Endocrine control of spermatogenesis: Role of FSH and LH/ testosterone

Genetics of male infertility

Male infertility is a multifactorial pathological condition affecting approximately 7% of the male population. The genetic landscape of male infertility is highly complex as semen and testis histological phenotypes are extremely heterogeneous, and at least 2,000 genes are involved in spermatogenesis. The highest frequency of known genetic factors contributing to male infertility (25%) is in azoospermia, but the number of identified genetic anomalies in other semen and aetiological categories is constantly growing. Genetic screening is relevant for its diagnostic value, clinical decision making, and appropriate genetic counselling. Anomalies in sex chromosomes have major roles in severe spermatogenic impairment. Autosome-linked gene mutations are mainly involved in central hypogonadism, monomorphic teratozoospermia or asthenozoospermia, congenital obstructive azoospermia, and familial cases of quantitative spermatogenic disturbances. Results from whole-genome association studies suggest a marginal role for common variants as causative factors; however, some of these variants can be important for pharmacogenetic purposes. Results of studies on copy number variations (CNVs) demonstrate a considerably higher CNV load in infertile patients than in normozoospermic men, whereas whole-exome analysis has proved to be a highly successful diagnostic tool in familial cases of male infertility. Despite such efforts, the aetiology of infertility remains unknown in about 40% of patients, and the discovery of novel genetic factors in idiopathic infertility is a major challenge for the field of androgenetics. Large, international, and consortium-based whole-exome and whole-genome studies are the most promising approach for the discovery of the missing genetic aetiology of idiopathic male infertility.

Reproductive toxic effects and possible mechanisms of zonisamide in male rats

Zonisamide (ZNS) is an anticonvulsant which is used to treat the symptoms of epilepsy. Although it is frequently used during reproductive ages, studies that investigated the effects of ZNS on reproductive system are limited. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effects of ZNS on male reproductive system by oral administration to rats in 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg doses for 28 days. After the exposure period, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA damage, as biomarkers of reproductive toxic effects, were determined, and histopathological examination of testis was performed. In addition, levels of the hormones that play a role in the regulation of reproductive functions, such as follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and testosterone were measured and the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers that take part in the reproductive pathologies such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and malondialdehyde, were determined. Reproductive toxic effects related to ZNS administration were shown by the significant decrease of sperm concentration and normal sperm morphology in ZNS groups. Additionally, pathological findings were observed in the testicular tissues of ZNS-administered groups dose dependently. In addition, serum LH and testosterone levels were significantly decreased in the ZNS groups. Decreased catalase activities and increased malondialdehyde levels in ZNS groups were evaluated as oxidative stress findings in the testis tissue. It could be expressed that ZNS administration induced dose-dependent reproductive toxic effects in rats, and pathological findings associated with the reproductive system could be the result of that hormonal changes and testicular oxidative stress, which in turn might be considered as possible mechanisms of male reproductive toxicity.

Evaluation of Male Fertility-Enhancing Activities of Water Seed Extract of Hunteria umbellata in Wistar Rats

BACKGROUND

In this study, the male fertility-enhancing activity of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day of Hunteria umbellata water seed extract (HU) in Wistar rats was studied for 60 days. In doing this, effect of repeated doses of HU was studied on the weight gain pattern, gonadosomatic index (GSI), serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (TS), prolactin (PRL), and estradiol (ES)} as well as testicular antioxidant status of the treated rats as a way of elucidating the mechanism(s) of action of HU.

METHOD

Thirty-six (36) male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups (I-VI) of six rats per group. Group I rats were gavaged with 10 ml/kg/day of distilled water and served as an untreated control; Group II rats were gavaged with 0.3 mg/kg/day of clomiphene in distilled water; Groups III-V rats received 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day of HU, respectively, and Group VI rats received 20 mg/kg/day of Vitamin C all in distilled water. All treatments were for 60 days after which the treated rats were humanely sacrificed. Sera of blood samples were processed for the above stated hormonal profile. Similarly, testicular tissues obtained were processed for semen analysis and complete antioxidant profile of the HU-treated testicles by assaying for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and Thiobarbituric Reactive Species (TBARS).

RESULTS

Prolonged treatments with 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day of HU for 60 days induced dose dependent reductions in weight gain pattern with the most significant (p<0.001) effect recorded with the highest dose of HU. Conversely, significant (p<0.001) increase was recorded for GSI at the same HU dose. Clomiphene and HU also induced significant (p<0.01, p<0.001) dose dependent increases in the total sperm count, %live sperm, but reverse effects on %dead sperm and %abnormal sperm. On the hormonal profile, oral treatment with 100 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 400 mg/kg/day of the extract induced profound (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001) dose related increases in the sera TS, LH, and FSH while it caused reverse effect on serum PRL but caused no significant alterations in the serum ES levels. Similarly, oral treatment with vitamin C and 100-400 mg/kg/day of HU induced profound (p<0.05, p<0.01, and p<0.001) increases in the antioxidant enzyme activities.

CONCLUSION

Overall, prolonged oral treatment with 100-400 mg/kg body weight of HU for 60 days significantly improved sperm function which was mediated via enhanced spermatogenesis, steroidogenesis, and antioxidant mechanisms.

Effects of a standardized 40% ellagic acid pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) extract on seminiferous tubule histopathology, diameter, and epithelium thickness in albino Wistar rats after heat exposure

BACKGROUND AND AIM

It has long been known that the spermatogenic tissue is very sensitive to temperatures higher than its physiologic temperature and causing cessation of activity and resulting in sterility. This study investigated the effect of a standardized 40% ellagic acid extract of pomegranate on the histopathology, diameter, and epithelial thickness of seminiferous tubules in albino rats exposed to heat.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Twenty-five male albino Wistar rats were randomized at 7-8 months of age to five treatment groups. Group C was not treated; Group T0 was treated with 0.5% of Na carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 2 ml/day and exposed to heat. T1, T2, and T3 were treated with 75, 150, and 300 mg/kg/day of a standardized 40% ellagic acid extract of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), respectively. The animals were orally administered Na CMC or pomegranate extract and were exposed to sunlight for 15 min at 40°C-42°C for 14 days. The animals were sacrificed on day 15 and the testes were removed for histological evaluation and measurement of seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelium thickness.

RESULTS

The diameter of seminiferous tubules from rats exposed to heat and treated with 300 mg/kg/day pomegranate extract was larger and the epithelia thicker than those in the other groups (p<0.05). The protective effects of the standardized 40% ellagic acid extract may have been mediated by its antioxidant activity.

CONCLUSION

Compared with controls, administration of 300 mg/kg/day of a standardized 40% ellagic acid extract of P. granatum L. for 14 days increased seminiferous tubule diameter and epithelium thickness in albino Wistar rats exposed to heat.

