151
|
Joosten LAB, Heinhuis B, Abdollahi-Roodsaz S, Ferwerda G, Lebourhis L, Philpott DJ, Nahori MA, Popa C, Morre SA, van der Meer JWM, Girardin SE, Netea MG, van den Berg WB. Differential function of the NACHT-LRR (NLR) members Nod1 and Nod2 in arthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:9017-22. [PMID: 18574154 PMCID: PMC2449357 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0710445105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of chronic joint inflammation remains unclear, although the involvement of pathogen recognition receptors has been suggested recently. In the present article, we describe the role of two members of the NACHT-LRR (NLR) family, Nod1 (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) and Nod2 in a model of acute joint inflammation induced by intraarticular injection of Streptococcus pyogenes cell wall fragments. Here, we show that Nod2 deficiency resulted in reduced joint inflammation and protection against early cartilage damage. In contrast, Nod1 gene-deficient mice developed enhanced joint inflammation with concomitant elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cartilage damage, consistent with a model in which Nod1 controls the inflammatory reaction. To explore whether the different function of Nod1 and Nod2 occurs also in humans, we exposed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) carrying either Nod1ins/del or Nod2fs mutation with SCW fragments in vitro. Production of both TNFalpha and IL-1beta was clearly impaired in PBMCs carrying the Nod2fs compared with PBMCs isolated from healthy controls. In line with results in Nod1 gene-deficient mice, PBMCs from individuals bearing a newly described Nod1 mutation produced enhanced levels of proinflammatory cytokines after 24-h stimulation with SCW fragments. These data indicate that the NLR family members Nod1 and Nod2 have different functions in controlling inflammation, and that intracellular Nod1-Nod2 interactions may determine the severity of arthritis in this experimental model. Whether a distorted balance between the function of Nod1 and/or Nod2 is involved in the pathogenesis of human autoinflammatory or autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis, remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leo A B Joosten
- Rheumatology Research and Advanced Therapeutics, Department of Rheumatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
The Nod-like receptor (NLR) family: a tale of similarities and differences. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2119. [PMID: 18446235 PMCID: PMC2323615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity represents an important system with a variety of vital processes at the core of many diseases. In recent years, the central role of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) protein family became increasingly appreciated in innate immune responses. NLRs are classified as part of the signal transduction ATPases with numerous domains (STAND) clade within the AAA+ ATPase family. They typically feature an N-terminal effector domain, a central nucleotide-binding domain (NACHT) and a C-terminal ligand-binding region that is composed of several leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). NLRs are believed to initiate or regulate host defense pathways through formation of signaling platforms that subsequently trigger the activation of inflammatory caspases and NF-kB. Despite their fundamental role in orchestrating key pathways in innate immunity, their mode of action in molecular terms remains largely unknown. Here we present the first comprehensive sequence and structure modeling analysis of NLR proteins, revealing that NLRs posses a domain architecture similar to the apoptotic initiator protein Apaf-1. Apaf-1 performs its cellular function by the formation of a heptameric platform, dubbed apoptosome, ultimately triggering the controlled demise of the affected cell. The mechanism of apoptosome formation by Apaf-1 potentially offers insight into the activation mechanisms of NLR proteins. Multiple sequence alignment analysis and homology modeling revealed Apaf-1-like structural features in most members of the NLR family, suggesting a similar biochemical behaviour in catalytic activity and oligomerization. Evolutionary tree comparisons substantiate the conservation of characteristic functional regions within the NLR family and are in good agreement with domain distributions found in distinct NLRs. Importantly, the analysis of LRR domains reveals surprisingly low conservation levels among putative ligand-binding motifs. The same is true for the effector domains exhibiting distinct interfaces ensuring specific interactions with downstream target proteins. All together these factors suggest specific biological functions for individual NLRs.
Collapse
|
153
|
Abstract
Asthma and asthma-related traits are complex diseases with strong genetic and environmental components. Rapid progress in asthma genetics has led to the identification of several candidate genes that are associated with asthma-related traits. Typically the phenotypic impact of each of these genes, including the ones most often replicated in association studies, is mild, but larger effects may occur when multiple variants synergize within a permissive environmental context. Despite the achievements made in asthma genetics formidable challenges remain. The development of novel, powerful tools for gene discovery, and a closer integration of genetics and biology, should help to overcome these challenges.
Collapse
|
154
|
Carneiro LAM, Magalhaes JG, Tattoli I, Philpott DJ, Travassos LH. Nod-like proteins in inflammation and disease. J Pathol 2008; 214:136-48. [PMID: 18161746 DOI: 10.1002/path.2271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The field of innate immunity has undergone an enormous upheaval during the last decade. The discovery of different groups of proteins, called pattern recognition molecules (PRMs), which detect microbial components, so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and trigger protective responses, had a huge impact on the understanding of innate immune responses. Among the PRMs, the intracellular Nod-like receptors (NLRs) have recently been identified as key mediators of inflammatory and immune responses. The NLR family is divided into subfamilies on the basis of their different signal transduction domains, and recent studies have highlighted the role of certain NLRs, including Nod1, Nod2, Nalp3, Ipaf and Naip5, in the detection of intracellular microbes and possibly 'danger signals'. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the function of these proteins in immunity and inflammation, with a focus on their participation in different disease pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A M Carneiro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
155
|
Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M, Núñez G. Intracellular NOD-like receptors in host defense and disease. Immunity 2007; 27:549-59. [PMID: 17967410 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system comprises several classes of pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), NOD-like receptors (NLRs), and RIG-1-like receptors (RLRs). TLRs recognize microbes on the cell surface and in endosomes, whereas NLRs and RLRs detect microbial components in the cytosol. Here we discuss the recent understanding in NLRs. Two NLRs, NOD1 and NOD2, sense the cytosolic presence of the peptidoglycan fragments meso-DAP and muramyl dipeptide, respectively, and drive the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the transcription factor NF-kappaB. A different set of NLRs induces caspase-1 activation through the assembly of large protein complexes named inflammasomes. Genetic variations in several NLR members are associated with the development of inflammatory disorders. Further understanding of NLRs should provide new insights into the mechanisms of host defense and the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
156
|
Abstract
In asthma, as in many other common multifactorial diseases, the identification of the susceptibility genes has been challenging because consistent results at the genome-wide significance level have been scarce. So far, genome-wide scans have been reported in 17 study populations. By means of genome-wide linkage and hierarchical association analysis, six positional candidate genes (ADAM33, PHF11, DPP10, GPR154, HLA-G, and CYFIP2) for asthma-related traits have been cloned. The interactions of the proteins encoded by these genes and the biological relevance of these signaling pathways in the development of asthma are still poorly understood. Also, the disease mechanisms resulting from the genetic variance in the genes identified remain largely unknown. Although this information is gradually accumulating, we can examine the statistical robustness of each genetic finding in combination with the limited data available on the functional properties of the corresponding proteins to estimate the strengths and weaknesses in the chains of evidence.
