151
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Wu Z, Liu D, Deng F. The Role of Vitamin D in Immune System and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3167-3185. [PMID: 35662873 PMCID: PMC9160606 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s363840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a nonspecific inflammatory disease that includes ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). The pathogenesis of IBD is not fully understood but is most reported associated with immune dysregulation, dysbacteriosis, genetic susceptibility, and environmental risk factors. Vitamin D is an essential nutrient for the human body, and it not only regulates bone metabolism but also the immune system, the intestinal microbiota and barrier. Vitamin D insufficiency is common in IBD patients, and the abnormal low levels of vitamin D are highly correlated with disease activity, treatment response, and risk of relapse of IBD. Accumulating evidence supports the protective role of vitamin D in IBD through regulating the adaptive and innate immunity, maintaining the intestinal barrier and balancing the gut microbiota. This report aims to provide a broad overview of the role vitamin D in the immune system, especially in the pathogenesis and treatment of IBD, and its possible role in predicting relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengrong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Deliang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feihong Deng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Feihong Deng, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan410011, People’s Republic of China, Email
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152
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Du L, Wang Q, Ji S, Sun Y, Huang W, Zhang Y, Li S, Yan S, Jin H. Metabolomic and Microbial Remodeling by Shanmei Capsule Improves Hyperlipidemia in High Fat Food-Induced Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:729940. [PMID: 35573781 PMCID: PMC9094705 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.729940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia refers to a chronic disease caused by systemic metabolic disorder, and its pathophysiology is very complex. Shanmei capsule (SM) is a famous preparation with a long tradition of use for anti-hyperlipidemia treatment in China. However, the regulation mechanism of SM on hyperlipidemia has not been elucidated so far. In this study, a combination of UPLC-Q-TOF/MS techniques and 16S rDNA gene sequencing was performed to investigate the effects of SM treatment on plasma metabolism-mediated change and intestinal homeostasis. The results indicated that SM potently ameliorated high-fat diet-induced glucose and lipid metabolic disorders and reduced the histopathological injury. Pathway analysis indicated that alterations of differential metabolites were mainly involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, linolenic acid metabolism, α-linoleic acid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism. These changes were accompanied by a significant perturbation of intestinal microbiota characterized by marked increased microbial richness and changed microbiota composition. There were many genera illustrating strong correlations with hyperlipidemia-related markers (e.g., weight gains, GLU, and total cholesterol), including the Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group and the Lachnospiraceae NK4B4 group. Overall, this study initially confirmed that hyperlipidemia is associated with metabolic disturbance and intestinal microbiota disorders, and SM can be employed to help decrease hyperlipidemia risk, including improving the abnormal metabolic profile and maintaining the gut microbial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Du
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Ji
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanfang Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Huang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Li
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shikai Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shikai Yan, ; Huizi Jin,
| | - Huizi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shikai Yan, ; Huizi Jin,
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153
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Geng ZH, Zhu Y, Li QL, Zhao C, Zhou PH. Enteric Nervous System: The Bridge Between the Gut Microbiota and Neurological Disorders. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:810483. [PMID: 35517052 PMCID: PMC9063565 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.810483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays an essential role in food digestion, absorption, and the mucosal immune system; it is also inhabited by a huge range of microbes. The GI tract is densely innervated by a network of 200–600 million neurons that comprise the enteric nervous system (ENS). This system cooperates with intestinal microbes, the intestinal immune system, and endocrine systems; it forms a complex network that is required to maintain a stable intestinal microenvironment. Understanding how gut microbes influence the ENS and central nervous system (CNS) has been a significant research subject over the past decade. Moreover, accumulating evidence from animal and clinical studies has revealed that gut microbiota play important roles in various neurological diseases. However, the causal relationship between microbial changes and neurological disorders currently remains unproven. This review aims to summarize the possible contributions of GI microbiota to the ENS and CNS. It also provides new insights into furthering our current understanding of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Han Geng
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Quan-Lin Li
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Quan-Lin Li,
| | - Chao Zhao
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Chao Zhao,
| | - Ping-Hong Zhou
- Endoscopy Center and Endoscopy Research Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Endoscopy, Shanghai, China
- Ping-Hong Zhou,
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154
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Bets VD, Achasova KM, Borisova MA, Kozhevnikova EN, Litvinova EA. Role of Mucin 2 Glycoprotein and L-Fucose in Interaction of Immunity and Microbiome within the Experimental Model of Inflammatory Bowel Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:301-318. [PMID: 35527372 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922040010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many factors underlie the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in humans. In particular, imbalance of microbiota and thinning of the mucosal layer in the large intestine play a huge role. Pathogenic microorganisms also exacerbate the course of diseases. In this research the role of mucin 2 deficiency in the formation of intestinal microflora in the experimental model using the Muc2 gene knockout mice in the presence of Helicobacter spp. was investigated. Also, restorative and anti-inflammatory effect of the dietary L-fucose in the Muc2-/- mice on microflora and immunity was evaluated. For this purpose, bacterial diversity in feces was studied in the animals before and after antibiotic therapy and role of the dietary L-fucose in their recovery was assessed. To determine the effect of bacterial imbalance and fucose on the immune system, mRNA levels of the genes encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnf, Il1a, Il1b, Il6) and transcription factors of T cells (Foxp3 - Treg, Rorc - Th17, Tbx21 - Th1) were determined in the colon tissue of the Muc2-/- mice. Significant elimination of bacteria due to antibiotic therapy caused decrease of the fucose levels in the intestine and facilitated reduction of the regulatory T cell transcription factor (Foxp3). When the dietary L-fucose was added to antibiotics, the level of bacterial DNA of Bacteroides spp. in the feces of the Muc2-/- mice was partially restored. T regulatory cells are involved in the regulation of inflammation in the Muc2-/- mice. Antibiotics reduced the number of regulatory T cell but did not decrease the inflammatory response to infection. Fucose, as a component of mucin 2, helped to maintain the level of Bacteroides spp. during antibiotic therapy of the Muc2-/- mice and restored biochemical parameters, but did not affect the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D Bets
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, 630039, Russia
| | - Kseniya M Achasova
- Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Mariya A Borisova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Elena N Kozhevnikova
- Novosibirsk State Agrarian University, Novosibirsk, 630039, Russia.,Research Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine, Novosibirsk, 630117, Russia.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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155
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Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathogenic Role and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073464. [PMID: 35408838 PMCID: PMC8998182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbe-host communication is essential to maintain vital functions of a healthy host, and its disruption has been associated with several diseases, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, the two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Although individual members of the intestinal microbiota have been associated with experimental IBD, identifying microorganisms that affect disease susceptibility and phenotypes in humans remains a considerable challenge. Currently, the lack of a definition between what is healthy and what is a dysbiotic gut microbiome limits research. Nevertheless, although clear proof-of-concept of causality is still lacking, there is an increasingly evident need to understand the microbial basis of IBD at the microbial strain, genomic, epigenomic, and functional levels and in specific clinical contexts. Recent information on the role of diet and novel environmental risk factors affecting the gut microbiome has direct implications for the immune response that impacts the development of IBD. The complexity of IBD pathogenesis, involving multiple distinct elements, suggests the need for an integrative approach, likely utilizing computational modeling of molecular datasets to identify more specific therapeutic targets.
