151
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Abstract
Innate immunity represents the first line of defense against microbial infections. The innate immune system is activated by conserved structures present on most pathogens and profoundly regulates subsequent adaptive immune responses. HIV is notorious for evading and disrupting the immune system. Although HIV directly targets and gradually destroys the adaptive immunity, it has become clear that the virus also perturbs the components of the innate immune system. In this paper, we review the role of two innate lymphocyte subsets, natural killer and natural killer T cells, that are disrupted during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla A Eger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, Room AA-5206, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA
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152
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Alfano M, Poli G. Role of cytokines and chemokines in the regulation of innate immunity and HIV infection. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:161-82. [PMID: 15488606 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The earliest defense against microbial infection is represented by the responses of the innate (or natural) immune system, that also profoundly regulates the adaptive (or acquired) T- and B-cell immune responses. Activation of the innate immune system is primed by microbial invasion in response to conserved structures present in large groups of microorganisms (LPS, peptidoglycan, double-stranded RNA), and is finely tuned by different cell types (including dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer cells, natural killer T cells, and gammadelta T cells). In addition, several soluble factors (complement components, defensins, mannose-binding lectins, interferons, cytokines and chemokines) can play a major role in the regulation of both the innate and adaptive immunity. In this review, we will briefly overview the regulation of some cellular subsets of the innate immune system particularly involved in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and then focus our attention on those cytokines and chemokines whose levels of expression are more profoundly affected by HIV infection and that, conversely, can modulate virus infection and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Alfano
- AIDS Immunopathogenesis Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, P2-P3 Laboratories, DIBIT, Via Olgettina no. 58, 20132 Milano, Italy
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153
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Campbell DJ, Debes GF, Johnston B, Wilson E, Butcher EC. Targeting T cell responses by selective chemokine receptor expression. Semin Immunol 2004; 15:277-86. [PMID: 15001177 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2003.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Immune responses require the orchestrated migration of T cells throughout the body. Conventional CD4+ and CD8+ alphabeta T cells undergo clonal expansion in the secondary lymphoid tissues, during which they are programmed to migrate into specific non-lymphoid tissues and other lymphoid effector sites such as B cell follicles. By contrast, T cell populations expressing receptors with limited diversity (i.e. gammadelta T cells and NK T cells) appear to be preprogrammed to localize in non-lymphoid tissues where they monitor tissue integrity or serve regulatory functions. By promoting chemotaxis and integrin activation, chemokines and their receptors (in conjunction with surface adhesion molecules) control these T cell homing events. Thus, expression of chemokine receptors defines T cells with tropism for particular tissues and/or microenvironments, and identifies T cell subsets with distinct functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.
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154
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van der Vliet HJJ, Molling JW, von Blomberg BME, Nishi N, Kölgen W, van den Eertwegh AJM, Pinedo HM, Giaccone G, Scheper RJ. The immunoregulatory role of CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells in disease. Clin Immunol 2004; 112:8-23. [PMID: 15207777 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2004.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells constitute a T cell subpopulation that shares several characteristics with NK cells. NKT cells are characterized by a narrow T cell antigen receptor (TCR) repertoire, recognize glycolipid antigen in the context of the monomorphic CD1d antigen-presenting molecule, and have the unique capacity to rapidly produce large amounts of both T helper (Th) 1 and Th2 cytokines. Important roles of NKT cells have now been demonstrated in the regulation of autoimmune, allergic, antimicrobial, and antitumor immune responses. Here, we review the immunoregulatory role of NKT cells in disease and discuss NKT cell based immunotherapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans J J van der Vliet