Transcriptomic analysis of overexpressed SOX4 and SOX8 in TM4 Sertoli cells with emphasis on cell-to-cell interactions

Sertoli cells are localized in seminiferous tubules within the testis. They are the first testicular cells to differentiate during male sex determination. In the adult, Sertoli cells provide nutrients to germ cells, control factors for spermatogenesis and protection by establishing the blood-testis barrier (BTB). This BTB is composed of tight junctions, basal ectoplasmic specializations, adherent junctions and gap junctions. The transcription factor SOX8 is necessary for the maintenance of spermatogenesis during adult life whereas SOX4 is involved in developmental processes. These factors are highly expressed in Sertoli cells. However, few of their target genes in adult Sertoli cells are known. Hence, we compared the transcriptomes of TM4 Sertoli cells overexpressing or not SOX4 or SOX8 using RNA-Seq followed by pathways and networks analyses. We found that SOX4 overexpression leads to downregulated genes enriched for cell junction organization and positive regulation of cell-to-cell adhesion. Upregulated genes in response to SOX8 overexpression were enriched for Sertoli cell development and differentiation. However, downregulated genes were enriched for cell-to-cell adhesion, tight junction interactions, gap junctions' assembly, as well as extracellular matrix binding. Hence, our results confirm that SOX8 is an important mediator of Sertoli cell maturation, whereas SOX4 and SOX8 influence gene expression related to regulation of blood-testis barrier assembly. In addition, TM4 cells can be considered as a useful model to better define the regulatory mechanisms of SOX4 or SOX8 on gene transcription in Sertoli cells.

Preventive effects of Aframomum melegueta extracts on the reproductive complications of propylthiouracil-induced hypothyroidism in male rat

Recent studies have demonstrated that hypothyroidism is associated with infertility. This work was undertaken to evaluate the protective effects of Aframomum melegueta on testicular functions and fertility of hypothyroid male rats. Male rats were orally treated with propylthiouracil (PTU: 10 mg/kg) in combination with plant aqueous or methanol seed extract (20 and 100 mg/kg) for 56 days. Vitamin E and clomiphene citrate served as positive controls. On day 47 of treatment, each male was mated with two adult females for fertilization potential evaluation. At the end of the treatment, genital sex organ weights, sperm characteristics, testicular histology, oxidative status, plasmatic hormones and fertility potential were evaluated. Results indicated that PTU created hypothyroidism characterised by a significant increase in TSH with reduction of T3 and T4. PTU also lowered genital sex organ weights, sperm count, viability and motility, plasmatic levels of luteinising hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone, and increased prolactin, cholesterol and testicular oxidative stress. Alteration in sperm morphology, testis and epididymis histology, and fertilization potential was also noticed. Co-administration with A. melegueta extracts successfully reversed PTU-induced infertility without any effect on thyroid hormones. These results provide evidence that A. melegueta has a protective effect on fertility in hypothyroid condition.

The Impact of Echium Amoenum Distillate on Naturally Boosting Fertility: Potential Ameliorative Role in Male Mice Reproductive Parameters

BACKGROUND

Iranian borage, Echium amoenum, is believed to improve reproduction according to folk medicine. Although E. amoenum distillate known as "Aragh Gav-zaban" is widely consumed as a safe and natural remedy, its possible effects on fertility have not yet been scientifically examined. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of borage distillate (BD) on reproductive parameters of male mice.

METHODS

In this experimental study, 30 adult male Mus musculus mice (30-35 g) were equally divided into three groups. The control group received distilled water (DW) for five weeks and the other two groups, BD1/2 and BD1/4, received borage distillate of 1/2 dilution (150±2.5 ml/kg/day) and 1/4 dilution (75±1.25 ml/kg/day), respectively, ad libitum for three weeks and DW for 2 weeks. On the day 35, mice were sacrificed, sperm analysis was performed, and sera were collected to evaluate gonadotropins, testosterone, and toxicity parameters. The left testis was excised for stereological study and the right testis was used to evaluate androgen receptor (AR) gene expression.

RESULTS

The administration of BD1/2 significantly increased serum FSH (P=0.004), LH (P=0.025), testosterone (P=0.014), the percentage of motile (P=0.011); slow progressive (P=0.001), coiled tail (P<0.001) sperms, and the number of Leydig cells (P=0.008) compared to the control group. Treatment with BD1/4 significantly increased sperm count (P=0.044) and motile sperms percentage (P=0.040) compared to the control group too. The administration of BD revealed no significant effects on toxicity parameters and AR gene expression.

CONCLUSION

The findings of the present study showed that the consumption of borage distillate, as a safe herbal remedy, improves hormonal and sperm parameters in male mice.

Association between testosterone, semen parameters, and live birth in men with unexplained infertility in an intrauterine insemination population

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether men with unexplained infertility and low total T (TT) have abnormal spermatogenesis and lower fecundity.

DESIGN

Secondary analysis of the prospective, randomized, multicenter clinical trial, Assessment of Multiple Intrauterine Gestations from Ovarian Stimulation (AMIGOS).

SETTING

Infertility clinics.

PATIENT(S)

Nine hundred couples with unexplained infertility enrolled in AMIGOS. Semen analysis with an ejaculate of at least 5 million total motile sperm was required for enrollment. For inclusion in this secondary analysis, a fasting TT was required.

INTERVENTION(S)

None.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Logistic regression, adjusted for age and body mass index, assessed the association between low TT (defined as <264 ng/dL), semen parameters, and pregnancy outcome.

RESULT(S)

Seven hundred eighty-one men (mean age, 34.2 ± 5.7 years) with a median (interquartile range) TT of 411 (318-520) ng/dL were included. Men with TT <264 ng/dL were less likely to have normal (≥4% strict Kruger) morphology (unadjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.34, 0.92; adjusted OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.35, 0.99). There was no association between low TT and semen volume < 1.5 mL, sperm concentration < 15 × 10⁶/mL, or motility < 40%. Among couples whose male partner had low TT, 21 (18.8%) had a live birth, compared with 184 (27.5%) live births in couples with a male partner having TT > 264 ng/dL. The odds of live birth decreased by 40% in couples whose male partner had low TT (unadjusted OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.36, 1.00; adjusted OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.38, 1.12).

CONCLUSION(S)

In couples with unexplained infertility, low TT in the male partner was associated with abnormal sperm morphology and lower live birth rates.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT01044862.