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156
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Zhao Y, Chen L, Chen L, Huang J, Chen S, Yu Z. Exploration of the Potential Relationship Between Gut Microbiota Remodeling Under the Influence of High-Protein Diet and Crohn's Disease. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:831176. [PMID: 35308389 PMCID: PMC8927681 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.831176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet and gut microbiota are both important factors in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease, and changes in diet can lead to alteration in gut microbiome. However, there is still insufficient exploration on interaction within the gut microbiota under high-protein diet (HPD) intervention. We analyzed the gut microbial network and marker taxa from patients with Crohn’s disease in public database (GMrepo, https://gmrepo.humangut.info) combined with investigation of the changes of composition and function of intestinal microbiome in mice fed on HPD by metagenomic sequencing. The results showed that there was an indirect negative correlation between Escherichia coli and Lachnospiraceae in patients with Crohn’s disease, and Escherichia coli was a marker for both Crohn’s disease and HPD intervention. Besides, enriched HH_1414 (one of the orthologs in eggNOG) related to tryptophan metabolism was from Helicobacter, whereas reduced orthologs (OGs) mainly contributed by Lachnospiraceae after HPD intervention. Our research indicates that some compositional changes in gut microbiota after HPD intervention are consistent with those in patients with Crohn’s disease, providing insights into potential impact of altered gut microbes under HPD on Crohn’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lulu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Liyu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuijiao Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China
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157
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Chen Y, Lin Y, Shan C, Li Z, Xiao B, He R, Huang X, Wang Z, Zhang J, Qiao W. Effect of Fufang Huangqi Decoction on the Gut Microbiota in Patients With Class I or II Myasthenia Gravis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:785040. [PMID: 35370890 PMCID: PMC8971287 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.785040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the effect of Fufang Huangqi Decoction on the gut microbiota in patients with class I or II myasthenia gravis (MG) and to explore the correlation between gut microbiota and MG (registration number, ChiCTR2100048367; registration website, http://www.chictr.org.cn/listbycreater.aspx; NCBI: SRP338707). Methods In this study, microbial community composition and diversity analyses were carried out on fecal specimens from MG patients who did not take Fufang Huangqi Decoction (control group, n = 8) and those who took Fufang Huangqi Decoction and achieved remarkable alleviation of symptoms (medication group, n = 8). The abundance, diversity within and between habitats, taxonomic differences and corresponding discrimination markers of gut microbiota in the control group and medicated group were assessed. Results Compared with the control group, the medicated group showed a significantly decreased abundance of Bacteroidetes (P < 0.05) and significantly increased abundance of Actinobacteria at the phylum level, a significantly decreased abundance of Bacteroidaceae (P < 0.05) and significantly increased abundance of Bifidobacteriaceae at the family level and a significantly decreased abundance of Blautia and Bacteroides (P < 0.05) and significantly increased abundance of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Roseburia at the genus level. Compared to the control group, the medicated group had decreased abundance, diversity, and genetic diversity of the communities and increased coverage, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.05); the markers that differed significantly between communities at the genus level and influenced the differences between groups were Blautia, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. Conclusions MG patients have obvious gut microbiota-associated metabolic disorders. Fufang Huangqi Decoction regulates the gut microbiota in patients with class I or II MG by reducing the abundance of Blautia and Bacteroides and increasing the abundance of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. The correlation between gut microbiota and MG may be related to cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanghong Chen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Yi Lin
- Department of General Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Shenyang, Shenyang, China
| | - Caifeng Shan
- The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhaoqing Li
- The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Zhejiang Jiuru Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Rencai He
- Zhejiang Jiuru Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China
| | - Xueshi Huang
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhanyou Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology of Ministry of Education, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingsheng Zhang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
- *Correspondence: Jingsheng Zhang
| | - Wenjun Qiao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
- Wenjun Qiao
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158
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Abuqwider J, Altamimi M, Mauriello G. Limosilactobacillus reuteri in Health and Disease. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030522. [PMID: 35336098 PMCID: PMC8953724 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Limosilactobacillus reuteri is a microorganism with valuable probiotic qualities that has been widely employed in humans to promote health. It is a well-studied probiotic bacterium that exerts beneficial health effects due to several metabolic mechanisms that enhance the production of anti-inflammatory cytochines and modulate the gut microbiota by the production of antimicrobial molecules, including reuterin. This review provides an overview of the data that support the role of probiotic properties, and the antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of some L. reuteri strains in relation to their metabolite production profile on the amelioration of many diseases and disorders. Although the results discussed in this paper are strain dependent, they show that L. reuteri, by different mechanisms and various metabolites, may control body weight and obesity, improve insulin sensitivity and glucose homeostasis, increase gut integrity and immunomodulation, and attenuate hepatic disorders. Gut microbiota modulation by ingesting probiotic L. reuteri strains could be a promising preventative and therapeutic approach against many diseases and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Abuqwider
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80049 Naples, Italy;
| | - Mohammad Altamimi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, An-Najah National University, Nablus P.O. Box 7, Palestine;
| | - Gianluigi Mauriello
- Department of Agricultural Science, University of Naples Federico II, 80049 Naples, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-081-2539452
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159
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Wang T, Shi C, Wang S, Zhang Y, Wang S, Ismael M, Zhang J, Wang X, Lü X. Protective Effects of Companilactobacillus crustorum MN047 against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis: A Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Study. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:1547-1561. [PMID: 35077172 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c07316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis could aggravate the development of ulcerative colitis (UC). Companilactobacillus crustorum MN047 (CCMN) is a potential gut microbiota-regulating probiotic that could produce multiple novel bacteriocins. In this study, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) was used to verify whether CCMN could alleviate dextran sulfate sodium-induced UC by regulating gut microbiota. Results showed that both CCMN and FMT ameliorated the symptoms of UC, including attenuating the increased disease activity index, shortened colon length, gut barrier damage, and inflammation. Briefly, CCMN and FMT upregulated the expressions of MUCs and tight junctions, downregulated the expressions of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, increased fecal short-chain fatty acids, and lowered serum lipopolysaccharides, which were associated with the regulation of gut microbiota (e.g., increased Akkermansia, Blautia, and Ruminococcus levels). These results demonstrated that CCMN could ameliorate UC by modulating gut microbiota and inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Therefore, CCMN could be considered as a potential probiotic supplement for ameliorating UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Caihong Shi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuxuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mohamedelfaieh Ismael
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Lü
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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160
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The Paradox of Prosthetic Joint Infection and the Microbiome: Are Some Bacteria Actually Helpful? Arthroplast Today 2022; 13:116-119. [PMID: 35106346 PMCID: PMC8784299 DOI: 10.1016/j.artd.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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161
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Wang X, Xie L, Long J, Liu K, Lu J, Liang Y, Cao Y, Dai X, Li X. Therapeutic effect of baicalin on inflammatory bowel disease: A review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114749. [PMID: 34666140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Baicalin (BI) is an important biologically active flavonoid isolated from the root of Scutellaria radix (Huang Qin). Traditionally Scutellaria radix was the common drug of dysentery. As the main flavonoid compound, there is a distribution tendency of baicalin to the intestinal tract and it has a protective effect on the gastrointestinal tract. AIM OF THE REVIEW This review aims to compile up-to-date and comprehensive information on the efficacy of baicalin in vitro and in vivo, about treating inflammatory bowel disease. Relevant information on the therapeutic potential of baicalin against inflammatory bowel disease was collected from the Web of Science, Pubmed and so on. Additionally, a few books and magazines were also consulted to get the important information. RESULTS The mechanisms of baicalin against inflammatory bowel disease mainly include anti-inflammation, antioxidant, immune regulation, maintenance of intestinal barrier, maintenance of intestinal flora balance. Also, BI can relieve parts of extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs), and prevent colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION Baicalin determined the promising therapeutic prospects as potential supplementary medicines for the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wang
- School of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of TCM, China
| | - Long Xie
- School of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of TCM, China
| | - Jiaying Long
- School of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of TCM, China
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of TCM, China
| | - Jing Lu
- School of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of TCM, China
| | - Youdan Liang
- School of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of TCM, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of TCM, China
| | - Xiaolin Dai
- School of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of TCM, China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- School of Pharmacology, Chengdu University of TCM, China.
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162
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Chitosan Oligosaccharides Alleviate Colitis by Regulating Intestinal Microbiota and PPARγ/SIRT1-Mediated NF-κB Pathway. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20020096. [PMID: 35200626 PMCID: PMC8880253 DOI: 10.3390/md20020096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) have been shown to have potential protective effects against colitis, but the mechanism underlying this effect has not been fully elucidated. In this study, COS were found to significantly attenuate dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis in mice by decreasing disease activity index scores, downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, and upregulating Mucin-2 levels. COS also significantly inhibited the levels of nitric oxide (NO) and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Importantly, COS inhibited the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway via activating PPARγ and SIRT1, thus reducing the production of NO and IL-6. The antagonist of PPARγ could abolish the anti-inflammatory effects of COS in LPS-treated cells. COS also activated SIRT1 to reduce the acetylation of p65 protein at lysine 310, which was reversed by silencing SIRT1 by siRNA. Moreover, COS treatment increased the diversity of intestinal microbiota and partly restored the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. COS administration could optimize intestinal microbiota composition by increasing the abundance of norank_f_Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus and Alistipes, while decreasing the abundance of Turicibacte. Furthermore, COS could also increase the levels of propionate and butyrate. Overall, COS can improve colitis by regulating intestinal microbiota and the PPARγ/SIRT1-mediated NF-κB pathway.
