:64-77. [PMID: 28689639 PMCID: PMC5705339 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with a variety of diseases. The hallmark of inflammation is leukocyte infiltration at disease sites in response to pathogen- or damage-associated chemotactic molecular patterns (PAMPs and MAMPs), which are recognized by a superfamily of seven transmembrane, Gi-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on cell surface. Chemotactic GPCRs are composed of two major subfamilies: the classical GPCRs and chemokine GPCRs. Formyl-peptide receptors (FPRs) belong to the classical chemotactic GPCR subfamily with unique properties that are increasingly appreciated for their expression on diverse host cell types and the capacity to interact with a plethora of chemotactic PAMPs and MAMPs. Three FPRs have been identified in human: FPR1-FPR3, with putative corresponding mouse counterparts. FPR expression was initially described in myeloid cells but subsequently in many non-hematopoietic cells including cancer cells. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that FPRs possess multiple functions in addition to controlling inflammation, and participate in the processes of many pathophysiologic conditions. They are not only critical mediators of myeloid cell trafficking, but are also implicated in tissue repair, angiogenesis and protection against inflammation-associated tumorigenesis. A series recent discoveries have greatly expanded the scope of FPRs in host defense which uncovered the essential participation of FPRs in step-wise trafficking of myeloid cells including neutrophils and dendritic cells (DCs) in host responses to bacterial infection, tissue injury and wound healing. Also of great interest is the FPRs are exploited by malignant cancer cells for their growth, invasion and metastasis. In this article, we review the current understanding of FPRs concerning their expression in a vast array of cell types, their involvement in guiding leukocyte trafficking in pathophysiological conditions, and their capacity to promote the differentiation of immune cells, their participation in tumor-associated inflammation and cancer progression. The close association of FPRs with human diseases and cancer indicates their potential as targets for the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqiang Chen
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Zhiyao Bao
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA; Department of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Wanghua Gong
- Basic Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Peng Tang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA; Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Teizo Yoshimura
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Ji Ming Wang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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152
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Chiang N, Serhan CN. Structural elucidation and physiologic functions of specialized pro-resolving mediators and their receptors. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 58:114-129. [PMID: 28336292 PMCID: PMC5623601 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The acute inflammatory response is host-protective to contain foreign invaders. Many of today's pharmacopeia that block pro-inflammatory chemical mediators can cause serious unwanted side effects such as immune suppression. Uncontrolled inflammation is now considered a pathophysiologic basis associated with many widely occurring diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity and asthma, as well as the classic inflammatory diseases, e.g. arthritis, periodontal diseases. The inflammatory response is designated to be a self-limited process that produces a superfamily of chemical mediators that stimulate resolution of inflammatory responses. Specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) uncovered in recent years are endogenous mediators that include omega-3-derived families resolvins, protectins and maresins, as well as arachidonic acid-derived (n-6) lipoxins that stimulate and promote resolution of inflammation, clearance of microbes, reduce pain and promote tissue regeneration via novel mechanisms. Here, we review recent evidence from human and preclinical animal studies, together with the structural and functional elucidation of SPM indicating the SPM as physiologic mediators and pharmacologic agonists that stimulate resolution of inflammation and infection. These results suggest that it is time to develop immunoresolvents as agonists for testing resolution pharmacology in nutrition and health as well as in human diseases and during surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chiang
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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153
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Sinniah A, Yazid S, Flower RJ. The Anti-allergic Cromones: Past, Present, and Future. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:827. [PMID: 29184504 PMCID: PMC5694476 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-allergic cromones were originally synthesized in the 1960s by Fisons Plc, and the first drug to emerge from this program, disodium cromoglycate was subsequently marketed for the treatment of asthma and other allergic conditions. Whilst early studies demonstrated that the ability of the cromones to prevent allergic reactions was due to their 'mast cell stabilizing' properties, the exact pharmacological mechanism by which this occurred, remained a mystery. Here, we briefly review the history of these drugs, recount some aspects of their pharmacology, and discuss two new explanations for their unique actions. We further suggest how these findings could be used to predict further uses for the cromones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajantha Sinniah
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Samia Yazid
- Trio Medicines Ltd., Hammersmith Medicines Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Roderick J Flower
- Centre for Biochemical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, St Barts and the Royal London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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154
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Easley JT, Maruyama CLM, Wang CS, Baker OJ. AT-RvD1 combined with DEX is highly effective in treating TNF-α-mediated disruption of the salivary gland epithelium. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/19/e12990. [PMID: 27694530 PMCID: PMC5064142 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic inflammation and destruction of salivary and lacrimal glands leading to dry mouth and dry eyes, respectively. Currently, the etiology of SS is unknown and the current therapies have no permanent benefit; therefore, new approaches are necessary to effectively treat this condition. Resolvins are highly potent endogenous lipid mediators that are synthesized during the resolution of inflammation to restore tissue homeostasis. Previous studies indicate that the resolvin family member, RvD1, binds to the ALX/FPR2 receptor to block inflammatory signals caused by tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the salivary epithelium. More recently, the corticosteroid, dexamethasone (DEX), was shown to be effective in reducing salivary gland inflammation. However, DEX, as with other corticosteroids, elicits adverse secondary effects that could be ameliorated when used in smaller doses. Therefore, we investigated whether the more stable aspirin-triggered (AT) epimer, AT-RvD1, combined with reduced doses of DEX is effective in treating TNF-α-mediated disruption of polarized rat parotid gland (Par-C10) epithelial cell clusters. Our results indicate that AT-RvD1 and DEX individually reduced TNF-α-mediated alteration in the salivary epithelium (i.e, maintained cell cluster formation, increased lumen size, reduced apoptosis, and preserved cell survival signaling responses) as compared to untreated cells. Furthermore, AT-RvD1 combined with a reduced dose of DEX produced stronger responses (i.e., robust salivary cell cluster formation, larger lumen sizes, further reduced apoptosis, and sustained survival signaling responses) as compared to those observed with individual treatments. These studies demonstrate that AT-RvD1 combined with DEX is highly effective in treating TNF-α-mediated disruption of salivary gland epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Easley
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | - Olga J Baker
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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155
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Stama ML, Ślusarczyk J, Lacivita E, Kirpotina LN, Schepetkin IA, Chamera K, Riganti C, Perrone R, Quinn MT, Basta-Kaim A, Leopoldo M. Novel ureidopropanamide based N-formyl peptide receptor 2 (FPR2) agonists with potential application for central nervous system disorders characterized by neuroinflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:703-720. [PMID: 29102463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Formyl peptide receptor2 (FPR2) is a G-protein coupled receptor that plays critical roles in inflammatory reactions. FPR2-specific interaction can be possibly used to facilitate the resolution of pathological inflammatory responses by enhancing endogenous anti-inflammation systems. Starting from our lead agonist 5, we designed new ureidopropanamides derivatives able to activate FPR2 in transfected cells and human neutrophils. The new FPR2 agonists showed good stability towards oxidative metabolism in vitro. Moreover, selected compounds showed anti-inflammatory properties in LPS-stimulated rat primary microglial cells. (S)-3-(4-Cyanophenyl)-N-[[1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)cyclopropyl]methyl]-2-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)ureido]propanamide ((S)-17) emerged as prospective pharmacological tool to study the effects of FPR2 activation in the central nervous system (CNS) being able to reduce IL-1β and TNF-α levels in LPS-stimulated microglial cells and showing good permeation rate in hCMEC/D3 cells, an in vitro model of blood brain barrier. These results are very promising and can open new therapeutic perspectives in the treatment of CNS disorders characterized by neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Letizia Stama
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Joanna Ślusarczyk
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy.