The relationships between urinary phthalate metabolites, reproductive hormones and semen parameters in men attending in vitro fertilization clinic

Evidence from previous studies has shown that phthalates may play a role in male reproductive function; however, results are still inconclusive, and the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we first assessed whether exposure to phthalates is associated with altered reproductive hormones and semen parameters in 599 men attending an in vitro fertilization clinic. Secondly, we evaluated whether reproductive hormones could play a mediating role in the association between phthalates and sperm parameters. Eight phthalate metabolites were measured in two different spot urine samples: mono‑n‑butyl phthalate, mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobenzyl phthalate, and four oxidative metabolites of di‑(2‑ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) [i.e., mono‑(2‑ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP), and mono‑(2‑ethyl‑5‑carboxypentyl) phthalate (MECPP)]. Semen parameters (concentration, volume, motility, and morphology) and reproductive hormones, i.e., follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone, estradiol (E₂), testosterone (TEST) and prolactin (PROL) were also determined and considered the main study outcomes. Separate multivariate linear regression was used to assess associations between levels of each urinary phthalate metabolite, molar sum of DEHP metabolites (∑DEHP), percentage of MEHP to ∑DEHP (%MEHP), and each outcome (natural log-transformed). Inverse associations were observed between TEST and MiBP (β = -0.099), FSH and MEHHP (β = -0.087), and PROL and MEOHP (β = -0.102), while a positive relationship was seen between E₂ and MEP (β = 0.098). %MEHP was associated positively with FSH (β = 0.118) and LH (β = 0.099), but negatively with TEST/LH (β = -0.086) and TEST/E₂ (β = -0.109). Sperm concentration was associated positively with MECPP (β = 0.131), MEHHP (β = 0.117), MEOHP (β = 0.107) and ∑DEHP (β = 0.111), but negatively with %MEHP (β = -0.135). All p-values were <0.05. Sobel's test indicated that FSH mediated significantly up to 60% of the positive relationship between sperm concentration and MEHHP, while FSH and LH mediated respectively 15 and 12% of the inverse association between sperm concentration and %MEHP. Further research on this topic is warranted.

Toxicologic Pathology Forum*: Opinion on Sexual Maturity and Fertility Assessment in Long-tailed Macaques ( Macaca fascicularis) in Nonclinical Safety Studies

If nonhuman primates represent the only relevant species for nonclinical safety evaluation of biotechnology-derived products, male and female fertility effects can be assessed in repeat dose toxicity studies given that sexually mature monkeys are used. This opinion piece provides recommendations for determining sexual maturity and when/how fertility assessments should be conducted in the cynomolgus monkey. Male sexual maturity should be proven by presence of sperm in a semen sample, female sexual maturity by at least two consecutive menstrual bleedings. As per regulatory guidance, default parameters for an indirect assessment of fertility in both sexes are reproductive organ weight and histopathology. Beyond default parameters, daily vaginal swabs are recommended for females, and for males, it is recommended to include blood collections (for potential analysis of reproductive hormones), testis volume sonography, and collection of frozen testis samples at necropsy. Only if there is a cause for concern, blood collection for potential reproductive hormone analysis should be conducted in females and semen analysis in males. In principle, adverse reproductive effects can be detected within 4 weeks of test article administration, depending on study design and reproductive end point chosen. Therefore, there are options for addressing reproductive toxicity aspects with studies of less than 3 months dosing duration. *This is an opinion article submitted to the Toxicologic Pathology Forum. It represents the views of the authors. It does not constitute an official position of the Society of Toxicologic Pathology, British Society of Toxicological Pathology, or European Society of Toxicologic Pathology, and the views expressed might not reflect the best practices recommended by these Societies. This article should not be construed to represent the policies, positions, or opinions of their respective organizations, employers, or regulatory agencies.

Food Yellow4 reprotoxicity in relation to localization of DMC1 and apoptosis in rat testes: Roles of royal jelly and cod liver oil

Food Yellow 4 (FY4) is a lemon-yellow-colored synthetic organic azo dye, which is used widely for imparting pleasant and attractive appearance to foods and cosmetics. The present study aimed at evaluating the possible mechanism underlying the FY4-induced reprotoxicity in rats, and the potential supportive role of royal jelly (RJ) or cod liver oil (CLO), which is a natural remedy with several pharmacological benefits, against induced toxicity. Forty-eight male rats were divided into different groups-the control group, the CLO group (0.4 mL/kg), the RJ group (300 mg/kg), the FY4 group (500 mg/kg b.w.), and the co-treated groups (FY4 + CLO or FY4 + RJ). Semen analysis, serum hormones, and enzyme activities were estimated. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using anti-PCNA, anti-Sox 9, anti-STRA8, anti-DMC1, and anti-ssDNA antibody. The FY4 group exhibited a significant decrease in sperm concentration and motility percentage (%) and a substantial reduction in the TES and LH levels. Testicular LDH, ACP, and SDH were observed to be inhibited. Furthermore, co-localization of DMC1 and ssDNA, which reflected apoptotic induction in the leptotene and zygotene spermatocytes, respectively, was observed to have markedly elevated in the FY4 treated rats, with fewer PCNA-positive and SOX9-positive cells and higher ssDNA-positive cells in the seminiferous epithelium in comparison to the control groups. Interestingly, co-treatment with CLO or RJ exhibited healthy sperms and restored their features, activated the enzyme production, and raised the levels of sexual hormones. In addition, both RJ and CLO restored the features of the testicular tissue as observed under a light microscope, and limited the apoptosis as observed through antibody staining. Collectively, the results of the present study revealed that the co-administration of RJ or CLO with FY4 improved the biochemical, hormonal, and structural aspects of the testicular tissue in rats. Therefore, CLO and RJ may be considered promising agents that would be able to improve the testicular structure and function in the FY4-exposed individuals.

Taste Receptors: New Players in Sperm Biology

Taste receptors were first described as sensory receptors located on the tongue, where they are expressed in small clusters of specialized epithelial cells. However, more studies were published in recent years pointing to an expression of these proteins not only in the oral cavity but throughout the body and thus to a physiological role beyond the tongue. The recent observation that taste receptors and components of the coupled taste transduction cascade are also expressed during the different phases of spermatogenesis as well as in mature spermatozoa from mouse to humans and the overlap between the ligand spectrum of taste receptors with compounds in the male and female reproductive organs makes it reasonable to assume that sperm "taste" these different cues in their natural microenvironments. This assumption is assisted by the recent observations of a reproductive phenotype of different mouse lines carrying a targeted deletion of a taste receptor gene as well as the finding of a significant correlation between human male infertility and some polymorphisms in taste receptors genes. In this review, we depict recent findings on the role of taste receptors in male fertility, especially focusing on their possible involvement in mechanisms underlying spermatogenesis and post testicular sperm maturation. We also highlight the impact of genetic deletions of taste receptors, as well as their polymorphisms on male reproduction.

