151
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Sun L, Reagan MR, Kaplan DL. Role of Cartilage Forming Cells in Regenerative Medicine for Cartilage Repair. Orthop Res Rev 2010; 2010:85-94. [PMID: 24049462 PMCID: PMC3773876 DOI: 10.2147/orr.s7194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, cartilage repair remains a major challenge for researchers and physicians due to its limited healing capacity. Cartilage regeneration requires suitable cells; these must be easily obtained and expanded, able to produce hyaline matrix with proper mechanical properties, and demonstrate sustained integration with native tissue. At present, there is a wide variety of possible cell sources for cartilage regeneration; this review explores the diversity of sources for cartilage forming cells and the distinctive characteristics, advantages, limitations, and potential applications of each cell source. We place emphasis on cell sources used for in vitro and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford MA., USA
| | - Michaela R. Reagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford MA., USA
| | - David L. Kaplan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford MA., USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, 4 Colby St, Medford MA., USA
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152
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Khayyeri H, Checa S, Tägil M, O'Brien FJ, Prendergast PJ. Tissue differentiation in an in vivo bioreactor: in silico investigations of scaffold stiffness. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2010; 21:2331-2336. [PMID: 20037774 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-009-3973-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scaffold design remains a main challenge in tissue engineering due to the large number of requirements that need to be met in order to create functional tissues in vivo. Computer simulations of tissue differentiation within scaffolds could serve as a powerful tool in elucidating the design requirements for scaffolds in tissue engineering. In this study, a lattice-based model of a 3D porous scaffold construct derived from micro CT and a mechano-biological simulation of a bone chamber experiment were combined to investigate the effect of scaffold stiffness on tissue differentiation inside the chamber. The results indicate that higher scaffold stiffness, holding pore structure constant, enhances bone formation. This study demonstrates that a lattice approach is very suitable for modelling scaffolds in mechano-biological simulations, since it can accurately represent the micro-porous geometries of scaffolds in a 3D environment and reduce computational costs at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanifeh Khayyeri
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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153
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Thorpe SD, Buckley CT, Vinardell T, O’Brien FJ, Campbell VA, Kelly DJ. The Response of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Dynamic Compression Following TGF-β3 Induced Chondrogenic Differentiation. Ann Biomed Eng 2010; 38:2896-909. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0059-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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154
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN To develop a construction algorithm in which electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds are coupled with a biocompatible hydrogel to engineer a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based disc replacement. OBJECTIVE To engineer a disc-like angle-ply structure (DAPS) that replicates the multiscale architecture of the intervertebral disc. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Successful engineering of a replacement for the intervertebral disc requires replication of its mechanical function and anatomic form. Despite many attempts to engineer a replacement for ailing and degenerated discs, no prior study has replicated the multiscale hierarchical architecture of the native disc, and very few have assessed the mechanical function of formed neo-tissues. METHODS A new algorithm for the construction of a disc analogue was developed, using agarose to form a central nucleus pulposus (NP) and oriented electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds to form the anulus fibrosus region (AF). Bovine MSCs were seeded into both regions and biochemical, histologic, and mechanical maturation were evaluated with in vitro culture. RESULTS We show that mechanical testing in compression and torsion, loading methods commonly used to assess disc mechanics, reveal equilibrium and time-dependent behaviors that are qualitatively similar to native tissue, although lesser in magnitude. Further, we demonstrate that cells seeded into both AF and NP regions adopt distinct morphologies that mirror those seen in native tissue, and that, in the AF region, this ordered community of cells deposit matrix that is organized in an angle-ply configuration. Finally, constructs demonstrate functional development with long-term in vitro culture. CONCLUSION These findings provide a new approach for disc tissue engineering that replicates multi-scale form and function of the intervertebral disc, providing a foundation from which to build a multi-scale, biologic, anatomically and hierarchically relevant composite disc analogue for eventual disc replacement.