Collapse
|
157
|
Abstract
Nod (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) 1 and Nod2 are intracellular PRMs (pattern-recognition molecules) of the NLR (Nod-like receptor) family. These proteins are implicated in the detection of bacterial peptidoglycan and regulate pro-inflammatory pathways in response to bacteria by inducing signalling pathways such as NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) and MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases). The Nod proteins act independently of the TLR (Toll-like receptor) cascade, but potently synergize with the latter to trigger innate immune responses to microbes. Most importantly, mutations in Nod2 have been shown to confer susceptibility to several chronic inflammatory disorders, including Crohn's disease, Blau syndrome and early-onset sarcoidosis, underscoring the role of Nod2 in inflammatory homoeostasis. This review summarizes the most recent findings in the field of Nod1 and Nod2 research.
Collapse
|
158
|
Cantó E, Ricart E, Busquets D, Monfort D, García-Planella E, González D, Balanzó J, Rodriguez-Sanchez JL, Vidal S. Influence of a nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) polymorphism and NOD2 mutant alleles on Crohn's disease phenotype. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:5446-53. [PMID: 17907287 PMCID: PMC4171278 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i41.5446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine genetic variation of nucleotide oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and NOD2, their respective influences on Crohn's disease phenotype and gene-gene interactions.
METHODS: (ND1+32656*1) NOD1 polymorphism and SNP8, SNP12 and SNP13 of NOD2 were analyzed in 97 patients and 50 controls. NOD2 variants were determined by reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. NOD1 genotyping and NOD2 variant confirmation were performed by specific amplification and sequencing.
RESULTS: The distribution of NOD1 polymorphism in patients was different from controls (P = 0.045) and not altered by existence of NOD2 mutations. In this cohort, 30.92% patients and 6% controls carried at least one NOD2 variant (P < 0.001) with R702W being the most frequent variant. Presence of at least one NOD2 mutation was inversely associated with colon involvement (9.09% with colon vs 36.4% with ileal or ileocolonic involvement, P = 0.04) and indicative of risk of penetrating disease (52.63% with penetrating vs 25.64% with non-penetrating or stricturing behavior, P = 0.02). L1007finsC and double NOD2 mutation conferred the highest risk for severity of disease (26.3% with penetrating disease vs 3.8% with non-penetrating or stricturing behavior presented L1007finsC, P = 0.01 and 21.0% with penetrating disease vs 2.5% with non-penentrating or stricturing behavior carried double NOD2 mutation, P = 0.007). Exclusion of patients with NOD2 mutations from phenotype/NOD1-genotype analysis revealed higher prevalence of *1*1 genotype in groups of younger age at onset and colonic location.
CONCLUSION: This study suggests population differences in the inheritance of risk NOD1 polymorphism and NOD2 mutations. Although no interaction between NOD1-NOD2 was noticed, a relationship between disease location and Nod-like receptor molecules was established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Cantó
- Department of Immunology, Sant Pau Hospital & Research Inst. Sant Pau Hospital, Barcelona 08025, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
159
|
Abstract
The term autoinflammatory syndromes describes a distinct group of systemic inflammatory diseases apparently different from infectious, autoimmune, allergic and immunodeficient ones. Originally, it was almost synonymous with clinically defined hereditary periodic fever syndromes, including familial Mediterranean fever, hyper immunoglobulin D syndrome with periodic fever and tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated periodic syndrome. Similar but distinct periodic fever syndromes accompanied by urticarial rash, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Muckle-Wells syndrome and chronic infantile neurological cutaneous articular syndrome, have all been reportedly associated with CIAS1 mutations and are collectively called cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes. Consequently, the concept of autoinflammatory syndromes has been spread to contain other systemic inflammatory diseases: rare hereditary diseases with or without periodic fevers, such as pyogenic sterile arthritis, pyoderma gangrenosum and acne syndrome, Blau syndrome and chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, and the more common collagen disease-like diseases, such as Behcet's disease, Crohn's disease, sarcoidosis and psoriatic arthritis. These diseases are all caused by or associated with mutations of genes regulating innate immunity and have common clinical features accompanied with activation of neutrophils and/or monocytes/macrophages. In this review, major autoinflammatory syndromes are summarized and the pathophysiology of related skin disorders is discussed in association with dysregulated innate immune signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Kanazawa
- Department of Dermatology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
160
|
Werts C, le Bourhis L, Liu J, Magalhaes JG, Carneiro LA, Fritz JH, Stockinger S, Balloy V, Chignard M, Decker T, Philpott DJ, Ma X, Girardin SE. Nod1 and Nod2 induce CCL5/RANTES through the NF-kappaB pathway. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:2499-508. [PMID: 17705131 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Nod-like receptor proteins Nod1 and Nod2 participate in innate immune responses against bacteria through intracellular detection of peptidoglycan, a component of bacterial cell wall. Recent evidence has demonstrated that Nod1 stimulates the release of chemokines that attract neutrophils at the site of infection, such as CXCL8/IL-8 in humans, and CXCL1/keratinocyte-derived chemokine and CXCL2/MIP-2 in mice. We aimed to determine whether Nod proteins could trigger the release of CCL5/RANTES, a chemokine known to attract a number of immune cells, but not neutrophils. Our results demonstrate that activation of both Nod1 and Nod2 results in substantial secretion of CCL5 by murine macrophages. Moreover, in vivo, the intraperitoneal injection of murine Nod1 or Nod2 agonists resulted in a rapid secretion of CCL5 into the bloodstream. We also observed that Nod-dependent secretion of CCL5 did not correlate with the induction of the interferon-beta pathway, a major signaling cascade for the activation of CCL5 by viruses. In contrast, we identified a key role of the NF-kappaB pathway in Nod-dependent stimulation of the CCL5 promoter. Together, these results identify a novel target downstream of Nod1 and Nod2, which is likely to play a key role in orchestrating the global Nod-dependent immune defense during bacterial infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Werts
- Unité de Recherche Réponses Précoces aux Parasites et Immunopathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
161
|
Malerba G, Lindgren CM, Xumerle L, Kiviluoma P, Trabetti E, Laitinen T, Galavotti R, Pescollderungg L, Boner AL, Kere J, Pignatti PF. Chromosome 7p linkage and GPR154 gene association in Italian families with allergic asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2007; 37:83-9. [PMID: 17210045 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02615.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several genome scans have reported linkage of markers on chromosome 7p with asthma and related phenotypes in different populations. A fine mapping in Finnish and French-Canadian populations has associated the GPR154 gene (also known as G-protein-coupled receptor for asthma susceptibility, GPRA) with elevated IgE or asthma. OBJECTIVE To confirm chromosome 7p linkage and candidate gene association in Italian families with atopic asthma. METHODS In a two-phase approach, we first performed a linkage analysis of chromosome 7, and then a family-based association study on the GPR154 gene for allergic asthma phenotypes in the Italian population. RESULTS The screening of 117 families with 19 microsatellite markers showed potential linkage for elevated IgE (P<0.002 at 22 cM from p-ter), asthma (P<0.005 at 44 cM), or atopy (P<0.005 at 54 cM). In the second phase of the present study, candidate gene GPR154, which is located in the phase one-linked region, was investigated in 211 families with seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that tag most haplotype variability, by the pedigree disequilibrium test. Elevated IgE levels were associated with two GPR154 gene SNPs (SNP 546333, P=0.0046; rs740 347, P=0.006), and with haplotypes in the global test (P=0.013). Haplotype analysis performed in nuclear families having at least 1 asthmatic parent showed a significant association with asthma (P=0.0173), atopy (P=0.0058), SPT (P=0.0025), and bronchial hyper reactivity (P=0.0163). CONCLUSION These results support a susceptibility locus for asthma and related phenotypes on chromosome 7, and are in agreement with recent reports suggesting that a common susceptibility factor for atopic manifestations in asthma is likely conferred by the locus containing the GPR154 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Malerba