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163
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Li G, Lin J, Zhang C, Gao H, Lu H, Gao X, Zhu R, Li Z, Li M, Liu Z. Microbiota metabolite butyrate constrains neutrophil functions and ameliorates mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1968257. [PMID: 34494943 PMCID: PMC8437544 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1968257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-microbial cross-talk plays a crucial role in maintenance of gut homeostasis. However, how microbiota-derived metabolites, e.g., butyrate, regulate functions of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains elusive. We sought to investigate the effects of butyrate on IBD neutrophils and elucidate the therapeutic potential in regulating mucosal inflammation. Peripheral neutrophils were isolated from IBD patients and healthy donors, and profiles of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines were determined by qRT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. The migration and release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were studied by a Transwell model and immunofluorescence, respectively. The in vivo role of butyrate in regulating IBD neutrophils was evaluated in a DSS-induced colitis model in mice. We found that butyrate significantly inhibited IBD neutrophils to produce proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and calprotectins. Blockade of GPCR signaling with pertussis toxin (PTX) did not interfere the effects whereas pan-histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, trichostatin A (TSA) effectively mimicked the role of butyrate. Furthermore, in vitro studies confirmed that butyrate suppressed neutrophil migration and formation of NETs from both CD and UC patients. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the immunomodulatory effects of butyrate on IBD neutrophils were involved in leukocyte activation, regulation of innate immune response and response to oxidative stress. Consistently, oral administration of butyrate markedly ameliorated mucosal inflammation in DSS-induced murine colitis through inhibition of neutrophil-associated immune responses such as proinflammatory mediators and NET formation. Our data thus reveal that butyrate constrains neutrophil functions and may serve as a novel therapeutic potential in the treatment of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gengfeng Li
- Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Lin
- Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Gao
- Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huiying Lu
- Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruixin Zhu
- Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Li
- Division of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Mingsong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China,Mingsong Li Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China,Division of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China,CONTACT Zhanju Liu Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, No. 301 Yanchang Road, Shanghai200072, China
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164
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Yao Y, Ni H, Wang X, Xu Q, Zhang J, Jiang L, Wang B, Song S, Zhu X. A New Biomarker of Fecal Bacteria for Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:744049. [PMID: 34976850 PMCID: PMC8719628 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.744049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The intestinal flora is correlated with the occurrence of colorectal cancer. We evaluate a new predictive model for the non-invasive diagnosis of colorectal cancer based on intestinal flora to verify the clinical application prospects of the intestinal flora as a new biomarker in non-invasive screening of colorectal cancer. Methods Subjects from two independent Asian cohorts (cohort I, consisting of 206 colorectal cancer and 112 healthy subjects; cohort II, consisting of 67 colorectal cancer and 54 healthy subjects) were included. A probe-based duplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) determination was established for the quantitative determination of candidate bacterial markers. Results We screened through the gutMEGA database to identify potential non-invasive biomarkers for colorectal cancer, including Prevotella copri (Pc), Gemella morbillorum (Gm), Parvimonas micra (Pm), Cetobacterium somerae (Cs), and Pasteurella stomatis (Ps). A predictive model with good sensitivity and specificity was established as a new diagnostic tool for colorectal cancer. Under the best cutoff value that maximizes the sum of sensitivity and specificity, Gm and Pm had better specificity and sensitivity than other target bacteria. The combined detection model of five kinds of bacteria showed better diagnostic ability than Gm or Pm alone (AUC = 0.861, P < 0.001). These findings were further confirmed in the independent cohort II. Particularly, the combination of bacterial markers and fecal immunochemical test (FIT) improved the diagnostic ability of the five bacteria (sensitivity 67.96%, specificity 89.29%) for patients with colorectal cancer. Conclusion Fecal-based colorectal cancer-related bacteria can be used as new non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers of colorectal cancer. Simultaneously, the molecular biomarkers in fecal samples are similar to FIT, have the applicability in combination with other detection methods, which is expected to improve the sensitivity of diagnosis for colorectal cancer, and have a promising prospect of clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhou Yao
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haishun Ni
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuchao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qixuan Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiawen Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Linhua Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shiduo Song
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinguo Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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165
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Bai S, Shao X, Tao Y, Wang S, Han H, Li Q. Superoxide dismutase-embedded metal–organic frameworks via biomimetic mineralization for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5174-5181. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00896c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic and spontaneous inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, and has been associated with an improved level of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Bai
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xinxin Shao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yu Tao
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Song Wang
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Haobo Han
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Quanshun Li
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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166
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LIU J, LI Q, TAN R. An exploratory to analysis the effects of the dirrerent roles of mathca on lipid metabolism and intestinal flora regulation between normal and diabetic mice fed a high-fat diet. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.25022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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167
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El-Sahhar S, Varga-Weisz P. The gut microbiome in health and disease: Inflammatory bowel diseases. ADV ECOL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aecr.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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168
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Zhang MM, Yin DK, Rui XL, Shao FP, Li JC, Xu L, Yang Y. Protective effect of Pai-Nong-San against AOM/DSS-induced CAC in mice through inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway. Chin J Nat Med 2021; 19:912-920. [PMID: 34961589 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pai-Nong-San (PNS), a prescription of traditional Chinese medicine, has been used for years to treat abscessation-induced diseases including colitis and colorectal cancer. This study was aimed to investigate the preventive effects and possible protective mechanism of PNS on a colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC) mouse model induced by azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The macroscopic and histopathologic examinations of colon injury and DAI score were observed. The inflammatory indicators of intestinal immunity were determined by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence. The high throughput 16S rRNA sequence of gut microbiota in the feces of mice was performed. Western blot was used to investigate the protein expression of the Wnt signaling pathway in colon tissues. PNS improved colon injury, as manifested by the alleviation of hematochezia, decreased DAI score, increased colon length, and reversal of pathological changes. PNS treatment protected against AOM/DSS-induced colon inflammation by regulating the expression of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, inhibiting the production of HIF-α, IL-6, and TNF-α, and promoting the expression of IL-4 and IFN-γ in colon tissues. Meanwhile, PNS improved the components of gut microbiota, as measured by the adjusted levels of Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Lactobacillus. PNS down-regulated the protein expression of p-GSK-3β, β-catenin, and c-Myc, while up-regulating the GSK-3β and p-β-catenin in colon tissues of CAC mice. In conclusion, our results suggested that PNS exhibits protective effect on AOM/DSS-induced colon injury and alleviates the development of CAC through suppressing inflammation, improving gut microbiota, and inhibiting the Wnt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Deng-Ke Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory for Chinese Medicinal Formula, Hefei 230031, China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230021, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230021, China.
| | - Xue-Lin Rui
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fu-Ping Shao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jia-Cheng Li
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ye Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, China; Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230021, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Research & Development of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230021, China.
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169
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Rangu S, Lee JJ, Hu W, Bittinger K, Castelo-Soccio L. Understanding the Gut Microbiota in Pediatric Patients with Alopecia Areata and their Siblings: A Pilot Study. JID INNOVATIONS 2021; 1:100051. [PMID: 34909748 PMCID: PMC8659389 DOI: 10.1016/j.xjidi.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study of 41 children aged 4–17 years with alopecia areata and 41 of their siblings without alopecia areata was conducted. A total of 51% had the Severity of Alopecia Tool scores in the range of 0–25%, 12% had scores between 26% and 49%, and 36% had scores between 75% and 100%. The fecal microbiome was characterized using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. A comparison of alpha and beta diversity yielded a small but statistically significant difference on the basis of Jaccard distance, which measures species presence and absence between samples. However, a follow-up analysis did not reveal the particular species that were present more often in one group. The relative abundance of one species, Ruminococcus bicirculans, was decreased in patients with alopecia areata relative to that in their sibling controls. An analysis of gene ortholog abundance identified 20 orthologs that were different between groups, including spore germination genes and genes for metal transportation. The associations reported in this study support a view of pediatric alopecia areata as a systemic disease that has effects on hair but also leads to internal changes, including differences in the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Rangu
- Section of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Weiming Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leslie Castelo-Soccio
- Section of Dermatology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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170
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Tu T, Zhao C. Treating autism spectrum disorder by intervening with gut microbiota. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 34898421 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) comprises a group of neurodevelopmental disorders with a high prevalence in childhood. The gut microbiota can affect human cognition and moods and has a strong correlation with ASD. Microbiota transplantation, including faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), probiotics, breastfeeding, formula feeding, gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diet and ketogenic diet therapy, may provide satisfying effects for ASD and its related various symptoms. For instance, FMT can improve the core symptoms of ASD and gastrointestinal symptoms. Probiotics, breastfeeding and formula feeding, and GFCF diet can improve gastrointestinal symptoms. The core symptom score still needs to be confirmed by large-scale clinical randomized controlled studies. It is recommended to use a ketogenic diet to treat patients with epilepsy in ASD. At present, the unresolved problems include which of gut the microbiota are beneficial, which of the microorganisms are harmful, how to safely and effectively implant beneficial bacteria into the human body, and how to extract and eliminate harmful microorganisms before transplantation. In future studies, large sample and randomized controlled clinical studies are needed to confirm the mechanism of intestinal microorganisms in the treatment of ASD and the method of microbial transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tu
- Department of Rehabilitation Treatment, Health Science College, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 51006, PR China
| | - Changlin Zhao
- Department of Rehabilitation Treatment, Health Science College, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 51006, PR China
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171
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Ma X, Xu T, Qian M, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Han X. Faecal microbiota transplantation alleviates early-life antibiotic-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis and mucosa injuries in a neonatal piglet model. Microbiol Res 2021; 255:126942. [PMID: 34915267 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a promising approach to modulate the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota dysbiosis caused by antibiotic administration is a universal problem. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of FMT on the dysbiosis of gut microbiota and metabolic profiles and injury of the intestinal barrier induced by antibiotics and used a neonatal piglet model. Neonatal piglets were administered ampicillin for 3 days, and antibiotic-induced dysbiosis was evaluated by the occurrence of diarrhoea and alteration of gut microbiota. Then, FMT was conducted for 3 days to rebuild the gut microbiota. High-throughput sequencing and a mass spectrometry platform were used for integrated microbiome-metabolome analysis. The results showed that antibiotics led to a decline in the diversity of gut microbiota. Furthermore, there was an increase in the relative abundance of potential pathogenic bacteria, such as Oscillibacter, Pseudomonas and Eubacterium, and an increase in the relative abundance of tetracycline resistance genes (tet genes). FMT restored the diversity and promoted the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria, such as Parabacteroides, Dorea and Parasutterella, while decreasing the relative abundance of tet genes. Untargeted metabolomics analysis found that alpha linolenic acid and linoleic acid metabolism were the key metabolic pathways utilized in the FMT group, and targeted metabolomics analysis further verified the variation in the associated metabolites arachidonic acid and conjugated linoleic acid. FMT also significantly enhanced the relative expression of tight junction (ZO-1, claudin-1 and occludin) and adherens junction (β-catenin, E-cadherin) proteins and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β1) and reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α and IFN-γ) in the colon. FMT not only modulated the gut microbiota composition and microbial metabolism but also reduced the relative abundance of tet genes, improving the intestinal barrier function and inflammatory responses in antibiotic-treated piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengqi Qian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiren Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Xinyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in East China, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China.