- The Departments of Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Medisch Centrum, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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155
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Oswald-Richter K, Grill SM, Shariat N, Leelawong M, Sundrud MS, Haas DW, Unutmaz D. HIV infection of naturally occurring and genetically reprogrammed human regulatory T-cells. PLoS Biol 2004; 2:E198. [PMID: 15252446 PMCID: PMC449855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0020198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2003] [Accepted: 04/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A T-cell subset, defined as CD4(+)CD25(hi) (regulatory T-cells [Treg cells]), was recently shown to suppress T-cell activation. We demonstrate that human Treg cells isolated from healthy donors express the HIV-coreceptor CCR5 and are highly susceptible to HIV infection and replication. Because Treg cells are present in very few numbers and are difficult to expand in vitro, we genetically modified conventional human T-cells to generate Treg cells in vitro by ectopic expression of FoxP3, a transcription factor associated with reprogramming T-cells into a Treg subset. Overexpression of FoxP3 in naïve human CD4(+) T-cells recapitulated the hyporesponsiveness and suppressive function of naturally occurring Treg cells. However, FoxP3 was less efficient in reprogramming memory T-cell subset into regulatory cells. In addition, FoxP3-transduced T-cells also became more susceptible to HIV infection. Remarkably, a portion of HIV-positive individuals with a low percentage of CD4(+) and higher levels of activated T-cells have greatly reduced levels of FoxP3(+)CD4(+)CD25(hi) T-cells, suggesting disruption of the Treg cells during HIV infection. Targeting and disruption of the T-cell regulatory system by HIV may contribute to hyperactivation of conventional T-cells, a characteristic of HIV disease progression. Moreover, the ability to reprogram human T-cells into Treg cells in vitro will greatly aid in decoding their mechanism of suppression, their enhanced susceptibility to HIV infection, and the unique markers expressed by this subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra Oswald-Richter
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical SchoolNashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Stacy M Grill
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical SchoolNashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Nikki Shariat
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical SchoolNashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mindy Leelawong
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical SchoolNashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mark S Sundrud
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical SchoolNashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David W Haas
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical SchoolNashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- 2Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical SchoolNashville, TennesseeUnited States of America
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical SchoolNashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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156
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Ahmad A, Alvarez F. Role of NK and NKT cells in the immunopathogenesis of HCV-induced hepatitis. J Leukoc Biol 2004; 76:743-59. [PMID: 15218054 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0304197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells constitute the first line of host defense against invading pathogens. They usually become activated in an early phase of a viral infection. Liver is particularly enriched in NK cells, which are activated by hepatotropic viruses such as hepatitis C virus (HCV). The activated NK cells play an essential role in recruiting virus-specific T cells and in inducing antiviral immunity in liver. They also eliminate virus-infected hepatocytes directly by cytolytic mechanisms and indirectly by secreting cytokines, which induce an antiviral state in host cells. Therefore, optimally activated NK cells are important in limiting viral replication in this organ. This notion is supported by the observations that interferon treatment is effective in HCV-infected persons in whom it increases NK cell activity. Not surprisingly, HCV has evolved multiple strategies to counter host's NK cell response. Compromised NK cell functions have been reported in chronic HCV-infected individuals. It is ironic that activated NK cells may also contribute toward liver injury. Further studies are needed to understand the role of these cells in host defense and in liver pathology in HCV infections. Recent advances in understanding NK cell biology have opened new avenues for boosting innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses in HCV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Quebec, H3T 1C5, Canada.