- Department of Mother and Child, Biology and Genetics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
162
|
Macaluso F, Nothnagel M, Parwez Q, Petrasch-Parwez E, Bechara FG, Epplen JT, Hoffjan S. Polymorphisms in NACHT-LRR (NLR) genes in atopic dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2007; 16:692-8. [PMID: 17620097 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2007.00589.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic skin disease affecting up to 15% of children in industrialized countries. AD belongs to the group of atopic disorders characterized by excessive immune reactions to ubiquitous antigens. Complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors have been suggested for atopic disorders. Dysregulation of the innate immune system appears crucial for the pathogenesis of AD. The NACHT-LRRs (NLRs) represent a group of innate immune receptors with special relevance for inflammatory processes. In order to investigate the role of variation in NLR genes for AD, we genotyped 23 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in seven selected NLR genes (CARD4, CARD15, CARD12, NALP1, NALP3, NALP12, MHC2TA) in 392 AD patients and 297 controls by restriction enzyme digestion or TaqMan assays. Single-SNP analysis demonstrated significant associations of the CARD15_R702W variation and the NALP12_In9 T-allele with AD (P = 0.008 and P = 0.03, resp.; insignificant after Bonferroni correction). In the CARD4 gene, a rare haplotype was more frequent in AD patients than in controls. Interactions between all pairs of SNPs in the seven genes were analysed by logistic regression. Significant interactions comprised SNPs in the CARD4 gene (CARD4_In1 and CARD4_Ex6, P = 6.56 x 10(-7); CARD4_Prom und CARD4_Ex6, P = 2.45 x 10(-4)) and promoter polymorphisms in the CARD12 and NALP1 genes (P = 4.31 x 10(-4)). In conclusion, variation in individual genes from the NLR family as well as interactions within this group of innate immune receptor genes could play a role in AD pathogenesis. Investigations in other populations and functional studies are warranted to clarify contributions of NLR variation for this frequent skin disease.
Collapse
|
163
|
Lich JD, Ting JPY. CATERPILLER (NLR) family members as positive and negative regulators of inflammatory responses. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2007; 4:263-6. [PMID: 17607010 PMCID: PMC2647628 DOI: 10.1513/pats.200701-022aw] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important advances in human immunology in the last decade has been the characterization of evolutionarily conserved molecular mediators important in controlling innate immunity. A prime example of this is the discovery of the mammalian Toll-like receptor family. Toll molecules were first discovered in Drosophila and were found to protect the organism from fungal infection. In mammals, Toll-like receptors respond to a wide variety of microbial products and serve as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. In the last 4 years, another important family of molecules has been discovered, and it is evolutionarily conserved from plants to humans. This family was first christened CATERPILLER by our laboratory, and is also known as NBD-LRR or NLR. CATERPILLER family members have rapidly gained prominence as important regulators of inflammatory responses to pathogens and their products. This article discusses some of the members of this family and their role in human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John D Lich
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Tattoli I, Travassos LH, Carneiro LA, Magalhaes JG, Girardin SE. The Nodosome: Nod1 and Nod2 control bacterial infections and inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2007; 29:289-301. [PMID: 17690884 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-007-0083-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/06/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the nucleotide-binding domain, leucine rich repeat containing family (or Nod-like receptors, NLRs) are two important families of microbial sensors that are membrane-associated and cytosolic molecules, respectively. The Nod proteins Nod1 and Nod2 are two NLR family members that trigger immune defense in response to bacterial peptidoglycan. Nod proteins fight off bacterial infections by stimulating proinflammatory signaling and cytokine networks and by inducing antimicrobial effectors, such as nitric oxide and antimicrobial peptides. Nod1 is also critically implicated in shaping adaptive immune responses towards bacterial-derived constituents. In addition, recent evidence has demonstrated that mutations in Nod1 and Nod2 are associated with a number of human inflammatory disorders, including Crohn's disease, Blau syndrome, early-onset sarcoidosis, and atopic diseases. Together, Nod1 and Nod2 represent central players in the control of immune responses to bacterial infections and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Tattoli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
165
|
Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Nimmo ER, Törkvist L, Lees CW, Drummond HE, Smith L, Anderson NH, Gillett PM, McGrogan P, Hassan K, Weaver LT, Bisset WM, Mahdi G, Arnott ID, Sjöqvist U, Lördal M, Farrington SM, Dunlop MG, Wilson DC, Satsangi J. Contribution of the NOD1/CARD4 insertion/deletion polymorphism +32656 to inflammatory bowel disease in Northern Europe. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:882-9. [PMID: 17285593 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 are both intracellular pattern-recognition receptors. The NOD1/CARD4 gene lies within a previously described inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) locus (7p14). An association has been suggested between the NOD1/CARD4+32656 deletion*1 variant of a complex deletion*1/insertion*2 polymorphism and IBD in 1 recent study in Europe. Our aim was to assess the influence of NOD1/CARD4+32656 on disease susceptibility and phenotype in the Scottish and Swedish IBD populations. METHODS A total of 3,962 individuals (1,791 IBD patients, 522 parents, 1,649 healthy controls) from 2 independent populations (Scotland and Sweden) were genotyped for NOD1/CARD4+32656 A/C by TaqMan and direct sequencing. Case-control, Transmission Disequilibrium Testing (TDT) and detailed genotype-phenotype (Montreal) analyses were performed. The case-control analysis had 80% power to detect an effect size of odds ratio (OR) 1.21 for IBD. RESULTS In case-control analyses in Scottish and Swedish patients, none of the genotypes studied in IBD, Crohn's disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC), differed significantly from controls (deletion*1 allelic frequency 73.9%, 73.6%, 73.9%, and 73.6%, respectively: all P > 0.8). No epistatic interaction with NOD2/CARD15 was seen for CD susceptibility. TDT analysis in our Scottish early onset cohort was negative. CONCLUSIONS This variant allele of NOD1/CARD4+32656 is not associated with a strong effect on susceptibility to IBD in children and adults in Northern Europe. A gene-wide haplotype-based approach may be preferable to analysis of individual variants to assess the contribution of the NOD1/CARD4 gene to IBD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Van Limbergen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Jones G. Susceptibility to asthma and eczema from mucosal and epidermal expression of distinctive genes. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2007; 7:11-7. [PMID: 17504656 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-007-0025-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The past several years have seen an increase in the rate at which genes that are associated with allergic asthma and eczema are discovered. This review -examines genetic association, gene expression, and functional studies that have identified genes that are expressed in the epithelial cells of the skin and lung and are involved in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and eczema. This includes the genes encoding thymic stromal lympho-poietin (TSLP) and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3) that are involved in the activation of T-helper 2 cells, the microbial pattern recognition receptors nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) genes (CARD4 and CARD15), Toll-like receptors (TLR2 and TLR4), and filaggrin, a protein required for effective barrier defense of the skin. Therefore, the development of allergic disease involves both the adaptive and innate immune systems, and the expression of these genes in the skin and lungs suggests a link to environmental -triggers at body surfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Graham Jones