Protective effects of fermented goat milk on genomic stability, oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling in testis during anaemia recovery

Oxidative stress is a harmful factor for male reproductive function, and a major cause of infertility. On the other hand, fermented goat milk has positive effects on anemia recovery and mineral metabolism. This study evaluated the effect of feeding rats with fermented milks during anaemia recovery on molecular mechanisms linked to oxidative stress and inflammatory signalling in rats reproductive system. Forty male Wistar rats were placed on a pre-experimental period of 40 days (control group, receiving normal-Fe diet and Fe-deficient group, receiving low-Fe diet). Lately, rats were fed with fermented goat or cow milk-based diets during 30 days. After feeding the fermented milks, Total antioxidant status (TAS) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) increased and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), 15-F2t-isoprostanes and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) decreased in testis. DNA oxidative damage in testis germ cells was lower with fermented goat milk. Fermented goat milk reduced IL-6 and TNF-α in control animals, increasing INF-γ in control and anaemic rats. NRF2 and PGC-1α protein levels increased in testis after fermented goat milk consumption in control and anaemic rats. Fermented goat milk also increased TAS and decreased oxidative damage, protecting the main testis cell bioconstituents (lipids, proteins, DNA, prostaglandins) from oxidative damage and reduced inflammatory activity, preventing injuries to testis germinal epithelium. Fermented goat milk enhanced lipolysis, fatty acids degradation and immune response, attenuating inflammatory signalling, representing a positive growth advantage for testicular cells.

Adrenal and Gonadal Activity, Androgen Concentrations, and Adult Height Outcomes in Boys With Silver-Russell Syndrome

Background: We have previously shown that adult height (AH) in males with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS) correlated negatively with prepubertal estradiol concentrations. We aimed to identify the source of estradiol by analyzing androgen secretion profiles and measuring anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) and inhibin B concentrations during childhood and puberty in this group of patients. Methods: In a retrospective longitudinal single-center study, 13 males with SRS were classified as non-responders (NRs = 8) or responders (Rs = 5), depending on the AH outcome. From 6 years of age, androgens were determined by mass spectrometry, and AMH, inhibin B and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations were analyzed by immunoassays. Results: AH outcome correlated negatively with dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate (DHEAS) at 8 (r = -0.72), 10 (r = -0.79), and 12 years (r = -0.72); testosterone at 10 (r = -0.94), 12 (r = -0.70) and 14 years (r = -0.64); dihydrotestosterone (DHT) at 10 (r = -0.62) and 12 years; (r = -0.57) and AMH at 12 years (r = 0.62) of age. Compared with Rs, NRs had higher median concentrations of DHEAS (μmol/L) at 10 years (2.9 vs. 1.0); androstenedione (nmol/L) at 10 (1.1 vs. 0.6) and 12 years (1.7 vs. 0.8); testosterone (nmol/L) at 10 (0.3 vs. 0.1), 12 (7.8 vs. 0.2) and 14 years (15.6 vs. 10.4); and DHT (pmol/L) at 10 (122 vs. 28) and 12 years (652 vs. 59) of age. AMH (ng/mL) was lower in NRs than in Rs at 12 years of age (11 vs. 50). No significant differences were observed in the inhibin B concentrations at any age. Conclusions: The elevated androgen concentrations before and during puberty, originated from both adrenal and gonadal secretion and correlated negatively with AH outcomes in males with SRS.

Genetically Inherited Obesity and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Differentially Alter Spermatogenesis in Adult Male Rats

Obesity is a multifactorial disorder with predominantly genetic and/or environmental causes. Our aim was to delineate effects of genetically inherited and high-fat diet-induced obesity on fertility and spermatogenesis using two Wistar rat models: genetically inherited obese (GIO) WNIN/Ob rats and diet-induced obese (DIO) rats, which received a high-fat diet. The terminal body weights were similar in both groups, but there was a significant difference in metabolic and hormone profiles between the groups. Fertility assessment revealed a significant decrease in the litter size due to increased pre- and postimplantation loss in the DIO group, whereas the rats in the GIO group were infertile due to lack of libido. Significantly decreased sperm counts were observed in the GIO group compared with the DIO group. Enumeration of testicular cells on the basis of ploidy and cell type-specific expression markers, to study the effect of obesity on spermatogenesis, demonstrated that the GIO and DIO states affected mitosis: spermatogonia and S-phase population were increased. However, distinctive effects were observed on meiosis and spermiogenesis in both the groups. Differential effects of GIO and DIO on fertility and spermatogenesis could be due to the significant difference in white adipose tissue accumulation between the groups and not due to high body weights. The differential effects of obesity suggest male obesity-induced infertility observed in humans could be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Seasonal variation in sperm freezability associated with changes in testicular germinal epithelium in domestic (Ovis aries) and wild (Ovis musimon) sheep

The aim of this study was to examine ovine sperm cryoresistance during the rutting season (RS) and its association with sperm head area and seminiferous epithelium proliferation. Small ruminants show fluctuating testosterone levels throughout the year, which could interfere with spermatogenesis and sperm cryopreservation. Ejaculates, testicular biopsies and blood were collected during the middle and at the end of the RS (Middle-RS vs End-RS) during periods of high and low testosterone levels in Merino and Mouflon rams. Fresh and frozen–thawed sperm quality, sperm morphometry, seminiferous tubule morphometry and testicular proliferation markers (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, proliferation marker protein Ki-67 and transcription factor GATA-4) were evaluated. Post-thaw sperm viability was higher in the End-RS group in both Merino (69.9±8.2 vs 41.6±7.3%; P=0.020) and Mouflon rams (40.9±3.3 vs 24.2±5.0%; P=0.008). Mouflons had larger sperm head area at the End-RS (38.3±0.2 vs 34.3±0.1µm2; P=0.029), whereas there was no difference between Merino groups (35.7±0.5 vs 34.8±1.0µm2). Seminiferous tubule morphometry and proliferation markers showed higher levels of germinal epithelium proliferation in the Middle-RS of both species. In conclusion, sperm freezability is affected during the RS in domestic and wild rams, which could be correlated with changes that occur during spermatogenesis, since there is an effect of season on cell proliferation in the testis.

Sulphur dioxide and arsenic affect male reproduction via interfering with spermatogenesis in mice

As two potential environmental hazards, sulphur dioxide (SO₂) and arsenic have adverse effects on male reproduction, but the mechanism of which and their combined toxicity are not clear. In this study, we investigate male reproductive toxicity with a focus on spermatogenesis by treating mice with 5 mg/m³ SO₂ and/or 5 mg/L arsenic. Our results showed that arsenic exposure caused significant decreases in water and food consumption and body weight in mice, whereas these changes were not observed in the SO₂-only group. Both SO₂ and arsenic reduced sperm counts, increased the percentage of sperm malformation, and induced abnormal testicular pathological changes. Elevated H₂O₂ and MDA contents, declined T-SOD activity, decreased spermatogenic cell counts, enhanced caspase-3 activity, and increased TUNEL-positive cells were also observed in mice exposed to SO₂ and/or arsenic. Moreover, SO₂ and arsenic co-exposure changed the mRNA levels of Bax and Bcl-2, decreased serum testosterone levels, and downregulated the expression of steroidogenic-related genes (LHR, StAR, and ABP) in mice. These findings provide a new theoretical basis for understanding how SO₂ and arsenic interfere with spermatogenesis leading to infertility. These results also suggest that SO₂ and arsenic co-exposure likely result in an additive effect on male reproductive toxicity in mice.

