151
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Condon TP, Flournoy S, Sawyer GJ, Baker BF, Kishimoto TK, Bennett CF. ADAM17 but not ADAM10 mediates tumor necrosis factor-alpha and L-selectin shedding from leukocyte membranes. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2001; 11:107-16. [PMID: 11334139 DOI: 10.1089/108729001750171353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) from cellular membranes has been shown by different laboratories to be controlled by a disintegrin and metalloprotease, ADAM10 or ADAM17. In contrast, only ADAM17 has shown to be involved in L-selectin shedding. To determine the specific roles of ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the processing of TNF-alpha and L-selectin shedding, antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) targeting both ADAM10 and ADAM17 were identified. We show that ISIS 16337 reduces ADAM17 mRNA and ISIS 100750 reduces ADAM10 mRNA in a sequence-specific and dose-dependent manner in both Jurkat and THP-1 cells. The ADAM17 ASO (ISIS 16337) inhibited both TNF-alpha secretion in THP-1 cells and L-selectin shedding in Jurkat cells, whereas the ADAM10 ASO (ISIS 100750) did not significantly inhibit release of either protein. These results suggest that ADAM17 is one of the major metalloproteases involved in L-selectin shedding as well as TNF-alpha processing. The biologic substrates for ADAM10 in Jurkat and THP-1 cells remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Condon
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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152
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Baker BF. The role of antisense oligonucleotides in the wave of genomic information. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:397-9. [PMID: 11563054 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Technologies which efficiently dissect gene function and validate therapeutic targets are of great value in the post-sequencing era of the human genome project. The antisense oligonucleotide approach can directly use genomic sequence information, in a relatively time and cost effective manner, to define a gene's function and/or validate it as a potential therapeutic target. Antisense oligonucleotide inhibitors of gene expression may be applied to cellular assays (in vitro) or animal models of disease (in vivo). Information generated by this approach may then direct or supplement traditional drug discovery programs, or support development of the antisense oligonucleotide inhibitor, used to validate the target, as a drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Baker
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
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153
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Abstract
Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus are known to be associated with the activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway through the de novo synthesis of diacylglycerol (DAG) from glycolytic intermediates. Specific PKC isoforms, mainly the beta- and delta-isoforms, have been shown to be persistently activated in diabetic mellitus. Multiple studies have reported that the activation of PKC leads to increased production of extracellular matrix and cytokines, enhances contractility, permeability and vascular cell proliferation, induces the activation of cytosolic phospholipase A2 and inhibits the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase. These events are not only frequently observed in diabetes mellitus but are also involved in the actions of vasoactive agents or oxidative stress. Inhibition of PKC by two different kinds of PKC inhibitors - LY333531, a selective PKC-beta-isoform inhibitor, and vitamin E, d-alpha-tocopheron - were able to prevent or reverse the various vascular dysfunctions in vitro and in vivo. Clinical studies using these compounds are now ongoing to evaluate the significance of DAG-PKC pathway activation in the development of vascular complications in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meier
- Research Division of Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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154
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Delie F, Berton M, Allémann E, Gurny R. Comparison of two methods of encapsulation of an oligonucleotide into poly(D,L-lactic acid) particles. Int J Pharm 2001; 214:25-30. [PMID: 11282232 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-5173(00)00627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare two methods to encapsulate a 25-mer-phosphorothioate oligonucleotide (ODN) into poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PLA) particles. Antisense oligonucleotides belong to a new therapeutic class especially attractive for the treatment of cancers and viral diseases. The development of these new drugs suffers, however, from poor stability in biological media and very low cellular uptake. Polymeric particulate systems display interesting features for ODN delivery. ODN are highly hydrophilic and most encapsulation methods are inappropriate for such molecules. Using poly(D,L-lactide) polymer, two methods of encapsulation were compared. First, a double emulsion technique was used to prepare nano- and microparticles. Secondly, the ODN was combined with a quaternary ammonium, the cethyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB), to enhance the hydrophobicity of the molecule before entrapment by the emulsification-diffusion method. Both methods led to the formation of individualized and spherical particles loaded with a significant amount of ODN. Similar entrapment efficiencies were obtained for the nanoparticles prepared by both methods (approx. 27% of the theoretical loading) whereas 45% of entrapment efficiency was observed for the microparticles. Seventy five percent of the ODN were released in 60 min with the particles prepared by the emulsification-diffusion method, whereas only 7% were released in 60 h when using the double emulsion method. A viability test on U-937 cells showed better survival rates with the particles prepared by the double emulsion technique. The results suggest that the location of the ODN in the polymeric matrix is affected by the encapsulation method. Particles containing CTAB appeared more toxic than the ones obtained by the double emulsion technique, however, these particles can still be used for antisense activity since high oligonucleotide loading can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Delie
