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Hill JM, Clement C, Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. Induction of the pro-inflammatory NF-kB-sensitive miRNA-146a by human neurotrophic viruses. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:43. [PMID: 25691883 PMCID: PMC4315103 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James M Hill
- Departments of Microbiology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA ; LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Christian Clement
- Infectious Diseases, Experimental Therapeutics and Human Toxicology Lab, Department of Natural Sciences, Southern University at New Orleans New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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152
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Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Sun XX, Ma X, Chen ZN. microRNA-146a inhibits cancer metastasis by downregulating VEGF through dual pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer 2015; 14:5. [PMID: 25608619 PMCID: PMC4326400 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-14-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract Growing evidence indicates that miR-146a is involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression in several human malignancies. However, the molecular details underlying miR-146a mediated regulation of its target genes and its precise biological function in cancer, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Methods The expression levels of genes including miR-146a, APC, VEGF and HAb18G were examined in HCC cell lines and patient specimens were compared with control levels using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. The functions of miR-146a and HAb18G in migration/invasion and liver metastasis formation were determined by transwell and spleen injection assays, respectively. miR-146a related genes were determined by PCR array. The potential regulatory targets of miR-146a were determined by bioinformatics and prediction tools, correlation with target protein expression, and luciferase reporter assay. DNA methylation status of miR-146a promoter were performed by PCR analysis of bisulfite-modified genomic DNA. Results We demonstrated that miR-146a expression was markedly downregulated in hepatoma cells and hepatoma tissues compared to immortalized normal liver epithelial cells and normal hepatic tissues. DNA methylation of miR-146a promoter correlated with its downexpression and with liver cancer metastasis. The restoration of miR-146a dramatically suppressed HCC cell invasion and metastasis by repressing VEGF expression through upregulating APC, which inhibits β-catenin accumulation in nucleus, and downregulating NF-κB p65 by targeting HAb18G. In human HCC, miR-146a expression was negative correlated with increased HAb18G, VEGF, NF-κB p65 and beneficial prognosis. Conclusion This study identified a novel target of miR-146a and defined miR-146a as a crucial tumor suppressor in human HCC that acts through multiple pathways and mechanisms to suppress HCC invasion or metastasis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1476-4598-14-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhi-Nan Chen
- Cell Engineering Research Center & Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P, R, China.
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153
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Bennett DA, Yu L, Yang J, Srivastava GP, Aubin C, De Jager PL. Epigenomics of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Res 2015; 165:200-20. [PMID: 24905038 PMCID: PMC4233194 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a large and growing public health problem. It is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β peptides and abnormally phosphorylated tau proteins that are associated with cognitive decline and dementia. Much has been learned about the genomics of AD from linkage analyses and, more recently, genome-wide association studies. Several but not all aspects of the genomic landscape are involved in amyloid β metabolism. The moderate concordance of disease among twins suggests other factors, potentially epigenomic factors, are related to AD. We are at the earliest stages of examining the relation of the epigenome to the clinical and pathologic phenotypes that characterize AD. Our literature review suggests that there is some evidence of age-related changes in human brain methylation. Unfortunately, studies of AD have been relatively small with limited coverage of methylation sites and microRNA, let alone other epigenomic marks. We are in the midst of 2 large studies of human brains including coverage of more than 420,000 autosomal cytosine-guanine dinucleotides with the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadArray, and histone acetylation with chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing. We present descriptive data to help inform other researchers what to expect from these approaches to better design and power their studies. We then discuss future directions to inform on the epigenomic architecture of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill.
| | - Lei Yu
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | - Jingyun Yang
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Ill
| | - Gyan P Srivastava
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Cristin Aubin
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass
| | - Philip L De Jager
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Departments of Neurology and Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Mass
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154
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Ahmad R, Shihab PK, Thomas R, Alghanim M, Hasan A, Sindhu S, Behbehani K. Increased expression of the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 is associated with adipose tissue inflammatory state in obesity. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 7:71. [PMID: 26312071 PMCID: PMC4549832 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-015-0067-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emerging role of TLR2/4 as immuno-metabolic receptors points to key involvement of TLR/IL-1R/MyD88 pathway in obesity/type-2 diabetes (T2D). IL1R-associated kinase (IRAK)-1 is a critical adapter protein (serine/threonine kinase) of this signaling pathway. The changes in adipose tissue expression of IRAK-1 in obesity/T2D remain unclear. We determined modulations in IRAK-1 gene/protein expression in the subcutaneous adipose tissues from lean, overweight and obese individuals with or without T2D. METHODS A total of 49 non-diabetic (22 obese, 19 overweight and 8 lean) and 42 T2D (31 obese, 9 overweight and 2 lean) adipose tissue samples were obtained by abdominal subcutaneous fat pad biopsy and IRAK-1 expression was determined using real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy. IRAK-1 mRNA expression was compared with adipose tissue proinflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-18), macrophage markers (CD68, CD11c, CD163), and plasma markers (CCL-5, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and triglycerides). The data were analyzed using t test, Pearson's correlation, and multiple stepwise linear regression test. RESULTS In non-diabetics, IRAK-1 gene expression was elevated in obese (P = 0.01) and overweight (P = 0.04) as compared with lean individuals and this increase correlated with body mass index (r = 0.45; P = 0.001) and fat percentage (r = 0.36; P = 0.01). In diabetics, IRAK-1 mRNA expression was also higher in obese as compared with lean subjects (P = 0.012). As also shown by immunohistochemistry/confocal microscopy in non-diabetics and by immunohistochemistry in diabetics, IRAK-1 protein expression was higher in obese than overweight and lean adipose tissues. IRAK-1 gene expression correlated positively/significantly with mRNAs of TNF-α (r = 0.46; P = 0.0008), IL-6 (r = 0.30; P = 0.03) and IL-18 (r = 0.31; P = 0.028) in non-diabetics; and only with TNF-α (r = 0.32; P = 0.03) in diabetics. IRAK-1 expression also correlated positively/significantly with CD68 (r = 0.32; P = 0.02), CD11c (r = 0.30; P = 0.03), and CD163 (r = 0.43; P = 0.001) in non-diabetics; and only with CD163 (r = 0.34; P = 0.02) in diabetics. IRAK-1 mRNA levels also correlated with plasma markers including CCL-5 (r = 0.39; P = 0.02), C-reactive protein (r = 0.48; P = 0.005), adiponectin (r = -0.36; P = 0.04), and triglycerides (r = 0.40; P = 0.02) in non-diabetics; and only with triglycerides (r = -0.36; P = 0.04) in diabetics. IRAK-1 expression related with TLR2 (r = 0.39; P = 0.007) and MyD88 (r = 0.36; P = 0.01) in non-diabetics; and MyD88 (r = 0.52; P = 0.0003) in diabetics. CONCLUSIONS The elevated IRAK-1 expression in obese adipose tissue showed consensus with local/circulatory inflammatory signatures and represented as a tissue marker for metabolic inflammation. The data have clinical significance as interventions causing IRAK-1 suppression may alleviate meta-inflammation in obesity/T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasheed Ahmad
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Puthiyaveetil Kochumon Shihab
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Reeby Thomas
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Munera Alghanim
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Amal Hasan
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Sardar Sindhu
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Kazem Behbehani
- Laboratory of Immunology & Innovative Cell Therapy, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), P.O. Box 1180, Dasman, 15462 Kuwait City, Kuwait