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155
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Lindner U, Kramer J, Rohwedel J, Schlenke P. Mesenchymal Stem or Stromal Cells: Toward a Better Understanding of Their Biology? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 37:75-83. [PMID: 20737049 DOI: 10.1159/000290897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The adult bone marrow has been generally considered to be composed of hematopoietic tissue and the associated supporting stroma. Within the latter compartment, a subset of cells with multipotent differentiation capacity exists, usually referred to as mesenchymal stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells can easily be expanded ex vivo and induced to differentiate into several cell types, including osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondrocytes. Up to now, mesenchymal stem cells have gained wide popularity. Despite the rapid growth in this field, irritations remain with respect to the defining characteristics of these cells, including their differentiation potency, self-renewal and in vivo properties. As a consequence, there is a growing tendency to challenge the term mesenchymal stem cell, especially with respect to the stem cell characteristics. Here, we revisit the experimental origins of mesenchymal stem cells, their classical differentiation capacity into mesodermal lineages and their immunophenotype in order to assess their stemness and function. Based on these essentials, it has to be revisited if the designation as a stem cell remains an appropriate term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Lindner
- Medical Department I, Division of Nephrology and Transplantation Unit, University of Lübeck, Germany
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156
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Maher SA, Mauck RL, Rackwitz L, Tuan RS. A nanofibrous cell-seeded hydrogel promotes integration in a cartilage gap model. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2010; 4:25-9. [PMID: 19834956 DOI: 10.1002/term.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a defect in mature articular cartilage can lead to degenerative changes of the joint. This is in part caused by the inability of cartilage to regenerate tissue that is capable of spanning a fissure or crack. In this study, we hypothesized that introduction of a biodegradable cell-seeded nanofibrous hydrogel, Puramatrix(), into a cartilage gap would facilitate the generation of a mechanically stable interface. The effects of chondrocyte incorporation within the hydrogel and supplementation with transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGFbeta3), a known regulator of cell growth and differentiation, on cartilage integration were examined mechanically and histologically as a function of cell density and incubation time. When supplemented with TGFbeta3, the cell-seeded hydrogel exhibited abundant matrix generation within the hydrogel and a corresponding increase in maximum push-out stress as compared to all other groups. Furthermore, initial cell seeding density affected interfacial strength in a time-dependent manner. This study suggests that a cell-seeded TGFbeta3-supplemented hydrogel can encourage integration between two opposing pieces of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Maher
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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157
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Huang AH, Farrell MJ, Kim M, Mauck RL. Long-term dynamic loading improves the mechanical properties of chondrogenic mesenchymal stem cell-laden hydrogel. Eur Cell Mater 2010; 19:72-85. [PMID: 20186667 PMCID: PMC3486923 DOI: 10.22203/ecm.v019a08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell source for cartilage tissue engineering given their ability to undergo chondrogenesis in 3D culture systems. Mechanical forces play an important role in regulating both cartilage development and MSC chondrogenic gene expression, however, mechanical stimulation has yet to enhance the mechanical properties of engineered constructs. In this study, we applied long-term dynamic compression to MSC-seeded constructs and assessed whether varying pre-culture duration, loading regimens and inclusion of TGF-beta3 during loading would influence functional outcomes and these phenotypic transitions. Loading initiated before chondrogenesis decreased functional maturation, although chondrogenic gene expression increased. In contrast, loading initiated after chondrogenesis and matrix elaboration further improved the mechanical properties of MSC-based constructs, but only when TGF-beta3 levels were maintained and under specific loading parameters. Although matrix quantity was not affected by dynamic compression, matrix distribution, assessed histologically and by FT-IRIS analysis, was significantly improved on the micro- (pericellular) and macro- (construct expanse) scales. Further, whole genome expression profiling revealed marked shifts in the molecular topography with dynamic loading. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that dynamic compressive loading initiated after a sufficient period of chondro-induction and with sustained TGF-beta exposure enhances matrix distribution and the mechanical properties of MSC-seeded constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H. Huang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Megan J. Farrell