Mutual promotion of apoptosis and autophagy in prepubertal rat testes induced by joint exposure of bisphenol A and nonylphenol

BPA and NP are both typical endocrine disruptors, the exposed populations are widespread, and the health risks mustn't be ignored. However, the interactions between them on spermatogenesis are rarely mentioned. And the underlying mechanism is unclear yet. In the present study, prepubertal SD rats were exposed to different low doses of BPA and NP separately or jointly for 4 weeks. The results indicate that the joint exposure induced excessive apoptosis and autophagy in the testes, as proved by a series of characteristics such as chromatin condensation and autophagosomes formation. Besides, endocrine disorders and oxidative stress were also caused by the exposure. Apoptosis was mediated by the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, since the Bax and Caspase-3 gene expressions significantly increased with a prominent decrease of Bcl-2. While autophagy was caused by the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway, as the expressions of the downstream genes Beclin-1, Atg5, Atg12 and the split of LC3 protein increased altogether. Worse yet, autophagy and apoptosis might reinforce each other and make the situation more severe in the joint group. What's more, remarkable histopathological changes such as spermatogenic epithelium atrophy, germ cell loss, and various ultrastructural modifications were strongly related to the apoptosis and autophagy. In aggregate, this study shows the enormous risk on male reproductive system brought by the interactions between BPA and NP. The findings provide a broader vision to understand the roles of apoptosis and autophagy induced by the joint exposure in the aggravation of spermatogenesis impairment, which could be a reference for the situation of complex EDCs exposure-induced male reproductive toxicity, and possibly inspire us to find new ideas for preventive and therapeutic treatments.

Characterization of Sexual Trait Development in cyp17a1-Deficient Zebrafish

Cytochrome P450 (Cyp)17A1 has both 17α-hydroxylase and 17,20-lyase activities, which are involved in the steroidogenic pathway that produces androgens and estrogens. Previously, a phenotype of all-male cyp17a1-deficient zebrafish generated by transcription activatorlike effector nuclease has been reported. In the current study, the mechanisms relating to Cyp17a1 that are involved in the development of sexual traits, especially gonadal differentiation and testicular development, were characterized. We found that the cyp17a1-deficient fish at 3 months postfertilization (mpf) were all fertile males with normal testis and spermatogenesis but compromised male-typical mating behaviors and secondary sex characters (SSCs), including breeding tubercles, body pigmentation, and anal fin coloration. These results demonstrate that spermatogenesis and testicular development are not as susceptible to androgen deficiency compared with the formation of male-typical SSCs and mating behaviors in zebrafish. The differentiation of the juvenile ovary into the mature ovary failed during the critical sexual differentiation stage. This all-male phenotype of the cyp17a1-deficient fish could be restored with testosterone or estradiol treatment. For testicular development in cyp17a1-deficient fish, a gradually increasing number of spermatozoa and testis hypertrophy from 3 to 6 mpf were observed, accompanied by constitutively upregulated pituitary gonadotropin FSH subunit β (fshβ). The hypertrophic testis and enhanced spermatogenesis in the cyp17a1-deficient fish at 6 mpf could be effectively rescued by fshβ depletion. These results confirm that adequate estrogen is essential for maintaining ovarian differentiation, and they provide new insight into the role of FSHβ in male testicular development and spermatogenesis.

Perturbation of microRNA signalling by doxorubicin in spermatogonial, Leydig and Sertoli cell lines in vitro

We have previously shown that in addition to its widely recognised cardiotoxicity, the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (DOX) is able to induce transcriptional, microRNA (miRNA) and DNA methylation changes in the mouse testis. These changes perturb pathways involved in stress/cell death and survival and testicular function and lead to germ cell loss and reproductive organ damage. Here, we further investigated the differential miRNA expression induced by DOX in mouse spermatogonial (GC1), Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cell lines in vitro. We began by performing cell cycle analysis of the three mouse testicular cell lines to evaluate their sensitivity to DOX and thus select suitable doses for miRNA profiling. In keeping with our in vivo data, the spermatogonial cell line was the most sensitive, and the Sertoli cell line the most resistant to DOX-induced cell cycle arrest. We then further demonstrated that each cell line has a distinct miRNA profile, which is perturbed upon treatment with DOX. Pathway analysis identified changes in the miRNA-mediated regulation of specialised signalling at germ-Sertoli and Sertoli-Sertoli cell junctions following treatment with DOX. Amongst the most significant disease categories associated with DOX-induced miRNA expression were organismal injury and abnormalities, and reproductive system disease. This suggests that miRNAs play significant roles in both normal testicular function and DOX-induced testicular toxicity. Comparison of our in vitro and in vivo data highlights that in vitro cell models can provide valuable mechanistic information, which may also help facilitate the development of biomarkers of testicular toxicity and high-throughput in vitro screening methods to identify potential testicular toxicants.

Differential effects of depot formulations of GnRH agonist leuprorelin and antagonist degarelix on the seminiferous epithelium of the rat testis

Despite their pharmacologically opposite actions, long-acting depot formulations of both GnRH agonists and antagonists have been clinically applied for treatment of androgen-sensitive prostate cancer. Sustained treatment with GnRH analogues commonly suppresses both the synthesis and release of gonadotropins, leading to depletion of testicular testosterone. To clarify the underlying differences in the effects of GnRH agonists and antagonists on spermatogenesis, we compared histological changes in the seminiferous epithelium after administration of depot formulations of GnRH agonist leuprorelin and antagonist degarelix to male rats. Testicular weight had markedly declined by 28 days after administration of both GnRH analogues, although the testicular weight was decreased more promptly by leuprorelin compared with degarelix. Shortly after administration, massive exfoliation of premature spermatids and anomalous multinucleated giant cells was observed in seminiferous tubules of leuprorelin-treated rats, probably via the initial hyperstimulatory effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, whereas no discernible changes were found in those of degarelix-treated rats. Long term treatment with both types of GnRH analogues similarly induced a marked reduction in the height of the epithelium and deformation of apical cytoplasm in Sertoli cells, resulting in premature detachment of spermatids from the epithelium. Lipid droplets had accumulated progressively in Sertoli cells, especially in those of degarelix-treated rats. These findings clearly demonstrate the differences in the effects of GnRH agonists and antagonists on the spermatogenic process. This study suggests that an appropriate choice of GnRH analogues is necessary to minimize their adverse effects on spermatogenesis when reproductive functions should be preserved in patients.