| | - Liliya N Kirpotina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Igor A Schepetkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Katarzyna Chamera
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Dipartimento di Oncologia, Università di Torino, via Santena, 5/bis, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Roberto Perrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Mark T Quinn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, 59717, USA
| | - Agnieszka Basta-Kaim
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna St, 31-343, Krakow, Poland
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, via Orabona, 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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156
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Zhang Z, Ma Q, Shah B, Mackensen GB, Lo DC, Mathew JP, Podgoreanu MV, Terrando N. Neuroprotective Effects of Annexin A1 Tripeptide after Deep Hypothermic Circulatory Arrest in Rats. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1050. [PMID: 28912778 PMCID: PMC5582068 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Resolution agonists, including lipid mediators and peptides such as annexin A1 (ANXA1), are providing novel approaches to treat inflammatory conditions. Surgical trauma exerts a significant burden on the immune system that can affect and impair multiple organs. Perioperative cerebral injury after cardiac surgery is associated with significant adverse neurological outcomes such as delirium and postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Using a clinically relevant rat model of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA), we tested the pro-resolving effects of a novel bioactive ANXA1 tripeptide (ANXA1sp) on neuroinflammation and cognition. Male rats underwent 2 h CPB with 1 h DHCA at 18°C, and received vehicle or ANXA1sp followed by timed reperfusion up to postoperative day 7. Immortalized murine microglial cell line BV2 were treated with vehicle or ANXA1sp and subjected to 2 h oxygen–glucose deprivation followed by timed reoxygenation. Microglial activation, cell death, neuroinflammation, and NF-κB activation were assessed in tissue samples and cell cultures. Rats exposed to CPB and DHCA had evident neuroinflammation in various brain areas. However, in ANXA1sp-treated rats, microglial activation and cell death (apoptosis and necrosis) were reduced at 24 h and 7 days after surgery. This was associated with a reduction in key pro-inflammatory cytokines due to inhibition of NF-κB activation in the brain and systemically. Treated rats also had improved neurologic scores and shorter latency in the Morris water maze. In BV2 cells treated with ANXA1sp, similar protective effects were observed including decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines and cell death. Notably, we also found increased expression of ANXA1, which binds to NF-κB p65 and thereby inhibits its transcriptional activity. Our findings provide evidence that treatment with a novel pro-resolving ANXA1 tripeptide is neuroprotective after cardiac surgery in rats by attenuating neuroinflammation and may prevent postoperative neurologic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiquan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bijal Shah
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - G Burkhard Mackensen
- Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Donald C Lo
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Joseph P Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Mihai V Podgoreanu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Niccolò Terrando
- Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States.,Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, United States
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157
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Perucci LO, Sugimoto MA, Gomes KB, Dusse LM, Teixeira MM, Sousa LP. Annexin A1 and specialized proresolving lipid mediators: promoting resolution as a therapeutic strategy in human inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2017; 21:879-896. [PMID: 28786708 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2017.1364363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The timely resolution of inflammation is essential to restore tissue homeostasis and to avoid chronic inflammatory diseases. Resolution of inflammation is an active process modulated by various proresolving mediators, including annexin A1 (AnxA1) and specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs), which counteract excessive inflammatory responses and stimulate proresolving mechanisms. Areas covered: The protective effects of AnxA1 and SPMs have been extensively explored in pre-clinical animal models. However, studies investigating the function of these molecules in human diseases are just emerging. This review highlights recent advances on the role of proresolving mediators, and pharmacological opportunities of promoting resolution pathways in preclinical models and patients with various human diseases. Expert opinion: Dysregulation or 'failure' in proresolving mechanisms might be involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases. Altered levels of proresolving mediators were found in a wide range of human diseases. In some cases, AnxA1 and SPMs are up-regulated in human blood and tissues but fail to engage in proresolving signaling and, hence, to regulate excessive inflammation. Thus, the new concept of 'resolution pharmacology' could be applied to compensate deficiency of endogenous proresolving mediators' generation and/or possible failures in the engagement of resolution pathways observed in many chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Oliveira Perucci
- a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Michelle Amantéa Sugimoto
- a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Karina Braga Gomes
- a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Luci Maria Dusse
- a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- d Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Lirlândia Pires Sousa
- a Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil.,c Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas , Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Minas Gerais , Brazil
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158
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Conformational Characteristics of Rice Hexokinase OsHXK7 as a Moonlighting Protein involved in Sugar Signalling and Metabolism. Protein J 2017; 36:249-256. [PMID: 28555318 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-017-9718-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase (HXK) as a moonlighting protein involves in glucose metabolism and signalling to regulate growth and development in plants. Therefore, the clarification for the structural properties of OsHXK7 (Oryza sativa Hexokinase 7) is essential to understand its role mechanism associated with the Glc signalling and metabolism. In this study, the structural characteristics of OsHXK7 (Oryza sativa Hexokinase 7) were identified. In the fluorescence spectrum, the Trp peak representing OsHXK7 binding to D-glucose (D-Glc) and 2-deoxyglucose (2-dG) showed an obvious blue shift. The distinct change in the secondary structure of OsHXK7 after binding to Glc was also detected in circular dichroism spectra. Using superimposed modelling, OsHXK7 showed a Glc-induced structural change, in which the 76th glycine, 148th serine and 256th tryptophan were contained within the pocket region. It was further shown by site-directed mutagenesis that the 76th glycine and the 256th tryptophan, but not the 148th serine, are the pivotal sites of OsHXK7 that maintain its catalytic activity and intrinsic blue shift fluorescence. These results suggest that OsHXK7 binding to Glc leads to a conformational change, that is likely essential for the function of OsHXK7 in Glc signalling and metabolism during plant growth and development.
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159
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Ricklefs I, Barkas I, Duvall MG, Cernadas M, Grossman NL, Israel E, Bleecker ER, Castro M, Erzurum SC, Fahy JV, Gaston BM, Denlinger LC, Mauger DT, Wenzel SE, Comhair SA, Coverstone AM, Fajt ML, Hastie AT, Johansson MW, Peters MC, Phillips BR, Levy BD. ALX receptor ligands define a biochemical endotype for severe asthma. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93534. [PMID: 28724795 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In health, inflammation resolution is an active process governed by specialized proresolving mediators and receptors. ALX/FPR2 receptors (ALX) are targeted by both proresolving and proinflammatory ligands for opposing signaling events, suggesting pivotal roles for ALX in the fate of inflammatory responses. Here, we determined if ALX expression and ligands were linked to severe asthma (SA). METHODS ALX expression and levels of proresolving ligands (lipoxin A4 [LXA4], 15-epi-LXA4, and annexin A1 [ANXA1]), and a proinflammatory ligand (serum amyloid A [SAA]) were measured in bronchoscopy samples collected in Severe Asthma Research Program-3 (SA [n = 69], non-SA [NSA, n = 51] or healthy donors [HDs, n = 47]). RESULTS Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid LXA4 and 15-epi-LXA4 were decreased and SAA was increased in SA relative to NSA. BAL macrophage ALX expression was increased in SA. Subjects with LXA4loSAAhi levels had increased BAL neutrophils, more asthma symptoms, lower lung function, increased relative risk for asthma exacerbation, sinusitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease, and were assigned more frequently to SA clinical clusters. SAA and aliquots of LXA4loSAAhi BAL fluid induced IL-8 production by lung epithelial cells expressing ALX receptors, which was inhibited by coincubation with 15-epi-LXA4. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings have established an association between select ALX receptor ligands and asthma severity that define a potentially new biochemical endotype for asthma and support a pivotal functional role for ALX signaling in the fate of lung inflammation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Severe Asthma Research Program-3 (SARP-3; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01606826)FUNDING Sources. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, the NIH, and the German Society of Pediatric Pneumology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Ricklefs
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
| | - Ioanna Barkas
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
| | - Melody G Duvall
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and.,Division of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Manuela Cernadas
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
| | - Nicole L Grossman
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
| | - Elliot Israel
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
| | - Eugene R Bleecker
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mario Castro
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Serpil C Erzurum
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - John V Fahy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Benjamin M Gaston
- Department of Pediatrics, Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Loren C Denlinger
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David T Mauger
- Division of Statistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Suzy A Comhair
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrea M Coverstone
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Merritt L Fajt
- Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Annette T Hastie
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mats W Johansson
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Michael C Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brenda R Phillips
- Division of Statistics and Bioinformatics, Department of Public Health Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and
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160
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Fraga VG, Carvalho MDG, Caramelli P, de Sousa LP, Gomes KB. Resolution of inflammation, n-3 fatty acid supplementation and Alzheimer disease: A narrative review. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 310:111-119. [PMID: 28778434 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), a persistent and unresolved neuroinflammatory process can contribute to neuronal loss and a decline in their cognitive and functional abilities. Recent studies have demonstrated that the ability to resolve inflammation is impaired in the brains of patients with AD. Preclinical evidence demonstrates the potential of therapeutic interventions on the resolution phase of inflammation in AD. Supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FAs), precursors for specialized pro-resolving mediators, emerged as a possibility for prevention and management of AD. Here, we provide a narrative review of resolving inflammation in AD and the role of n-3 FA supplementation in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gomes Fraga
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria das Graças Carvalho
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo Caramelli
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia Pires de Sousa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Karina Braga Gomes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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161
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Abstract
Macrophages and neutrophils orchestrate acute inflammation and host defense as well as the resolution phase and return to homeostasis. In this article, we review the contribution of macrophages to local lipid mediator (LM) levels and the regulation of macrophage LM profiles by polymorphonuclear neutrophils and neutrophil-derived microparticles. We carried out LM metabololipidomics, profiling distinct phagocytes: neutrophils (PMNs), apoptotic PMNs, and macrophages. Efferocytosis increased specialized proresolving mediator (SPM) biosynthesis, including resolvin D1 (RvD1), RvD2, and RvE2, which were further elevated by PMN microparticles. In studies using deuterium-labeled precursors (d8-arachidonic acid, d5-eicosapentaenoic acid, and d5-docosahexaenoic acid), apoptotic PMNs and microparticles contributed to SPM biosynthesis during efferocytosis. Assessment of macrophage LM profiles in M2 macrophages demonstrated higher SPM levels in this macrophage subset, including maresin 1 (MaR1), and lower amounts of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and prostaglandins than in M1. Apoptotic PMN uptake by both macrophage subtypes led to modulation of their LM profiles. LTB4 was downregulated in M2, whereas SPMs including lipoxin A4 were increased. Conversely, uptake of apoptotic PMNs by M2 macrophages reduced (∼25%) overall LMs. MaR1 displays potent tissue-regenerative and antinociceptive actions in addition to its proresolving and anti-inflammatory actions. In addition, the MaR1 biosynthetic intermediate 13S,14S-epoxy-maresin is also bioactive, inhibiting LTB4 biosynthesis and switching macrophage phenotypes from M1 to M2. Together, these results establish LM signature profiles of human phagocytes and related subpopulations. They demonstrate microparticle regulation of macrophage-specific endogenous LMs during defined stages of acute inflammation and their dynamic changes in human primary phagocytes.