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Minwook Kim
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA,Address for correspondence: Robert L. Mauck, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Telephone Number: (215) 898-3294, FAX Number: (215) 573-2133,
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158
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Kopesky PW, Lee HY, Vanderploeg EJ, Kisiday JD, Frisbie DD, Plaas AHK, Ortiz C, Grodzinsky AJ. Adult equine bone marrow stromal cells produce a cartilage-like ECM mechanically superior to animal-matched adult chondrocytes. Matrix Biol 2010; 29:427-38. [PMID: 20153827 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the age-dependent mechanical phenotype of bone marrow stromal cell- (BMSC-) and chondrocyte-produced cartilage-like neo-tissue and to elucidate the matrix-associated mechanisms which generate this phenotype. Cells from both immature (2-4 month-old foals) and skeletally-mature (2-5 year-old adults) mixed-breed horses were isolated from animal-matched bone marrow and cartilage tissue, encapsulated in self-assembling-peptide hydrogels, and cultured with and without TGF-beta1 supplementation. BMSCs and chondrocytes from both donor ages were encapsulated with high viability. BMSCs from both ages produced neo-tissue with higher mechanical stiffness than that produced by either young or adult chondrocytes. Young, but not adult, chondrocytes proliferated in response to TGF-beta1 while BMSCs from both age groups proliferated with TGF-beta1. Young chondrocytes stimulated by TGF-beta1 accumulated ECM with 10-fold higher sulfated-glycosaminoglycan content than adult chondrocytes and 2-3-fold higher than BMSCs of either age. The opposite trend was observed for hydroxyproline content, with BMSCs accumulating 2-3-fold more than chondrocytes, independent of age. Size-exclusion chromatography of extracted proteoglycans showed that an aggrecan-like peak was the predominant sulfated proteoglycan for all cell types. Direct measurement of aggrecan core protein length and chondroitin sulfate chain length by single molecule atomic force microscopy imaging revealed that, independent of age, BMSCs produced longer core protein and longer chondroitin sulfate chains, and fewer short core protein molecules than chondrocytes, suggesting that the BMSC-produced aggrecan has a phenotype more characteristic of young tissue than chondrocyte-produced aggrecan. Aggrecan ultrastructure, ECM composition, and cellular proliferation combine to suggest a mechanism by which BMSCs produce a superior cartilage-like neo-tissue than either young or adult chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Kopesky
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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159
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Kim M, Shin Y, Hong BH, Kim YJ, Chun JS, Tae G, Kim YH. In Vitro Chondrocyte Culture in a Heparin-Based Hydrogel for Cartilage Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:1-10. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2008.0548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mihye Kim
- Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Youngnim Shin
- Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bo-Hee Hong
- Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Yang-Jung Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jang-Soo Chun
- Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Giyoong Tae
- Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Young Ha Kim
- Research Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea
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160
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Kopesky PW, Vanderploeg EJ, Sandy JS, Kurz B, Grodzinsky AJ. Self-assembling peptide hydrogels modulate in vitro chondrogenesis of bovine bone marrow stromal cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2010; 16:465-77. [PMID: 19705959 PMCID: PMC2862611 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2009.0158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to test the hypothesis that self-assembling peptide hydrogel scaffolds provide cues that enhance the chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). BMSCs were encapsulated within two unique peptide hydrogel sequences, and chondrogenesis was compared with that in agarose hydrogels. BMSCs in all three hydrogels underwent transforming growth factor-beta1-mediated chondrogenesis as demonstrated by comparable gene expression and biosynthesis of extracellular matrix molecules. Expression of an osteogenic marker was unchanged, and an adipogenic marker was suppressed by transforming growth factor-beta1 in all hydrogels. Cell proliferation occurred only in the peptide hydrogels, not in agarose, resulting in higher glycosaminoglycan content and more spatially uniform proteoglycan and collagen type II deposition. The G1-positive aggrecan produced in peptide hydrogels was predominantly the full-length species, whereas that in agarose was predominantly the aggrecanase product G1-NITEGE. Unique cell morphologies were observed for BMSCs in each peptide hydrogel sequence, with extensive cell-cell contact present for both, whereas BMSCs in agarose remained rounded over 21 days in culture. Differences in cell morphology within the two peptide scaffolds may be related to sequence-specific cell adhesion. Taken together, this study demonstrates that self-assembling peptide hydrogels enhance chondrogenesis compared with agarose as shown by extracellular matrix production, DNA content, and aggrecan molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W. Kopesky