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172
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Zhu T, Xue Q, Liu Y, Xu Y, Xiong C, Lu J, Yang H, Zhang Q, Huang Y. Analysis of Intestinal Microflora and Metabolites From Mice With DSS-Induced IBD Treated With Schistosoma Soluble Egg Antigen. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:777218. [PMID: 34858992 PMCID: PMC8630629 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.777218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to analyze the changes in intestinal flora and metabolites in the intestinal contents of mice with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) to preliminarily clarify the mechanism of action of Schistosoma soluble egg antigen (SEA) on IBD, thus, laying a research foundation for the subsequent treatment of IBD. Methods: A total of 40 Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were divided into four groups: control, SEA 50 μg, dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS), and SEA 50 μg + DSS. The overall state of the animals was observed continuously during modeling. The colonic length was measured after 10 days of modeling. The degree of colonic inflammation was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. 16srRNA and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry sequencing techniques were used to determine the abundance of bacteria and metabolites in the intestinal contents of mice in the DSS and SEA 50 μg + DSS groups, and the differences were further analyzed. Results: After SEA intervention, the disease activity index score of mice with IBD decreased and the colon shortening was reduced. Microscopically, the lymphocyte aggregation, glandular atrophy, goblet cell disappearance, and colonic inflammation were less in the SEA 50 μg + DSS group than in the DSS group (p < 0.0001). After SEA intervention, the abundance of beneficial bacteria prevotellaceae_UCG-001 was upregulated, while the abundance of the harmful bacteria Helicobacter, Lachnoclostridium, and Enterococcus was downregulated in the intestinal tract of mice with IBD. The intestinal metabolite analysis showed that SEA intervention decreased the intestinal contents of glycerophospholipids (lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, phatidylcholine, and phatidylethanolamine) and carboxylic acids (L-alloisoleucine and L-glutamate), whereas increased bile acids and their derivatives (3B,7A,12a-trihydroxy-5A-cholanoic acid and 3A,4B, 12a-trihydroxy-5b-cholanoic acid). Combined microbiota-metabolite analysis revealed a correlation between these differential microbiota and differential metabolites. At the same time, the changes in the contents of metabolites and differential metabolites in the two groups also correlated with the abundance of the gut microbiome. Conclusions: The study showed that SEA reduced DSS-induced inflammation in IBD and improved the symptoms of IBD in mice through the combined regulation of intestinal flora and intestinal metabolism. It suggested a potential possibility for the use of SEA in treating and regulating intestinal flora and metabolism in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingkai Xue
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiyun Liu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongliang Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunrong Xiong
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Lu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuzheng Huang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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173
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Czernik PJ, Golonka RM, Chakraborty S, Yeoh BS, Abokor AA, Saha P, Yeo JY, Mell B, Cheng X, Baroi S, Tian Y, Patterson AD, Joe B, Vijay-Kumar M, Lecka-Czernik B. Reconstitution of the host holobiont in germ-free born male rats acutely increases bone growth and affects marrow cellular content. Physiol Genomics 2021; 53:518-533. [PMID: 34714176 PMCID: PMC8714805 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00017.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of microbiota in a host begins at birth and progresses during adolescence, forming a multidirectional system of physiological interactions. Here, we present an instantaneous effect of natural, bacterial gut colonization on the acceleration of longitudinal and radial bone growth in germ-free born, 7-wk-old male rats. Changes in bone mass and structure were analyzed after 10 days following the onset of colonization through cohousing with conventional rats and revealed unprecedented acceleration of bone accrual in cortical and trabecular compartments, increased bone tissue mineral density, improved proliferation and hypertrophy of growth plate chondrocytes, bone lengthening, and preferential deposition of periosteal bone in the tibia diaphysis. In addition, the number of small in size adipocytes increased, whereas the number of megakaryocytes decreased, in the bone marrow of conventionalized germ-free rats indicating that not only bone mass but also bone marrow environment is under control of gut microbiota signaling. The changes in bone status paralleled with a positive shift in microbiota composition toward short-chain fatty acids (SCFA)-producing microbes and a considerable increase in cecal SCFA concentrations, specifically butyrate. Furthermore, reconstitution of the host holobiont increased hepatic expression of IGF-1 and its circulating levels. Elevated serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D and alkaline phosphatase pointed toward an active process of bone formation. The acute stimulatory effect on bone growth occurred independently of body mass increase. Overall, the presented model of conventionalized germ-free rats could be used to study microbiota-based therapeutics for combatting dysbiosis-related bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr J Czernik
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Rachel M Golonka
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Saroj Chakraborty
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Beng San Yeoh
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ahmed A Abokor
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Piu Saha
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Ji-Youn Yeo
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Blair Mell
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Xi Cheng
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Sudipta Baroi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Bina Joe
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Matam Vijay-Kumar
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Center for Hypertension and Precision Medicine, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Beata Lecka-Czernik
- Microbiome Consortium, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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174
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Piotrowska M, Binienda A, Fichna J. The role of fatty acids in Crohn's disease pathophysiology - An overview. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 538:111448. [PMID: 34480991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) which is characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The etiology of CD is unknown, but factors such as epithelial barrier dysfunction, immune system imbalance, microbiota dysbiosis and environmental influences are thought to be involved in its pathogenesis. Recent studies have shown that short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) play a vital role in pathophysiology and development of CD by various mechanisms affecting pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and maintaining the intestinal homeostasis and regulation of gene expression. SCFAs and LCFAs activate signaling cascades that control immune functions through interaction with cell surface free fatty acid receptors (FFARs), i.e. FFAR1, FFAR2, FFAR3, and FFAR4. This review highlights the role of fatty acids in maintenance of intestinal and immune homeostasis and supports the supplementation of fatty acids as a promising adjunctive treatment for CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Piotrowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Agata Binienda
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
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175
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Liu N, Feng G, Zhang X, Hu Q, Sun S, Sun J, Sun Y, Wang R, Zhang Y, Wang P, Li Y. The Functional Role of Lactoferrin in Intestine Mucosal Immune System and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Nutr 2021; 8:759507. [PMID: 34901112 PMCID: PMC8655231 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.759507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD), is one of the main types of intestinal inflammatory diseases with intestine mucosal immune disorder. Intestine mucosal immune system plays a remarkable and important role in the etiology and pathogenesis of IBD. Therefore, understanding the intestine mucosal immune mechanism is a key step to develop therapeutic interventions for IBD. Intestine mucosal immune system and IBD are influenced by various factors, such as inflammation, gut permeability, gut microbiota, and nutrients. Among these factors, emerging evidence show that nutrients play a key role in inflammation activation, integrity of intestinal barrier, and immune cell modulation. Lactoferrin (LF), an iron-binding glycoprotein belonging to transferrin family, is a dietary bioactive component abundantly found in mammalian milk. Notably, LF has been reported to perform diverse biological functions including antibacterial activity, anti-inflammatory activity, intestinal barrier protection, and immune cell modulation, and is involved in maintaining intestine mucosal immune homeostasis. The improved understanding of the properties of LF in intestine mucosal immune system and IBD will facilitate its application in nutrition, clinical medicine, and health. Herein, this review outlines the recent advancements on LF as a potential therapeutic intervention for IBD associated with intestine mucosal immune system dysfunction. We hope this review will provide a reference for future studies and lay a theoretical foundation for LF-based therapeutic interventions for IBD by understanding the particular effects of LF on intestine mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Feng
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
- Yili Maternal & Infant Nutrition Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
- Yili Maternal & Infant Nutrition Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Qingjuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiqiang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- Inner Mongolia Yili Industrial Group, Co., Ltd., Hohhot, China
- Yili Maternal & Infant Nutrition Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Yanan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengjie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Ministry of Education, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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176
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Payne E, Harrington K, Richard P, Brackin R, Davis R, Couture S, Liff J, Asmus F, Mutina E, Fisher A, Giuvelis D, Sannajust S, Rostama B, King T, Mattei LM, Lee JJ, Friedman ES, Bittinger K, May M, Stevenson GW. Effects of Vancomycin on Persistent Pain-Stimulated and Pain-Depressed Behaviors in Female Fischer Rats With or Without Voluntary Access to Running Wheels. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2021; 22:1530-1544. [PMID: 34029686 PMCID: PMC8578155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The present experiments determined the effects of the narrow-spectrum antibiotic vancomycin on inflammatory pain-stimulated and pain-depressed behaviors in rats. Persistent inflammatory pain was modeled using dilute formalin (0.5%). Two weeks of oral vancomycin administered in drinking water attenuated Phase II formalin pain-stimulated behavior, and prevented formalin pain-depressed wheel running. Fecal microbiota transplantation produced a non-significant trend toward reversal of the vancomycin effect on pain-stimulated behavior. Vancomycin depleted Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes populations in the gut while having a partial sparing effect on Lactobacillus species and Clostridiales. The vancomycin treatment effect was associated with an altered profile in amino acid concentrations in the gut with increases in arginine, glycine, alanine, proline, valine, leucine, and decreases in tyrosine and methionine. These results indicate that vancomycin may have therapeutic effects against persistent inflammatory pain conditions that are distal to the gut. PERSPECTIVE: The narrow-spectrum antibiotic vancomycin reduces pain-related behaviors in the formalin model of inflammatory pain. These data suggest that manipulation of the gut microbiome may be one method to attenuate inflammatory pain amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Payne
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Kylee Harrington
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Philomena Richard
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Rebecca Brackin
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Ravin Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Sarah Couture
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Jacob Liff
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Francesca Asmus
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Elizabeth Mutina
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Anyssa Fisher
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Denise Giuvelis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Sebastien Sannajust
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Bahman Rostama
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Tamara King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Lisa M Mattei
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Jung-Jin Lee
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Elliot S Friedman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Kyle Bittinger
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Meghan May
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of New England College of Osteopathic Medicine, Biddeford, ME, 04005; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005
| | - Glenn W Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005; Center for Excellence in the Neurosciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME, 04005.