- University of Geneva, School of Pharmacy, 30 Quai E. Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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155
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Neuzil J, Weber T, Schröder A, Lu M, Ostermann G, Gellert N, Mayne GC, Olejnicka B, Nègre-Salvayre A, Stícha M, Coffey RJ, Weber C. Induction of cancer cell apoptosis by alpha-tocopheryl succinate: molecular pathways and structural requirements. FASEB J 2001; 15:403-15. [PMID: 11156956 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0251com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin E analog alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS) can induce apoptosis. We show that the proapoptotic activity of alpha-TOS in hematopoietic and cancer cell lines involves inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC), since phorbol myristyl acetate prevented alpha-TOS-triggered apoptosis. More selective effectors indicated that alpha-TOS reduced PKCalpha isotype activity by increasing protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity. The role of PKCalpha inhibition in alpha-TOS-induced apoptosis was confirmed using antisense oligonucleotides or PKCalpha overexpression. Gain- or loss-of-function bcl-2 mutants implied modulation of bcl-2 activity by PKC/PP2A as a mitochondrial target of alpha-TOS-induced proapoptotic signals. Structural analogs revealed that alpha-tocopheryl and succinyl moieties are both required for maximizing these effects. In mice with colon cancer xenografts, alpha-TOS suppressed tumor growth by 80%. This epitomizes cancer cell killing by a pharmacologically relevant compound without known side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Neuzil
- Institute for Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases and Medical Policlinic, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.
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156
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Baker BF, Condon TP, Koller E, McKay RA, Siwkowski AM, Vickers TA, Monia BP. Discovery and analysis of antisense oligonucleotide activity in cell culture. Methods 2001; 23:191-8. [PMID: 11181038 DOI: 10.1006/meth.2000.1120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) have proven to be a useful tool for dissection of gene function in molecular cell biology (Koller, E., Gaarde, W. A., and Monia, B. P. (2000) Trends Pharm. Sci., 21, 142-148), and validation of gene targets in animal models (Crooke, S. T. (1998) Biotechnol. Gen. Eng. Rev. 15, 121-157), as well as a means for therapeutic treatment of human diseases (Bennett, C. F. (1999) Exp. Opin. Invest. Drugs 8, 237-253). An important step toward usage of ASOs in the described applications is identification of an active ASO. This article describes the underlying basis and means for achieving this goal in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F Baker
- Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA.
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157
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Wu H, Xu H, Miraglia LJ, Crooke ST. Human RNase III is a 160-kDa protein involved in preribosomal RNA processing. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:36957-65. [PMID: 10948199 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m005494200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A human RNase III gene encodes a protein of 160 kDa with multiple domains, a proline-rich, a serine- and arginine-rich, and an RNase III domain. The expressed purified RNase III domain cleaves double-strand RNA and does not cleave single-strand RNA. The gene is ubiquitously expressed in human tissues and cell lines, and the protein is localized in the nucleus of the cell. The levels of transcription and translation of the protein do not change during different phases of the cell cycle. However, a significant fraction of the protein in the nucleus is translocated to the nucleolus during the S phase of the cell cycle. That this human RNase III is involved in processing of pre-rRNA, but might cleave at sites different from those described for yeast RNase III, is shown by antisense inhibition of RNase III expression. Inhibition of human RNase III expression causes cell death, suggesting an essential role for human RNase III in the cell. The antisense inhibition technique used in this study provides an effective method for functional analysis of newly identified human genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wu
- Department of Structural Biology, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA
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158
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Karras JG, McKay RA, Lu T, Dean NM, Monia BP. Antisense inhibition of membrane-bound human interleukin-5 receptor-alpha chain does not affect soluble receptor expression and induces apoptosis in TF-1 cells. ANTISENSE & NUCLEIC ACID DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2000; 10:347-57. [PMID: 11079574 DOI: 10.1089/oli.1.2000.10.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Binding of human interleukin-5 (HuIL-5) to its membrane-anchored receptor (IL-5R) triggers multiple signaling pathways, cellular proliferation, and maturational responses, as well as protection from apoptosis. In contrast, soluble forms of the HuIL-5R have been shown to inhibit IL-5 signaling and, therefore, may represent naturally occurring negative regulators of IL-5 function. Because of the central role of IL-5 in promoting eosinophilia and airway hyperresponsiveness in animal models of asthma, antisense oligonucleotides specific either for the membrane form alone or for sequences shared between both the membrane and soluble forms of the HuIL-5Ralpha ligand binding chain were designed. The activities of these oligonucleotides were characterized in IL-5R-expressing erythroleukemic TF-1 cells. Herein we report that an antisense oligonucleotide targeted to a sequence unique to the alternatively spliced membrane-bound form of the HuIL-5Ralpha chain has been developed that selectively inhibits membrane, but not soluble, mRNA isoform expression. Both this membrane-specific oligonucleotide and an antisense oligonucleotide targeted to sequence common to both membrane and soluble isoforms were found to potently suppress cell surface IL-5Ralpha levels and IL-5-mediated cell survival by inducing apoptosis similar to IL-5 withdrawal. Thus, these oligonucleotides represent unique genetic agents with therapeutic potential for diseases with an eosinophilic component.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing/genetics