- Department of Biological Engineering, MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - John S. Sandy
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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161
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Marklein RA, Burdick JA. Controlling stem cell fate with material design. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:175-89. [PMID: 20217683 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200901055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of stem cell interactions with their environment are leading to the development of new materials-based approaches to control stem cell behavior toward cellular culture and tissue regeneration applications. Materials can provide cues based on chemistry, mechanics, structure, and molecule delivery that control stem cell fate decisions and matrix formation. These approaches are helping to advance clinical translation of a range of stem cell types through better expansion techniques and scaffolding for use in tissue engineering approaches for the regeneration of many tissues. With this in mind, this progress report covers basic concepts and recent advances in the use of materials for manipulating stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross A Marklein
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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162
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Cartilage engineering from mesenchymal stem cells. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 123:163-200. [PMID: 20535603 DOI: 10.1007/10_2010_67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal progenitor cells known as multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells or mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have been isolated from various tissues. Since they are able to differentiate along the mesenchymal lineages of cartilage and bone, they are regarded as promising sources for the treatment of skeletal defects. Tissue regeneration in the adult organism and in vitro engineering of tissues is hypothesized to follow the principles of embryogenesis. The embryonic development of the skeleton has been studied extensively with respect to the regulatory mechanisms governing morphogenesis, differentiation, and tissue formation. Various concepts have been designed for engineering tissues in vitro based on these developmental principles, most of them involving regulatory molecules such as growth factors or cytokines known to be the key regulators in developmental processes. Growth factors most commonly used for in vitro cultivation of cartilage tissue belong to the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family, the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) super-family, and the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) family. In this chapter, in vivo actions of members of these growth factors described in the literature are compared with in vitro concepts of cartilage engineering making use of these growth factors.
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163
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Functional properties of cartilaginous tissues engineered from infrapatellar fat pad-derived mesenchymal stem cells. J Biomech 2009; 43:920-6. [PMID: 20005518 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Articular cartilage has a poor intrinsic capacity for self-repair. The advent of autologous chondrocyte implantation has provided a feasible method to treat cartilage defects. However, the associated drawbacks with the isolation and expansion of chondrocytes from autologous tissue has prompted research into alternative cell sources such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which have been found to exist in the bone marrow as well as other joint tissues such as the infrapatellar fat pad (IFP), synovium and within the synovial fluid itself. In this work we assessed the chondrogenic potential of IFP-derived porcine cells over a 6 week period in agarose hydrogel culture in terms of mechanical properties, biochemical content and histology. It was found that IFP cells underwent robust chondrogenesis as assessed by glycosaminoglycan (1.47+/-0.22% w/w) and collagen (1.44+/-0.22% w/w) accumulation after 42 days of culture. The 1Hz dynamic modulus of the engineered tissue at this time point was 272.8 kPa (+/-46.8). The removal of TGF-beta3 from culture after 21 days was shown to have a significant effect on both the mechanical properties and biochemical content of IFP constructs after 42 days, with minimal increases occurring from day 21 to day 42 without continued supplementation of TGF-beta3. These findings further strengthen the case that the IFP may be a promising cell source for putative cartilage repair strategies.