- Institute for Immunology and Allergy Research, ICPMR Building, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Fritz JH, Le Bourhis L, Sellge G, Magalhaes JG, Fsihi H, Kufer TA, Collins C, Viala J, Ferrero RL, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. Nod1-mediated innate immune recognition of peptidoglycan contributes to the onset of adaptive immunity. Immunity 2007; 26:445-59. [PMID: 17433730 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2006] [Revised: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has suggested that signals other than those from Toll-like receptors (TLRs) could contribute to the elicitation of antigen-specific immunity. Therefore, we examined the role of the Nod-like receptor (NLR) family member, Nod1, in the generation of adaptive immune responses. Our findings show that innate immune sensing of peptidoglycan by Nod1 is key for priming antigen-specific T cell immunity and subsequent antibody responses in vivo. Nod1 stimulation alone was sufficient to drive antigen-specific immunity with a predominant Th2 polarization profile. In conjunction with TLR stimulation, however, Nod1 triggering was required to instruct the onset of Th1 and Th2 as well as Th17 immune pathways. Cells outside of the hematopoietic lineage provided the early signals necessary to orchestrate the development of Nod1-dependent immune responses. These findings highlight Nod1 as a key innate immune trigger in the local tissue microenvironment that drives the development of adaptive immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Immunology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, M5S 1A8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
168
|
Hofner P, Gyulai Z, Kiss ZF, Tiszai A, Tiszlavicz L, Tóth G, Szõke D, Molnár B, Lonovics J, Tulassay Z, Mándi Y. Genetic polymorphisms of NOD1 and IL-8, but not polymorphisms of TLR4 genes, are associated with Helicobacter pylori-induced duodenal ulcer and gastritis. Helicobacter 2007; 12:124-31. [PMID: 17309748 DOI: 10.1111/j.1523-5378.2007.00481.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracellular pathogen receptor NOD1 is involved in the epithelial cell sensing Helicobacter pylori, which results in a considerable interleukin (IL)-8 production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between NOD1 and IL-8 genetic polymorphisms and the development of H. pylori-induced gastritis and duodenal ulcer (DU), as compared with TLR4 polymorphisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eighty-five patients with DU and 135 patients with gastritis were enrolled in the study. Seventy-five serologically H. pylori-positive subjects without gastric or duodenal symptoms served as controls. The G796A (E266K) NOD1 polymorphism was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism, and the -251 IL-8 polymorphism by amplification refractory mutation system method. The TLR4 (ASP/299/Gly and Thr/399/Ile) gene polymorphisms were examined by melting point analysis. RESULTS AA homozygote mutant variants of NOD1 were detected in 20% of the H. pylori-positive patients with DU versus 7% of H. pylori-positive patients with gastritis and versus 6% of the H. pylori-positive healthy controls. The IL-8 heterozygote mutant variant was detected with a significantly higher frequency among the DU patients and those with gastritis than among the H. pylori-positive controls. However, no significant correlation concerning the frequency of the TLR4 gene polymorphism could be revealed between any group of patients and the controls. CONCLUSION E266K CARD4/NOD1, but not the TLR4 gene polymorphism increases the risk of peptic ulceration in H. pylori-positive patients. The -251 IL-8 polymorphism was significantly associated with either gastritis or DU in H. pylori-infected subjects. Host factors including intracellular pathogen receptors and IL-8 production play an important role in H. pylori-induced gastric mucosal damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hofner
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunobiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
169
|
Van Limbergen J, Russell RK, Nimmo ER, Ho GT, Arnott ID, Wilson DC, Satsangi J. Genetics of the innate immune response in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007; 13:338-55. [PMID: 17206667 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2/caspase recruitment domain-containing protein 15 (NOD2/CARD15) as the first susceptibility gene in Crohn's disease (CD) has shifted the focus of research into the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) firmly to the innate immune response and the integrity of the epithelial barrier. The subsequent implication in IBD of variant alleles of OCTN, DLG5, MDR1, and TLRs has provided further support for a new, more complex model of innate immunity function in the gastrointestinal tract. In this review, we examine the recent advances in our understanding of the influence of genetics of the innate immune response on IBD. We will focus on germline variation of genes encoding pathogen-recognition receptors, proteins involved in epithelial homeostasis and secreted antimicrobial proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johan Van Limbergen
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road South, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Hasegawa M, Kawasaki A, Yang K, Fujimoto Y, Masumoto J, Breukink E, Nuñez G, Fukase K, Inohara N. A role of lipophilic peptidoglycan-related molecules in induction of Nod1-mediated immune responses. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:11757-64. [PMID: 17322292 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700846200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nod1 is an intracellular protein that is involved in recognition of bacterial molecules and whose genetic variation has been linked to several inflammatory diseases. Previous studies suggested that the recognition core of Nod1 stimulatory molecules is gamma-D-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP), but the identity of the major Nod1 stimulatory molecule produced by bacteria remains unknown. Here we show that bacteria produce lipophilic molecules capable of stimulating Nod1. Analysis of synthetic compounds revealed stereoselectivity of the DAP residue and that conjugation of lipophilic acyl residues specifically enhances the Nod1 stimulatory activity of the core iE-DAP. Furthermore, we demonstrate that lipophilic molecules induce and/or enhance the secretion of innate immune mediators from primary mouse mesothelial cells and human monocytic MonoMac6 cells, and this effect is mediated through Nod1. These results provide insight into the mechanism of immune recognition via Nod1, which might be useful in the design and testing of novel immunoregulators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
171
|
Abstract
Research into intracellular sensing of microbial products is an up and coming field in innate immunity. Nod1 and Nod2 are members of the rapidly expanding family of NACHT domain-containing proteins involved in intracellular recognition of bacterial products. Nods proteins are involved in the cytosolic detection of peptidoglycan motifs of bacteria, recognized through the LRR domain. The role of the NACHT-LRR system of detection in innate immune responses is highlighted at the mucosal barrier, where most of the membranous Toll like receptors (TLRs) are not expressed, or with pathogens that have devised ways to escape TLR sensing. For a given pathogen, the sum of the pathways induced by the recognition of the different "pathogen associated molecular patterns" (PAMPs) by the different pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) trigger and shape the subsequent innate and adaptive immune responses. Knowledge gathered during the last decade on PRR and their agonists, and recent studies on bacterial infections provide new insights into the immune response and the pathogenesis of human infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lionel Le Bourhis