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Wakabayashi K, Mori F, Kakita A, Takahashi H, Utsumi J, Sasaki H. Analysis of microRNA from archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:173. [PMID: 25497327 PMCID: PMC4279903 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0173-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that regulate gene expression. This study investigated whether formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) specimens from postmortem cases of neurodegenerative disorders would be suitable for miRNA profiling. Results Ten FFPE samples from 6 cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and 4 neurologically normal controls were selected for miRNA analysis on the basis of the following criteria for RNA quality: (i) a postmortem interval of less than 6 hours, (ii) a formalin fixation time of less than 4 weeks, (iii) an RNA yield per sample of more than 500 ng, and (iv) sufficient quality of the RNA agarose gel image. An overall RNA extraction success rate was 46.2%. For ALS, a total of 364 miRNAs were identified in the motor cortex, 91 being up-regulated and 233 down-regulated. Target genes were predicted using miRNA bioinformatics software, and the data applied to ontology analysis. This indicated that one of the miRNAs up-regulated in ALS (miR-338-3p) had already been identified in leukocytes, serum, cerebrospinal fluid and frozen spinal cord from ALS patients. Conclusion Although analysis was possible for just under half of the specimens examined, we were able to show that informative miRNA data can be derived from archived FFPE samples from postmortem cases of neurodegenerative disorders. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40478-014-0173-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Baldeón R. L, Weigelt K, de Wit H, Ozcan B, van Oudenaren A, Sempértegui F, Sijbrands E, Grosse L, Freire W, Drexhage HA, Leenen PJM. Decreased serum level of miR-146a as sign of chronic inflammation in type 2 diabetic patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115209. [PMID: 25500583 PMCID: PMC4264887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that chronic inflammation is an important determinant in insulin resistance and in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes (T2D). MicroRNAs constitute a newly discovered system of cell regulation and in particular two microRNAs (miR-146a and miR-155) have been described as regulators and biomarkers of inflammation. AIM To determine a putative association between the levels of miR-146a and miR-155 in serum of T2D patients, clinical parameters and serological indicators of inflammation. METHODS We performed quantitative Real Time PCR (qPCR) of microRNAs from serum (56 Ecuadorian T2D ambulatory patients and 40 non-diabetic controls). In addition, we evaluated T2D-related serum cytokines.chemokines and growth factors using a commercially available multi-analyte cytometric bead array system. We correlated outcomes to clinical parameters, including BMI, HbA1c and lipid state. RESULTS The Ecuadorian non-diabetic controls appeared as overweight (BMI>25: patients 85%, controls 82.5%) and as dyslipidemic (hypercholesterolemia: patients 60.7%, controls 67.5%) as the patients. The serum levels of miR-146a were significantly reduced in T2D patients as compared to these non-diabetic, but obese/dyslipidemic control group (mean patients 0.61, mean controls set at 1; p = 0.042), those of miR-155 were normal.The serum levels of both microRNAs correlated to each other (r = 0.478; p<0.001) and to leptin levels. The microRNAs did not correlate to BMI, glycemia and dyslipidemia.From the tested cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, we found IL-8 and HGF significantly raised in T2D patients versus non-diabetic controls (p = 0.011 and 0.023 respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study shows decreased serum anti-inflammatory miR-146a, increased pro-inflammatory IL-8 and increased HGF (a vascular/insular repair factor) as discriminating markers of failure of glucose control occurring on the background of obesity and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Baldeón R.
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Central University of Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Karin Weigelt
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harm de Wit
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Behiye Ozcan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adri van Oudenaren
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eric Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Grosse
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wilma Freire
- Institute of Research in Health and Nutrition, University San Francisco de Quito, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Hemmo A. Drexhage
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Prometeo Program SENESCYT, Central University of Ecuador and Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pieter J. M. Leenen
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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157
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Jain A, Kaczanowska S, Davila E. IL-1 Receptor-Associated Kinase Signaling and Its Role in Inflammation, Cancer Progression, and Therapy Resistance. Front Immunol 2014; 5:553. [PMID: 25452754 PMCID: PMC4233944 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation has long been associated with the development of cancer. Among the various signaling pathways within cancer cells that can incite the expression of inflammatory molecules are those that activate IL-1 receptor-associated kinases (IRAK). The IRAK family is comprised of four family members, IRAK-1, IRAK-2, IRAK-3 (also known as IRAK-M), and IRAK-4, which play important roles in both positively and negatively regulating the expression of inflammatory molecules. The wide array of inflammatory molecules that are expressed in response to IRAK signaling within the tumor microenvironment regulate the production of factors which promote tumor growth, metastasis, immune suppression, and chemotherapy resistance. Based on published reports we propose that dysregulated activation of the IRAK signaling pathway in cancer cells contributes to disease progression by creating a highly inflammatory tumor environment. In this article, we present both theoretical arguments and reference experimental data in support of this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Jain
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University , Albany, NY , USA
| | - Sabina Kaczanowska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA
| | - Eduardo Davila
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA ; Greenebaum Cancer Center , Baltimore, MD , USA
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158
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Hill JM, Dua P, Clement C, Lukiw WJ. An evaluation of progressive amyloidogenic and pro-inflammatory change in the primary visual cortex and retina in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Front Neurosci 2014; 8:347. [PMID: 25429256 PMCID: PMC4228830 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James M Hill
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center and Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Prerna Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University Ruston, LA, USA
| | - Christian Clement
- Department of Natural Sciences, Infectious Diseases, Experimental Therapeutics and Human Toxicology Lab, Southern University at New Orleans New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Louisiana State University Neuroscience Center and Departments of Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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159
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Erasso D, Tender G, Levitt RC, Cui JG. Agrin requires specific proteins to selectively activate γ-aminobutyric acid neurons for pain suppression. Exp Neurol 2014; 261:646-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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160
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Alexandrov PN, Dua P, Lukiw WJ. Up-Regulation of miRNA-146a in Progressive, Age-Related Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Disorders of the Human CNS. Front Neurol 2014; 5:181. [PMID: 25324823 PMCID: PMC4179622 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Prerna Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University , Ruston, LA , USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, LA , USA ; LSU Neuroscience Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Science Center , New Orleans, LA , USA
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161
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Identifying the role of microRNAs in spinal cord injury. Neurol Sci 2014; 35:1663-71. [PMID: 25231644 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1940-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is medically and socioeconomically debilitating, and effective treatments are lacking. The elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying SCI is essential for developing effective treatments for SCI. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules (18-24 nucleotides long) that regulate gene expression by interacting with specific target sequences. Recent studies suggest that miRNAs can act as post-transcriptional regulators to inhibit mRNA translation. Bioinformatic analyses indicate that the altered expression of miRNAs has an effect on critical processes of SCI physiopathology, including astrogliosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and neuroplasticity. Therefore, the study of miRNAs may provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of SCI. Current studies have also provided potential therapeutic clinical applications that involve targeting mRNAs to treat SCI. This review summarizes the biogenesis and function of miRNAs and the roles of miRNAs in SCI. We also discuss the potential therapeutic applications of miRNA-based interventions for SCI.