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162
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Lima KM, Vago JP, Caux TR, Negreiros-Lima GL, Sugimoto MA, Tavares LP, Arribada RG, Carmo AAF, Galvão I, Costa BRC, Soriani FM, Pinho V, Solito E, Perretti M, Teixeira MM, Sousa LP. The resolution of acute inflammation induced by cyclic AMP is dependent on annexin A1. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:13758-13773. [PMID: 28655761 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.800391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a glucocorticoid-regulated protein known for its anti-inflammatory and pro-resolving effects. We have shown previously that the cAMP-enhancing compounds rolipram (ROL; a PDE4 inhibitor) and Bt2cAMP (a cAMP mimetic) drive caspase-dependent resolution of neutrophilic inflammation. In this follow-up study, we investigated whether AnxA1 could be involved in the pro-resolving properties of these compounds using a model of LPS-induced inflammation in BALB/c mice. The treatment with ROL or Bt2cAMP at the peak of inflammation shortened resolution intervals, improved resolution indices, and increased AnxA1 expression. In vitro studies showed that ROL and Bt2cAMP induced AnxA1 expression and phosphorylation, and this effect was prevented by PKA inhibitors, suggesting the involvement of PKA in ROL-induced AnxA1 expression. Akin to these in vitro findings, H89 prevented ROL- and Bt2cAMP-induced resolution of inflammation, and it was associated with decreased levels of intact AnxA1. Moreover, two different strategies to block the AnxA1 pathway (by using N-t-Boc-Met-Leu-Phe, a nonselective AnxA1 receptor antagonist, or by using an anti-AnxA1 neutralizing antiserum) prevented ROL- and Bt2cAMP-induced resolution and neutrophil apoptosis. Likewise, the ability of ROL or Bt2cAMP to induce neutrophil apoptosis was impaired in AnxA-knock-out mice. Finally, in in vitro settings, ROL and Bt2cAMP overrode the survival-inducing effect of LPS in human neutrophils in an AnxA1-dependent manner. Our results show that AnxA1 is at least one of the endogenous determinants mediating the pro-resolving properties of cAMP-elevating agents and cAMP-mimetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kátia M Lima
- From the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas.,the Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia.,the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Juliana P Vago
- From the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas.,the Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia.,the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Thaís R Caux
- the Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia.,the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Graziele Letícia Negreiros-Lima
- the Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia.,the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Michelle A Sugimoto
- the Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia.,the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- the Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia.,the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Raquel G Arribada
- the Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia.,the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Aline Alves F Carmo
- the Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia.,the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Izabela Galvão
- the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Bruno Rocha C Costa
- the Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia.,the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Frederico M Soriani
- the Departamento de Biologia Geral, Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Pampulha 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil and
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- From the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas.,the Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia.,the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Egle Solito
- the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Perretti
- the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- From the Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, .,the Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia.,the Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, and
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163
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Gobbetti T, Cooray SN. Annexin A1 and resolution of inflammation: tissue repairing properties and signalling signature. Biol Chem 2017; 397:981-93. [PMID: 27447237 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is essential to protect the host from exogenous and endogenous dangers that ultimately lead to tissue injury. The consequent tissue repair is intimately associated with the fate of the inflammatory response. Restoration of tissue homeostasis is achieved through a balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory/pro-resolving mediators. In chronic inflammatory diseases such balance is compromised, resulting in persistent inflammation and impaired healing. During the last two decades the glucocorticoid-regulated protein Annexin A1 (AnxA1) has emerged as a potent pro-resolving mediator acting on several facets of the innate immune system. Here, we review the therapeutic effects of AnxA1 on tissue healing and repairing together with the molecular targets responsible for these complex biological properties.
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164
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Leoni G, Nusrat A. Annexin A1: shifting the balance towards resolution and repair. Biol Chem 2017; 397:971-9. [PMID: 27232634 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2016-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial barriers play an important role in regulating mucosal homeostasis. Upon injury, the epithelium and immune cells orchestrate repair mechanisms that re-establish homeostasis. This process is highly regulated by protein and lipid mediators such as Annexin A1 (ANXA1). In this review, we focus on the pro-repair properties of ANXA1.
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165
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Hughes EL, Becker F, Flower RJ, Buckingham JC, Gavins FNE. Mast cells mediate early neutrophil recruitment and exhibit anti-inflammatory properties via the formyl peptide receptor 2/lipoxin A 4 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:2393-2408. [PMID: 28471519 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In recent years, studies have focused on the resolution of inflammation, which can be achieved by endogenous anti-inflammatory agonists such as Annexin A1 (AnxA1). Here, we investigated the effects of mast cells (MCs) on early LPS-induced neutrophil recruitment and the involvement of the AnxA1-formyl peptide receptor 2/ALX (FPR2/ALX or lipoxin A4 receptor) pathway. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Intravital microscopy (IVM) was used to visualize and quantify the effects of LPS (10 μg per mouse i.p.) on murine mesenteric cellular interactions. Furthermore, the role that MCs play in these inflammatory responses was determined in vivo and in vitro, and effects of AnxA1 mimetic peptide Ac2-26 were assessed. KEY RESULTS LPS increased both neutrophil endothelial cell interactions within the mesenteric microcirculation and MC activation (determined by IVM and ruthenium red dye uptake), which in turn lead to the early stages of neutrophil recruitment. MC recruitment of neutrophils could be blocked by preventing the pro-inflammatory activation (using cromolyn sodium) or enhancing an anti-inflammatory phenotype (using Ac2-26) in MCs. Furthermore, MCs induced neutrophil migration in vitro, and MC stabilization enhanced the release of AnxA1 from neutrophils. Pharmacological approaches (such as the administration of FPR pan-antagonist Boc2, or the FPR2/ALX antagonist WRW4) revealed neutrophil FPR2/ALX to be important in this process. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Data presented here provide evidence for a role of MCs, which are ideally positioned in close proximity to the vasculature, to act as sentinel cells in neutrophil extravasation and resolution of inflammation via the AnxA1-FPR2/ALX pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen L Hughes
- Centre for Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Felix Becker
- Department for General and Visceral Surgery, University Hospital Muenster, 48149, Muenster, Germany
| | - Roderick J Flower
- Centre of Biochemical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University, London, EC1V 3AJ, UK
| | | | - Felicity N E Gavins
- Centre for Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Centre Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, 71130, USA
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166
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Roy J, Mazzaferri J, Filep JG, Costantino S. A Haptotaxis Assay for Neutrophils using Optical Patterning and a High-content Approach. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2869. [PMID: 28588217 PMCID: PMC5460230 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02993-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil recruitment guided by chemotactic cues is a central event in host defense against infection and tissue injury. While the mechanisms underlying neutrophil chemotaxis have been extensively studied, these are just recently being addressed by using high-content approaches or surface-bound chemotactic gradients (haptotaxis) in vitro. Here, we report a haptotaxis assay, based on the classic under-agarose assay, which combines an optical patterning technique to generate surface-bound formyl peptide gradients as well as an automated imaging and analysis of a large number of migration trajectories. We show that human neutrophils migrate on covalently-bound formyl-peptide gradients, which influence the speed and frequency of neutrophil penetration under the agarose. Analysis revealed that neutrophils migrating on surface-bound patterns accumulate in the region of the highest peptide concentration, thereby mimicking in vivo events. We propose the use of a chemotactic precision index, gyration tensors and neutrophil penetration rate for characterizing haptotaxis. This high-content assay provides a simple approach that can be applied for studying molecular mechanisms underlying haptotaxis on user-defined gradient shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannie Roy
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Javier Mazzaferri
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - János G Filep
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Santiago Costantino
- Research Center, Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Biomedical Engineering Institute, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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167
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Bronchoprotective mechanisms for specialized pro-resolving mediators in the resolution of lung inflammation. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 58:44-56. [PMID: 28455109 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bronchi are exposed daily to irritants, microbes and allergens as well as extremes of temperature and acid. The airway mucosal epithelium plays a pivotal role as a sentinel, releasing alarmins when danger is encountered. To maintain homeostasis, an elaborate counter-regulatory network of signals and cellular effector mechanisms are needed. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) are chemical mediators that enact resolution programs in response to injury, infection or allergy. SPMs are enzymatically derived from essential polyunsaturated fatty acids with potent cell-type specific immunoresolvent properties. SPMs signal by engaging cell-based receptors to turn off acute inflammatory responses and restore tissue homeostasis. Several common lung diseases involving the airways, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cystic fibrosis (CF), are characterized by unresolved bronchial inflammation. In preclinical murine models of lung disease, SPMs carry potent bronchoprotective actions. Here, we review cellular and molecular effects for SPM-initiated catabasis in the lung and their human translation.