- Innate Immunity and Signalisation, Institut Pasteur, 28, Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
172
|
Abstract
NOD-like receptors are cytosolic proteins that contain a central nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NACHT), an N-terminal effector-binding domain and C-terminal leucine-rich repeats (LRRs). NOD-like receptors have been implicated as ancient cellular sentinels mediating protective immune responses against intracellular pathogens. Recent studies have described the genetic association of polymorphisms in NOD-like receptor genes with complex chronic inflammatory barrier diseases, such as Crohn's disease and asthma and with rare auto-inflammatory syndromes including familial cold urticaria, Muckle-Wells syndrome and Blau syndrome. Whereas genetic variability in NLRs may have been an important element to provide plasticity to antigen recognition and host defense in the past, recent changes in the lifestyle of industrialized societies (e.g. hygiene ("cold-chain-hypothesis"), nutrition, or antibiotics) may have turned ancient genetic variability into disease-causing mutations. The review focuses on NLR function in the molecular pathophysiology of human inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Rosenstiel
- Institute for Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Schittenhelmstrasse 12, 24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
173
|
Le Souëf PN. Variations in genetic influences on the development of asthma throughout childhood, adolescence and early adult life. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 6:317-22. [PMID: 16954783 DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000244790.18486.be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Asthma is likely to be due to many aetiological factors, the effect of each varying considerably with age. Now that there are well established candidate genes for asthma, using genetics to examine age-related susceptibility to asthma offers a new approach to understanding the basic underlying mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Since few long-term, longitudinal asthma studies exist, opportunities to examine age-related genetic susceptibility have been limited, but have produced some specific findings. The CCR5Delta32 polymorphism renders the chemokine receptor nonfunctional and is associated with reduced asthma susceptibility in children but not adults. In CD14 C-159T, the -159C allele has been associated with increased atopy in mid-childhood, but not in young adults. IL-12beta is a promoter polymorphism associated with reduced lung function in girls but not boys in mid-childhood only. Regarding the beta(2)adrenoceptor, results from three studies suggest that Arg16 can be associated with impaired airway function in infancy and Gly16 with asthma and wheeze in mid-childhood. SUMMARY Age-related genetic susceptibility studies are likely to make a major contribution to understanding basic mechanisms in asthma, but the limited number of suitable cohorts has meant that to date few studies have been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Le Souëf
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
174
|
Leung E, Hong J, Fraser A, Krissansen GW. Splicing of NOD2 (CARD15) RNA transcripts. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:284-94. [PMID: 16675018 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2006.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2006] [Revised: 03/05/2006] [Accepted: 03/09/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Mutated variants of NOD2, a cytosolic Toll-like receptor (TLR) that recognizes bacterial peptidoglycan, are responsible for increased susceptibility to Crohn's disease (CD). TLRs and their related plant counterparts, the disease-resistance R proteins, undergo alternative splicing as a means of controlling activity. Here we report that regions of NOD2 RNA transcripts that encode the N-terminal and leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domains are alternatively spliced, potentially creating at least eight putative NOD2 variants. The most common variant is a short truncated isoform designated NOD2-short which terminates at residue position 820 leaving three LRR domains. An N-terminally spliced variant designated NOD2-190 contains only CARD1 and a partial CARD2 domain. The expression of transcripts encoding full-length and alternatively spliced forms of NOD2 was altered in blood mononuclear cells and monocytic cell lines stimulated by bacterial products. NOD2-short and NOD2-190 were inactive and unresponsive to muramyl dipeptide (MDP), but did not antagonize the activity of wild-type NOD2. Alternative splicing of NOD2 transcripts represents a potential mechanism by which the intracellular bacterial sensing activity of NOD2 is altered or down-regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Euphemia Leung
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
175
|
Carneiro LAM, Travassos LH, Girardin SE. Nod-like receptors in innate immunity and inflammatory diseases. Ann Med 2007; 39:581-93. [PMID: 18038361 DOI: 10.1080/07853890701576172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years the field of innate immunity has undergone a revolution with the discovery of pattern recognition molecules (PRM) and their role in microbe detection. Among these molecules, the Nod-like receptors (NLRs) have emerged as key microbial sensors that participate in the global immune responses to pathogens and contribute to the resolution of infections. This growing group of proteins is divided into subfamilies with basis in their different signaling domains. Prominent among them are Nod1, Nod2, Nalp3, Ipaf, and Naip that have been shown to play important roles against intracellular bacteria. Furthermore, mutations in the genes that encode these proteins have been associated with complex inflammatory disorders including Crohn's disease, asthma, familial cold urticaria, Muckle-Wells syndrome, and Blau syndrome. In this review we will present the current knowledge on the role of these proteins in immunity and inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia A M Carneiro
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
176
|
Srimathi T, Robbins SL, Dubas RL, Seo JH, Park YC. Purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic characterization of the caspase-recruitment domain of human Nod1. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 63:21-3. [PMID: 17183166 PMCID: PMC2330101 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106051955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The caspase-recruitment domain (CARD) is known to play an important role in apoptosis and inflammation as an essential protein-protein interaction domain. The CARD of the cytosolic pathogen receptor Nod1 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified by affinity chromatography and gel filtration. The purified CARD was crystallized at 277 K using the microseeding method. X-ray diffraction data were collected to 1.9 A resolution. The crystals belong to space group P3(1) or P3(2), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 79.1, c = 80.9 A. Preliminary analysis indicates that there is one dimeric CARD molecule in the asymmetric unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rachel L. Dubas
- Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jang-Hoon Seo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, Shinheung College, Uijeongbu, Kyungki-Do 480-701, South Korea
| | - Young Chul Park
- Basic Science, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Correspondence e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Kufer TA, Sansonetti PJ. Sensing of bacteria: NOD a lonely job. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 10:62-9. [PMID: 17161646 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of bacteria by the vertebrate innate immune system relies on detection of invariant molecules by specialized receptors. The view is emerging that activation of both Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs) by different bacterial agonists is important in order to mount an inflammatory response in the host. Priming of cells with peptidoglycan and products that are sensed by cytosolic-localized members of the NLR family have a synergistic effect on TLR signalling and vice versa. Currently, the underlying molecular mechanisms of this cross-talk between NLR and TLR signalling are beginning to emerge. These reveal that the two sensing-systems are non-redundant in bacterial recognition and that their cross-talk plays an important role in immunological homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Kufer