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162
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Millan MJ. The epigenetic dimension of Alzheimer's disease: causal, consequence, or curiosity? DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2014; 16:373-93. [PMID: 25364287 PMCID: PMC4214179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
Early-onset, familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rare and may be attributed to disease-causinq mutations. By contrast, late onset, sporadic (non-Mendelian) AD is far more prevalent and reflects the interaction of multiple genetic and environmental risk factors, together with the disruption of epigenetic mechanisms controlling gene expression. Accordingly, abnormal patterns of histone acetylation and methylation, as well as anomalies in global and promoter-specific DNA methylation, have been documented in AD patients, together with a deregulation of noncoding RNA. In transgenic mouse models for AD, epigenetic dysfunction is likewise apparent in cerebral tissue, and it has been directly linked to cognitive and behavioral deficits in functional studies. Importantly, epigenetic deregulation interfaces with core pathophysiological processes underlying AD: excess production of Aβ42, aberrant post-translational modification of tau, deficient neurotoxic protein clearance, axonal-synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis, and cell cycle re-entry. Reciprocally, DNA methylation, histone marks and the levels of diverse species of microRNA are modulated by Aβ42, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In conclusion, epigenetic mechanisms are broadly deregulated in AD mainly upstream, but also downstream, of key pathophysiological processes. While some epigenetic shifts oppose the evolution of AD, most appear to drive its progression. Epigenetic changes are of irrefutable importance for AD, but they await further elucidation from the perspectives of pathogenesis, biomarkers and potential treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J. Millan
- Pole of Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
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163
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Zhao Y, Bhattacharjee S, Jones BM, Hill J, Dua P, Lukiw WJ. Regulation of neurotropic signaling by the inducible, NF-kB-sensitive miRNA-125b in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in primary human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 50:97-106. [PMID: 24293102 PMCID: PMC4038663 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8595-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inducible microRNAs (miRNAs) perform critical regulatory roles in central nervous system (CNS) development, aging, health, and disease. Using miRNA arrays, RNA sequencing, enhanced Northern dot blot hybridization technologies, Western immunoblot, and bioinformatics analysis, we have studied miRNA abundance and complexity in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain tissues compared to age-matched controls. In both short post-mortem AD and in stressed primary human neuronal-glial (HNG) cells, we observe a consistent up-regulation of several brain-enriched miRNAs that are under transcriptional control by the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-kB. These include miRNA-9, miRNA-34a, miRNA-125b, miRNA-146a, and miRNA-155. Of the inducible miRNAs in this subfamily, miRNA-125b is among the most abundant and significantly induced miRNA species in human brain cells and tissues. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that an up-regulated miRNA-125b could potentially target the 3'untranslated region (3'-UTR) of the messenger RNA (mRNA) encoding (a) a 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX; ALOX15; chr 17p13.3), utilized in the conversion of docosahexaneoic acid into neuroprotectin D1 (NPD1), and (b) the vitamin D3 receptor (VDR; VD3R; chr12q13.11) of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. 15-LOX and VDR are key neuromolecular factors essential in lipid-mediated signaling, neurotrophic support, defense against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (reactive oxygen and nitrogen species), and neuroprotection in the CNS. Pathogenic effects appear to be mediated via specific interaction of miRNA-125b with the 3'-UTR region of the 15-LOX and VDR messenger RNAs (mRNAs). In AD hippocampal CA1 and in stressed HNG cells, 15-LOX and VDR down-regulation and a deficiency in neurotrophic support may therefore be explained by the actions of a single inducible, pro-inflammatory miRNA-125b. We will review the recent data on the pathogenic actions of this up-regulated miRNA-125b in AD and discuss potential therapeutic approaches using either anti-NF-kB or anti-miRNA-125b strategies. These may be of clinical relevance in the restoration of 15-LOX and VDR expression back to control levels and the re-establishment of homeostatic neurotrophic signaling in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Brandon M. Jones
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Jim Hill
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
- Department of Microbiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Prerna Dua
- Department of Health Information Management, Louisiana State University, Ruston, LA 71272 USA
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
- Department of Neurology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
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164
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Shindyapina AV, Petrunia IV, Komarova TV, Sheshukova EV, Kosorukov VS, Kiryanov GI, Dorokhov YL. Dietary methanol regulates human gene activity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102837. [PMID: 25033451 PMCID: PMC4102594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanol (MeOH) is considered to be a poison in humans because of the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)-mediated conversion of MeOH to formaldehyde (FA), which is toxic. Our recent genome-wide analysis of the mouse brain demonstrated that an increase in endogenous MeOH after ADH inhibition led to a significant increase in the plasma MeOH concentration and a modification of mRNA synthesis. These findings suggest endogenous MeOH involvement in homeostasis regulation by controlling mRNA levels. Here, we demonstrate directly that study volunteers displayed increasing concentrations of MeOH and FA in their blood plasma when consuming citrus pectin, ethanol and red wine. A microarray analysis of white blood cells (WBC) from volunteers after pectin intake showed various responses for 30 significantly differentially regulated mRNAs, most of which were somehow involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). There was also a decreased synthesis of hemoglobin mRNA, HBA and HBB, the presence of which in WBC RNA was not a result of red blood cells contamination because erythrocyte-specific marker genes were not significantly expressed. A qRT-PCR analysis of volunteer WBCs after pectin and red wine intake confirmed the complicated relationship between the plasma MeOH content and the mRNA accumulation of both genes that were previously identified, namely, GAPDH and SNX27, and genes revealed in this study, including MME, SORL1, DDIT4, HBA and HBB. We hypothesized that human plasma MeOH has an impact on the WBC mRNA levels of genes involved in cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia V. Shindyapina
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor V. Petrunia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Gleb I. Kiryanov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri L. Dorokhov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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165
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Aalaei-Andabili SH, Fabbri M, Rezaei N. Reciprocal effects of Toll-like receptors and miRNAs on biological processes in human health and disease: a systematic review. Immunotherapy 2014; 5:1127-42. [PMID: 24088081 DOI: 10.2217/imt.13.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The roles of miRNAs in human diseases are emerging. Manipulation of miRNA expression seems to be an effective approach to control disease severity. It has recently been found that Toll-like receptors and miRNAs work by exerting reciprocal effects. Toll-like receptor stimulation can lead to up-/down-regulation of various miRNA expressions. Lipopolysaccharide induction may result in interactions between different miRNAs. Several miRNAs are involved in cancers, indicating the importance of identifying strategies to properly manipulate their expression level. The control of various miRNA expression levels, taking into consideration the plethora of their target genes and the possibility that this may lead to contracting function, which is an important issue in treatment of any miRNA-based (phenotype) disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Aalaei-Andabili
- Molecular Immunology Research Center & Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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166
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Identification of endogenous reference genes for the analysis of microRNA expression in the hippocampus of the pilocarpine-induced model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100529. [PMID: 24964029 PMCID: PMC4070922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) is one of the most powerful techniques for analyzing miRNA expression because of its sensitivity and specificity. However, in this type of analysis, a suitable normalizer is required to ensure that gene expression is unaffected by the experimental condition. To the best of our knowledge, there are no reported studies that performed a detailed identification and validation of suitable reference genes for miRNA qPCR during the epileptogenic process. Here, using a pilocarpine (PILO) model of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), we investigated five potential reference genes, performing a stability expression analysis using geNorm and NormFinder softwares. As a validation strategy, we used each one of the candidate reference genes to measure PILO-induced changes in microRNA-146a levels, a gene whose expression pattern variation in the PILO injected model is known. Our results indicated U6SnRNA and SnoRNA as the most stable candidate reference genes. By geNorm analysis, the normalization factor should preferably contain at least two of the best candidate reference genes (snoRNA and U6SnRNA). In fact, when normalized using the best combination of reference genes, microRNA-146a transcripts were found to be significantly increased in chronic stage, which is consistent with the pattern reported in different models. Conversely, when reference genes were individually employed for normalization, we failed to detect up-regulation of the microRNA-146a gene in the hippocampus of epileptic rats. The data presented here support that the combination of snoRNA and U6SnRNA was the minimum necessary for an accurate normalization of gene expression at the different stages of epileptogenesis that we tested.
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167
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168
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Pogue AI, Hill JM, Lukiw WJ. MicroRNA (miRNA): sequence and stability, viroid-like properties, and disease association in the CNS. Brain Res 2014; 1584:73-9. [PMID: 24709119 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute a relatively recently-discovered class of small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) that are gaining considerable attention in the molecular-genetic regulatory mechanisms that contribute to human health and disease. As highly soluble and mobile entities, emerging evidence indicates that miRNAs posess a highly selected ribonucleotide sequence structure, are part of an evolutionary ancient genetic signaling system, resemble the plant pathogens known as viroids in their structure, mode of generation and function, and are very abundant in the physiological fluids that surround cells and tissues. Persistence and altered abundance of miRNAs in the extracellular fluid (ECF) or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may play a role in the intercellular spreading of disease systemically, and throughout functionally-linked cellular and tissue systems such as the central nervous system (CNS). This short communication will review some of the more fascinating features of these highly structured single stranded RNAs (ssRNAs) with emphasis on their presence and function in the human CNS, with particular reference to Alzheimer׳s disease (AD) wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Hill
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Alchem Biotek, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8; Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, School of Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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169
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Talwar P, Silla Y, Grover S, Gupta M, Agarwal R, Kushwaha S, Kukreti R. Genomic convergence and network analysis approach to identify candidate genes in Alzheimer's disease. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:199. [PMID: 24628925 PMCID: PMC4028079 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the leading genetically complex and heterogeneous disorder that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The underlying risk factors remain largely unclear for this heterogeneous disorder. In recent years, high throughput methodologies, such as genome-wide linkage analysis (GWL), genome-wide association (GWA) studies, and genome-wide expression profiling (GWE), have led to the identification of several candidate genes associated with AD. However, due to lack of consistency within their findings, an integrative approach is warranted. Here, we have designed a rank based gene prioritization approach involving convergent analysis of multi-dimensional data and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network modelling. Results Our approach employs integration of three different AD datasets- GWL,GWA and GWE to identify overlapping candidate genes ranked using a novel cumulative rank score (SR) based method followed by prioritization using clusters derived from PPI network. SR for each gene is calculated by addition of rank assigned to individual gene based on either p value or score in three datasets. This analysis yielded 108 plausible AD genes. Network modelling by creating PPI using proteins encoded by these genes and their direct interactors resulted in a layered network of 640 proteins. Clustering of these proteins further helped us in identifying 6 significant clusters with 7 proteins (EGFR, ACTB, CDC2, IRAK1, APOE, ABCA1 and AMPH) forming the central hub nodes. Functional annotation of 108 genes revealed their role in several biological activities such as neurogenesis, regulation of MAP kinase activity, response to calcium ion, endocytosis paralleling the AD specific attributes. Finally, 3 potential biochemical biomarkers were found from the overlap of 108 AD proteins with proteins from CSF and plasma proteome. EGFR and ACTB were found to be the two most significant AD risk genes. Conclusions With the assumption that common genetic signals obtained from different methodological platforms might serve as robust AD risk markers than candidates identified using single dimension approach, here we demonstrated an integrated genomic convergence approach for disease candidate gene prioritization from heterogeneous data sources linked to AD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-199) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ritushree Kukreti
- Genomics and Molecular Medicine Unit, Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Mall Road, Delhi 110 007, India.