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168
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Brennan EP, Cacace A, Godson C. Specialized pro-resolving mediators in renal fibrosis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 58:102-113. [PMID: 28479307 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and its timely resolution play a critical role in effective host defence and wound healing. Unresolved inflammatory responses underlie the pathology of many prevalent diseases resulting in tissue fibrosis and eventual organ failure as typified by kidney, lung and liver fibrosis. The role of autocrine and paracrine mediators including cytokines, prostaglandins and leukotrienes in initiating and sustaining inflammation is well established. More recently a physiological role for specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators [SPMs] in modulating inflammatory responses and promoting the resolution of inflammation has been appreciated. As will be discussed in this review, SPMs not only attenuate the development of fibrosis through promoting the resolution of inflammation but may also directly suppress fibrotic responses. These findings suggest novel therapeutic paradigms to treat intractable life-limiting diseases such as renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eoin P Brennan
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Antonino Cacace
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Catherine Godson
- UCD Diabetes Complications Research Centre, UCD Conway Institute & UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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169
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Sansbury BE, Spite M. Resolution of Acute Inflammation and the Role of Resolvins in Immunity, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. Circ Res 2017; 119:113-30. [PMID: 27340271 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.307308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a host-protective response that is mounted in response to tissue injury and infection. Initiated and perpetuated by exogenous and endogenous mediators, acute inflammation must be resolved for tissue repair to proceed and for homeostasis to be restored. Resolution of inflammation is an actively regulated process governed by an array of mediators as diverse as those that initiate inflammation. Among these, resolvins have emerged as a genus of evolutionarily conserved proresolving mediators that act on specific cellular receptors to regulate leukocyte trafficking and blunt production of inflammatory mediators, while also promoting clearance of dead cells and tissue repair. Given that chronic unresolved inflammation is emerging as a central causative factor in the development of cardiovascular diseases, an understanding of the endogenous processes that govern normal resolution of acute inflammation is critical for determining why sterile maladaptive cardiovascular inflammation perpetuates. Here, we provide an overview of the process of resolution with a focus on the enzymatic biosynthesis and receptor-dependent actions of resolvins and related proresolving mediators in immunity, thrombosis, and vascular biology. We discuss how nutritional and current therapeutic approaches modulate resolution and propose that harnessing resolution concepts could potentially lead to the development of new approaches for treating chronic cardiovascular inflammation in a manner that is not host disruptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Sansbury
- From the Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew Spite
- From the Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
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170
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Perretti M, Di Filippo C, D’Amico M, Dalli J. Characterizing the anti-inflammatory and tissue protective actions of a novel Annexin A1 peptide. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175786. [PMID: 28407017 PMCID: PMC5391094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation in now appreciated to be at the centre of may diseases that affect Western civilization. Current therapeutics for managing these conditions may interfere with the host response leading to immune suppression. We recently developed an annexin (Anx) A1-derived peptide, coined CR-AnxA12-50, which displays potent pro-resolving and tissue protective actions. Herein, we designed a novel peptide using CR-AnxA12-50 as a template that was significantly more resistant to neutrophil-mediated degradation. This peptide, termed CR-AnxA12-48, retained high affinity and specificity to the pro-resolving Lipoxin A4 receptor (ALX) with an IC50 of ~20nM. CR-AnxA12-48 dose dependently (100fM-10nM) promoted the efferocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils, an action that was mediated by the murine orthologue of human ALX. The neutrophil-directed actions were also retained with human primary cells were CR-AnxA12-48 reduced human neutrophil recruitment to activated endothelial cells at concentrations as low as 100 pM. This protective action was mediated by human ALX, since incubation of neutrophils with an anti-ALX antibody reversed this anti-inflammatory actions of CR-AnxA12-48. Administration of this peptide to mice during dermal inflammation led to a significant and dose dependent decrease in neutrophil recruitment. This reduction in neutrophil numbers was more pronounced than that displayed by the parent peptide CR-AnxA12-50. CR-AnxA12-48 was also cardioprotecitve reducing infarct size and systemic chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 concentration following ischemia reperfusion injury. These findings identify CR-AnxA12-48 as a new ALX agonist that regulates phagocyte responses and displays tissue-protective actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Perretti
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Di Filippo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele D’Amico
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
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171
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Serhan CN. Treating inflammation and infection in the 21st century: new hints from decoding resolution mediators and mechanisms. FASEB J 2017; 31:1273-1288. [PMID: 28087575 PMCID: PMC5349794 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601222r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Practitioners of ancient societies from the time of Hippocrates and earlier recognized and treated the signs of inflammation, heat, redness, swelling, and pain with agents that block or inhibit proinflammatory chemical mediators. More selective drugs are available today, but this therapeutic concept has not changed. Because the acute inflammatory response is host protective to contain foreign invaders, much of today's pharmacopeia can cause serious unwanted side effects, such as immune suppression. Uncontrolled inflammation is now considered pathophysiologic and is associated with many widely occurring diseases such as cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, obesity, and asthma, as well as classic inflammatory diseases (e.g., arthritis and periodontal diseases). The inflammatory response, when self-limited, produces a superfamily of chemical mediators that stimulate resolution of the response. Specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs), identified in recent years, are endogenous mediators that include the n-3-derived families resolvins, protectins, and maresins, as well as arachidonic acid-derived (n-6) lipoxins, which promote resolution of inflammation, clearance of microbes, reduction of pain, and promotion of tissue regeneration via novel mechanisms. Aspirin and statins have a positive impact on these resolution pathways, producing epimeric forms of specific SPMs, whereas other drugs can disrupt timely resolution. In this article, evidence from recent human and preclinical animal studies is reviewed, indicating that SPMs are physiologic mediators and pharmacologic agonists that stimulate resolution of inflammation and infection. The findings suggest that it is time to challenge current treatment practices-namely, using inhibitors and antagonists alone-and to develop immunoresolvents as agonists to test resolution pharmacology and their role in catabasis for their therapeutic potential.-Serhan, C. N. Treating inflammation and infection in the 21st century: new hints from decoding resolution mediators and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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172
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AT-RvD1 Promotes Resolution of Inflammation in NOD/ShiLtJ mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45525. [PMID: 28361884 PMCID: PMC5374540 DOI: 10.1038/srep45525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by diminished secretory function of the exocrine glands. Treatments for hyposalivation are limited to the use of saliva substitutes and medications that provide only temporary relief. In light of the high degree of need and the limitations of current therapies, development of alternative treatments to restore functioning is essential. Resolvins (Rv), which are highly potent lipid mediators, offer a viable alternative for better treating inflammatory diseases such as SS. The goal of this study was to determine whether systemic preventive treatment with Aspirin-triggered RvD1 (AT-RvD1) reduces inflammation and preserves secretory functioning in NOD/ShiLtJ SS-like mice. Our results indicate that systemic treatment with AT-RvD1 diminishes the progression of the disease in salivary epithelium from female mice as follows: (a) improves secretory function, (b) reduces pro-inflammatory molecule gene expression, (c) increases anti-inflammatory molecule gene expression and (d) induces M2 macrophage polarization. Finally, AT-RvD1 decreases lymphocytic infiltration into the salivary glands when used with small doses of the steroid, dexamethasone, and promotes the tissue healing process.
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173
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Fredman G, Sadhu S, Rymut N. Fine-tuning inflammation-resolution programs: focus on atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2017; 20:117-123. [PMID: 27984234 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Nonresolving inflammation is now considered the underpinning of several prevalent human diseases, including atherosclerosis. The resolution of inflammation is a highly coordinated program to counterbalance proinflammatory signals for a swift return to tissue homeostasis. This process is controlled in part by endogenous specialized proresolving lipid mediators (SPMs). Emerging evidence has revealed that the balance of SPMs and proinflammatory mediators during acute inflammation regulates the duration of the inflammatory response and the timing of tissue resolution. Moreover, an imbalance between SPMs and proinflammatory mediators has been linked to several prevalent chronic inflammatory diseases in humans, including atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Lipid mediator imbalances have recently been linked to atherosclerotic plaque instability. Administration of key SPMs restored this imbalance and led to plaque stability. SPMs have also recently been shown to be protective in other cardiovascular disease models including myocardial infarction, stroke and neointimal hyperplasia. SUMMARY The current review highlights recent work that supports the concept of dysregulated inflammation-resolution in atherosclerosis with a particular focus on mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities associated with SPM receptors and lipid mediator imbalances. This article is based on experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Fredman
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology in the Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA
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174
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Specialized pro-resolving mediators in cardiovascular diseases. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 58:65-71. [PMID: 28257820 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is a highly regulated process enacted by endogenous mediators including specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPMs): the lipoxins, resolvins, protectins and maresins. SPMs activate specific cellular receptors to temper the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, diminish the recruitment of neutrophils, and promote the clearance of dead cells by macrophages. These mediators also enhance host-defense and couple resolution of inflammation to subsequent phases of tissue repair. Given that unresolved inflammation plays a causal role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, an understanding of these endogenous pro-resolving processes is critical for determining why cardiovascular inflammation does not resolve. Here, we discuss the receptor-dependent actions of resolvins and related pro-resolving mediators and highlight their emerging roles in the cardiovascular system. We propose that stimulating resolution could be a novel approach for treating chronic cardiovascular inflammation without promoting immunosuppression.