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177
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Zhu L, Fu J, Xiao X, Wang F, Jin M, Fang W, Wang Y, Zong X. Faecal microbiota transplantation-mediated jejunal microbiota changes halt high-fat diet-induced obesity in mice via retarding intestinal fat absorption. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 15:337-352. [PMID: 34704376 PMCID: PMC8719817 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Faecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is considered as a promising technology to fight against obesity. Wild boar has leanermuscle and less fat in comparison to the domestic pig, which were thought to be related with microbiota. To investigate the function and mechanism of the wild boar microbiota on obesity, we first analysed the wild boar microbiota composition via 16S rDNA sequencing, which showed that Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the dominant bacteria. Then, we established a high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obesity model, and transfer low and high concentrations of wild boar faecal suspension in mice for 9 weeks. The results showed that FMT prevented HFD‐induced obesity and lipid metabolism disorders, and altered the jejunal microbiota composition especially increasing the abundance of the Lactobacillus and Romboutsia, which were negatively correlated with obesity‐related indicators. Moreover, we found that the anti‐obesity effect of wild boar faecal suspension was associated with jejunal N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) levels. Overall, these results suggest that FMT has a mitigating effect on HFD‐induced obesity, which may be due to the impressive effects of FMT on the microbial composition and structure of the jejunum. These changes further alter intestinal lipid metabolism and m6A levels to achieve resistance to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luoyi Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, National Development and Reform Commission, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jie Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, National Development and Reform Commission, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, National Development and Reform Commission, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Fengqin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, National Development and Reform Commission, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Mingliang Jin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, National Development and Reform Commission, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Weihuan Fang
- Zhejiang University Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Yizhen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, National Development and Reform Commission, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Xin Zong
- National Engineering Laboratory for Feed Safety and Pollution Prevention and Controlling, National Development and Reform Commission, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science (Eastern of China), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
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178
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Kim D, Jung JY, Oh HS, Jee SR, Park SJ, Lee SH, Yoon JS, Yu SJ, Yoon IC, Lee HS. Comparison of sampling methods in assessing the microbiome from patients with ulcerative colitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:396. [PMID: 34686128 PMCID: PMC8614001 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01975-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dysbiosis of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been frequently investigated using readily accessible stool samples. However, stool samples might insufficiently represent the mucosa-associated microbiome status. We hypothesized that luminal contents including loosely adherent luminal bacteria after bowel preparation may be suitable for diagnosing the dysbiosis of UC. Methods This study included 16 patients with UC (9 men and 7 women, mean age: 52.13 ± 14.09 years) and 15 sex- and age-matched healthy individuals (8 men and 7 women, mean age: 50.93 ± 14.11 years). They donated stool samples before colonoscopy and underwent luminal content aspiration and endoscopic biopsy during the colonoscopy. Then, the composition of each microbiome sample was analyzed by 16S rRNA-based next-generation sequencing. Results The microbiome between stool, luminal contents, and biopsy was significantly different in alpha and beta diversities. However, a correlation existed between stool and luminal contents in the Procrustes test (p = 0.001) and Mantel test (p = 0.0001). The stool microbiome was different between patients with UC and the healthy controls. Conversely, no difference was found in the microbiome of luminal content and biopsy samples between the two subject groups. The microbiome of stool and lavage predicted UC, with AUC values of 0.85 and 0.81, respectively. Conclusion The microbiome of stool, luminal contents, and biopsy was significantly different. However, the microbiome of luminal contents during colonoscopy can predict UC, with AUC values of 0.81. Colonoscopic luminal content aspiration analysis could determine microbiome differences between patients with UC and the healthy control, thereby beneficial in screening dysbiosis via endoscopy. Trial registration: This trial was registered at http://cris.nih.go.kr. Registration No.: KCT0003352), Date: 2018–11-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, Korea
| | - Jun-Young Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, Korea
| | - Hyun-Seok Oh
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Korea.,ChunLab Inc, Seoul, 06725, Korea
| | - Sam-Ryong Jee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, Korea
| | - Sang-Heon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, Korea
| | - Jun-Sik Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, Korea
| | - Seung Jung Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, Korea
| | - In-Cheol Yoon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang, Korea
| | - Hong Sub Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inje University College of Medicine, Busan Paik Hospital, 75 Bokji-ro, Busanjin-gu, Busan, 47392, Korea.
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179
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Keikha M, Karbalaei M. Probiotics as the live microscopic fighters against Helicobacter pylori gastric infections. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:388. [PMID: 34670526 PMCID: PMC8527827 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01977-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the causative agent of stomach diseases such as duodenal ulcer and gastric cancer, in this regard incomplete eradication of this bacterium has become to a serious concern. Probiotics are a group of the beneficial bacteria which increase the cure rate of H. pylori infections through various mechanisms such as competitive inhibition, co-aggregation ability, enhancing mucus production, production of bacteriocins, and modulating immune response. Result In this study, according to the received articles, the anti-H. pylori activities of probiotics were reviewed. Based on studies, administration of standard antibiotic therapy combined with probiotics plays an important role in the effective treatment of H. pylori infection. According to the literature, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, and Saccharomyces boulardii can effectively eradicate H. pylori infection. Our results showed that in addition to decrease gastrointestinal symptoms, probiotics can reduce the side effects of antibiotics (especially diarrhea) by altering the intestinal microbiome. Conclusion Nevertheless, antagonist activities of probiotics are H. pylori strain-specific. In general, these bacteria can be used for therapeutic purposes such as adjuvant therapy, drug-delivery system, as well as enhancing immune system against H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Keikha
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran.
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180
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Wu Y, Xu H, Tu X, Gao Z. The Role of Short-Chain Fatty Acids of Gut Microbiota Origin in Hypertension. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:730809. [PMID: 34650536 PMCID: PMC8506212 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.730809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and its development involves multiple mechanisms. Gut microbiota has been reported to be closely linked to hypertension. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-the metabolites of gut microbiota-participate in hypertension development through various pathways, including specific receptors, immune system, autonomic nervous system, metabolic regulation and gene transcription. This article reviews the possible mechanisms of SCFAs in regulating blood pressure and the prospects of SCFAs as a target to prevent and treat hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Hongqing Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Xiaoming Tu
- Department of Cardiology, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
| | - Zhenyan Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People's Hospital, Quzhou, China
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181
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Sun B, Liu B, Gao X, Xing K, Xie L, Guo T. Metagenomic Analysis of Saliva Reveals Disease-Associated Microbiotas in Patients With Periodontitis and Crohn's Disease-Associated Periodontitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:719411. [PMID: 34646784 PMCID: PMC8504578 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.719411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with Crohn’s disease frequently develop oral health problems and show a higher prevalence of oral manifestations, such as dental caries and periodontitis, than healthy individuals do. In this study, a metagenomic analysis was carried out to characterize the salivary microbiota in patients with either periodontitis or Crohn’s disease-associated periodontitis. Saliva samples were collected from six patients with both Crohn’s disease and periodontitis (Cm group), six patients with periodontitis alone (Pm group), and six healthy individuals (Hm group). Genomic DNA was collected from these samples for high-throughput Illumina HiSeq metagenomic sequencing. The composition of the bacterial communities and their metabolic pathways and gene functions were characterized and compared among the three study groups. The salivary microbial communities were significantly different among the three groups, with Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes showing the most significant differences. The Cm and Pm groups had higher abundances of Bacteroides fragilis, Prevotella baroniae, Prevotella enoeca, and Prevotella dentasini than the Hm group. The Cm and Pm groups also showed differences in their salivary microbial communities, in that the Cm group had relatively high abundances of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, whereas the Pm group had relatively high abundances of Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Fusobacteria. In total, 34 Pm-associated (e.g., Fusobacteria and Corynebacterium matruchotii), 18 Cm-associated (e.g., Capnocytophaga and Streptococcus oralis), and 18 Hm-associated (e.g., Streptococcus and Bacillales) predominant microbial species were identified. Most genes were involved in carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, with those of the Cm and Pm groups showing more similarity to one another but significant differences from those of the Hm group. Most of the antibiotic resistance genes were found in the Pm group. In conclusion, the salivary microbial community structure and abundance were distinct among patients with Crohn’s disease-associated periodontitis, patients with periodontitis, and healthy individuals. Further studies are needed to evaluate the potential value of these microbiota and microbiome differences in the clinical diagnosis and treatment of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyang Sun
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingyao Liu
- Jinling Hospital, Department of Stomatology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaojiao Gao
- Jinling Hospital, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Xing
- Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Xie
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
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182
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Transplantation of fecal microbiota from patients with inflammatory bowel disease and depression alters immune response and behavior in recipient mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20406. [PMID: 34650107 PMCID: PMC8516877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00088-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis is closely associated with the occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and psychiatric disorder. Here, to understand the difference of gut microbiota composition and physiological effect between IBD patients with (IBD/D+) or without depression (IBD/D−), we analyzed the fecal microbiota composition of patients with IBD with (/D+) or without depression (/D−) and healthy volunteers (HVs) and examined the effects of these fecal microbiota transplantations (FMTs) on the occurrence of systemic inflammation and anxiety/depression in mice. FMTs from patients with IBD/D+ or IBD/D− caused IBD-like colitis in the transplanted mice: they increased the myeloperoxidase activity, IL-1β and IL-6 expression, and NF-κB+/CD11c+ cell population in the colon. Transplantation of the IBD/D+ patient feces (IBD/D+-F) caused IBD-like colitis more strongly than that of IBD/D−-F. FMTs from patients with IBD/D+ also caused anxiety-/depression-like behaviors, increased the NF-κB+/Iba1+ and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)+/Iba1+ cell populations, and decreased the BDNF+/NeuN+ cell population in the hippocampus. They increased LPS levels in the blood. FMTs from patients with IBD/D− caused anxiety-like, but not depression-like, behaviors. α-/β-diversities and composition of gut microbiota in IBD-F were different from those of HV feces (HV-F). The Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae populations and LPS levels were higher in the IBD-F than in the HV-F. The Enterococcaceae population was higher in IBD/D+-F vs. IBD/D−-F. However, the transplantation of HV-F into mice previously transplanted with IBD/D+-F significantly reduced depression-like behaviors, NF-κB+/Iba1+ and LPS+/Iba1+ cell populations in the hippocampus, LPS levels in the feces and blood, and IL-1β expression in the colon. These findings suggest that the outbreak of depression/anxiety may be dependent on the systemic inflammation with a leaky gut through the gut dysbiosis-attributable overproduction of bacterial LPS and suppression of tight junction protein expression in patients with IBD.