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157
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Lum JJ, Schnepple DJ, Nie Z, Sanchez-Dardon J, Mbisa GL, Mihowich J, Hawley N, Narayan S, Kim JE, Lynch DH, Badley AD. Differential effects of interleukin-7 and interleukin-15 on NK cell anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity. J Virol 2004; 78:6033-42. [PMID: 15141001 PMCID: PMC415792 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.11.6033-6042.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of interleukin-7 (IL-7) and IL-15 to expand and/or augment effector cell functions may be of therapeutic benefit to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The functional effects of these cytokines on innate HIV-specific immunity and their impact on cells harboring HIV are unknown. We demonstrate that both IL-7 and IL-15 augment natural killer (NK) function by using cells (CD3(-) CD16(+) CD56(+)) from both HIV-positive and -negative donors. Whereas IL-7 enhances NK function through upregulation of Fas ligand, the effect of IL-15 is mediated through upregulation of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand. The difference in these effector mechanisms is reflected by the ability of IL-15-treated but not IL-7-treated NK cells to reduce the burden of replication-competent HIV in autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (infectious units per million for control NK cells, 6.79; for IL-7-treated NK cells, 236.17; for IL-15-treated cells, 1.01; P = 0.01 versus control). In addition, the treatment of PBMC with IL-15-treated but not IL-7-treated NK cells causes undetectable HIV p24 (five of five cases), HIV RNA (five of five cases), or HIV DNA (three of five cases). These results support the concept of adjuvant immunotherapy of HIV infection with either IL-7 or IL-15 but suggest that the NK-mediated antiviral effect of IL-15 may be superior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian J Lum
- Program in Translational Immunovirology and Biodefense, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, 200 First St. NW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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158
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Abstract
Over the past 10 years a new population of cells has been the focus of much attention. The functions of these unique lymphocytes, characterized by the concomitant expression of T- and NK-cell markers and thus termed NKT cells, have been implicated in many diverse aspects of immunity, including regulation of autoimmune disorders, control of tumour growth and spread, and defence against a number of pathogens. Although much debate still remains as to the natural role of NKT cells, it is clear that these cells have the capacity, either constitutively or postactivation, to promote an amazing array of immunoregulatory responses. The involvement of NKT cells in viral immune-surveillance and their ability to induce protection against pathogens once activated make them an attractive clinical target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serani L H Van Dommelen
- Immunology and Virology Program, Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, The University of Western Australia and Centre for Experimental Immunology, Lions Eye Institute, Nedlands, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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159
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stebbing
- Department of Immunology, Division of Investigative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London
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160
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Sandberg JK, Stoddart CA, Brilot F, Jordan KA, Nixon DF. Development of innate CD4+ alpha-chain variable gene segment 24 (Valpha24) natural killer T cells in the early human fetal thymus is regulated by IL-7. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:7058-63. [PMID: 15118099 PMCID: PMC406465 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0305986101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) T cells are innate CD1d-restricted immune cells involved in regulation of immune tolerance, tumor immunity, and immunity to infectious pathogens. Human alpha-chain variable gene segment 24 (Valpha24) NK T cells exist in the periphery as two functionally distinct subsets: one CD4+ and one CD4- subset. However, the developmental pathway of human Valpha24 NK T cells is not well understood. Here, we show that Valpha24 NK T cells develop in the fetal thymus. The relative number of intrathymic NK T cell precursors decline in a linear manner with gestational age, and they are very rare in the neonatal thymus, indicating that these cells preferentially develop in the early fetal thymus. Their restriction element, CD1d, is expressed by a vast majority of thymocytes. A majority of intrathymic Valpha24 NK T cell progenitors are CD4+, whereas a minority are CD4/8(+/+). CD4+ Valpha24 NK T cell precursors show features of mature NK T cells, such as high levels of their semiinvariant T cell receptor and CD3 and some expression of CD161, whereas the CD4/8(+/+) precursors seem less mature. The cytokine IL-7 shows a biphasic effect on Valpha24 NK T cell progenitors in fetal thymic organ culture, with high doses driving proliferation of immature CD161-progenitors and low doses supporting survival and maturation. Thus, the data demonstrate that human Valpha24 NK T cells of the CD4+, but not the CD4-, subset develop in the early fetal thymus. Furthermore, data suggest an intrathymic pathway of CD4+ Valpha24 NK T cell development that is regulated by IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan K Sandberg
- Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA.