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, F-75724 Paris Cédex 15, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
178
|
Fritz JH, Ferrero RL, Philpott DJ, Girardin SE. Nod-like proteins in immunity, inflammation and disease. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:1250-7. [PMID: 17110941 DOI: 10.1038/ni1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 642] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 10/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular Nod-like proteins or receptors are a family of sensors of intracellularly encountered microbial motifs and 'danger signals' that have emerged as being critical components of the innate immune responses and of inflammation in mammals. Several Nod-like receptors, including Nod1, Nod2, NALP3, Ipaf and Naip, are strongly associated with host responses to intracellular invasion by bacteria or the intracellular presence of specific bacterial products. An additional key function of Nod-like receptors is in inflammatory conditions, which has been emphasized by the identification of several different mutations in the genes encoding Nod1, Nod2 and NALP3 that are associated with susceptibility to inflammatory disorders. Those and other issues related to the Nod-like receptor family are discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg H Fritz
- Department of Immunology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Abstract
The innate immune system of mammals has been forged by coevolution with microbes in response to the double constraint of preserving a symbiotic interaction with commensal flora and eliminating intrusion of those commensals or invasion by pathogens. Thus, a 'sensing' network, accompanied by or lacking inflammatory responses, is controlled by elaborate mechanisms of regulation that maintain balance in the basal state. A growing number of non-Toll-like innate immune receptors is recognized as part of this surveillance network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe J Sansonetti
- Unité de Pathogénie Microbienne Moléculaire, Unité INSERM 786, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute International Program, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Franke A, Ruether A, Wedemeyer N, Karlsen TH, Nebel A, Schreiber S. No association between the functional CARD4 insertion/deletion polymorphism and inflammatory bowel diseases in the German population. Gut 2006; 55:1679-80. [PMID: 17047129 PMCID: PMC1860122 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
181
|
Franchi L, McDonald C, Kanneganti TD, Amer A, Núñez G. Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors: intracellular pattern recognition molecules for pathogen detection and host defense. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3507-13. [PMID: 16951308 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.6.3507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The nucleotide binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR) family of pattern recognition molecules is involved in a diverse array of processes required for host immune responses against invading pathogens. Unlike TLRs that mediate extracellular recognition of microbes, several NLRs sense pathogens in the cytosol and upon activation induce host defense signaling pathways. Although TLRs and NLRs differ in their mode of pathogen recognition and function, they share similar domains for microbial sensing and cooperate to elicit immune responses against the pathogen. Genetic variation in several NLR genes is associated with the development of inflammatory disorders or increased susceptibility to microbial infection. Further understanding of NLRs should provide critical insight into the mechanisms of host defense and the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Franchi
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
182
|
Tremelling M, Hancock L, Bredin F, Sharpstone D, Bingham SA, Parkes M. Complex insertion/deletion polymorphism in NOD1 (CARD4) is not associated with inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility in East Anglia panel. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2006; 12:967-71. [PMID: 17012967 DOI: 10.1097/01.mib.0000234131.89971.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Genetic association between inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and NOD1 (CARD4) has recently been reported. This gene has structural similarity to NOD2 (CARD15), a confirmed susceptibility gene for Crohn"s disease (CD). The NOD1 association was strongest at novel complex indel ND1 + 32656. Our aim was to ascertain the contribution of ND1 + 32656 variants to IBD in a large independent United Kingdom dataset and to identify any subphenotype association within CD and ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS The presence of the ND1 + 32656 variant in our panel was confirmed by direct resequencing in 96 cases. One thousand three hundred seventy unrelated white IBD subjects (671UC, 645 CD, 54 indeterminate) and 760 regionally matched controls were then genotyped for the ND1 + 32656 variant. Data were analyzed by logistic regression methods within STATA software. RESULTS There was no association between ND1 + 32656 and IBD in our panel. There was no heterogeneity between UC and CD, nor within the CD subgroup when conditioned by subphenotype or the presence of NOD2 variants. CONCLUSIONS There was no overall evidence of association between IBD and the reported NOD1 susceptibility variant ND1 + 32656 in our panel. The discrepancy with the earlier report may reflect a smaller effect size than previously predicted, a false-positive result in the index study, or population heterogeneity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Tremelling
- IBD Research Group, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
183
|
Current World Literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006. [DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000244802.79475.bd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
184
|
Manon F, Favier A, Núñez G, Simorre JP, Cusack S. Solution structure of NOD1 CARD and mutational analysis of its interaction with the CARD of downstream kinase RICK. J Mol Biol 2006; 365:160-74. [PMID: 17054981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 09/18/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NOD1 is a cytosolic signalling host pattern-recognition receptor composed of a caspase-activating and recruitment domain (CARD), a nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD) and leucine-rich repeats. It plays a crucial role in innate immunity by activating the NF-kappaB pathway via its downstream effector the kinase RICK (RIP2) following the recognition of a specific bacterial ligand. RICK is recruited by NOD1 through interaction of their respective CARDs. Here we present the high resolution NMR structure of the NOD1 CARD. It is generally similar to other CARDs of known structure, consisting of six tightly packed helices, although the length and orientation of the last helix is unusual. Mutations in both the NOD1 and RICK CARD domains were assayed by immuno-precipitation of cell lysates and in vivo NF-kappaB activation in order to define residues important for CARD-CARD interaction and downstream signalling. The results show that the interaction is critically dependent on three acidic residues on NOD1 CARD and three basic residues on RICK CARD and thus is likely to have a strong electrostatic component, similar to other characterised CARD-CARD interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florence Manon