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183
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Chen HD, Yi B, Liu Q, Xu X, Dai L, Ma ZS. Diversity Scaling of Human Digestive Tract (DT) Microbiomes: The Intra-DT and Inter-individual Patterns. Front Genet 2021; 12:724661. [PMID: 34630520 PMCID: PMC8497975 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.724661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiome has been extensively studied, but its diversity scaling (changes or heterogeneities) along the digestive tract (DT) as well as their inter-individual heterogeneities have not been adequately addressed to the best of our knowledge. Here we fill the gap by applying the diversity-area relationship (DAR), a recent extension to the classic species-area relationship (SAR) in biogeography, by reanalyzing a dataset of over 2000 16s-rRNA microbiome samples obtained from 10 DT sites of over 200 individuals. We sketched out the biogeography “maps” for each of the 10 DT sites by cross-individual DAR analysis, and the intra-DT distribution pattern by cross-DT-site DAR analysis. Regarding the inter-individual biogeography, it was found that all DT sites have the invariant (constant) scaling parameter—all sites possessing the same diversity change rate across individuals, but most sites have different potential diversities, which include the portions of diversity that may be absent locally but present regionally. In the case of this study, the potential diversity of each DT site covers the total diversity of the respective site from all individuals in the cohort. In terms of the genus richness, an average individual hosts approximately 20% of the population-level genus richness (total bacterial genus of a human population). In contrast, in terms of community biodiversity, the percentages of individual over population may exceed 90%. This suggests that the differences between individuals in their DT microbiomes are predominantly in the composition of bacterial species, rather than how their abundances are distributed (i.e., biodiversity). Regarding the intra-DT patterns, the scaling parameter (z) is larger—suggesting that the intra-DT biodiversity changes are larger than inter-individual changes. The higher intra-DT heterogeneity of bacteria diversity, as suggested by larger intra-DT z than the inter-individual heterogeneity, should be expected since the intra-DT heterogeneity reflects the functional differentiations of the DT tract, while the inter-individual heterogeneity (z) reflects the difference of the same DT site across individuals. On average, each DT site contains 21–36% of the genus diversity of the whole DT, and the percentages are even higher in terms of higher taxon levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongju Daisy Chen
- Computational Biology and Medical Ecology Lab, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,College of Mathematics, Honghe University, Mengzi, China
| | - Bin Yi
- College of Mathematics, Honghe University, Mengzi, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Mathematics, Honghe University, Mengzi, China
| | - Xia Xu
- College of Mathematics, Honghe University, Mengzi, China
| | - Lin Dai
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Zhanshan Sam Ma
- Computational Biology and Medical Ecology Lab, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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184
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Kido M, Tamura R, Yasui Y, Okajima H. Novel application of infliximab for diversion colitis. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e243284. [PMID: 34598959 PMCID: PMC8488724 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-243284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversion colitis (DC) that was refractory to standard treatments was successfully treated with infliximab. A 24-year-old man with a transverse colostomy suffered from severe DC. Topical steroids, 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) enemas and synbiotics were initially effective, and the colostomy was successfully closed with a covering ileostomy to minimise the risk of anastomotic leakage owing to the damaged colon. DC subsequently relapsed in the entire colon and was refractory to the previous protocol and autologous faecal transplantation. Intravenous methylprednisolone and oral 5-ASA were discontinued owing to possible adverse effects. Infliximab with intravenous prednisolone was introduced, and the protocol was so effective in suppressing the acute colitis that total colectomy was avoided. The stoma was subsequently closed, and the patient is currently symptom-free. Infliximab is used for ulcerative colitis but could also be effective against severe DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miori Kido
- Department of surgery, Kawasaki Municipal Hospital, Kawasaki, Japan
- Pediatric Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku-gun, Japan
| | - Ryo Tamura
- Pediatric Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku-gun, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Yasui
- Pediatric Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku-gun, Japan
| | - Hideaki Okajima
- Pediatric Surgery, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku-gun, Japan
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185
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Interactions between gut microbiota and berberine, a necessary procedure to understand the mechanisms of berberine. J Pharm Anal 2021; 12:541-555. [PMID: 36105164 PMCID: PMC9463479 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid, has been found in many plants, such as Coptis chinensis Franch and Phellodendron chinense Schneid. Although BBR has a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, its oral bioavailability is extremely low. In recent years, gut microbiota has emerged as a cynosure to understand the mechanisms of action of herbal compounds. Numerous studies have demonstrated that due to its low bioavailability, BBR can interact with the gut microbiota, thereby exhibiting altered pharmacological effects. However, no systematic and comprehensive review has summarized these interactions and their corresponding influences on pharmacological effects. Here, we describe the direct interactive relationships between BBR and gut microbiota, including regulation of gut microbiota composition and metabolism by BBR and metabolization of BBR by gut microbiota. In addition, the complex interactions between gut microbiota and BBR as well as the side effects and personalized use of BBR are discussed. Furthermore, we provide our viewpoint on future research directions regarding BBR and gut microbiota. This review not only helps to explain the mechanisms underlying BBR activity but also provides support for the rational use of BBR in clinical practice. Low bioavailability enables interactions between berberine and the gut microbiota. Berberine can shape the composition and metabolism of the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota can metabolize and transform berberine. Personalized use of berberine can reduce the occurrence of side effects.