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161
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Dang Q, Chen J, Unutmaz D, Coffin JM, Pathak VK, Powell D, KewalRamani VN, Maldarelli F, Hu WS. Nonrandom HIV-1 infection and double infection via direct and cell-mediated pathways. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:632-7. [PMID: 14707263 PMCID: PMC327199 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0307636100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells infected with two related retroviruses can generate heterozygous virions, which are the precursors of recombinant proviruses. Although many studies have focused on the frequencies and mechanisms of retroviral recombination, little is known about the dynamics of double infection. To examine this issue, viruses generated from two HIV-1 vectors containing different markers were mixed together, and were used to infect target cells. The numbers of cells expressing none, one, or both markers were measured and were used to calculate whether double infection occurred at frequencies expected from random infection events. We found that double infection occurred significantly more frequently than predicted from random distribution; increased rates of double infection were observed in both a T cell line and primary activated CD4(+) T cells. In addition to direct virus infection, we also examined the nature of cell-mediated HIV-1 double infection. Increased double infection was observed in all experiments regardless of whether a cell line or primary human dendritic cells were used for capture and transmission of HIV-1. Therefore, our results indicate that HIV-1 double infection occurs more frequently than it would at random in both direct and cell-mediated HIV-1 infections. To our knowledge, this is the first direct evidence of nonrandom double infection in HIV-1. Frequent double HIV-1 infections in infected individuals would allow the generation of recombinant viruses that could then affect their pathogenesis and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Que Dang
- HIV Drug Resistance Program and Data Management Services, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, National Institutes of Health, MD 21702, USA
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162
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Wilson MT, Johansson C, Olivares-Villagómez D, Singh AK, Stanic AK, Wang CR, Joyce S, Wick MJ, Van Kaer L. The response of natural killer T cells to glycolipid antigens is characterized by surface receptor down-modulation and expansion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:10913-8. [PMID: 12960397 PMCID: PMC196902 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1833166100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of regulatory T cells that react with glycolipid antigens. Although preclinical studies have effectively targeted NKT cells for immunotherapy, little is known regarding the early in vivo response of these cells to antigenic stimulation. We have analyzed the early response of NKT cells to glycolipid antigens and bacterial infection by using specific reagents for tracking these cells. Our results demonstrate dramatic in vivo expansion and surface phenotype alterations after NKT cell activation with alpha-galactosylceramide. In addition, we show significant NK1.1 down-modulation on NKT cells in the setting of oral Salmonella infection. Our results indicate that in vivo activation of NKT cells leads to a dynamic response characterized by surface receptor down-modulation and expansion. These findings alter current understanding of NKT cell biology and should aid in the rational design of NKT cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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163
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Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a subset of lymphocytes that express a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) that recognizes glycolipids presented by the non-polymorphic MHC class I-like molecule CD1d. NKT cells regulate a wide variety of immune functions against autoantigens and pathogens. Recently, it was shown that NKT cells are targeted by HIV-1 and selectively lost in HIV-infected individuals. This review will focus on the mechanisms, consequences and therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Unutmaz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 21st ave South, Medical Center North, Room: AA-5206, Nashville, TN 37232-2363, USA.
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164
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Motsinger A, Azimzadeh A, Stanic AK, Johnson RP, Van Kaer L, Joyce S, Unutmaz D. Identification and simian immunodeficiency virus infection of CD1d-restricted macaque natural killer T cells. J Virol 2003; 77:8153-8. [PMID: 12829854 PMCID: PMC161937 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.14.8153-8158.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells express a highly conserved T-cell receptor (TCR) and recognize glycolipids in the context of CD1d molecules. We recently demonstrated that CD4+ NKT cells are highly susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and are selectively depleted in HIV-infected individuals. Here, we identified macaque NKT cells using CD1d tetramers and human Valpha24 antibodies. Similar to human NKT cells, alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer)-pulsed dendritic cells activate and expand macaque NKT cells. Upon restimulation with alpha-GalCer-pulsed CD1d(+) cells, macaque NKT cells secreted high levels of cytokines, a characteristic of these T cells. Remarkably, the majority of resting and activated macaque NKT cells expressed CD8, and a smaller portion expressed CD4. Macaque NKT cells also expressed the HIV-1/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) coreceptor CCR5, and the CD4+ subset was susceptible to SIV infection. Identification of macaque NKT cells has major implications for delineating the role of these cells in nonhuman primate disease models of HIV as well as other pathological conditions, such as allograft rejection and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Motsinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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165