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175
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Tu Y, Johnstone CN, Stewart AG. Annexin A1 influences in breast cancer: Controversies on contributions to tumour, host and immunoediting processes. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:278-288. [PMID: 28212890 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Annexin A1 is a multifunctional protein characterised by its actions in modulating the innate and adaptive immune response. Accumulating evidence of altered annexin A1 expression in many human tumours raises interest in its functional role in cancer biology. In breast cancer, altered annexin A1 expression levels suggest a potential influence on tumorigenic and metastatic processes. However, reports of conflicting results reveal a relationship that is much more complex than first conceptualised. In this review, we explore the diverse actions of annexin A1 on breast tumour cells and various host cell types, including stromal immune and structural cells, particularly in the context of cancer immunoediting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cameron N Johnstone
- Cancer & Inflammation Laboratory, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Heidelberg, Australia
| | - Alastair G Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.
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176
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Small-molecule-biased formyl peptide receptor agonist compound 17b protects against myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14232. [PMID: 28169296 PMCID: PMC5309721 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective treatment for managing myocardial infarction (MI) remains an urgent, unmet clinical need. Formyl peptide receptors (FPR) regulate inflammation, a major contributing mechanism to cardiac injury following MI. Here we demonstrate that FPR1/FPR2-biased agonism may represent a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MI. The small-molecule FPR1/FPR2 agonist, Compound 17b (Cmpd17b), exhibits a distinct signalling fingerprint to the conventional FPR1/FPR2 agonist, Compound-43 (Cmpd43). In Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably transfected with human FPR1 or FPR2, Compd17b is biased away from potentially detrimental FPR1/2-mediated calcium mobilization, but retains the pro-survival signalling, ERK1/2 and Akt phosphorylation, relative to Compd43. The pathological importance of the biased agonism of Cmpd17b is demonstrable as superior cardioprotection in both in vitro (cardiomyocytes and cardiofibroblasts) and MI injury in mice in vivo. These findings reveal new insights for development of small molecule FPR agonists with an improved cardioprotective profile for treating MI. G Protein-Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) can adopt different conformations, each linked to distinct cellular outcomes. Here the authors show that compound 17b, a novel agonist of the GPCR family member FPR, robustly activates cardioprotective but not detrimental FPR signalling, showing beneficial therapeutic effect in a mouse model of cardiac infarction.
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177
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Galvão I, Vago JP, Barroso LC, Tavares LP, Queiroz-Junior CM, Costa VV, Carneiro FS, Ferreira TP, Silva PMR, Amaral FA, Sousa LP, Teixeira MM. Annexin A1 promotes timely resolution of inflammation in murine gout. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:585-596. [PMID: 27995621 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gout is a self-limited inflammatory disease caused by deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in the joints. Resolution of inflammation is an active process leading to restoration of tissue homeostasis. Here, we studied the role of Annexin A1 (AnxA1), a glucocorticoid-regulated protein that has anti-inflammatory and proresolving actions, in resolution of acute gouty inflammation. Injection of MSU crystals in the knee joint of mice induced inflammation that was associated with expression of AnxA1 during the resolving phase of inflammation. Neutralization of AnxA1 with antiserum or blockade of its receptor with BOC-1 (nonselective) or WRW4 (selective) prevented the spontaneous resolution of gout. There was greater neutrophil infiltration after challenge with MSU crystals in AnxA1 knockout mice (AnxA1-/- ) and delayed resolution associated to decreased neutrophil apoptosis and efferocytosis. Pretreatment of mice with AnxA1-active N-terminal peptide (Ac2-26 ) decreased neutrophil influx, IL-1β, and CXCL1 production in periarticular joint. Posttreatment with Ac2-26 decreased neutrophil accumulation, IL-1β, and hypernociception, and improved the articular histopathological score. Importantly, the therapeutic effects of Ac2-26 were associated with increased neutrophils apoptosis and shortened resolution intervals. In conclusion, AnxA1 plays a crucial role in the context of acute gouty inflammation by promoting timely resolution of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Galvão
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Vago
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Livia C Barroso
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciana P Tavares
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Celso M Queiroz-Junior
- Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vivian V Costa
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernanda S Carneiro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tatiana P Ferreira
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Patricia M R Silva
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flávio A Amaral
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.,Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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178
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Abstract
The past two decades have witnessed major advancements in the clinical management of inflammatory arthritis, with new treatment strategies in some cases providing a marked improvement in patient outcomes. However, it is widely accepted that current strategies do not provide the 'total therapeutic solution', in view of the proportion of patients who do not respond to therapy, the important incidence of adverse effects and the development of an immune response against antibodies or fusion proteins used therapeutically. Moreover, although some therapeutic approaches can effectively bring about an end to inflammation, mechanisms to promote the recovery and/or repair of damage are required. Harnessing the concepts and mechanisms of the resolution of inflammation is a new approach to the treatment of inflammatory pathologies; this approach could help address the unmet need for new therapeutic approaches that not only control but also revert the course of inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
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179
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Lipoxin A 4 activates ALX/FPR2 receptor to regulate conjunctival goblet cell secretion. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:46-57. [PMID: 27072607 PMCID: PMC5063650 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Conjunctival goblet cells play a major role in maintaining the mucus layer of the tear film under physiological conditions as well as in inflammatory diseases like dry eye and allergic conjunctivitis. Resolution of inflammation is mediated by proresolution agonists such as lipoxin A4 (LXA4) that can also function under physiological conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the actions of LXA4 on cultured rat conjunctival goblet cell mucin secretion, intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i), and identify signaling pathways activated by LXA4. ALX/FPR2 (formyl peptide receptor2) was localized to goblet cells in rat conjunctiva and in cultured goblet cells. LXA4 significantly increased mucin secretion, [Ca2+]i, and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) activation. These functions were inhibited by ALX/FPR2 inhibitors. Stable analogs of LXA4 increased [Ca2+]i to the same extent as LXA4. Sequential addition of either LXA4 or resolvin D1 followed by the second compound decreased [Ca2+]i of the second compound compared with its initial response. LXA4 activated phospholipases C, D, and A2 and downstream molecules protein kinase C, ERK 1/2, and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase to increase mucin secretion and [Ca2+]i. We conclude that conjunctival goblet cells respond to LXA4 to maintain the homeostasis of the ocular surface and could be a novel treatment for dry eye diseases.
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180
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Cuendet MA, Weinstein H, LeVine MV. The Allostery Landscape: Quantifying Thermodynamic Couplings in Biomolecular Systems. J Chem Theory Comput 2016; 12:5758-5767. [PMID: 27766843 PMCID: PMC5156960 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Allostery plays a fundamental role
in most biological processes.
However, little theory is available to describe it outside of two-state
models. Here we use a statistical mechanical approach to show that
the allosteric coupling between two collective variables is not a
single number, but instead a two-dimensional thermodynamic coupling
function that is directly related to the mutual information from information
theory and the copula density function from probability theory. On
this basis, we demonstrate how to quantify the contribution of specific
energy terms to this thermodynamic coupling function, enabling an
approximate decomposition that reveals the mechanism of allostery.
We illustrate the thermodynamic coupling function and its use by showing
how allosteric coupling in the alanine dipeptide molecule contributes
to the overall shape of the Φ/Ψ free energy surface, and
by identifying the interactions that are necessary for this coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel A Cuendet
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, UNIL Sorge, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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181
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de Jong R, Leoni G, Drechsler M, Soehnlein O. The advantageous role of annexin A1 in cardiovascular disease. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 11:261-274. [PMID: 27860536 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1259059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response protects the human body against infection and injury. However, uncontrolled and unresolved inflammation can lead to tissue damage and chronic inflammatory diseases. Therefore, active resolution of inflammation is essential to restore tissue homeostasis. This review focuses on the pro-resolving molecule annexin A1 (ANXA1) and its derived peptides. Mechanisms instructed by ANXA1 are multidisciplinary and affect leukocytes as well as endothelial cells and tissue resident cells like macrophages and mast cells. ANXA1 has an outstanding role in limiting leukocyte recruitment and different aspects of ANXA1 as modulator of the leukocyte adhesion cascade are discussed here. Additionally, this review details the therapeutic relevance of ANXA1 and its derived peptides in cardiovascular diseases since atherosclerosis stands out as a chronic inflammatory disease with impaired resolution and continuous leukocyte recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske de Jong
- a Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention , Ludwig-Maximilians University , Munich , Germany.,b Department of Pathology , Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Giovanna Leoni
- a Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention , Ludwig-Maximilians University , Munich , Germany.,b Department of Pathology , Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University , Amsterdam , the Netherlands
| | - Maik Drechsler
- a Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention , Ludwig-Maximilians University , Munich , Germany.,b Department of Pathology , Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.,c DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , Germany
| | - Oliver Soehnlein
- a Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention , Ludwig-Maximilians University , Munich , Germany.,b Department of Pathology , Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam University , Amsterdam , the Netherlands.,c DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance , Munich , Germany
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182
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Lipoxin A 4 Counter-regulates Histamine-stimulated Glycoconjugate Secretion in Conjunctival Goblet Cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36124. [PMID: 27824117 PMCID: PMC5099697 DOI: 10.1038/srep36124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Conjunctival goblet cells synthesize and secrete mucins which play an important role in protecting the ocular surface. Pro-resolution mediators, such as lipoxin A4 (LXA4), are produced during inflammation returning the tissue to homeostasis and are also produced in non-inflamed tissues. The purpose of this study was to determine the actions of LXA4 on cultured human conjunctival goblet cell mucin secretion and increase in intracellular [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]i) and on histamine-stimulated responses. LXA4 increased mucin secretion and [Ca2+]i, and activated ERK1/2 in human goblet cells. Addition of LXA4 before resolvin D1 (RvD1) decreased RvD1 responses though RvD1 did not block LXA4 responses. LXA4 inhibited histamine-stimulated increases in mucin secretion, [Ca2+]i, and ERK1/2 activation through activation of β-adrenergic receptor kinase 1. We conclude that conjunctival goblet cells respond to LXA4 through the ALX/FPR2 receptor to maintain homeostasis of the ocular surface and regulate histamine responses and could provide a new therapeutic approach for allergic conjunctivitis and dry eye diseases.