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164
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Erickson IE, Huang AH, Sengupta S, Kestle S, Burdick JA, Mauck RL. Macromer density influences mesenchymal stem cell chondrogenesis and maturation in photocrosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogels. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:1639-48. [PMID: 19631307 PMCID: PMC2787866 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Engineering cartilage requires that a clinically relevant cell type be situated within a 3D environment that supports cell viability, the production and retention of cartilage-specific extracellular matrix (ECM), and eventually, the establishment of mechanical properties that approach that of the native tissue. In this study, we investigated the ability of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to undergo chondrogenesis in crosslinked methacrylated hyaluronic acid hydrogels (MeHA) of different macromer concentrations (1, 2, and 5%). DESIGN Over a 6 week culture period under pro-chondrogenic conditions, we evaluated cartilage-specific gene expression, ECM deposition within constructs and released to the culture media, and mechanical properties in both compression and tension. Further, we examined early matrix assembly and long term histological features of the forming tissues, as well as the ability of macromolecules to diffuse within hydrogels as a function of MeHA macromer concentration. RESULTS Findings from this study show that variations in macromer density influence MSC chondrogenesis in distinct ways. Increasing HA macromer density promoted chondrogenesis and matrix formation and retention, but yielded functionally inferior constructs due to limited matrix distribution throughout the construct expanse. In 1% MeHA constructs, the equilibrium compressive modulus reached 0.12MPa and s-GAG content reached nearly 3% of the wet weight, values that matched or exceeded those of control agarose constructs and that are 25 and 50% of native tissue levels, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data provide new insight into how early matrix deposition regulates long term construct development, and defines new parameters for optimizing the formation of functional MSC-based engineered articular cartilage using HA hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac E. Erickson
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alice H. Huang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Swarnali Sengupta
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sydney Kestle
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jason A. Burdick
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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165
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Huang AH, Farrell MJ, Mauck RL. Mechanics and mechanobiology of mesenchymal stem cell-based engineered cartilage. J Biomech 2009; 43:128-36. [PMID: 19828149 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we outline seminal and recent work highlighting the potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in producing cartilage-like tissue equivalents. Specific focus is placed on the mechanical properties of engineered MSC-based cartilage and how these properties relate to that of engineered cartilage based on primary chondrocytes and to native tissue properties. We discuss current limitations and/or concerns that must be addressed for the clinical realization of MSC-based cartilage therapeutics, and provide some insight into potential underpinnings for the observed deviations from chondrocyte-based engineered constructs. We posit that these differences reveal specific deficits in terms of our description of chondrogenesis, and suggest that new benchmarks must be developed towards this end. Further, we describe the growing body of literature on the mechanobiology of MSC-based cartilage, highlighting positive findings with regards to the furtherance of the chondrogenic phenotype. We likewise discuss the failure of early molecular changes to translate directly into engineered constructs with improved mechanical properties. Finally, we highlight recent work from our group and others that may point to new strategies for enhancing the formation of engineered cartilage based on MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice H Huang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104 , USA
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166
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Vinardell T, Thorpe SD, Buckley CT, Kelly DJ. Chondrogenesis and Integration of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Within an In Vitro Cartilage Defect Repair Model. Ann Biomed Eng 2009; 37:2556-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-009-9791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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167
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Chung C, Beecham M, Mauck RL, Burdick JA. The influence of degradation characteristics of hyaluronic acid hydrogels on in vitro neocartilage formation by mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4287-96. [PMID: 19464053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a viable cell source for cartilage repair hinges on the development of engineered scaffolds that support adequate cartilage tissue formation. Evolving networks (hydrogels with mesh sizes that change over time due to crosslink degradation) may provide the control needed to enhance overall tissue formation when compared to static scaffolds. In this study, MSCs were photoencapsulated in combinations of hydrolytically and enzymatically degradable hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels to investigate the tunability of these hydrogels and the influence of network evolution on neocartilage formation. In MSC-laden HA hydrogels, compressive mechanical properties increased when degradation complemented extracellular matrix deposition and decreased when degradation was too rapid. In addition, dynamic hydrogels that started at a higher wt% and decreased to a lower wt% were not equivalent to static hydrogels that started at the higher or lower wt%. Specifically, evolving 2 wt% hydrogels (2 wt% degrading to 1 wt%) expressed up-regulation of type II collagen and aggrecan, and exhibited increased glycosaminoglycan content over non-evolving 2 and 1 wt% hydrogels. Likewise, mechanical properties and size maintenance were superior in the dynamic system compared to the static 2 wt% and 1 wt% hydrogels, respectively. Thus, hydrogels with dynamic properties may improve engineered tissues and help translate tissue engineering technology to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6321, USA
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