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Matsuki N, Stanic AK, Embers ME, Van Kaer L, Morel L, Joyce S. Genetic dissection of V alpha 14J alpha 18 natural T cell number and function in autoimmune-prone mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:5429-37. [PMID: 12759418 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.11.5429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, a model for type I diabetes (TID), have reduced numbers of invariant V alpha 14J alpha 18 TCR alpha-chain-positive natural T (iNKT) cells that do not release IL-4 in response to in vivo activation through their Ag receptor. The deficit in iNKT cell number and function is implicated in immune dysregulation and the etiology of TID. Therefore, we reasoned that the genetic determinant(s) that controls iNKT cell number and function might lie within Idd (insulin-dependent diabetes susceptibility locus) regions, which are known to contain TID resistance or susceptibility genes. A systematic analysis of iNKT cell number and function in Idd congenic mice revealed that neither iNKT cell number nor their inability to rapidly secrete IL-4 in response to acute in vivo activation by Ag underlies the mechanism of protection from diabetes in Idd congenic mice. Moreover, the regulation of iNKT cell number and function appears to be under the control of several genes. The most notable of these map to the Idd4, Idd5, Idd9.1, and Idd13 regions of the mouse genome. Together these findings provide a clue to the genetic mechanism(s) underlying iNKT cell deficiency in NOD mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/administration & dosage
- Antigens/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Galactosylceramides/administration & dosage
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Genetic Markers/immunology
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Injections, Intravenous
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Transcriptional Activation/immunology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Matsuki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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166
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Stanic AK, Park JJ, Joyce S. Innate self recognition by an invariant, rearranged T-cell receptor and its immune consequences. Immunology 2003; 109:171-84. [PMID: 12757612 PMCID: PMC1782955 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01657.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review attempts to illuminate the glycolipid antigen presentation properties of CD1d, how CD1d controls the function of natural T (iNKT) cells and how CD1d and iNKT cells interact to jump-start the immune system. It is postulated that the CD1d-iNKT cell system functions as a sensor, sensing alterations in cellular lipid content by virtue of its affinity for such ligands. The presentation of a neo-self glycolipid, presumably by infectious assault of antigen-presenting cells, activates iNKT cells, which promptly release pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and jump-start the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar K Stanic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medical School, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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167
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Takahashi T, Nakamura K, Chiba S, Kanda Y, Tamaki K, Hirai H. V alpha 24+ natural killer T cells are markedly decreased in atopic dermatitis patients. Hum Immunol 2003; 64:586-92. [PMID: 12770788 DOI: 10.1016/s0198-8859(03)00066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease. In AD, cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4 or interferon (IFN)-gamma are considered to affect the disease status. Recently, human V alpha 24(+) natural killer T (NKT) cells have been found to produce large amounts of IL-4 and IFN-gamma. Thus there is a possibility that the proportion of V alpha 24(+) NKT cells modifies the AD status. In this study, we examine the proportion of the V alpha 24(+)/V beta 11(+) cells that composes the V alpha 24(+) NKT cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 71 healthy donors (HDs) and 31 AD patients. Because CD4(-) and CD4(+) NKT subsets show different cytokine production patterns concerning IL-4, these two subsets are evaluated. Our results have shown that the proportion of the V alpha 24(+) NKT cells is markedly reduced in AD patients. In addition, the CD4(-) V alpha 24(+) NKT subset has a tendency to be more reduced than the CD4(+) V alpha 24(+) NKT subset. Moreover, the proportion of CD4(-) V alpha 24(+) NKT(+) cells and Th2 deviation of Th1/Th2 balance is inversely correlated. These observations may contribute to the understanding of the mechanism involved in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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168