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Interleukin-5/pharmacology
- Kinetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Oligonucleotides, Antisense/genetics
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Isoforms/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-5
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Solubility
- Substrate Specificity
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Karras
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA
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159
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Fennell
- Department of Experimental Haematology, St Bartholomew's and The Royal London School of Medicine, UK
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160
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Fennell DA, Cotter FE. Controlling the mitochondrial gatekeeper for effective chemotherapy. Br J Haematol 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2000.02271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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161
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Taylor V, Wong M, Brandts C, Reilly L, Dean NM, Cowsert LM, Moodie S, Stokoe D. 5' phospholipid phosphatase SHIP-2 causes protein kinase B inactivation and cell cycle arrest in glioblastoma cells. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:6860-71. [PMID: 10958682 PMCID: PMC86225 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.18.6860-6871.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor protein PTEN is mutated in glioblastoma multiform brain tumors, resulting in deregulated signaling through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (PKB) pathway, which is critical for maintaining proliferation and survival. We have examined the relative roles of the two major phospholipid products of PI3K activity, phosphatidylinositol 3,4-biphosphate [PtdIns(3,4)P2] and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3], in the regulation of PKB activity in glioblastoma cells containing high levels of both of these lipids due to defective PTEN expression. Reexpression of PTEN or treatment with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 abolished the levels of both PtdIns(3, 4)P2 and PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, reduced phosphorylation of PKB on Thr308 and Ser473, and inhibited PKB activity. Overexpression of SHIP-2 abolished the levels of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, whereas PtdIns(3,4)P2 levels remained high. However, PKB phosphorylation and activity were reduced to the same extent as they were with PTEN expression. PTEN and SHIP-2 also significantly decreased the amount of PKB associated with cell membranes. Reduction of SHIP-2 levels using antisense oligonucleotides increased PKB activity. SHIP-2 became tyrosine phosphorylated following stimulation by growth factors, but this did not significantly alter its phosphatase activity or ability to antagonize PKB activation. Finally we found that SHIP-2, like PTEN, caused a potent cell cycle arrest in G(1) in glioblastoma cells, which is associated with an increase in the stability of expression of the cell cycle inhibitor p27(KIP1). Our results suggest that SHIP-2 plays a negative role in regulating the PI3K-PKB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Taylor
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco 94115, USA
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162
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Dempsey EC, Newton AC, Mochly-Rosen D, Fields AP, Reyland ME, Insel PA, Messing RO. Protein kinase C isozymes and the regulation of diverse cell responses. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2000; 279:L429-38. [PMID: 10956616 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2000.279.3.l429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 514] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes have been implicated in many cellular responses important in lung health and disease, including permeability, contraction, migration, hypertrophy, proliferation, apoptosis, and secretion. New ideas on mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including the identification of a novel PKC kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1), that regulates phosphorylation of PKC, have been advanced. The importance of targeted translocation of PKC and isozyme-specific binding proteins (like receptors for activated C-kinase and caveolins) is well established. Phosphorylation state and localization are now thought to be key determinants of isozyme activity and specificity. New concepts on the role of individual PKC isozymes in proliferation and apoptosis are emerging. Opposing roles for selected isozymes in the same cell system have been defined. Coupling to the Wnt signaling pathway has been described. Phenotypes for PKC knockout mice have recently been reported. More specific approaches for studying PKC isozymes and their role in cell responses have been developed. Strengths and weaknesses of different experimental strategies are reviewed. Future directions for investigation are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Dempsey
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA.