Impotentia generandi in male dromedary camels: FSH, LH and testosterone profiles and their association with clinical findings and semen analysis data

Impotentia generandi (IG) is a major problem in male dromedary camels. The objective of this research was to characterize the FSH, LH and testosterone profiles and their association with clinical findings and semen characteristics in IG-male dromedaries. Semen was collected by electroejaculation from camels with IG (n = 17) and from a fertile group (FERT, n = 5) and was evaluated for motility, viability, abnormality and concentration. According to their sperm counts, the IG-camels were categorized into three groups: those with normal sperm concentration (IG-NC, n = 8), those with oligospermia (IG-OLIGO, n = 5) and those with azoospermia (IG-AZOO, n = 4). Jugular blood was collected from all camels for analysis of FSH, LH and testosterone (T) concentrations. Results showed that the FSH, LH and T levels were higher in the IG-OLIGO and IG-AZOO groups than in the FERT and IG-NC groups (P < 0.05). The IG-camels with small testes showed lower sperm counts (P < 0.01) and greater FSH and T levels (P < 0.05) than the IG-camels with normal-sized testes. Inverse relationships were observed between the sperm counts and both the FSH and the LH levels (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the IG dromedary camels with oligo- and azoospermia were characterized by high serum levels of FSH, LH and T, indicating a condition of spermatogenic failure. In addition, inverse correlations were observed between these hormones and testicular size and sperm count.

Toxic Effects of Trazodone on Male Reproductive System via Disrupting Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis and Inducing Testicular Oxidative Stress

Depression and anxiety are recognized as public health problems. Epidemiological studies have shown that depression and anxiety often occur during reproductive ages between 20 and 60 years of age in males. Trazodone is one of the most frequently prescribed drugs in the treatment of depression and anxiety. Drugs used in repeated doses also play a role in the etiology of infertility. In our study, it was aimed to identify the possible toxic effects of trazodone on male rats and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Vehicle or trazodone (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day) was administered to rats for 28 consecutive days (n = 8 per group). At the end of that period, sperm concentration, motility, morphology, and DNA damage were determined and testicular morphology was assessed histopathologically in rats. Additionally, we investigated hormonal status by determining serum testosterone, FSH, and LH levels and oxidative stress by determining glutathione and malondialdehyde levels in testicular tissue to elucidate mechanisms of possible reproductive toxicity. According to our results, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and normal sperm morphology were decreased; sperm DNA damage was increased in trazodone-administered groups. Degenerative findings on the testicular structure were observed after trazodone administration in rats. Additionally, serum FSH, LH, and testosterone levels were elevated in the trazodone-administered groups. Increased MDA levels were the signs of enhanced oxidative stress after trazodone administration in testis tissues. Thus, we concluded that trazodone induced reproductive toxicity in male rats; this reproductive toxicity was accompanied by oxidative stress and hormonal changes, which are considered as important causes of reproductive disorders.

Mechanisms of diazinon effects on impaired spermatogenesis and male infertility

Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphate insecticide that has cytotoxic and pathological effects on the reproductive system. It causes a wide variety of pathological effects on the reproductive system such as testicular atrophy, disturbance in sex hormones, impaired spermatogenesis, low quality of sperm, and fertility problems. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms of its adverse effects are not well understood. General events such as testicular damage, inflammation, mitochondrial deficiency, DNA fragmentation, disintegration of sperm plasma membrane, apoptosis, and cell death are observed in DZN-exposed animals. Oxidative stress (OS) induced by reactive oxygen species may be a main mechanism, which can be associated with sperm DNA fragmentation, reduced integrity of sperm cell membrane, apoptosis, depletion of antioxidants, and subsequently poor sperm quality and male infertility. Therefore, identification of these pathways may provide valuable information regarding the mechanisms of DZN action on the male reproductive system. In this review, we aim to discuss the proposed cellular and molecular mechanisms of DZN action on male reproductive system, the importance of OS and mechanisms by which DZN induces OS and depletion of other antioxidants.

Glucose and glutamine handling in the Sertoli cells of transgenic rats overexpressing regucalcin: plasticity towards lactate production

Sertoli cells (SCs) possess the unparalleled ability to provide the germ line with growth factors and nutrients. Although SCs can oxidize amino acids, e.g., glutamine, they mostly metabolize glucose, producing high amounts of lactate, the germ cells preferential substrate. Regucalcin (RGN) is a calcium-binding protein that has been indicated as a regulator of cell metabolism. In this study, we investigated glucose and glutamine handling in the SCs of transgenic rats overexpressing RGN (Tg-RGN) comparatively with wild-type (Wt) littermates. Primary SCs isolated from adult Tg-RGN animals and maintained in culture for 24 hours, produced and exported more lactate, despite consuming less glucose. These observations were underpinned by increased expression of alanine transaminase, and augmented glutamine consumption, suggesting that alternative routes are contributing to the enhanced lactate production in the SCs of Tg-RGN rats. Moreover, lactate seems to be used by germ cells, with diminished apoptosis being detected in the seminiferous tubules of Tg-RGN animals cultured ex vivo. The obtained results showed a distinct metabolism in the SCs of Wt and Tg-RGN rats widening the roles assigned to RGN in spermatogenesis. These findings also highlighted the plasticity of SCs metabolism, a feature that would be exploited in the context of male infertility.

Fine particle matter disrupts the blood-testis barrier by activating TGF-β3/p38 MAPK pathway and decreasing testosterone secretion in rat

Fine particle matter (PM) is correlated with male reproductive dysfunction in animals and humans, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. To investigate the toxic mechanism of PM, 32 male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to saline or PM_2.5 with the doses of 1.8, 5.4, and 16.2 mg/kg.b.w. via intratracheal instillation, respectively, one time every 3 days, in total times for 30 days. Sperm concentration, hormone level, the expressions of BTB-associated protein and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, tumor necrosis factor α and transforming growth factor β3 levels were detected. The results showed a decrease in sperm number, testosterone and luteinizing hormone levels and altered ultrastructure of BTB in testis of rat after exposure to PM_2.5 . The protein levels of N-Cadherin, Occludin, Claudin-11, and Connexin-43 were significantly decreased in the testes. TGF-β3 content in testes showed increase, with the p-p38/p38 MAPK ratio also increasing after PM_2.5 exposure. These results demonstrate that PM_2.5 restrained the expressions of BTB-associated proteins through activating TGF-β3/p38 MAPK pathway and decreasing testosterone secretion, and therefore lead to the damage of BTB resulting in the decrease of sperm quality, which might be the potential reasons for its negative effects on spermatogenesis and male reproduction.