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170
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Li JJ, Dolios G, Wang R, Liao FF. Soluble beta-amyloid peptides, but not insoluble fibrils, have specific effect on neuronal microRNA expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90770. [PMID: 24595404 PMCID: PMC3942478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies indicate that soluble β-amyloid (sAβ) oligomers, rather than their fibrillar aggregates, contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), though the mechanisms of their neurotoxicity are still elusive. Here, we demonstrate that sAβ derived from 7PA2 cells exert a much stronger effect on the regulation of a set of functionally validated microRNAs (miRNAs) in primary cultured neurons than the synthetic insoluble Aβ fibrils (fAβ). Synthetic sAβ peptides at a higher concentration present comparable effect on these miRNAs in our neuronal model. Further, the sAβ-induced miR-134, miR-145 and miR-210 expressions are fully reversed by two selective N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitors, but are neither reversed by insulin nor by forskolin, suggesting an NMDA receptor-dependent, rather than PI3K/AKT or PKA/CREB signaling dependent regulatory mechanism. In addition, the repression of miR-107 expression by the sAβ containing 7PA2 CM is likely involved multiple mechanisms and multiple players including NMDA receptor, N-terminally truncated Aβ and reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jing Li
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJL); (FFL)
| | - Georgia Dolios
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Francesca-Fang Liao
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JJL); (FFL)
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171
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Nieto-Diaz M, Esteban FJ, Reigada D, Muñoz-Galdeano T, Yunta M, Caballero-López M, Navarro-Ruiz R, Del Águila A, Maza RM. MicroRNA dysregulation in spinal cord injury: causes, consequences and therapeutics. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:53. [PMID: 24701199 PMCID: PMC3934005 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma to the spinal cord causes permanent disability to more than 180,000 people every year worldwide. The initial mechanical damage triggers a complex set of secondary events involving the neural, vascular, and immune systems that largely determine the functional outcome of the spinal cord injury (SCI). Cellular and biochemical mechanisms responsible for this secondary injury largely depend on activation and inactivation of specific gene programs. Recent studies indicate that microRNAs function as gene expression switches in key processes of the SCI. Microarray data from rodent contusion models reveal that SCI induces changes in the global microRNA expression patterns. Variations in microRNA abundance largely result from alterations in the expression of the cells at the damaged spinal cord. However, microRNA expression levels after SCI are also influenced by the infiltration of immune cells to the injury site and the death and migration of specific neural cells after injury. Evidences on the role of microRNAs in the SCI pathophysiology have come from different sources. Bioinformatic analysis of microarray data has been used to identify specific variations in microRNA expression underlying transcriptional changes in target genes, which are involved in key processes in the SCI. Direct evidences on the role of microRNAs in SCI are scarcer, although recent studies have identified several microRNAs (miR-21, miR-486, miR-20) involved in key mechanisms of the SCI such as cell death or astrogliosis, among others. From a clinical perspective, different evidences make clear that microRNAs can be potent therapeutic tools to manipulate cell state and molecular processes in order to enhance functional recovery. The present article reviews the actual knowledge on how injury affects microRNA expression and the meaning of these changes in the SCI pathophysiology, to finally explore the clinical potential of microRNAs in the SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nieto-Diaz
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisco J Esteban
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén Jaén, Spain
| | - David Reigada
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Teresa Muñoz-Galdeano
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Mónica Yunta
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain ; Unidad de Patología Mitocondrial, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Caballero-López
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Rosa Navarro-Ruiz
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Angela Del Águila
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Rodrigo M Maza
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
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172
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Cui L, Li Y, Ma G, Wang Y, Cai Y, Liu S, Chen Y, Li J, Xie Y, Liu G, Zhao B, Li K. A functional polymorphism in the promoter region of microRNA-146a is associated with the risk of Alzheimer disease and the rate of cognitive decline in patients. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89019. [PMID: 24586483 PMCID: PMC3934871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
miR146a is well known for its regulatory role in the immune response and inflammation. Recent studies have demonstrated the links between miR146a and Alzheimer disease (AD) and suggested that miR146a may be involved in neuroinflammation and the metabolism of amyloid-β (Aβ), which are critical events in AD pathology. Although genetic studies have focused on the association between the miR146a gene and susceptibility to several diseases, no association study of miR146a variability with AD has been conducted. In this report, we performed a case-control association study to analyze the genotype and allele distributions of the miR146a, rs2910464 and rs57095329 polymorphisms in a Chinese population consisting of 292 AD cases and 300 healthy controls. We found a significant difference in the genotypes and allele frequencies of rs57095329 between the AD cases and the controls (p = 0.0147 and p = 0.0184, respectively), where the AA genotype of rs57095329 was associated with an increased risk of AD as well the cognitive decline in AD patients. Additionally, the AA genotype of rs57095329 exhibited significantly higher miR146a expression than the GG+GA genotypes of rs2910164 in the peripheral blood cells (PBMCs) of healthy individuals and had a stronger effect on the production of IL-6 and IL-1β when the cells were stimulated with LPS. Our data provide preliminary evidence that the rs57095329 polymorphism in the miR146a promoter is involved in the genetic susceptibility to AD, and this risk AA genotype may increase the expression of miR146a and influence certain proinflammatory cytokines, thus playing a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - You Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Guoda Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Clinical Research Center of Guangdong Medical College, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Shengyuan Liu
- Department of Chronic Disease, Shenzhen Nanshan Center for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen, PR China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Jia Li
- Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Yuliu Xie
- Intensive Care Unit, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Gen Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
- Institute of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
- * E-mail: (BZ); (KSL)
| | - Keshen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, PR China
- * E-mail: (BZ); (KSL)
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173
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Pogue AI, Clement C, Hill JM, Lukiw WJ. Evolution of microRNA (miRNA) Structure and Function in Plants and Animals: Relevance to Aging and Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 2. [PMID: 26146648 PMCID: PMC4489142 DOI: 10.4172/2329-8847.1000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James M Hill
- Departments of Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA ; Departments of Microbiology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA ; Departments of Pharmacology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA ; Departments of Neurology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA
| | - Walter J Lukiw
- Alchem Biotek, Toronto ON, M5S 1A8, Canada ; Departments of Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA ; Departments of Neurology, LSU Neuroscience Center, USA
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174