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186
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Zheng S, Zhuang T, Tang Y, Wu R, Xu T, Leng T, Wang Y, Lin Z, Ji M. Leonurine protects against ulcerative colitis by alleviating inflammation and modulating intestinal microflora in mouse models. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1199. [PMID: 34584544 PMCID: PMC8422400 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the colon. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of leonurine (YMJ) on inflammation and intestinal microflora in colonic tissues of a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) mouse model. Mice were randomly divided into control (n=5), DSS (n=5, treated with DSS) and DSS+YMJ (n=5, treated with DSS and YMJ) groups. Body weight was recorded, disease activity index (DAI) was calculated, and colon histopathology was evaluated using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Serum interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and IL-1β levels were examined using ELISA. Expression levels of nuclear factor-κB (p65) and phosphorylated (p)-p65 were evaluated via western blotting. 16S ribosomal RNA was extracted from mouse feces. Composition or abundance changes of intestinal microflora were analyzed. The results indicated that YMJ treatment (DSS+YMJ group) significantly increased body weight, reduced DAI scores and increased colon length in UC mouse models compared with those in the DSS group (P<0.05). YMJ significantly reduced inflammatory infiltration, significantly decreased serum TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β levels (P<0.05) and significantly downregulated the p-p65/p65 ratio compared with the DSS group (P<0.05). YMJ increased the quantity of the intestinal flora and improved intestinal microflora diversity in the mice of the DSS group. Specifically, YMJ partly regulated intestinal microflora in feces, including a reduction of Bifidobacterium, and an increase in Parasutterella and Ackermania. In conclusion, YMJ improved disease outcomes of the UC mice, reduced the levels of serum inflammatory factors and increased the ratio of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suna Zheng
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Tianchi Zhuang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yajun Tang
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Ruihan Wu
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xu
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Tian Leng
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Minghui Ji
- School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, P.R. China
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187
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Chen X, Shi BL, Qi RZ, Chang X, Zheng HG. Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry-Based Metabolomics for Discovering Potential Biomarkers and Metabolic Pathways of Colorectal Cancer in Mouse Model (ApcMin/+) and Revealing the Effect of Honokiol. Front Oncol 2021; 11:671014. [PMID: 34589420 PMCID: PMC8473824 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.671014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous metabolites are a class of molecules playing diverse and significant roles in many metabolic pathways for disease. Honokiol (HNK), an active poly-phenolic compound, has shown potent anticancer activities. However, the detailed crucial mechanism regulated by HNK in colorectal cancer remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of HNK on colorectal cancer in a mouse model (ApcMin/+) by analyzing the urine metabolic profile based on metabolomics, which is a powerful tool for characterizing metabolic disturbances. We found that potential urine biomarkers were involved in the metabolism of compounds such as purines, tyrosines, tryptophans, etc. Moreover, we showed that a total of 27 metabolites were the most contribution biomarkers for intestinal tumors, and we found that the citrate cycle (TCA cycle) was regulated by HNK. In addition, it was suggested that the efficacy of HNK was achieved by affecting the multi-pathway system via influencing relevant metabolic pathways and regulating metabolic function. Our work also showed that high-throughput metabolomics can characterize the regulation of metabolic disorders as a therapeutic strategy to prevent colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo-lun Shi
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Run-zhi Qi
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Chang
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-gang Zheng
- Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Oncology, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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188
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Yang M, Gu Y, Li L, Liu T, Song X, Sun Y, Cao X, Wang B, Jiang K, Cao H. Bile Acid-Gut Microbiota Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13093143. [PMID: 34579027 PMCID: PMC8467364 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract, with increasing prevalence, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. Accumulating evidence suggested that gut microbiota and bile acids play pivotal roles in intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Patients with IBD exhibit decreased microbial diversity and abnormal microbial composition marked by the depletion of phylum Firmicutes (including bacteria involved in bile acid metabolism) and the enrichment of phylum Proteobacteria. Dysbiosis leads to blocked bile acid transformation. Thus, the concentration of primary and conjugated bile acids is elevated at the expense of secondary bile acids in IBD. In turn, bile acids could modulate the microbial community. Gut dysbiosis and disturbed bile acids impair the gut barrier and immunity. Several therapies, such as diets, probiotics, prebiotics, engineered bacteria, fecal microbiota transplantation and ursodeoxycholic acid, may alleviate IBD by restoring gut microbiota and bile acids. Thus, the bile acid–gut microbiota axis is closely connected with IBD pathogenesis. Regulation of this axis may be a novel option for treating IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Lingfeng Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Tianyu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Xueli Song
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Xiaocang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Bangmao Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
| | - Kui Jiang
- Graduate School of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
- Correspondence: (K.J.); (H.C.)
| | - Hailong Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Institute of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; (M.Y.); (Y.G.); (L.L.); (T.L.); (X.S.); (Y.S.); (X.C.); (B.W.)
- Correspondence: (K.J.); (H.C.)
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189
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Zhou Y, Qi H, Yin N. Adaptations and alterations of maternal microbiota: From physiology to pathology. MEDICINE IN MICROECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medmic.2021.100045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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190
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Seely KD, Kotelko CA, Douglas H, Bealer B, Brooks AE. The Human Gut Microbiota: A Key Mediator of Osteoporosis and Osteogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9452. [PMID: 34502371 PMCID: PMC8431678 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An expanding body of research asserts that the gut microbiota has a role in bone metabolism and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. This review considers the human gut microbiota composition and its role in osteoclastogenesis and the bone healing process, specifically in the case of osteoporosis. Although the natural physiologic processes of bone healing and the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and bone disease are now relatively well known, recent literature suggests that a healthy microbiome is tied to bone homeostasis. Nevertheless, the mechanism underlying this connection is still somewhat enigmatic. Based on the literature, a relationship between the microbiome, osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-Β ligand (RANKL) is contemplated and explored in this review. Studies have proposed various mechanisms of gut microbiome interaction with osteoclastogenesis and bone health, including micro-RNA, insulin-like growth factor 1, and immune system mediation. However, alterations to the gut microbiome secondary to pharmaceutical and surgical interventions cannot be discounted and are discussed in the context of clinical therapeutic consideration. The literature on probiotics and their mechanisms of action is examined in the context of bone healing. The known and hypothesized interactions of common osteoporosis drugs and the human gut microbiome are examined. Since dysbiosis in the gut microbiota can function as a biomarker of bone metabolic activity, it may also be a pharmacological and nutraceutical (i.e., pre- and probiotics) therapeutic target to promote bone homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Seely
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (C.A.K.); (H.D.); (B.B.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Cody A. Kotelko
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (C.A.K.); (H.D.); (B.B.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Hannah Douglas
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (C.A.K.); (H.D.); (B.B.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Brandon Bealer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (C.A.K.); (H.D.); (B.B.); (A.E.B.)
| | - Amanda E. Brooks
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA; (C.A.K.); (H.D.); (B.B.); (A.E.B.)
- Department of Research and Scholarly Activity, Rocky Vista University, Ivins, UT 84738, USA
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191
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Jergens AE, Parvinroo S, Kopper J, Wannemuehler MJ. Rules of Engagement: Epithelial-Microbe Interactions and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:669913. [PMID: 34513862 PMCID: PMC8432614 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.669913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are complex, multifactorial disorders that lead to chronic and relapsing intestinal inflammation. The exact etiology remains unknown, however multiple factors including the environment, genetic, dietary, mucosal immunity, and altered microbiome structure and function play important roles in disease onset and progression. Supporting this notion that the gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in IBD pathogenesis, studies in gnotobiotic mice have shown that mouse models of intestinal inflammation require a microbial community to develop colitis. Additionally, antimicrobial therapy in some IBD patients will temporarily induce remission further demonstrating an association between gut microbes and intestinal inflammation. Finally, a dysfunctional intestinal epithelial barrier is also recognized as a key pathogenic factor in IBD. The intestinal epithelium serves as a barrier between the luminal environment and the mucosal immune system and guards against harmful molecules and microorganisms while being permeable to essential nutrients and solutes. Beneficial (i.e., mutualists) bacteria promote mucosal health by strengthening barrier integrity, increasing local defenses (mucin and IgA production) and inhibiting pro-inflammatory immune responses and apoptosis to promote mucosal homeostasis. In contrast, pathogenic bacteria and pathobionts suppress expression and localization of tight junction proteins, cause dysregulation of apoptosis/proliferation and increase pro-inflammatory signaling that directly damages the intestinal mucosa. This review article will focus on the role of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and the luminal environment acting as mediators of barrier function in IBD. We will also share some of our translational observations of interactions between IECs, immune cells, and environmental factors contributing to maintenance of mucosal homeostasis, as it relates to GI inflammation and IBD in different animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert E. Jergens
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Shadi Parvinroo
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jamie Kopper
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Michael J. Wannemuehler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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192
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Koutouratsas T, Philippou A, Kolios G, Koutsilieris M, Gazouli M. Role of exercise in preventing and restoring gut dysbiosis in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: A review. World J Gastroenterol 2021; 27:5037-5046. [PMID: 34497433 PMCID: PMC8384738 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v27.i30.5037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) include a spectrum of chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract whose pathogenesis is yet to be elucidated. The intestinal microbiome has been studied as a causal component, with certain microbiotic alterations having been observed in subtypes of IBD. Physical exercise is a modulator of the intestinal microbiome, causing shifts in its composition that are partially corrective of those observed in IBD; furthermore, physical exercise may be beneficial in patients with certain IBD subtypes. This review studies the effects of physical exercise on the human gut microbiome while investigating pathophysiologic mechanisms that could explain physical activity’s clinical effects on patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilemachos Koutouratsas
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Anastassios Philippou
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George Kolios
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Pharmacology, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | - Michael Koutsilieris
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Physiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
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193
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Dowdell AS, Colgan SP. Metabolic Host-Microbiota Interactions in Autophagy and the Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:708. [PMID: 34451805 PMCID: PMC8399382 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a family of conditions characterized by chronic, relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. IBD afflicts over 3 million adults in the United States and shows increasing prevalence in the Westernized world. Current IBD treatments center on modulation of the damaging inflammatory response and carry risks such as immunosuppression, while the development of more effective treatments is hampered by our poor understanding of the molecular mechanisms of IBD pathogenesis. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have demonstrated that gene variants linked to the cellular response to microorganisms are most strongly associated with an increased risk of IBD. These studies are supported by mechanistic work demonstrating that IBD-associated polymorphisms compromise the intestine's anti-microbial defense. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding IBD as a disease of defects in host-microbe interactions and discuss potential avenues for targeting this mechanism for future therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sean P. Colgan