Testosterone Retention Mechanism in Sertoli Cells: A Biochemical Perspective

Mechanism(s) involved in regulating Intratesticular Testosterone levels (iT) have assumed importance in recent years, from the point of view of hormonal contraception. Contraceptives using Testosterone (T) in combination with Progestins (P), for more effective suppression of pituitary gonadotropins thereby iT, are not 100% effective in suppressing spermatogenesis in human males, likely due to pesrsistence of Intratesticular Dihydrotestosterone (iD) in poor-responders. Several lacunae pertaining to the mechanism of action of principal male hormone T during spermatogenesis remain to be resolved. Notably, the mechanism through which T brings about the stage-specific differentiation of germ cells lacking Androgen Receptors (AR). Testosterone is a highly anabolic steroid with a rapid tissue clearance rate. T is intratesticular substrate for synthesis of Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and Estradiol (E2) involved in spermtaogenesis. Therefore, it is important to delineate the mechanism(s) for retention of iT, in order to understand regulation of its bioavailability in testis. In depth studies, pertaining to the role of androgen-binding protein(s) in sequestration, retention and bioavailability of T/DHT are required to understand male fertility regulation. The appropriate approach to overcome this lacuna would be development of mice lacking functional testicular Androgen-Binding Protein (ABPKO), but not deficient T/DHT, Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), in order to understand its physiological functions. Insights gained about androgen retention mechanism(s) from the ABPKO murine model will be of immense help in improving the efficacy of male hormonal contraceptives and infertility management.

Sertraline-induced reproductive toxicity in male rats: evaluation of possible underlying mechanisms

This study was conducted to clarify the toxic effects of sertraline (SRT) on the reproductive system of male rats and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Rats were treated orally with SRT at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg kg-1 for 28 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment period, sperm concentration, sperm motility, and sperm morphology were investigated by computer-assisted sperm analysis system whereas sperm DNA damage was detected by comet assay. The oxidative status of the testes was investigated, and a histopathological examination was conducted. Serum testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured to determine the effects of SRT on the spermatogenesis process. One-way ANOVA, post-hoc Dunnett's T3 test for the sperm comet assay, and post-hoc Tukey's test for the others were performed for statistical analysis. The results showed that SRT caused an increase in sperm DNA damage and induced histopathological lesions in all groups treated with SRT. There was abnormal sperm morphology and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) in the 10 mg kg-1 treatment group. More dramatic changes were observed in the 20 mg kg-1 treatment group. Decreased sperm count was accompanied by a significant increase in abnormal sperm morphology, DNA damage, and degeneration in cellular-tubular structures. Serum LH and testosterone levels were elevated in the 20 mg kg-1 treatment group. Decreased glutathione (GSH) and increased MDA were signs of enhanced oxidative stress (OS). In conclusion, SRT induced testicular toxicity in a dose-dependent manner and OS is suggested as a crucial mechanism.

Impaired serotonin communication during juvenile development in rats diminishes adult sperm quality

Spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis are testicular functions regulated by gonadotrophins as well as other factors, including serotonin. Testicular serotonin acts as an autocrine regulator of testosterone secretion, but studies on its role in spermatogenesis and sperm quality are scarce. Here, we analyzed the effects of intratesticular inhibition of serotonin synthesis on gonadotrophins, testosterone, and sperm quality. Both testicles of 30-day-old rats were injected once with saline solution (SS) or distinct concentrations of p-chloroamphetamine (PCA) (0.03, 0.06, or 0.12 mg). At 65 days of age, rats were euthanized and sperm density, motility, membrane integrity, mitochondrial function, and abnormalities were evaluated in gametes from the vas deferens. Inhibition of synthesis of intratesticular serotonin by PCA diminished the concentrations of testosterone and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) but luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were unaltered. Sperm density was not modified in animals injected with the different concentrations of PCA. In contrast, the percentage of sperm with abnormalities increased and the sperm membrane integrity decreased in animals injected at higher PCA concentrations. The functionality of sperm mitochondria in PCA-injected animals decreased only at the highest PCA dose. Our results indicate that testicular serotonin plays a role in testosterone synthesis and in the normal development of sperm, and blocking its effects disrupts the hormonal communication between the testis and hypophysis.

ABBREVIATIONS

SS: saline solution; PCA: p-chloroamphetamine; FSH: follicle-stimulating hormone; LH: luteinizing hormone; TPH: tryptophan hydroxylase; MAO: monoamine oxidase; AC: absolute control group; PI: propidium iodide; FLICA: fluorescence inhibitor of caspase; 3β-HSD: 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase; 17-KSR: 17-ketosteroid reductase; DHT: 5-dihydrotestosterone.

Toxic Effect of Cadmium, Lead, and Arsenic on the Sertoli Cell: Mechanisms of Damage Involved

Over the past decades, an increase has been described in exposure to environmental toxins; consequently, a series of studies has been carried out with the aim of identifying problems associated with health. One of the main risk factors is exposure to heavy metals. The adverse effects that these compounds exert on health are quite complex and difficult to elucidate, in that they act at different levels and there are various signaling pathways that are implicated in the mechanisms of damage. The Sertoli cells plays a role of vital importance during the process of spermatogenesis, and it has been identified as one of the principal targets of heavy metals. In the present review, cadmium, lead, and arsenic are broached as altering the physiology of the Sertoli cells, citing mechanisms that have been cited in the literature.

Troxerutin protect sperm, seminiferous epithelium and pituitary-gonadal axis from torsion-detorsion injury: An experimental study

BACKGROUND

Troxerutin is a flavonoid antioxidant that protect different organ against damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of troxerutin in reducing the damages caused by ischemia-reperfusion in rat's testis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

40 Male Wistar rats (2 month old) were divide to four groups (n=10). Group1 (sham), Group 2 (control, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) without treatment), Group 3 (I/R+150 mg/kg of troxerutin), and group 4 (I/R+20 mg/kg of vitamin C). Treatment of group 3 and group 4 during torsion (twists 720 counter clock at 90 min) followed by 50 days detorsion. After 50 days, blood samples were collected and rats in all study groups were killed and their testes were removed, and fixed with Bouin's solution. Testis was stained with hematoxylin and eosin dye and the level of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were measured with ELISEA methods. TUNEL was employed to detect apoptosis. Epididymis caudal part was removed and total sperm count was determined. Johnson techniques were used for assessment of seminiferous tubules quality.

RESULTS

Troxerutin treated group has higher Johnson score's (p≤0.001), antiapoptotic properties (p≤0.001), sperm count (p=0.065), and higher LH (p≤0.001), FSH (p≤0.001) and testosterone (p=0.002) levels than control group. Vitamin C treated group showed increase level of testosterone but didn't show significant differences on the number of apoptotic cells, Johnson scores, LH, FSH and sperm count than control group.

CONCLUSION

Troxerutin has protective effects on testicular torsion induced injury and can ameliorate spermatogenesis in the torsion-detorsion models.