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163
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Zhang H, Cook J, Nickel J, Yu R, Stecker K, Myers K, Dean NM. Reduction of liver Fas expression by an antisense oligonucleotide protects mice from fulminant hepatitis. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:862-7. [PMID: 10932156 DOI: 10.1038/78475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant apoptosis-mediated cell death is believed to result in a number of different human diseases. For example, excessive apoptosis in the liver can result in fulminant and autoimmune forms of hepatitis. We have explored the possibility that inhibition of Fas expression in mice would reduce the severity of fulminant hepatitis. To do this, we have developed a chemically modified 2'-O-(2-methoxy)ethyl antisense oligonucleotide (ISIS 22023) inhibitor of mouse Fas expression. In tissue culture, this oligonucleotide induced a reduction in Fas mRNA expression that was both concentration- and sequence-specific. In Balb/c mice, dosing with ISIS 22023 reduced Fas mRNA and protein expressions in liver by 90%. The ID50 for this response was 8-10 mg kg-1 daily dosing, and the reduction was highly dependent on oligonucleotide sequence, oligonucleotide concentration in liver, and treatment time. Pretreatment with ISIS 22023 completely protected mice from fulminant hepatitis induced by agonistic Fas antibody, by a mechanism entirely consistent with an oligonucleotide antisense mechanism of action. In addition, oligonucleotide-mediated suppression of Fas expression reduced the severity of acetaminophen-mediated fulminant hepatitis, but was without effect on concanavalin A-mediated hepatitis. Our results demonstrate that 2'-O-(2-methoxy)ethyl containing antisense oligonucleotides targeting Fas can exert in vivo pharmacological activity in liver, and suggest that oligonucleotide inhibitors of Fas may be useful in the treatment of human liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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164
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Gjerset RA, Mercola D. Sensitization of tumors to chemotherapy through gene therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 465:273-91. [PMID: 10810633 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-46817-4_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Gjerset
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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165
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Chen J, Wu W, Tahir SK, Kroeger PE, Rosenberg SH, Cowsert LM, Bennett F, Krajewski S, Krajewska M, Welsh K, Reed JC, Ng SC. Down-regulation of survivin by antisense oligonucleotides increases apoptosis, inhibits cytokinesis and anchorage-independent growth. Neoplasia 2000; 2:235-41. [PMID: 10935509 PMCID: PMC1507573 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family, is detected in most common human cancers but not in adjacent normal cells. Previous studies suggest that survivin associates with the mitotic spindle and directly inhibits caspase activity. To further investigate the function of survivin, we used a survivin antisense (AS) oligonucleotide to downregulate survivin expression in normal and cancer cells. We found that inhibition of survivin expression increased apoptosis and polyploidy while decreasing colony formation in soft agar. Immunohistochemistry showed that cells without survivin can initiate the cleavage furrow and contractile ring, but cannot complete cytokinesis, thus resulting in multinucleated cells. These findings indicate that survivin plays important roles in a late stage of cytokinesis, as well as in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Cancer Research, Pharmaceutical Product Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Wei Wu
- Cancer Research, Pharmaceutical Product Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Stephen K Tahir
- Cancer Research, Pharmaceutical Product Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Paul E Kroeger
- Cancer Research, Pharmaceutical Product Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | - Saul H Rosenberg
- Cancer Research, Pharmaceutical Product Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
| | | | | | | | | | - Kate Welsh
- The Burnham Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Shi-Chung Ng
- Cancer Research, Pharmaceutical Product Research Division, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, IL 60064
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166