- Grenoble Outstation, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 181, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Hughes AL. Evolutionary relationships of vertebrate NACHT domain-containing proteins. Immunogenetics 2006; 58:785-91. [PMID: 17006665 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-006-0148-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Accepted: 07/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Phylogenetic analyses of conserved [neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), MHC class II transcription activator (CIITA), incompatibility locus protein from Podospora anserina (HET-E), and telomerase-associated protein (TP1)] (NACHT) domains were used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of vertebrate NACHT-containing proteins. The results supported the hypothesis that NOD3 is basal to the other NACHT-containing proteins found in tetrapods. The latter formed two strongly supported clusters or subfamilies, here designated NALP and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD). The presence of apparent bony fish orthologs of NOD3 and CIITA supported the hypothesis that the origin of these molecules predates the origin of tetrapods, and the presence of avian sequences in both NALP and NOD clusters supported the origin of these subfamilies before the bird-mammal divergence. However, the extensive diversification of the NALP subfamily seen in mammals evidently occurred within the mammalian lineage. Both NALP and NOD subfamilies include members with differential expression in the antigen-presenting cells of the immune system, and the phylogenetic analyses supported the hypothesis that this expression pattern has evolved independently more than once in each of these subfamilies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Austin L Hughes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Coker Life Sciences Bldg, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
El Mokhtari NE, Ott SJ, Nebel A, Simon R, Schreiber S. A functional variant in the CARD4 gene and risk of premature coronary heart disease. Int J Immunogenet 2006; 33:307-11. [PMID: 16893397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2006.00618.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infection and innate immunity have been suggested as playing an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The recently discovered pattern-recognition receptor (PRR) proteins initiate signalling after host-pathogen interactions and several PRRs, especially the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), have been shown to be involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. A new addition to the PRRs is CARD4, a gene that encodes the protein nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 (NOD1) and that seems to be associated with barrier function in chronic inflammatory disorders. Recently, a functional variant in the CARD4 gene, the insertion-deletion polymorphism ND(1)+32656, has been associated with inflammatory barrier diseases (inflammatory bowel diseases and asthma). We analysed the frequencies of this known functional mutation in the CARD4 gene and of the two adjacent variants, rs2075822 and rs2907748, in a German sample of 1440 unrelated early onset coronary heart disease (CHD) patients and healthy controls. Genotype and haplotype data showed no evidence for a significant association of these CARD4 variants with CHD. Our results suggest that the analysed CARD4 mutations do not play a major role in the aetiology of CHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N E El Mokhtari
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, UKSH Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
187
|
Tanabe T, Ishige I, Suzuki Y, Aita Y, Furukawa A, Ishige Y, Uchida K, Suzuki T, Takemura T, Ikushima S, Oritsu M, Yokoyama T, Fujimoto Y, Fukase K, Inohara N, Nunez G, Eishi Y. Sarcoidosis and NOD1 variation with impaired recognition of intracellular Propionibacterium acnes. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2006; 1762:794-801. [PMID: 16935475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2006.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 07/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a systemic granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. NOD2 mutations have been shown to predispose to granulomatous diseases, including Crohn's disease, Blau syndrome, and early-onset sarcoidosis, but not to adult sarcoidosis. We found that intracellular Propionibacterium acnes, a possible causative agent of sarcoidosis, activated NF-kappaB in both NOD1- and NOD2-dependent manners. Systematic search for NOD1 gene polymorphisms in Japanese sarcoidosis patients identified two alleles, 796G-haplotype (156C, 483C, 796G, 1722G) and 796A-haplotype (156G, 483T, 796A, 1722A). Allelic discrimination of 73 sarcoidosis patients and 215 healthy individuals showed that the frequency of 796A-type allele was significantly higher in sarcoidosis patients and the ORs were significantly elevated in NOD1-796G/A and 796A/A genotypes (OR [95% CI]=2.250 [1.084, 4.670] and 3.243 [1.402, 7.502], respectively) as compared to G/G genotype, showing an increasing trend across the 3 genotypes (P=0.006 for trend). A similar association was found when 52 interstitial pneumonia patients were used as disease controls. Functional studies showed that the NOD1 796A-allele was associated with reduced expression leading to diminished NF-kappaB activation in response to intracellular P. acnes. The results indicate that impaired recognition of intracellular P. acnes through NOD1 affects the susceptibility to sarcoidosis in the Japanese population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Tanabe
- Age Dimension Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
188
|
Eder W, Klimecki W, Yu L, von Mutius E, Riedler J, Braun-Fahrländer C, Nowak D, Holst O, Martinez FD. Association between exposure to farming, allergies and genetic variation in CARD4/NOD1. Allergy 2006; 61:1117-24. [PMID: 16918516 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caspase recruitment domain protein (CARD) 4 has been recently identified as an intracellular pattern recognition receptor that interacts with muropeptides found in common Gram-negative bacteria. We therefore aimed to explore whether the previously observed inverse association between exposure to microbial products and asthma and allergies in childhood is modified by genetic variation in CARD4. METHODS We genotyped 668 children [mean age 9.3 (SD 1.5) years] enrolled in the cross-sectional ALEX study for seven haplotype tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms in CARD4. We studied the association of asthma, hay fever and allergen-specific serum immunoglobulin E with exposure to a farming environment and with levels of endotoxin and muramic acid measured in house dust samples. We tested whether these associations differed between the genotypes of the polymorphisms under study. RESULTS A strong protective effect of a farming environment on allergies was only found in children homozygous for the T allele in CARD4/-21596, but not in children carrying the minor allele (C). Among the former, farmers' children had a significantly lower frequency of sensitization against pollen (5.8%), hay fever (1.7%) and atopic asthma symptoms (1.7%) compared with children not living on a farm (19.4%, 13.0% and 7.6%, P<0.01, <0.01 and <0.05, respectively). Conversely, no significant difference in prevalence of these phenotypes by farming status was found among children with a C allele in CARD4/-21596 (14.3%, 7.1% and 8.0%vs 16.5%, 9.0% and 5.7%, respectively). CONCLUSION Polymorphisms in CARD4 significantly modify the protective effect of exposure to a farming environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Eder
- Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA, and Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
189
|
Werts C, Girardin SE, Philpott DJ. TIR, CARD and PYRIN: three domains for an antimicrobial triad. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:798-815. [PMID: 16528382 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity to microorganisms in mammals has gained a substantial interest during the last decade. The discovery of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family has allowed the identification of a class of membrane-spanning receptors dedicated to microbial sensing. TLRs transduce downstream signaling via their intracellular Toll-interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain. More recently, the role of intracellular microbial sensors has been uncovered. These molecules include the Nod-like receptors Nod1, Nod2, Ipaf and Nalps, together with the helicase domain-containing antiviral proteins RIG-I and Mda-5. The intracellular microbial sensors lack the TIR domain, but instead transduce downstream signals via two domains also implicated in homophilic protein-protein interactions, the caspase activation and recruitment domain (CARD) and PYRIN domains. In light with these recent findings, we propose that TIR, CARD and PYRIN domains represent the three arms of innate immune detection of microorganisms in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Werts