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183
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Hydrogen-Rich Saline Attenuates Acute Hepatic Injury in Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis by Inhibiting Inflammation and Apoptosis, Involving JNK and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase-dependent Reactive Oxygen Species. Pancreas 2016; 45:1424-1431. [PMID: 27518466 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to study the role of hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) on acute hepatic injury (AHI) in acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). METHODS Rats were used for this study and an ANP model was induced by injecting 5% sodium taurocholate into the biliary-pancreatic duct. Experiments were performed in 3 groups: sham, ANP, and ANP + HRS (HRS). Animals were killed at 3, 12, and 24 hours after operation, and then blood and tissue samples were harvested. Various physiological, histological, and cellular and molecular parameters were analyzed. RESULTS Analyses of serum, lipase, alanine transaminase, and aspartate aminotransferase indicated that ANP-induced AHI model was established successfully and HRS attenuated hepatic dysfunction. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels showed HRS against oxidative stress. Cellular and molecular analyses including p-p38, p-JNK, p-ERK, and caspase-3, caspase-9, NF-κB, and TNF-α in hepatic tissues revealed that HRS attenuated ANP-induced AHI by inhibiting apoptosis and phosphorylation of JNK and p38, as well as NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS Hydrogen-rich saline plays a protective role in ANP-induced AHI through inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis, involving JNK and p38 MAPK-dependent reactive oxygen species.
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184
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McArthur S, Loiola RA, Maggioli E, Errede M, Virgintino D, Solito E. The restorative role of annexin A1 at the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2016; 13:17. [PMID: 27655189 PMCID: PMC5031267 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-016-0043-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Annexin A1 is a potent anti-inflammatory molecule that has been extensively studied in the peripheral immune system, but has not as yet been exploited as a therapeutic target/agent. In the last decade, we have undertaken the study of this molecule in the central nervous system (CNS), focusing particularly on the primary interface between the peripheral body and CNS: the blood-brain barrier. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of this molecule in the brain, with a particular emphasis on its functions in the endothelium of the blood-brain barrier, and the protective actions the molecule may exert in neuroinflammatory, neurovascular and metabolic disease. We focus on the possible new therapeutic avenues opened up by an increased understanding of the role of annexin A1 in the CNS vasculature, and its potential for repairing blood-brain barrier damage in disease and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon McArthur
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Rodrigo Azevedo Loiola
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Elisa Maggioli
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - Mariella Errede
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Bari University School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Virgintino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Bari University School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Egle Solito
- William Harvey Research Institute, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University, London, UK
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185
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Titos E, Rius B, López-Vicario C, Alcaraz-Quiles J, García-Alonso V, Lopategi A, Dalli J, Lozano JJ, Arroyo V, Delgado S, Serhan CN, Clària J. Signaling and Immunoresolving Actions of Resolvin D1 in Inflamed Human Visceral Adipose Tissue. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3360-3370. [PMID: 27647830 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Persistent activation of the innate immune system greatly influences the risk for developing metabolic complications associated with obesity. In this study, we explored the therapeutic potential of the specialized proresolving mediator (SPM) resolvin D1 (RvD1) to actively promote the resolution of inflammation in human visceral adipose tissue from obese (Ob) patients. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based metabololipidomic analysis, we identified unbalanced production of SPMs (i.e., D- and E-series resolvins, protectin D1, maresin 1, and lipoxins) with respect to inflammatory lipid mediators (i.e., leukotriene B4 and PGs) in omental adipose tissue from Ob patients. In parallel, high-throughput transcriptomic analysis revealed a unique signature in this tissue that was characterized by overactivation of the IL-10 signaling pathway. Incubation of inflamed Ob visceral adipose tissues and human macrophages with RvD1 limited excessive activation of the IL-10 pathway by reducing phosphorylation of STAT proteins. Of interest, RvD1 blocked STAT-1 and its target inflammatory genes (i.e., CXCL9), as well as persistent STAT3 activation, without affecting the IL-10 anti-inflammatory response characterized by inhibition of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α. Furthermore, RvD1 promoted resolution by enhancing expression of the IL-10 target gene heme oxygenase-1 by mechanisms dependent on p38 MAPK activity. Together, our data show that RvD1 can tailor the quantitative and qualitative responses of human inflamed adipose tissue to IL-10 and provide a mechanistic basis for the immunoresolving actions of RvD1 in this tissue. These findings may have potential therapeutic implications in obesity-related insulin resistance and other metabolic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Titos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona 08036, Spain; .,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Liver and Digestive Diseases, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Bibiana Rius
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Cristina López-Vicario
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - José Alcaraz-Quiles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Verónica García-Alonso
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Aritz Lopategi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Juan José Lozano
- Biomedical Research Networking Center on Liver and Digestive Diseases, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Vicente Arroyo
- European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona 08036, Spain
| | - Salvadora Delgado
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Hospital Clínic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona 08036, Spain; and
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Joan Clària
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Hospital Clínic, August Pi i Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona 08036, Spain; .,Biomedical Research Networking Center on Liver and Digestive Diseases, Barcelona 08036, Spain.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08036, Spain
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186
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Lipid mediators as regulators of human ILC2 function in allergic diseases. Immunol Lett 2016; 179:36-42. [PMID: 27396531 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) are specialized in type 2 immunity. ILC2 are activated early in immune responses and, despite their low abundance, are able to initiate and amplify allergic inflammation by orchestrating other type 2 immune cells. Based on recent discoveries, the spectrum of ILC2 regulating factors has been extended. It is now well established that not only epithelial cell-derived innate cytokines, but also bioactive lipids can regulate ILC2 activity and accumulation. Additionally, ILC2 appear to be susceptible to changes in the cytokine milieu and can acquire an ILC1-like phenotype due to a high degree of cellular plasticity. As ILC2 are fundamentally involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diseases, they represent a promising therapeutic target for allergic airway and skin diseases. In this review we summarize the current knowledge about ILC2 biology in the allergy context, with a particular focus on the emerging role of lipid mediators in regulating ILC2 function.
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187
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Kamaly N, Fredman G, Fojas JJR, Subramanian M, Choi W, Zepeda K, Vilos C, Yu M, Gadde S, Wu J, Milton J, Leitao RC, Fernandes LR, Hasan M, Gao H, Nguyen V, Harris J, Tabas I, Farokhzad OC. Targeted Interleukin-10 Nanotherapeutics Developed with a Microfluidic Chip Enhance Resolution of Inflammation in Advanced Atherosclerosis. ACS NANO 2016; 10:5280-92. [PMID: 27100066 PMCID: PMC5199136 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b01114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is an essential protective biological response involving a coordinated cascade of signals between cytokines and immune signaling molecules that facilitate return to tissue homeostasis after acute injury or infection. However, inflammation is not effectively resolved in chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis and can lead to tissue damage and exacerbation of the underlying condition. Therapeutics that dampen inflammation and enhance resolution are currently of considerable interest, in particular those that temper inflammation with minimal host collateral damage. Here we present the development and efficacy investigations of controlled-release polymeric nanoparticles incorporating the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10) for targeted delivery to atherosclerotic plaques. Nanoparticles were nanoengineered via self-assembly of biodegradable polyester polymers by nanoprecipitation using a rapid micromixer chip capable of producing nanoparticles with retained IL-10 bioactivity post-exposure to organic solvent. A systematic combinatorial approach was taken to screen nanoparticles, resulting in an optimal bioactive formulation from in vitro and ex vivo studies. The most potent nanoparticle termed Col-IV IL-10 NP22 significantly tempered acute inflammation in a self-limited peritonitis model and was shown to be more potent than native IL-10. Furthermore, the Col-IV IL-10 nanoparticles prevented vulnerable plaque formation by increasing fibrous cap thickness and decreasing necrotic cores in advanced lesions of high fat-fed LDLr(-/-) mice. These results demonstrate the efficacy and pro-resolving potential of this engineered nanoparticle for controlled delivery of the potent IL-10 cytokine for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazila Kamaly
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gabrielle Fredman
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Jhalique Jane R. Fojas
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Manikandan Subramanian
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Won Choi
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Center for Convergence Bioceramic Materials, Convergence R&D Division, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering and Technology, 101, Soho-ro, Jinj-si, Gyeongsangnam-do 52851, Republic of Korea
| | - Katherine Zepeda
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Cristian Vilos
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Facultad de Medicina, Center for Integrative and Innovative Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Echaurren 183, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Mikyung Yu
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Suresh Gadde
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jaclyn Milton
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Renata Carvalho Leitao
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Livia Rosa Fernandes
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Moaraj Hasan
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Huayi Gao
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Vance Nguyen
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jordan Harris
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ira Tabas
- Departments of Medicine, Pathology and Cell Biology, and Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
- Corresponding Authors: .
| | - Omid C. Farokhzad
- Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Biomaterials, Harvard Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding Authors: .