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Elisia I, Kitts DD. Modulation of NF-κB and Nrf2 control of inflammatory responses in FHs 74 Int cell line is tocopherol isoform-specific. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G940-9. [PMID: 24136788 PMCID: PMC3882439 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00269.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigates the relative ability of α-, γ-, and δ-tocopherol (Toc) to modulate cell signaling events that are associated with inflammatory responses in fetal-derived intestinal (FHs 74 Int) cells. Secretion of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 in FHs 74 Int cells was stimulated in the following order: α-Toc<γ-Toc<δ-Toc. A similar proinflammatory response was observed when inflammation was induced in FHs 74 Int cells. Modulation of IL-8 expression by Toc corresponded to an isoform-specific modulation of NF-κB and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) cell signaling pathways involved in expression of proinflammatory cytokines and antioxidant enzymes, respectively. δ-Toc and, to a lesser extent, γ-Toc activated NF-κB and Nrf2 signaling, as indicated by the greater nuclear translocation of transcription factors. Activation of NF-κB signaling by γ- and δ-Toc was accompanied by upregulation of NF-κB target genes, such as IL-8 and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, with and without a prior IFNγ-PMA challenge. Nevertheless, γ- and δ-Toc, particularly δ-Toc, concurrently downregulated glutamate-cysteine ligase, a Nrf2 target gene that encodes for glutathione biosynthesis. This observation was substantiated by confirmation that γ- and δ-Toc were effective at decreasing glutamate-cysteine ligase protein expression and cellular glutathione content. Downregulation of glutathione content in fetal intestinal cells corresponded to induction of apoptosis-mediated cytotoxicity. In conclusion, γ- and δ-Toc are biologically active isoforms of vitamin E and show superior bioactivity to α-Toc in modulating cell signaling events that contribute to a proinflammatory response in fetal-derived intestinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Elisia
- Food, Nutrition, and Health Program, Univ. of British Columbia, 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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175
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Ouyang YB, Xu L, Yue S, Liu S, Giffard RG. Neuroprotection by astrocytes in brain ischemia: importance of microRNAs. Neurosci Lett 2013; 565:53-8. [PMID: 24269978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes have been shown to protect neurons and increase their survival in many pathological settings. Manipulating astrocyte functions is thus an important strategy to enhance neuronal survival and improve outcome following cerebral ischemia. Increasing evidence supports the involvement of microRNAs (miRNA), some of them being astrocyte-enriched, in the regulation of cerebral ischemia. This mini review will focus on several recently reported astrocyte-enriched miRNAs (miR-181 and miR-29 families and miR-146a), their validated targets, regional expression and effects on outcome after cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bing Ouyang
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Lijun Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sibiao Yue
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Siwei Liu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rona G Giffard
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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176
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Alexandrov PN, Zhao Y, Jones BM, Bhattacharjee S, Lukiw WJ. Expression of the phagocytosis-essential protein TREM2 is down-regulated by an aluminum-induced miRNA-34a in a murine microglial cell line. J Inorg Biochem 2013; 128:267-9. [PMID: 23778113 PMCID: PMC3797872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the key classical pathological features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the progressive accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ42) peptides and their coalescence into highly insoluble senile plaque cores. A major factor driving Aβ42 peptide accumulation is the inability of brain cells to effectively clear excessive amounts of Aβ42 via phagocytosis. The trans-membrane spanning, sensor-receptor known as the "triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2" (TREM2; chr6p21) is essential in the sensing, recognition, phagocytosis and clearance of noxious cellular debris from brain cells, including neurotoxic Aβ42 peptides. Recently, mutations in the TREM2 gene have been associated with amyloidogenesis in neurodegenerative diseases including AD. In this report, we provide evidence that aluminum-sulfate, when incubated with microglial cells, induces the up-regulation of an NF-кB-sensitive micro RNA-34a (miRNA-34a; chr1p36) that is known to target the TREM2 mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR), significantly down-regulating TREM2 expression. The aluminum-induced up-regulation of miRNA-34a and down-regulation of TREM2 expression were effectively quenched using the natural phenolic compound and NF-kB inhibitor CAPE [2-phenylethyl-(2E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) acrylate; caffeic-acid phenethyl ester]. These results suggest, for the first time, that an epigenetic mechanism involving an aluminum-triggered, NF-kB-sensitive, miRNA-34a-mediated down-regulation of TREM2 expression may impair phagocytic responses that ultimately contribute to Aβ42 peptide accumulation, aggregation, amyloidogenesis and inflammatory degeneration in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Brandon M. Jones
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Surjyadipta Bhattacharjee
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans LA 70112 USA
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177
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Lu J, Yan M, Wang Y, Zhang J, Yang H, Tian FF, Zhou W, Zhang N, Li J. Altered expression of miR-146a in myasthenia gravis. Neurosci Lett 2013; 555:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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178
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Effects of MRP8, LPS, and lenalidomide on the expressions of TNF-α , brain-enriched, and inflammation-related microRNAs in the primary astrocyte culture. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:208309. [PMID: 24170980 PMCID: PMC3793319 DOI: 10.1155/2013/208309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are now recognized as a heterogeneous class of cells with many important and diverse functions in healthy and diseased central nervous system (CNS). MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs which may have key roles in astrocytes activation in response to various stimuli. We performed quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to detect changes in the expressions of brain-enriched miRNAs (124, 134, 9, 132, and 138), inflammation-related miRNAs (146a, 21, 181a, 221, and 222), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF- α ) in the rat primary astrocyte cultures after stimulation with myeloid-related protein 8 (MRP8) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Further, we inhibited the expression of TNF- α in the astrocytes by using TNF- α inhibitor (lenalidomide) and tested for the first time the effect of this inhibition on the expressions of the same tested miRNAs. Stimulation of the astrocytes with MRP8 or LPS leads to significant upregulation of miRNAs (124, 134, 9, 132, 146a, 21, 181a, 221, and 222), while miRNA-138 was downregulated. TNF- α inhibition with lenalidomide leads to opposite expressions of the tested miRNAs. These miRNAs may play an important role in activation of the astrocytes and may be a novel target for cell-specific therapeutic interventions in multiple CNS diseases.
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179
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Abstract
Genetic deficits and loss of function for the triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells 2 (TREM2; encoded at chr6p21.1), a transmembrane spanning stimulatory receptor of the immunoglobulin/lectin-like gene superfamily, have been associated with deficiencies in phagocytosis and the innate immune system in Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we provide evidence that TREM2 is downregulated in samples of sporadic Alzheimer hippocampal CA1 compared with age-matched controls. A nuclear factor-кB (NF-кB)-sensitive miRNA-34a (encoded at chr1p36.22), upregulated in Alzheimer's disease, was found to target the 299 nucleotide human TREM2 mRNA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) and downregulate the expression of a TREM2-3'-UTR reporter vector. A stabilized anti-miRNA-34a (AM-34a) quenched this pathogenic response. The results suggest that an epigenetic mechanism involving an NF-кB-mediated, miRNA-34a-regulated downregulation of TREM2 expression may shape innate immune and phagocytic responses that contribute to inflammatory neurodegeneration.