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Duggal P, An P, Beaty TH, Strathdee SA, Farzadegan H, Markham RB, Johnson L, O'Brien SJ, Vlahov D, Winkler CA. Genetic influence of CXCR6 chemokine receptor alleles on PCP-mediated AIDS progression among African Americans. Genes Immun 2003; 4:245-50. [PMID: 12761559 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6363950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CXCR6 is a chemokine receptor and the primary coreceptor in SIV infection. A single nucleotide polymorphism 1469G-->A, results in a nonconservative change in codon 3 (CXCR6-E3K) of the N-terminus of the coreceptor. To investigate the relation between the chemokine receptor CXCR6 genotype and progression to Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and from PCP to death, we clinically assessed and genotyped 805 individuals from an African-American injection drug-using cohort in Baltimore, MD, USA, for this CXCR6-E3K polymorphism. The allele frequency of CXCR6-3K was high (44%) in African Americans and rare in European Americans (f<1%). Although time to AIDS and PCP was similar for all CXCR6 genotypes, the median survival time from PCP to death for the CXCR6-3E/E and CXCR6-3E/K genotype was 1.5 years compared to 3.1 years for the CXCR6-K/K genotype. Individuals homozygous or heterozygous for the CXCR6-3E allele were 5.6 times more likely to die a PCP-mediated AIDS-related death than were individuals homozygous for CXCR6-3K. This study shows an association between CXCR6 genotype and progression from PCP to death among African-Americans with HIV. We suggest that CXCR6 may play a role in late-stage HIV-1 infection and may alter the progression to death after initial infection with PCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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169
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Lucas M, Gadola S, Meier U, Young NT, Harcourt G, Karadimitris A, Coumi N, Brown D, Dusheiko G, Cerundolo V, Klenerman P. Frequency and phenotype of circulating Valpha24/Vbeta11 double-positive natural killer T cells during hepatitis C virus infection. J Virol 2003; 77:2251-7. [PMID: 12525661 PMCID: PMC140901 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.3.2251-2257.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are thought to be involved in innate responses against infection. We investigated one specific type of NKT cell, Valpha24/Vbeta11 double positive, in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Lower frequencies of this population were detected in the blood of HCV PCR-positive patients than in controls. Unlike Valpha24/Vbeta11 NKT cells found in blood, those in the liver appeared to be recently activated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Lucas
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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170
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Crowe NY, Godfrey DI, Baxter AG. Natural killer T cells are targets for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Immunology 2003; 108:1-2. [PMID: 12519295 PMCID: PMC1782857 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Y Crowe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Central and Eastern Clinical School, Monash University, Prahran, Australia
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171
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Fleuridor R, Wilson B, Hou R, Landay A, Kessler H, Al-Harthi L. CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells are potent targets for human immunodeficiency virus infection. Immunology 2003; 108:3-9. [PMID: 12519296 PMCID: PMC1782862 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Invariant human natural killer T cells (NKT) express a restricted T-cell receptor (TCR) Valpha24Vbeta11 repertoire. These cells share both phenotypic and functional similarities between NK and T cells. Given the emerging role of NKT cells as critical cells in bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immunity, we examined their susceptibility to productive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by T-tropic, M-tropic, and primary isolates of HIV. We generated three human NKT cell clones (CA5, CA29, and CA31). Phenotypic characterization of these Valpha24+ Vbeta11+ clones indicated that they were predominately positive for CD4, CD161, HLA-DR, CD38, CD45RO, and CD95 expression. The NKT cell clones expressed significantly more surface CCR5 molecules/cell and lower CXCR4 molecules/cell than phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Consistent with the surface expression of CCR5 and CXCR4, the NKT clones were also selectively susceptible to HIV M-tropic, T-tropic, and primary isolate infection, as evaluated by both HIV p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and intracellular staining of HIV proteins. The amount of p24 production was dependent on the NKT clone studied and the HIV strain used. Clones CA29 and CA31 were also susceptible to HIV IIIB infection. The virions produced by these clones were able to productively infect PHA-stimulated PBMCs with the same kinetics as for primary infection of CD4+ blast. Collectively, this data demonstrates that NKT cells can be a target for productive HIV infection but with a lag in the time to peak p24 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richardson Fleuridor
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology and Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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