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Abstract
Annexin A1 (ANXA1) is a Ca(2+)-regulated phospholipid-binding protein involved in various cell processes. ANXA1 was initially widely studied in inflammation resolution, but its overexpression was later reported in a large number of cancers. Further in-depth investigations have revealed that this protein could have many roles in cancer progression and act at different levels (from cancer initiation to metastasis). This is partly due to the location of ANXA1 in different cell compartments. ANXA1 can be nuclear, cytoplasmic and/or membrane associated. This last location allows ANXA1 to be proteolytically cleaved and/or to become accessible to its cognate partners, the formyl-peptide receptors. Indeed, in some cancers, ANXA1 is found at the cell surface, where it stimulates formyl-peptide receptors to trigger oncogenic pathways. In the present review, we look at the different locations of ANXA1 and their association with the deregulated pathways often observed in cancers. We have specifically detailed the non-classic pathways of ANXA1 externalization, the significance of its cleavage and the role of the ANXA1-formyl-peptide receptor complex in cancer progression.
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189
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Wang CS, Wee Y, Yang CH, Melvin JE, Baker OJ. ALX/FPR2 Modulates Anti-Inflammatory Responses in Mouse Submandibular Gland. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24244. [PMID: 27064029 PMCID: PMC4827125 DOI: 10.1038/srep24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of the G-protein coupled formyl peptide receptor 2 (ALX/FPR2) by the lipid mediators lipoxin A4 and resolvin D1 (RvD1) promotes resolution of inflammation. Our previous in vitro studies indicate that RvD1 activation of ALX/FPR2 resolves cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses in mammalian cells. However, the impact of ALX/FPR2 activation on salivary gland function in vivo is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine whether submandibular glands (SMG) from ALX/FPR2(-/-) mice display enhanced inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation. For these studies, C57BL/6 and ALX/FPR2(-/-) mice at age 8-12-week-old were treated with LPS by i.p for 24 h. Salivary gland structure and function were analyzed by histopathological assessment, saliva flow rate, quantitative PCR, Western blot analyses and immunofluorescence. Our results showed the following events in the ALX/FPR2(-/-) mice treated with LPS: a) upregulated inflammatory cytokines and decreased M3R (Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptor M3) and AQP5 (Aquaporin 5) protein expression, b) decreased saliva secretion, c) increased apoptosis, d) alteration of tight junction and neuronal damage. Overall, our data suggest that the loss of ALX/FPR2 results in unresolved acute inflammation and SMG dysfunction (xerostomia) in response to LPS that is similar to human salivary gland dysfunction induced by bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Shuen Wang
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
| | - Yinshen Wee
- The Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, 84102, USA
| | - Chieh-Hsiang Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - James E. Melvin
- National Institute of Dental & Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Olga J. Baker
- School of Dentistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA
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190
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Lim JY, Choi SI, Choi G, Hwang SW. Atypical sensors for direct and rapid neuronal detection of bacterial pathogens. Mol Brain 2016; 9:26. [PMID: 26960533 PMCID: PMC4784462 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infection can threaten the normal biological functions of a host, often leading to a disease. Hosts have developed complex immune systems to cope with the danger. Preceding the elimination of pathogens, selective recognition of the non-self invaders is necessary. At the forefront of the body’s defenses are the innate immune cells, which are equipped with particular sensor molecules that can detect common exterior patterns of invading pathogens and their secreting toxins as well as with phagocytic machinery. Inflammatory mediators and cytokines released from these innate immune cells and infected tissues can boost the inflammatory cascade and further recruit adaptive immune cells to maximize the elimination and resolution. The nervous system also seems to interact with this process, mostly known to be affected by the inflammatory mediators through the binding of neuronal receptors, consequently activating neural circuits that tune the local and systemic inflammatory states. Recent research has suggested new contact points: direct interactions of sensory neurons with pathogens. Latest findings demonstrated that the sensory neurons not only share pattern recognition mechanisms with innate immune cells, but also utilize endogenous and exogenous electrogenic components for bacterial pathogen detection, by which the electrical firing prompts faster information flow than what could be achieved when the immune system is solely involved. As a result, rapid pain generation and active accommodation of the immune status occur. Here we introduced the sensory neuron-specific detector molecules for directly responding to bacterial pathogens and their signaling mechanisms. We also discussed extended issues that need to be explored in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
| | - Seung-In Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
| | - Geunyeol Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
| | - Sun Wook Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea. .,Department of Physiology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 136-705, Korea.
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191
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Bozinovski S, Vlahos R, Anthony D, McQualter J, Anderson G, Irving L, Steinfort D. COPD and squamous cell lung cancer: aberrant inflammation and immunity is the common link. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:635-48. [PMID: 26013585 PMCID: PMC4742298 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has reached epidemic proportions within many regions of the world and remains the highest risk factor for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Squamous cell lung cancer is commonly detected in heavy smokers, where the risk of developing lung cancer is not solely defined by tobacco consumption. Although therapies that target common driver mutations in adenocarcinomas are showing some promise, they are proving ineffective in smoking-related squamous cell lung cancer. Since COPD is characterized by an excessive inflammatory and oxidative stress response, this review details how aberrant innate, adaptive and systemic inflammatory processes can contribute to lung cancer susceptibility in COPD. Activated leukocytes release increasing levels of proteases and free radicals as COPD progresses and tertiary lymphoid aggregates accumulate with increasing severity. Reactive oxygen species promote formation of reactive carbonyls that are not only tumourigenic through initiating DNA damage, but can directly alter the function of regulatory proteins involved in host immunity and tumour suppressor functions. Systemic inflammation is also markedly increased during infective exacerbations in COPD and the interplay between tumour-promoting serum amyloid A (SAA) and IL-17A is discussed. SAA is also an endogenous allosteric modifier of FPR2 expressed on immune and epithelial cells, and the therapeutic potential of targeting this receptor is proposed as a novel strategy for COPD-lung cancer overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health Sciences and Health Innovations Research Institute, RMIT University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Desiree Anthony
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Jonathan McQualter
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Gary Anderson
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Louis Irving
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Daniel Steinfort
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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192
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The role of the Annexin-A1/FPR2 system in the regulation of mast cell degranulation provoked by compound 48/80 and in the inhibitory action of nedocromil. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 32:87-95. [PMID: 26803520 PMCID: PMC4760273 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
1.We investigated the role of Annexin (ANX)-A1 and its receptor, ALX/FPR2, in the regulation of mast cell degranulation produced by compound 48/80. 2.Both human cord-blood derived mast cells (CBDMCs) and murine bone marrow derived mast cells (BMDMCs) release phosphorylated ANX-A1 during treatment with glucocorticoids or the mast cell 'stabilising' drugs ketotifen and nedocromil. 3.Compound 48/80 also stimulated ANX-A1 phosphorylation and release and this was also potentiated by nedocromil. Anti-ANX-A1 neutralising monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) enhanced the release of pro-inflammatory mediators in response to compound 48/80. 4.Nedocromil and ketotifen potently inhibited the release of histamine, PGD2, tryptase and β-hexosaminidase from mast cells challenged with compound 48/80. Anti-ANX-A1 neutralising Mabs prevented the inhibitory effect of these drugs. 5.BMDMCs derived from Anx-A1−/− mice were insensitive to the inhibitory effects of nedocromil or ketotifen but cells retained their sensitivity to the inhibitory action of hu-r-ANX-A1. 6.The fpr2/3 antagonist WRW4 blocked the action of nedocromil on PGD2, but not histamine, release. BMDMCs derived from fpr2/3−/− mice were insensitive to the inhibitory effects of nedocromil on PGD2, but not histamine release. 7.Compound 48/80 stimulated both p38 and JNK phosphorylation in CBDMCs and this was inhibited by nedocromil. Inhibition of p38 phosphorylation was ANX-A1 dependent. 8.We conclude that ANX-A1 is an important regulator of mast cell reactivity to compound 48/80 exerting a negative feedback effect through a mechanism that depends at least partly on the FPR receptor.