- Department of Medicine and the Mucosal Inflammation Program, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
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194
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Cooke NCA, Bala A, Allard JP, Hota S, Poutanen S, Taylor VH. The safety and efficacy of fecal microbiota transplantation in a population with bipolar disorder during depressive episodes: study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2021; 7:142. [PMID: 34261526 PMCID: PMC8278713 DOI: 10.1186/s40814-021-00882-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic, debilitating illness with significant medical morbidity, often secondary to current treatments, and a high recurrence rate. This burden of disease reflects limitations in the tolerability and efficacy of current treatments. There is a compelling body of evidence linking the gut microbiota to mental illness, and while microbial manipulation via probiotic use has been studied as a therapeutic in BD, targeted trials of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) have not been conducted in this population. Methods and design We describe a pilot randomized controlled trial of FMT in participants with BD depression to assess the feasibility, efficacy, safety, and tolerability of this intervention. Individuals between 18 and 65 years of age will be enrolled in the study if they meet diagnostic criteria for a major depressive episode of at least moderate severity in the context of a BD diagnosis and have not responded to treatment for BD. Participants will be randomized 1:1 to receive either screened and processed donor stool (allogenic FMT) or their own stool (autologous FMT) via colonoscopy and monitored for 24 weeks post intervention. Depressive and manic symptoms, treatment acceptability, and gastrointestinal and other side effects are assessed at baseline (prior to randomization) and weekly. Stool samples to assess microbiome composition are obtained at baseline and 3 and 6 months. Discussion Currently, FMT represents a novel therapeutic option for treating BD depression. This protocol allows for the assessment of the feasibility, efficacy, acceptability, and safety of an intervention aimed at changing the microbiome in those with BD. Results from this pilot study will guide the development of larger trials of FMT for BD depression and may give more insight into how the gut microbiome are altered in those with BD depression. Trial registration Clinical Trials Gov NCT03279224
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah C A Cooke
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Asem Bala
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johane P Allard
- Department of Medicine, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susy Hota
- Infection Prevention and Control Department, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Poutanen
- Departments of Microbiology and Medicine, University Health Network and Sinai Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Valerie H Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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195
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Zhu F, Ke Y, Luo Y, Wu J, Wu P, Ma F, Liu Y. Effects of Different Treatment of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Techniques on Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis in Rats. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:683234. [PMID: 34335508 PMCID: PMC8317227 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.683234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory bowel disease with abdominal pain, mucus, pus and blood in the stool as the main clinical manifestations. The pathogenesis of UC is still not completely clear, and multiple factors, such as genetic susceptibility, immune response, intestinal microecological changes and environmental factors, together lead to the onset of UC. In recent years, the role of intestinal microbiota disturbances on the pathogenesis of UC has received widespread attention. Therefore, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), which changes the intestinal microecological environment of UC patients by transplantation of normal fecal bacteria, has attracted increasing attention from researchers. However, there are no guidelines to recommend fresh FMT or frozen FMT in the treatment of UC, and there are few studies on this. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore the effects of fresh and frozen FMT methods on the treatment of experimental UC models in rats. Results: Compared with the model control group, all FMT groups achieved better efficacy, mainly manifested as weight gain by the rats, improvements in fecal characteristics and blood stools, reduced inflammatory factors and normal bacterial microbiota. The efficacy of the frozen FMT group was better than that of the fresh FMT group in terms of behavior and colon length. Conclusion: FMT method supplements the gut microbiota with beneficial bacteria, such as short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria. These bacteria can regulate intestinal function, protect the mucosal barrier and reduce harmful bacteria, thus mitigating the damage to the intestinal barrier and the associated inflammatory response, resulting in UC remission. FMT is a feasible method for treating UC, with frozen FMT having a superior therapeutic effect than that of fresh FMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Zhu
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifan Ke
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiting Luo
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaqian Wu
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pei Wu
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangxiao Ma
- The 2nd Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingchao Liu
- Academic Affairs Office, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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196
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Chen J, Yi C, Lu C, Han J, Shi Q, Li J, Zhou J, Su X. High DHA tuna oil alleviated cigarette smoking exposure induced lung inflammation via the regulation of gut microbiota and serum metabolites. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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197
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Zhu R, He P, Liu Z, Liu N, Miao Y, Yu C, Zhu L. Editorial: Microbiome in IBD: From Composition to Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:721992. [PMID: 34248651 PMCID: PMC8263897 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.721992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijian He
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zhanju Liu
- Center for IBD Research, Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yinglei Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Diseases, Kunming, China
| | - Chenggong Yu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Zhu
- Guangdong Institute of Gastroenterology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Diseases, Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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198
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Zhao Y, Li X, Zhou Y, Gao J, Jiao Y, Zhu B, Wu D, Qi X. Safety and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Grade IV Steroid Refractory GI-GvHD Patients: Interim Results From FMT2017002 Trial. Front Immunol 2021; 12:678476. [PMID: 34220825 PMCID: PMC8248496 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.678476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a major cause of post-allo-HSCT (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) morbidity and mortality. Patients with steroid-refractory GI-GvHD have a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. FMT2017002 trial (#NCT03148743) was a non-randomized, open-label, phase I/II clinical study of FMT for treating patients with grade IV steroid-refractory GI-GvHD. A total of 55 patients with steroid-refractory GI-GvHD were enrolled in this study. Forty-one patients with grade IV steroid-refractory GI-GvHD were included in the final statistical analysis. Of them, 23 patients and 18 patients were assigned to the FMT group and the control group, respectively. On days 14 and 21 after FMT, clinical remission was significantly greater in the FMT group than in the control group. Within a follow-up period of 90 days, the FMT group showed a better overall survival (OS). At the end of the study, the median survival time was >539 days in the FMT group and 107 days in the control group (HR=3.51; 95% CI, 1.21–10.17; p=0.021). Both the event-free survival time (EFS) (HR=2.3, 95% CI, 0.99–5.4; p=0.08) and OS (HR=4.4, 95% CI, 1.5–13.04; p=0.008) were higher in the FMT group during the follow-up period. Overall, the mortality rate was lower in the FMT group (HR=3.97; 95% CI, 1.34–11.75; p=0.013). No differences in the occurrence of any other side effects were observed. Our data suggest that the diversity of the intestinal microbiota could be affected by allo-HSCT. Although its effectiveness and safety need further evaluation, FMT may serve as a therapeutic option for grade IV steroid-refractory GI-GvHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuewei Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Cyrus Tang Hematology Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yujing Zhou
- Center for Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yang Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Baoli Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Antimicrobial Resistance and Pathogen Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Depei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaofei Qi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Hematologic Diseases, Jiangsu Institute of Hematology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Hematology, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Thrombosis and Hemostasis of Ministry of Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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199
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Protease Hydrolysates Ameliorates Inflammation and Intestinal Flora Imbalance in DSS-Induced Colitis Mice. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/5536148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat germ and fish skin usually has not been completely utilized and sometimes may be discarded, thus causing a lot of waste. Here, we aim at exploring the therapeutic anti-inflammatory effects of protease hydrolysates of wheat germ and fish skin on the ulcerative colitis (UC) mice. In the current study, wheat germ protein hydrolysates (WGPH) and fish skin gelatin hydrolysates (FSGH) treated mice had a longer colon than the DSS-induced mice. Moreover, protease hydrolysates reversed DSS-induced gut dysbiosis. Protease hydrolysates were likely to shift the balance of the intestinal flora on inflammation. In summary, these findings suggested that protease hydrolysates might serve as a latent therapy for UC treatment.
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200
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Li W, Sun Y, Dai L, Chen H, Yi B, Niu J, Wang L, Zhang F, Luo J, Wang K, Guo R, Li L, Zou Q, Ma ZS, Miao Y. Ecological and network analyses identify four microbial species with potential significance for the diagnosis/treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC). BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:138. [PMID: 33947329 PMCID: PMC8097971 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02201-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the primary types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the occurrence of which has been increasing worldwide. Although IBD is an intensively studied human microbiome-associated disease, research on Chinese populations remains relatively limited, particularly on the mucosal microbiome. The present study aimed to analyze the changes in the mucosal microbiome associated with UC from the perspectives of medical ecology and complex network analysis. RESULTS In total, 56 mucosal microbiome samples were collected from 28 Chinese UC patients and their healthy family partners, followed by amplicon sequencing. Based on sequencing data, we analyzed species diversity, shared species, and inter-species interactions at the whole community, main phyla, and core/periphery species levels. We identified four opportunistic "pathogens" (i.e., Clostridium tertium, Odoribacter splanchnicus, Ruminococcus gnavus, and Flavonifractor plautii) with potential significance for the diagnosis and treatment of UC, which were inhibited in healthy individuals, but unrestricted in the UC patients. In addition, we also discovered in this study: (i) The positive-to-negative links (P/N) ratio, which measures the balance of species interactions or inhibition effects in microbiome networks, was significantly higher in UC patients, indicating loss of inhibition against potentially opportunistic "pathogens" associated with dysbiosis. (ii) Previous studies have reported conflicting evidence regarding species diversity and composition between UC patients and healthy controls. Here, significant differences were found at the major phylum and core/periphery scales, but not at the whole community level. Thus, we argue that the paradoxical results found in existing studies are due to the scale effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal changes in the ecology and network structure of the gut mucosal microbiome that might be associated with UC, and these changes might provide potential therapeutic mechanisms of UC. The four opportunistic pathogens that were identified in the present study deserve further investigation in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Li
- Computational Biology and Medical Ecology Lab, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lin Dai
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Hongju Chen
- Computational Biology and Medical Ecology Lab, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,College of Mathematics, Honghe University, Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Bin Yi
- College of Mathematics, Honghe University, Mengzi, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Junkun Niu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Fengrui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Juan Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kunhua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lianwei Li
- Computational Biology and Medical Ecology Lab, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Quan Zou
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhanshan Sam Ma
- Computational Biology and Medical Ecology Lab, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. .,Kunming College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China. .,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.
| | - Yinglei Miao
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Institute of Digestive Disease, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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