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180
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Rong Y, Bao W, Shan Z, Liu J, Yu X, Xia S, Gao H, Wang X, Yao P, Hu FB, Liu L. Increased microRNA-146a levels in plasma of patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73272. [PMID: 24023848 PMCID: PMC3759444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNAs, are thought to serve as crucial regulators of gene expression. Dysregulated expression of miRNAs has been described in various diseases and may contribute to related pathologic processes. Our aim was to examine circulating miRNA-146a levels in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus (new-T2DM) patients from a Chinese Han population. Methodology/Principal Findings Circulating miRNA-146a was extracted from plasma samples of 90 new-T2DM patients and 90 age- and sex-matched controls. Quantitative PCR assessment revealed that circulating miRNA-146a levels were significantly elevated in new-T2DM patients compared with controls. Participants in the highest tertile of circulating miRNA-146a levels showed a notably higher risk for new-T2DM (crude OR 4.333, 95% CI, 1.935 to 9.705, P = 0.001) than persons in the lowest tertile. Controlling for known risk factors and some biochemical indicators did not attenuate the aforementioned association. In addition, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves generated for miRNA-146a revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.725 (95% CI, 0.651 to 0.799, P < 0.001). Moreover, higher circulating miRNA-146a levels were significantly associated with higher plasma heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) concentrations (β coefficient = 0.131, P < 0.001) and lower HOMA-beta (β coefficient = -0.153, P = 0.015). Conclusions/Significance We found that circulating miRNA-146a levels were significantly elevated in new-T2DM patients compared with healthy controls. Whether expression of circulating miRNA-146a holds predictive value for T2DM warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Rong
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Bao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhilei Shan
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuefeng Yu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Songfan Xia
- Medical Examination Center, Wuhan Pu’ai Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition and Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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181
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Bhattacharjee S, Zhao Y, Hill JM, Culicchia F, Kruck TPA, Percy ME, Pogue AI, Walton J, Lukiw WJ. Selective accumulation of aluminum in cerebral arteries in Alzheimer's disease (AD). J Inorg Biochem 2013; 126:35-7. [PMID: 23764827 PMCID: PMC3720708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Once biologically available aluminum bypasses gastrointestinal and blood-brain barriers, this environmentally-abundant neurotoxin has an exceedingly high affinity for the large pyramidal neurons of the human brain hippocampus. This same anatomical region of the brain is also targeted by the earliest evidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neuropathology. The mechanism for the selective targeting and transport of aluminum into the hippocampus of the human brain is not well understood. In an effort to improve our understanding of a pathological aluminum entry system into the brain, this study examined the aluminum content of 8 arteries that supply blood to the hippocampus, including the aorta and several cerebral arteries. In contrast to age-matched controls, in AD patients we found a gradient of increasing aluminum concentration from the aorta to the posterior cerebral artery that supplies blood to the hippocampus. Primary cultures of human brain endothelial cells were found to have an extremely high affinity for aluminum when compared to other types of brain cells. Together, these results suggest for the first time that endothelial cells that line the cerebral vasculature may have biochemical attributes conducive to binding and targeting aluminum to selective anatomical regions of the brain, such as the hippocampus, with potential downstream pro-inflammatory and pathogenic consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Bhattacharjee
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Yuhai Zhao
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - James M. Hill
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Frank Culicchia
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
| | - Theodore P. A. Kruck
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Surrey Place Centre & Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, CANADA
| | - Maire E. Percy
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Surrey Place Centre & Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, CANADA
| | | | - J.R. Walton
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2204 AUSTRALIA
| | - Walter J. Lukiw
- Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
- Department of Neurology and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112 USA
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182
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Miao CG, Yang YY, He X, Huang C, Huang Y, Zhang L, Lv XW, Jin Y, Li J. The emerging role of microRNAs in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1828-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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183
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Wang J, Yu JT, Tan MS, Jiang T, Tan L. Epigenetic mechanisms in Alzheimer's disease: implications for pathogenesis and therapy. Ageing Res Rev 2013; 12:1024-41. [PMID: 23688931 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The vast majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are late-onset forms (LOAD) likely due to the interplay of environmental influences and individual genetic susceptibility. Epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNAs, constitute dynamic intracellular processes for translating environmental stimuli into modifications in gene expression. Over the past decade it has become increasingly clear that epigenetic mechanisms play a pivotal role in aging the pathogenesis of AD. Here, we provide a review of the major mechanisms for epigenetic modification and how they are reportedly altered in aging and AD. Moreover, we also consider how aberrant epigenetic modifications may lead to AD pathogenesis, and we review the therapeutic potential of epigenetic treatments for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, China
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184
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Lukiw WJ. Variability in micro RNA (miRNA) abundance, speciation and complexity amongst different human populations and potential relevance to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:133. [PMID: 23986657 PMCID: PMC3753559 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Department of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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185
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Müller M, Kuiperij HB, Claassen JA, Küsters B, Verbeek MM. MicroRNAs in Alzheimer's disease: differential expression in hippocampus and cell-free cerebrospinal fluid. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:152-8. [PMID: 23962497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that function in complex networks to regulate protein expression. In the brain, they are involved in development and synaptic plasticity. In this study, we aimed to identify miRNAs with a differential expression in either hippocampus or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients and age-matched nondemented control subjects using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In hippocampus, we also differentiated between AD patients with an intermediate stage, according to Braak III/IV stage, and a late stage, characterized according to Braak VI stage. Eight selected miRNAs were analyzed in hippocampus, and the expression of miR-16, miR-34c, miR-107, miR-128a, and miR-146a were differentially regulated. In CSF, out of 8 selected miRNAs only miR-16 and miR-146a could be reliably detected. In addition, we identified an effect of blood contamination on the CSF levels of miR-16, miR-24, and miR-146a. For group comparisons, we therefore selected CSF samples absent of, or containing only low numbers of blood cells. Levels of miR-146a were significantly decreased in CSF of AD patients. In conclusion, the abnormal expression of several miRNAs in hippocampus of intermediate- and late-stage AD patients suggests their involvement in AD pathogenesis, and low levels of miR-146a in CSF were associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Müller
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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186
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Olivieri F, Rippo MR, Procopio AD, Fazioli F. Circulating inflamma-miRs in aging and age-related diseases. Front Genet 2013; 4:121. [PMID: 23805154 PMCID: PMC3693036 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence on circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) is indisputably opening a new era in systemic and tissue-specific biomarker research, highlighting new inter-cellular and inter-organ communication mechanisms. Circulating miRNAs might be active messengers eliciting a systemic response as well as non-specific "by-products" of cell activity and even of cell death; in either case they have the potential to be clinically relevant biomarkers for a number of physiopathological processes, including inflammatory responses and inflammation-related conditions. A large amount of evidence indicates that miRNAs can exert two opposite roles, activating as well as inhibiting inflammatory pathways. The inhibitory action probably relates to the need for activating anti-inflammatory mechanisms to counter potent proinflammatory signals, like the nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB) pathway, to prevent cell and tissue destruction. MiRNA-based anti-inflammatory mechanisms may acquire a crucial role during aging, where a chronic, low-level proinflammatory status is likely sustained by the cell senescence secretome and by progressive activation of immune cells over time. This process entails age-related changes, especially in extremely old age, in those circulating miRNAs that are capable of modulating the inflammatory status (inflamma-miRs). Interestingly, a number of such circulating miRNAs seem to be promising biomarkers for the major age-related diseases that share a common chronic, low-level proinflammatory status, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), Alzheimer Disease (AD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Olivieri
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Università Politecnica delle Marche Ancona, Italy ; Center of Clinical Pathology and Innovative Therapy, I.N.R.C.A. National Institute Ancona, Italy
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187
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Lukiw WJ. Antagonism of NF-κB-up-regulated micro RNAs (miRNAs) in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD)-anti-NF-κB vs. anti-miRNA strategies. Front Genet 2013; 4:77. [PMID: 23641256 PMCID: PMC3640190 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Department of Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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188
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that develops within the limbic system, spreading radially into anatomically linked brain association areas as the disease progresses. Analysis of temporal-lobe association of neocortex-derived extracellular fluid and cerebrospinal fluid from Alzheimer's disease patients shows an abundant presence of micro-RNA (miRNA), including the proinflammatory miRNA-146a and miRNA-155. Using a novel and highly sensitive LED-Northern dot-blot focusing technique, we detected the secretion of potentially pathogenic amounts of miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 from stressed human primary neural cells. A conditioned medium containing miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 was found to induce Alzheimer-type gene expression changes in control brain cells. These included downregulation in the expression of an important repressor of the innate immune response, complement factor H (CFH). These effects were neutralized using anti-miRNA strategies. Anti-miRNA-based therapeutics may provide a novel and efficacious treatment to stem the miRNA-mediated spreading of inflammatory signaling involved in Alzheimer's disease.