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Way KJ, Chou E, King GL. Identification of PKC-isoform-specific biological actions using pharmacological approaches. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2000; 21:181-7. [PMID: 10785652 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-6147(00)01468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family consists of at least 12 isoforms that possess distinct differences in structure, substrate requirement, expression and localization. To date, identification of the physiological function of individual PKC isoforms has been restricted by the availability of few agents that inhibit or activate the isoforms with specificity. More recent approaches that are used to modulate PKC isoforms include oligonucleotide antisense technology, and peptide fragments to either inhibit or promote translocation of PKC isoforms to specific anchoring proteins. In this review, several currently available inhibitors and activators of PKC that display varying degrees of selectivity for the PKC isoforms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Way
- Harvard Medical School, Joslin Diabetes Center, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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167
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ten Asbroek AL, Fluiter K, van Groenigen M, Nooij M, Baas F. Polymorphisms in the large subunit of human RNA polymerase II as target for allele-specific inhibition. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:1133-8. [PMID: 10666454 PMCID: PMC102615 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.5.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of specificity of cancer treatment causes damage to normal cells as well, which limits the therapeutic range. To circumvent this problem one would need to use an absolute difference between normal cells and cancer cells as therapeutic target. Such a difference exists in the genome of all individuals suffering from a tumor that is characterized by loss of genetic material [loss of heterozygosity (LOH)]. Due to LOH, the tumor is hemizygous for a number of genes, whereas the normal cells of the individual are heterozygous for these genes. Theoretically, polymorphic sites in these genes can be utilized to selectively target the cancer cells with an antisense oligonucleotide, provided that it can discriminate the alleles and inhibit gene expression. Furthermore, the targeted gene should be essential for cell survival, and 50% gene expression sufficient for the cell to survive. This will allow selective killing of cancer cells without concomitant toxicity to normal cells. As an initial step in the experimental test of this putative selective cancer cell therapy, we have developed a set of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides which can discriminate the two alleles of a polymorphic site in the gene encoding the large subunit of RNA polymerase II. Our data show that the exact position of the antisense oligonucleotide on the mRNA is of essential importance for the oligo-nucleotide to be an effective inhibitor of gene expression. Shifting the oligonucleotide position only a few bases along the mRNA sequence will completely abolish the inhibitory activity of the antisense oligonucleotide. Reducing the length of the oligonucleotides to 16 bases increases the allele specificity. This study shows that it is possible to design oligonucleotides that selectively target the matched allele, whereas the expression level of the mismatched allele, that differs by one nucleotide, is only slightly affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L ten Asbroek
- Neurozintuigen Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, PO Box 22700, 1000 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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168
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Agrawal S, Kandimalla ER. Antisense therapeutics: is it as simple as complementary base recognition? MOLECULAR MEDICINE TODAY 2000; 6:72-81. [PMID: 10652480 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-4310(99)01638-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Antisense oligonucleotides provide a simple and efficient approach for developing target-selective drugs because they can modulate gene expression sequence-specifically. Antisense oligonucleotides have also become efficient molecular biological tools to investigate the function of any protein in the cell. As the application of antisense oligonucleotides has expanded, multiple mechanisms of oligonucleotides have been characterized that impede their routine use. Here, we discuss different mechanisms of action of oligonucleotides and the possible ways of minimizing non-antisense-related [corrected] effects to improve their specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Agrawal
- Hybridon, 155 Fortune Boulevard, Milford, MA 01757, USA.