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193
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Annexin A1 and the Resolution of Inflammation: Modulation of Neutrophil Recruitment, Apoptosis, and Clearance. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:8239258. [PMID: 26885535 PMCID: PMC4738713 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8239258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils (also named polymorphonuclear leukocytes or PMN) are essential components of the immune system, rapidly recruited to sites of inflammation, providing the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Since neutrophils can also cause tissue damage, their fine-tuned regulation at the inflammatory site is required for proper resolution of inflammation. Annexin A1 (AnxA1), also known as lipocortin-1, is an endogenous glucocorticoid-regulated protein, which is able to counterregulate the inflammatory events restoring homeostasis. AnxA1 and its mimetic peptides inhibit neutrophil tissue accumulation by reducing leukocyte infiltration and activating neutrophil apoptosis. AnxA1 also promotes monocyte recruitment and clearance of apoptotic leukocytes by macrophages. More recently, some evidence has suggested the ability of AnxA1 to induce macrophage reprogramming toward a resolving phenotype, resulting in reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines and increased release of immunosuppressive and proresolving molecules. The combination of these mechanisms results in an effective resolution of inflammation, pointing to AnxA1 as a promising tool for the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat inflammatory diseases.
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194
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Perretti M, Leroy X, Bland EJ, Montero-Melendez T. Resolution Pharmacology: Opportunities for Therapeutic Innovation in Inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:737-755. [PMID: 26478210 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current medicines for the clinical management of inflammatory diseases act by inhibiting specific enzymes or antagonising specific receptors or blocking their ligands. In the past decade, a new paradigm in our understanding of the inflammatory process has emerged with the appreciation of genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that are engaged to actively resolve inflammation. The 'resolution of acute inflammation' is enabled by counter-regulatory checkpoints to terminate the inflammatory reaction, promoting healing and repair. It may be possible to harness this knowledge for innovative approaches to the treatment of inflammatory pathologies. Here we discuss current translational attempts to develop agonists at proresolving targets as a strategy to rectify chronic inflammatory status. We reason this new approach will lead to the identification of better drugs that will establish a new branch of pharmacology, 'resolution pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Xavier Leroy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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195
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Hsiao HM, Thatcher TH, Colas RA, Serhan CN, Phipps RP, Sime PJ. Resolvin D1 Reduces Emphysema and Chronic Inflammation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:3189-201. [PMID: 26468975 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is characterized, in part, by chronic inflammation that persists even after smoking cessation, suggesting that a failure to resolve inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. It is widely recognized that the resolution of inflammation is an active process, governed by specialized proresolving lipid mediators, including lipoxins, resolvins, maresins, and protectins. Here, we report that proresolving signaling and metabolic pathways are disrupted in lung tissue from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, suggesting that supplementation with proresolving lipid mediators might reduce the development of emphysema by controlling chronic inflammation. Groups of mice were exposed long-term to cigarette smoke and treated with the proresolving mediator resolvin D1. Resolvin D1 was associated with a reduced development of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema and airspace enlargement, with concurrent reductions in inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell death. Interestingly, resolvin D1 did not promote the differentiation of M2 macrophages and did not promote tissue fibrosis. Taken together, our results suggest that cigarette smoking disrupts endogenous proresolving pathways and that supplementation with specialized proresolving lipid mediators is an important therapeutic strategy in chronic lung disease, especially if endogenous specialized proresolving lipid mediator signaling is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Min Hsiao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Thomas H Thatcher
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Romain A Colas
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Lung Biology and Disease Program, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York.
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196
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Annexin A1 Is Increased in the Plasma of Preeclamptic Women. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138475. [PMID: 26398190 PMCID: PMC4580581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy disease associated with exacerbated inflammatory response. Annexin A1 (AnxA1) is a glucocorticoid-regulated protein endowed with anti-inflammatory and proresolving properties that has been much studied in various animal models of inflammation but poorly studied in the context of human inflammatory diseases. The main objective of this study was to measure AnxA1 levels in PE women and to compare those levels in normotensive pregnant and non-pregnant women. We evaluated the association among AnxA1, ultrasensitive C reactive protein (us-CRP) and soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor type 1 (sTNF-R1) plasma levels of the study participants. METHODS This study included 40 non-pregnant, 38 normotensive pregnant and 51 PE women. PE women were stratified in early (N = 23) and late (N = 28) subgroups, according to gestational age (GA) at onset of clinical symptoms. Protein AnxA1 and us-CRP plasma levels were determined by ELISA and immunoturbidimetric assays, respectively. Transcript levels of AnxA1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were measured by real time RT-PCR. RESULTS Increased levels of AnxA1 coincided with higher us-CRP levels in the plasma of PE women. Pregnant women with early PE had higher levels of AnxA1 and us-CRP than normotensive pregnant women with GA <34 weeks. No significant difference was found for AnxA1 and us-CRP, comparing late PE and normotensive pregnant women with GA ≥ 34 weeks. AnxA1 mRNA levels in PBMC were similar among the studied groups. AnxA1 was positively correlated with sTNF-R1, but not with us-CRP. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that increased AnxA1 levels were associated with a systemic inflammatory phenotype in PE, suggesting AnxA1 deregulation in PE pathogenesis. However, more studies are needed to clarify the role of AnxA1 and other proresolving molecules in the context of the systemic inflammatory response in this intriguing disease.
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197
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Stopka-Farooqui U, Haworth O. Proresolving mediators: new therapies to treat inflammatory diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.15.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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198
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Romano M, Cianci E, Simiele F, Recchiuti A. Lipoxins and aspirin-triggered lipoxins in resolution of inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 760:49-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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199
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McArthur S, Gobbetti T, Kusters DHM, Reutelingsperger CP, Flower RJ, Perretti M. Definition of a Novel Pathway Centered on Lysophosphatidic Acid To Recruit Monocytes during the Resolution Phase of Tissue Inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1139-51. [PMID: 26101324 PMCID: PMC4505961 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Blood-derived monocytes remove apoptotic cells and terminate inflammation in settings as diverse as atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. They express high levels of the proresolving receptor ALX/FPR2, which is activated by the protein annexin A1 (ANXA1), found in high abundance in inflammatory exudates. Using primary human blood monocytes from healthy donors, we identified ANXA1 as a potent CD14+CD16− monocyte chemoattractant, acting via ALX/FPR2. Downstream signaling pathway analysis revealed the p38 MAPK-mediated activation of a calcium independent phospholipase A2 with resultant synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) driving chemotaxis through LPA receptor 2 and actin cytoskeletal mobilization. In vivo experiments confirmed ANXA1 as an independent phospholipase A2–dependent monocyte recruiter; congruently, monocyte recruitment was significantly impaired during ongoing zymosan-induced inflammation in AnxA1−/− or alx/fpr2/3−/− mice. Using a dorsal air-pouch model, passive transfer of apoptotic neutrophils between AnxA1−/− and wild-type mice identified effete neutrophils as the primary source of soluble ANXA1 in inflammatory resolution. Together, these data elucidate a novel proresolving network centered on ANXA1 and LPA generation and identify previously unappreciated determinants of ANXA1 and ALX/FPR2 signaling in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon McArthur
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom;
| | - Thomas Gobbetti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis H M Kusters
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Christopher P Reutelingsperger
- CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands; and Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Roderick J Flower
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom;
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200
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Jindal A, Bruzzì S, Sutti S, Locatelli I, Bozzola C, Paternostro C, Parola M, Albano E. Fat-laden macrophages modulate lobular inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Exp Mol Pathol 2015; 99:155-62. [PMID: 26112094 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2015.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is characterized by extensive hepatic monocyte infiltration and monocyte-derived macrophages have an important role in regulating the disease evolution. However, little is known about the functional changes occurring in liver macrophages during NASH progression. In this study, we investigated phenotypic and functional modifications of hepatic macrophages in experimental NASH induced by feeding C57BL/6 mice with a methionine-choline deficient (MCD) diet up to 8weeks. In mice with steatohepatitis liver F4/80-positive macrophages increased in parallel with the disease progression and formed small clusters of enlarged and vacuolated cells. At immunofluorescence these cells contained lipid vesicles positive for the apoptotic cell marker Annexin V suggesting the phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies derived from dead fat-laden hepatocytes. Flow cytometry revealed that these enlarged macrophages expressed inflammatory monocyte (CD11b, Ly6C, TNF-α) markers. However, as compared to regular size macrophages the enlarged sub-set was characterized by an enhanced production of arginase-1 and of the anti-inflammatory mediators IL-10 and annexin A1. Similar vacuolated macrophages producing annexin A1 were also evident in liver biopsies of NASH patients. In mice with NASH, the accumulation of enlarged F4/80(+) cells paralleled with a decline in the expression of the macrophage M1 activation markers iNOS, IL-12 and CXCL10, while the levels of M2 polarization markers arginase-1 and MGL-1 were unchanged. Interestingly, the lowering of IL-12 expression mainly involved the macrophage sub-set with regular size. We conclude that during the progression of NASH fat accumulation within liver macrophages promotes the production of anti-inflammatory mediators that influence hepatic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aastha Jindal
- Dept. of Health Sciences, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruzzì
- Dept. of Health Sciences, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Salvatore Sutti
- Dept. of Health Sciences, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Irene Locatelli
- Dept. of Health Sciences, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Cristina Bozzola
- Dept. of Health Sciences, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Parola
- Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuele Albano
- Dept. of Health Sciences, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Autoimmune Diseases, University "Amedeo Avogadro" of East Piedmont, Novara, Italy.
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