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189
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Chen G, Umelo IA, Lv S, Teugels E, Fostier K, Kronenberger P, Dewaele A, Sadones J, Geers C, De Grève J. miR-146a inhibits cell growth, cell migration and induces apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60317. [PMID: 23555954 PMCID: PMC3608584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of microRNA-146a (miR-146a) has been reported to be involved in the development and progression of various types of cancers. However, its role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution of miR-146a to various aspects of the malignant phenotype of human NSCLCs. In functional experiments, miR-146a suppressed cell growth, induced cellular apoptosis and inhibited EGFR downstream signaling in five NSCLC cell lines (H358, H1650, H1975, HCC827 and H292). miR-146a also inhibited the migratory capacity of these NSCLC cells. On the other hand, miR-146a enhanced the inhibition of cell proliferation by drugs targeting EGFR, including both TKIs (gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib) and a monoclonal antibody (cetuximab). These effects were independent of the EGFR mutation status (wild type, sensitizing mutation or resistance mutation), but were less potent compared to the effects of siRNA targeting of EGFR. Our results suggest that these effects of miR-146a are due to its targeting of EGFR and NF-κB signaling. We also found, in clinical formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) lung cancer samples, that low expression of miR-146a was correlated with advanced clinical TNM stages and distant metastasis in NSCLC (P<0.05). The patients with high miR-146a expression in their tumors showed longer progression-free survival (25.6 weeks in miR-146a high patients vs. 4.8 weeks in miR-146a low patients, P<0.05). miR-146a is therefore a strong candidate prognostic biomarker in NSCLC. Thus inducing miR-146a might be a therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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190
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Lu'o'ng KVQ, Nguyen LTH. The role of vitamin D in Alzheimer's disease: possible genetic and cell signaling mechanisms. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2013; 28:126-36. [PMID: 23322908 PMCID: PMC10852937 DOI: 10.1177/1533317512473196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly individuals and is associated with progressive memory loss and cognitive dysfunction. A significant association between AD and low levels of vitamin D has been demonstrated. Furthermore, vitamin D supplements appear to have a beneficial clinical effect on AD by regulating micro-RNA, enhancing toll-like receptors, modulating vascular endothelial factor expression, modulating angiogenin, and advanced glycation end products. Vitamin D also exerts its effects on AD by regulating calcium-sensing receptor expression, enhancing amyloid-β peptides clearance, interleukin 10, downregulating matrix metalloproteinases, upregulating heme oxygenase 1, and suppressing the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate expression. In conclusion, vitamin D may play a beneficial role in AD. Calcitriol is the best vitamin D supplement for AD, because it is the active form of the vitamin D3 metabolite and modulates inflammatory cytokine expression. Therefore, further investigation of the role of calcitriol in AD is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Vinh Quoc Lu'o'ng
- Vietnamese American Medical Research Foundation, 14971 Brookhurst St. Westminster, CA 92683, USA.
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191
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Lukiw WJ, Andreeva TV, Grigorenko AP, Rogaev EI. Studying micro RNA Function and Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Genet 2013; 3:327. [PMID: 23390425 PMCID: PMC3565163 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a tragic, progressive, age-related neurological dysfunction, representing one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorders in industrialized societies. Globally, 5 million new cases of AD are diagnosed annually, with one new AD case being reported every 7 s. Most recently there has been a surge in the study of the regulatory mechanisms of the AD process, and the particular significance of small non-coding ∼22 ribonucleotide RNAs called micro RNAs (miRNAs). Abundant data have profiled miRNA patterns in healthy, aging brain, in mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and in the moderate- and late-stages of AD. The major mode of action of miRNA is to interact, via base-pair complementarity, with ribonucleotides located within the 3′ untranslated region (3′-UTR) of multiple target messenger RNAs (mRNAs), and in doing so decrease the capability of that specific mRNA to be expressed. Many miRNAs are highly cell- and tissue-specific. The human brain appears to use only a highly specific fraction of all known human miRNAs, whose speciation and complexity are defined as a discrete subset of all known small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) in the brain. In general, in contrast to normally, aging human brain, in AD a family of pathogenically up-regulated miRNAs appear to be down-regulating the expression certain brain-essential mRNA targets, including key regulatory genes involved interactively in neuroinflammation, synaptogenesis, neurotrophic functions, and amyloidogenesis. These up-regulated, NF-kB-sensitive miRNAs, involved in the innate immune and inflammatory response and synaptic, neurotrophic, and amyloidogenic functions include miRNA-9, miRNA-125b, miRNA-146a, and miRNA-155. Other miRNAs of the miRNA-15/107 family, miRNA-153 and miRNA-190, and others, will be discussed. Overall, this manuscript will review the known contribution of miRNAs to aging brain function and the role they appear to play in the incidence and progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Department of Neurology, LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA ; Department of Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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192
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de Faria O, Moore CS, Kennedy TE, Antel JP, Bar-Or A, Dhaunchak AS. MicroRNA dysregulation in multiple sclerosis. Front Genet 2013; 3:311. [PMID: 23346094 PMCID: PMC3551282 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by central nervous system (CNS) demyelination and axonal degeneration. Although the cause of MS is still unknown, it is widely accepted that novel drug targets need to focus on both decreasing inflammation and promoting CNS repair. In MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, non-coding small microRNAs (miRNAs) are dysregulated in the immune system and CNS. Since individual miRNAs are able to down-regulate multiple targeted mRNA transcripts, even minor changes in miRNA expression may lead to significant alterations in gene expression. Herein, we review miRNA signatures reported in CNS tissue and immune cells of MS patients and consider how altered miRNA expression may influence MS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar de Faria
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, The Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada ; Program in NeuroEngineering, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada
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193
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Holohan KN, Lahiri DK, Schneider BP, Foroud T, Saykin AJ. Functional microRNAs in Alzheimer's disease and cancer: differential regulation of common mechanisms and pathways. Front Genet 2013; 3:323. [PMID: 23335942 PMCID: PMC3547332 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Two of the main research priorities in the United States are cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, which are attributed to abnormal patterns of cellular behavior. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have been implicated as regulators of cellular metabolism, and thus are an active topic of investigation in both disease areas. There is presently a more extensive body of work on the role of miRNAs in cancer compared to neurodegenerative diseases, and therefore it may be useful to examine whether there is any concordance between the functional roles of miRNAs in these diseases. As a case study, the roles of miRNAs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and their functions in various cancers will be compared. A number of miRNA expression patterns are altered in individuals with AD compared with healthy older adults. Among these, some have also been shown to correlate with neuropathological changes including plaque and tangle accumulation, as well as expression levels of other molecules known to be involved in disease pathology. Importantly, these miRNAs have also been shown to have differential expression and or functional roles in various types of cancer. To examine possible intersections between miRNA functions in cancer and AD, we review the current literature on these miRNAs in cancer and AD, focusing on their roles in known biological pathways. We propose a pathway-driven model in which some molecular processes show an inverse relationship between cancer and neurodegenerative disease (e.g., proliferation and apoptosis) whereas others are more parallel in their activity (e.g., immune activation and inflammation). A critical review of these and other molecular mechanisms in cancer may shed light on the pathophysiology of AD, and highlight key areas for future research. Conclusions from this work may be extended to other neurodegenerative diseases for which some molecular pathways have been identified but which have not yet been extensively researched for miRNA involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N Holohan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
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194
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Alexandrov PN, Dua P, Hill JM, Bhattacharjee S, Zhao Y, Lukiw WJ. microRNA (miRNA) speciation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and extracellular fluid (ECF). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2012; 3:365-73. [PMID: 23301201 PMCID: PMC3533883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), produced by the choroid plexus and secreted into the brain ventricles and subarachnoid space, plays critical roles in intra-cerebral transport and the biophysical and immune protection of the brain. CSF composition provides valuable insight into soluble pathogenic bio-markers that may be diagnostic for brain disease. In these experiments we analyzed amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide and micro RNA (miRNA) abundance in CSF and in short post-mortem interval (PMI <2.1 hr) brain tissue-derived extracellular fluid (ECF) from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and age-matched control neocortex. There was a trend for decreased abundance of Aβ42 in the CSF and ECF in AD but it did not reach statistical significance (mean age ~72 yr; N=12; p~0.06, ANOVA). The most abundant nucleic acids in AD CSF and ECF were miRNAs, and their speciation and inducibility were studied further. Fluorescent miRNA-array-based analysis indicated significant increases in miRNA-9, miRNA-125b, miRNA-146a, miRNA-155 in AD CSF and ECF (N=12; p<0.01, ANOVA). Primary human neuronal-glial (HNG) cell co-cultures stressed with AD-derived ECF also displayed an up-regulation of these miRNAs, an effect that was quenched using the anti-NF-кB agents caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) or 1-fluoro-2-[2-(4-methoxy-phenyl)-ethenyl]-benzene (CAY10512). Increases in miRNAs were confirmed independently using a highly sensitive LED-Northern dot-blot assay. Several of these NF-кB-sensitive miRNAs are known to be up-regulated in AD brain, and associate with the progressive spreading of inflammatory neurodegeneration. The results indicate that miRNA-9, miRNA-125b, miRNA-146a and miRNA-155 are CSF- and ECF-abundant, NF-кB-sensitive pro-inflammatory miRNAs, and their enrichment in circulating CSF and ECF suggest that they may be involved in the modulation or proliferation of miRNA-triggered pathogenic signaling throughout the brain and central nervous system (CNS).