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169
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Abstract
In the past decade, there has been a vast increase in the amount of gene sequence information that has the potential to revolutionize the way diseases are both categorized and treated. Old diagnoses, largely anatomical or descriptive in nature, are likely to be superceded by the molecular characterization of the disease. The recognition that certain genes drive key disease processes will also enable the rational design of gene-specific therapeutics. Antisense oligonucleotides represent a technology that should play multiple roles in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Myers
- Department of Pharmacology, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, 2292 Faraday Ave, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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170
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Hill S, Herlaar E, Le Cardinal A, van Heeke G, Nicklin P. Homologous human and murine antisense oligonucleotides targeting stat6. Functional effects on germline cepsilon transcript. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 21:728-37. [PMID: 10572070 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.21.6.3709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and (IL)-13 induce immunoglobulin (Ig)E synthesis via activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat)6. The present study describes the identification and characterization of antisense oligonucleotides to Stat6 as an approach to interrupt IL-4 and IL-13 signaling and thereby to attenuate germline Cepsilon transcription, a prerequisite to IgE synthesis. A limited gene-walk was performed with chemically modified oligonucleotides to identify sequences capable of downregulating both human and murine Stat6. A chimeric oligonucleotide (9b, base sequence GTGAGGTCCTGTTCAGTGGG) demonstrated high levels of antisense activity in both species. Further characterization of 9b showed a dose-dependent Stat6 messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein downregulation (concentration that produces 50% inhibition of effect = 168 and 215 nM, respectively) through a ribonuclease H-dependent antisense mechanism with no effect on closely related members of the Stat family. Further, pretreatment of DND39 cells (human Burkitt lymphoma cell line) with oligonucleotide 9b before IL-4 stimulation successfully downregulated germline Cepsilon transcription. Because Stat6 represents an attractive but technically challenging drug discovery target, antisense oligonucleotides may provide an alternative approach to low molecular-weight compounds for inhibiting IL-4 and IL-13 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hill
- Molecular and Cell Biology Unit, Novartis Horsham Research Centre, West Sussex, United Kingdom.
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171
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Li F, Ackermann EJ, Bennett CF, Rothermel AL, Plescia J, Tognin S, Villa A, Marchisio PC, Altieri DC. Pleiotropic cell-division defects and apoptosis induced by interference with survivin function. Nat Cell Biol 1999; 1:461-6. [PMID: 10587640 DOI: 10.1038/70242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we investigate the role of the control of apoptosis in normal cell division. We show that interference with the expression or function of the apoptosis inhibitor survivin causes caspase-dependent cell death in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle, and a cell-division defect characterized by centrosome dysregulation, multipolar mitotic spindles and multinucleated, polyploid cells. Use of a dominant-negative survivin mutant or antisense survivin complementary DNA disrupts a supramolecular assembly of survivin, caspase-3 and the cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor p21Waf1/Cip1 within centrosomes, and results in caspase-dependent cleavage of p21. Polyploidy induced by survivin antagonists is accentuated in p21-deficient cells, and corrected by exogenous expression of p21. These findings show that control of apoptosis and preservation of p21 integrity within centrosomes by survivin are required for normal mitotic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Li
- Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, Connecticut 06536, USA
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172
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Taylor MF, Wiederholt K, Sverdrup F. Antisense oligonucleotides: a systematic high-throughput approach to target validation and gene function determination. Drug Discov Today 1999; 4:562-567. [PMID: 10557138 DOI: 10.1016/s1359-6446(99)01392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Antisense technology provides a high-throughput and systematic approach to drug target validation and gene function discovery. In combination with other emerging technologies (such as microarrays), this technology will enable efficient evaluation of the sequence data generated by the Human Genome Project. The authors review recent advances in the antisense field and discuss the potential use of antisense technology for functional genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MF Taylor
- Sequitur, 4 Mechanic Street, Suite 210, Natick, MA 01760, USA
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173
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Cooper SR, Taylor JK, Miraglia LJ, Dean NM. Pharmacology of antisense oligonucleotide inhibitors of protein expression. Pharmacol Ther 1999; 82:427-35. [PMID: 10454217 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(99)00002-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic increase in recent years of both the amount and rate of accumulation of novel genomic sequence information has generated enormous opportunities for the development of new classes of drugs. For these opportunities to be fully capitalized upon, investigators must choose molecular targets for drug development that are likely to yield attractive therapeutic profiles. This will require rapid and effective determination of gene functions in multiple cellular settings. The development of antisense oligonucleotides as specific inhibitors of gene expression should allow such determination of gene function. In addition, the antisense oligonucleotides themselves will likely prove useful as drugs. In this review, we discuss some of the issues surrounding the use of antisense oligonucleotides as research tools to help elucidate gene function, and highlight some of the approaches that can be taken to generate and use effective antisense reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Cooper
- Department of Pharmacology, Isis Pharmaceuticals, Carlsbad CA 92008, USA
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