MAT, a Novel Polyherbal Aphrodisiac Formulation, Enhances Sexual Function and Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway While Reducing Oxidative Damage in Male Rats

Mucuna pruriens, Ashwagandha, and Tribulus terrestris are known as the enhancers for sexual health, functional activities, vitality, and longevity. These herbs had been widely used in the Ayurveda medicine as aphrodisiacs through the ages, and their efficacy was also verified separately in our previous publication. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of Mucuna, Ashwagandha, and Tribulus complexes on sexual function in rats. Twenty-eight male rats allocated to four groups as follows: (i) negative control (C); (ii) positive control or sildenafil citrate treated group (5 mg/kg) (S); (iii) MAT1 (combination of 10 mg Mucuna (M) + 10 mg Ashwagandha (A) + 10 mg Tribulus (T)/kg BW); (iv) MAT 2 (20 mg Mucuna + 20 mg Ashwagandha + 20 mg Tribulus/kg BW). There was no significant difference found between the MAT1 and MAT2 groups while they showed significantly increased testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels when compared to the negative control. Significant increases in Nrf2/HO1 levels and decreases in NF-κB were detected in MAT groups similar to the decrease in serum and testis malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as compared to both controls. The sperm motility, count, and rate also significantly improved in both MAT groups, while ALT, AST, creatinine, ALP, and urea levels did not change in any of the groups. Oral consumption of MATs combination in male rats resulted in inhibition of NF-κB and MDA and also increased sex hormones with Nrf2-mediated HO-1 induction. MAT combinations may improve sexual functions by increasing levels of sexual hormones and regulation of NF-κB and Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways.

Evaluation of Canine Sperm and Management of Semen Disorders

Semen evaluation of the male dog is a critical step in any canine infertility work-up. Assessment of total sperm count, sperm viability, and sperm morphology are the mainstay of breeding soundness evaluation. Adjunct tests, such as ultrasonography and serum hormone levels, can aid in diagnosis. Pharmacologic treatments, dietary supplements, and management practices may help improve breeding success in subfertile dogs. This article discusses a clinically practical approach to assessing sperm abnormalities and fertility in male dogs.

Alterations in male reproductive hormones in relation to environmental DDT exposure

DDT [1, 1, 1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethane] compounds are used for indoor residual spraying (IRS) to control malaria mosquitoes. DDT is an endocrine disruptor chemical in experimental conditions, but little is known of adverse effects related to living conditions with continual uptake across a time span by all possible means of exposure. Based on estrogenic and/or anti-androgenic effects found in animal studies, we hypothesized that chronic DDT/DDE exposures in men may be associated with changes in male reproductive hormones. We tested this hypothesis by compared the magnitude and direction of associations between DDT and DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene) concentrations and male reproductive hormones in samples collected from IRS and non-IRS areas. We sampled a cross-section of 535 men (aged 18-40 years). Men living in IRS villages had significantly higher DDT and DDE concentrations compared with men from non-IRS villages. Men with DDT or DDE uptake (as reflected in detectable plasma concentrations) had significantly higher total-, free and bio-available testosterone (T), and lower follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations; lower luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were only evident with DDT uptake. To establish a dose-dependent effect, four sub-categories were defined. Men with the highest DDT (74-519 μg/g) and DDE (173-997 μg/g) concentrations had significantly higher total-, free and bio-available T, and lower FSH concentrations compared with subjects with non-detectable isomer concentrations. Estradiol concentrations were significantly higher in men with DDT and DDE concentrations in both the third (DDE: 27-172 μg/g; DDT: 5-73 μg/g) and fourth (DDE: 173-997 μg/g; DDT: 74-519 μg/g) categories. Men from IRS villages were significantly more likely to have higher total and bioavailable T as well as higher estradiol concentrations OR = 2.5 (95% CI 1.2, 3.2); OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.6, 4.0) and OR = 2.3 (95% CI 1.3, 4.1) compared to men from non-IRS villages, after controlling for age, BMI, personal use of pesticides, and smoking. Men living in IRS villages with life-long exposure (17.6 (±6) years) at the current residence with multiple exposure modalities incurred the highest degree of physiological imbalance over and above circulating isomer concentrations. Further studies are needed to elucidate the health implications of these findings.

Protective potential of royal jelly against cadmium-induced infertility in male rats

This study aimed to investigate the protective potential of Royal jelly (RJ) against cadmium (Cd)-induced testicular dysfunction in rats. Thirty-five adult male Wistar rats were assigned into five groups. G I; (control) injected intraperitoneally with saline, G II injected intraperitoneally with a single dose of CdCl₂ (1 mg/kg BW), G III received RJ (100 mg/kg BW/day) orally, G IV was pre-treated with RJ for 1 week then, treated with CdCl₂ , and G V was co-treated with RJ and CdCl₂ . After day 56, serum and tissue samples were collected and analysed. The results showed decreased serum testosterone, luteinising hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, sperm motility and count while increased malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and sperm abnormalities, along with a severely damaged seminiferous tubules epithelium with cytoplasmic and nuclear disruptions following Cd toxicity. Additionally, Cd stimulated testicular mRNA expression of TNF-α while inhibited those of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochrome P450 cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme androgen binding protein, FSH-receptor, LH-receptor, androgen receptor, 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 17β-HSD, and cytochrome P450 17A1. These negative alterations of cadmium were greatly reduced by RJ treatment. This study concluded that RJ protects against Cd-induced testicular toxicity.

Vitamin D, PCOS and androgens in men: a systematic review

BACKGROUND

Accumulating evidence from animal and human studies suggests that vitamin D is involved in many functions of the reproductive system in both genders.

AIM

The aim of this review was to provide an overview on the effects of vitamin D on polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women and androgen metabolism in men.

METHODS

We performed a systematic literature search in PubMed for relevant English language publications published from January 2012 until September 2017.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The vitamin D receptor and vitamin D-metabolizing enzymes are found in reproductive tissues of women and men. In women, vitamin D status has been associated with several features of PCOS. In detail, cross-sectional data suggest a regulatory role of vitamin D in PCOS-related aspects such as ovulatory dysfunction, insulin resistance as well as hyperandrogenism. Moreover, results from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest that vitamin D supplementation may be beneficial for metabolic, endocrine and fertility aspects in PCOS. In men, vitamin D status has been associated with androgen levels and hypogonadism. Further, there is some evidence for a favorable effect of vitamin D supplementation on testosterone concentrations, although others failed to show a significant effect on testosterone levels.

CONCLUSION

In summary, vitamin D deficiency is associated with adverse fertility outcomes including PCOS and hypogonadism, but the evidence is insufficient to establish causality. High-quality RCTs are needed to further evaluate the effects of vitamin D supplementation in PCOS women as well as on androgen levels in men.