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195
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Chan EKL, Ceribelli A, Satoh M. MicroRNA-146a in autoimmunity and innate immune responses. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72 Suppl 2:ii90-5. [PMID: 23253933 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are approximately 22 nucleotide single-stranded RNA that regulate the stability of target messenger RNA by selective binding to specific sites at the 3'-untranslated regions (UTR). This triggers repression in translation and mRNA degradation. It has been estimated that approximately 60% of all mRNA are under the control of miRNA. Among the known hundreds of miRNA, some are considered master regulators controlling either a single or multiple cellular pathways. Some miRNA are known to affect development and cell differentiation, while others are implicated in immunity and autoimmune diseases. A very interesting example is miR-146a, which has been reported to be downregulated in systemic lupus erythematosus and upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Several groups have recently focused their attention on miRNA in the pathogenesis of RA. Interestingly, the expression of miR-146a is upregulated in different cell types and tissues in RA patients. miRNA in RA could also be considered as possible future targets for new therapeutic approaches. This discussion will focus on the current understanding in the function of miR-146a in endotoxin tolerance and cross-tolerance, and how it may contribute to modulate the overproduction of known pathogenic cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward K L Chan
- Correspondence to Professor Edward K L Chan, Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA.
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196
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Abstract
Abundant neurochemical, neuropathological, and genetic evidence suggests that a critical number of proinflammatory and innate immune system-associated factors are involved in the underlying pathological pathways that drive the sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) process. Most recently, a series of epigenetic factors - including a select family of inducible, proinflammatory, NF-κB-regulated small noncoding RNAs called miRNAs - have been shown to be significantly elevated in abundance in AD brain. These upregulated miRNAs appear to be instrumental in reshaping the human brain transcriptome. This reorganization of mRNA speciation and complexity in turn drives proinflammatory and pathogenic gene expression programs. The ensuing, progressively altered immune and inflammatory signaling patterns in AD brain support immunopathogenetic events and proinflammatory features of the AD phenotype. This report will briefly review what is known concerning NF-κB-inducible miRNAs that are significantly upregulated in AD-targeted anatomical regions of degenerating human brain cells and tissues. Quenching of NF-κB-sensitive inflammatory miRNA signaling using NF-κB-inhibitors such as the polyphenolic resveratrol analog trans-3,5,4'-trihydroxystilbene (CAY10512) may have some therapeutic value in reducing inflammatory neurodegeneration. Antagonism of NF-κB-inducing, and hence proinflammatory, epigenetic and environmental factors, such as the neurotrophic herpes simplex virus-1 and exposure to the potent neurotoxin aluminum, are briefly discussed. Early reports further indicate that miRNA neutralization employing anti-miRNA (antagomir) strategies may hold future promise in the clinical management of this insidious neurological disorder and expanding healthcare concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Professor of Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, LSU Neuroscience Center, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite 904, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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197
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Pham JT, Gallicano GI. Specification of neural cell fate and regulation of neural stem cell proliferation by microRNAs. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF STEM CELLS 2012; 1:182-195. [PMID: 23671807 PMCID: PMC3636732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In the approximately 20 years since microRNAs (miRNAs) were first characterized, they have been shown to play important roles in diverse physiologic functions, particularly those requiring coordinated changes in networks of signaling pathways. The ability of miRNAs to silence expression of multiple gene targets hints at complex connections that research has only begun to elucidate. The nervous system, particularly the brain, and its progenitor cells offer opportunities to examine miRNA function due to the myriad different cell types, numerous functionally distinct regions, and fluidly dynamic connections between them. This review aims to summarize current understanding of miRNA regulation in neurodevelopment, beginning with miRNAs that establish a general neural fate in cells. Particular attention is given to miR-124, the most abundant brain-specific miRNA, along with its key regulators and targets as an example of the potentially far-reaching effects of miRNAs. These modulators and mediators enable miRNAs to subtly calibrate cellular proliferation and differentiation. To better understand their mechanisms of action, miRNA profiles in distinct populations and regions of cells have been examined as well as miRNAs that regulate proliferation of stem cells, a process marked by dramatic morphological shifts in response to temporally subtle and refined shifts in gene expression. To tease out the complex interactions of miRNAs and stem cells more accurately, future studies will require more sensitive methods of assessing miRNA expression and more rigorous models of miRNA pathways. Thorough characterization of similarities and differences in specific miRNAs' effects in different species is vital to developing better disease models and therapeutics using miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - G Ian Gallicano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown UniversityWashington DC, USA
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198
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Schonrock N, Götz J. Decoding the non-coding RNAs in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 69:3543-59. [PMID: 22955374 PMCID: PMC11114718 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are integral components of biological networks with fundamental roles in regulating gene expression. They can integrate sequence information from the DNA code, epigenetic regulation and functions of multimeric protein complexes to potentially determine the epigenetic status and transcriptional network in any given cell. Humans potentially contain more ncRNAs than any other species, especially in the brain, where they may well play a significant role in human development and cognitive ability. This review discusses their emerging role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), a human pathological condition characterized by the progressive impairment of cognitive functions. We discuss the complexity of the ncRNA world and how this is reflected in the regulation of the amyloid precursor protein and Tau, two proteins with central functions in AD. By understanding this intricate regulatory network, there is hope for a better understanding of disease mechanisms and ultimately developing diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Schonrock
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute (VCCRI), Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
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199
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Iyer A, Zurolo E, Prabowo A, Fluiter K, Spliet WGM, van Rijen PC, Gorter JA, Aronica E. MicroRNA-146a: a key regulator of astrocyte-mediated inflammatory response. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44789. [PMID: 23028621 PMCID: PMC3441440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of microRNAs (miRNA) in the regulation of inflammation in human neurological disorders. In the present study we investigated the role of miR-146a, a key regulator of the innate immune response, in the modulation of astrocyte-mediated inflammation. Using Taqman PCR and in situ hybridization, we studied the expression of miR-146a in epilepsy-associated glioneuronal lesions which are characterized by prominent activation of the innate immune response. In addition, cultured human astrocytes were used to study the regulation of miR-146a expression in response to proinflammatory cytokines. qPCR and western blot were used to evaluate the effects of overexpression or knockdown of miR-146a on IL-1β signaling. Downstream signaling in the IL-1β pathway, as well as the expression of IL-6 and COX-2 were evaluated by western blot and ELISA. Release several cytokines was evaluated using a human magnetic multiplex cytokine assay on a Luminex® 100™/200™ platform. Increased expression of miR-146a was observed in glioneuronal lesions by Taqman PCR. MiR-146a expression in human glial cell cultures was strongly induced by IL-1β and blocked by IL-1β receptor antagonist. Modulation of miR-146a expression by transfection of astrocytes with anti-miR146a or mimic, regulated the mRNA expression levels of downstream targets of miR-146a (IRAK-1, IRAK-2 and TRAF-6) and the expression of IRAK-1 protein. In addition, the expression of IL-6 and COX-2 upon IL-1β stimulation was suppressed by increased levels of miR-146a and increased by the reduction of miR-146a. Modulation of miR-146a expression affected also the release of several cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α. Our observations indicate that in response to inflammatory cues, miR-146a was induced as a negative-feedback regulator of the astrocyte-mediated inflammatory response. This supports an important role of miR-146a in human neurological disorders associated with chronic inflammation and suggests that this miR may represent a novel target for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Iyer
- Department of Neuro-Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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200
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Lukiw WJ. Evolution and complexity of micro RNA in the human brain. Front Genet 2012; 3:166. [PMID: 22969792 PMCID: PMC3432495 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2012.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Lukiw
- Neurology, Neuroscience and Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
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