- Innate Immunity and Signalisation, Institut Pasteur, 28, Rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Rosenstiel P, Hellmig S, Hampe J, Ott S, Till A, Fischbach W, Sahly H, Lucius R, Fölsch UR, Philpott D, Schreiber S. Influence of polymorphisms in the NOD1/CARD4 and NOD2/CARD15 genes on the clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection. Cell Microbiol 2006; 8:1188-98. [PMID: 16819970 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2006.00701.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Host immune response influences the clinical outcome of Helicobacter pylori infection leading to ulcer disease, gastric carcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. A genetic risk profile for gastric cancer has been identified, but genetic susceptibility to develop MALT lymphoma is still unclear. We investigated the role of NOD1 and NOD2 as intracellular recognition molecules for pathogen-associated molecules in H. pylori infection in vitro and analysed the influence of single nucleotide polymorphisms on susceptibility to ulcer disease and MALT lymphoma. Expression of NOD1 and NOD2 significantly sensitized HEK293 cells to H. pylori-induced NF-kappaB activation in a cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-dependent manner. In cells carrying the Crohn-associated NOD2 variant R702W the NF-kappaB response was significantly diminished. NOD1/NOD2 expression levels were induced in the gastric epithelium in H. pylori-positive patients. No mutations were found to be associated with gastritis or gastric ulcer development. However, the R702W mutation in the NOD2/CARD15 gene was significantly associated with gastric lymphoma. Carrier of the rare allele T had a more than doubled risk to develop lymphoma than controls [odds ratio (OR): 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2-4.6; P < 0.044]. H. pylori-induced upregulation of NOD1 and NOD2 in vivo may play a critical role in the recognition of this common pathogen. A missense mutation in the leucine-rich region of CARD15 is associated with gastric lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Rosenstiel
- Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie, Christian-Albrechts Universität, Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
191
|
Hasegawa M, Yang K, Hashimoto M, Park JH, Kim YG, Fujimoto Y, Nuñez G, Fukase K, Inohara N. Differential release and distribution of Nod1 and Nod2 immunostimulatory molecules among bacterial species and environments. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:29054-63. [PMID: 16870615 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m602638200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Nod1 and Nod2 are intracellular proteins that are involved in recognition of bacterial molecules and their genetic variations have been linked to several inflammatory diseases that are strongly affected by environmental factors. However, the distribution of Nod1- and Nod2-stimulatory molecules in different bacterial species and environments is unknown. Here we established a quantitative bioassay to screen and characterize Nod1- and Nod2-stimulatory activities in different environmental sites and bacterial species. Using this system, we found that common environments including foods and soils contain high levels of Nod1- and Nod2-stimulatory activities. Several Bacillus species were identified to possess the highest Nod1-stimulatory activity among soil bacteria. Unlike other immunostimulatory molecules, the higher level of Nod1-stimulatory activity was found in the culture supernatant and not in extracts from whole cell bacteria. Nod1-stimulatory molecules were highly stable at extreme pH and boiling conditions and were synthesized in an amidase- and sltY-independent manner. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which bacteria present in the environment stimulate the host immune system through Nod1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, the University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
Hippenstiel S, Opitz B, Schmeck B, Suttorp N. Lung epithelium as a sentinel and effector system in pneumonia--molecular mechanisms of pathogen recognition and signal transduction. Respir Res 2006; 7:97. [PMID: 16827942 PMCID: PMC1533821 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-7-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Accepted: 07/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pneumonia, a common disease caused by a great diversity of infectious agents is responsible for enormous morbidity and mortality worldwide. The bronchial and lung epithelium comprises a large surface between host and environment and is attacked as a primary target during lung infection. Besides acting as a mechanical barrier, recent evidence suggests that the lung epithelium functions as an important sentinel system against pathogens. Equipped with transmembranous and cytosolic pathogen-sensing pattern recognition receptors the epithelium detects invading pathogens. A complex signalling results in epithelial cell activation, which essentially participates in initiation and orchestration of the subsequent innate and adaptive immune response. In this review we summarize recent progress in research focussing on molecular mechanisms of pathogen detection, host cell signal transduction, and subsequent activation of lung epithelial cells by pathogens and their virulence factors and point to open questions. The analysis of lung epithelial function in the host response in pneumonia may pave the way to the development of innovative highly needed therapeutics in pneumonia in addition to antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hippenstiel
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bastian Opitz
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schmeck
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Suttorp
- Department of Internal Medicine/Infectious Diseases and Respiratory Medicine, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Abstract
The chronic inflammatory bowel diseases Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are common causes of gastrointestinal disease in northern Europe, affecting as many as one in 250 people. Although mortality is low, morbidity associated with these diseases is substantial. We review the recent advances in the genetics of inflammatory bowel disease, with particular emphasis on the data that have been generated since the discovery of the CARD15 (NOD2) gene in 2001.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Gaya
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are polygenic disorders with important environmental interactions. To date, the most widely adopted approach to identifying susceptibility genes in complex diseases has involved genome wide linkage studies followed by studies of positional candidate genes in loci of interest. This review encompasses data from studies into novel candidate genes implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Novel techniques to identify candidate genes-genome wide association studies, yeast-two hybrid screening, microarray gene expression studies and proteomic profiling, are also reviewed and their potential role in unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin Noble
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Molecular Medicine Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, United Kindgom.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
195
|
Pulkkinen V, Majuri ML, Wang G, Holopainen P, Obase Y, Vendelin J, Wolff H, Rytilä P, Laitinen LA, Haahtela T, Laitinen T, Alenius H, Kere J, Rehn M. Neuropeptide S and G protein-coupled receptor 154 modulate macrophage immune responses. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 15:1667-79. [PMID: 16600990 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 154 (GPR154) is a recently discovered asthma susceptibility gene upregulated in the airways of asthma patients. We previously observed increased pulmonary mRNA expression of the murine ortholog Gpr154 in a mouse model of ovalbumin (OVA)-induced inflammation. However, the expression profile of GPR154 in leukocytes and the cellular functions of the receptor and its endogenous agonist neuropeptide S (NPS) have remained unidentified. Here, we characterized the mRNA expression of NPS and GPR154 by using real-time RT-PCR in fractionated human blood cells and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) with monocyte or T cell activation. The expression of GPR154 in leukocytes was further confirmed by immunoblotting experiments and immunohistochemical staining of human sputum samples. Additionally, we characterized the expression of GPR154 in the lung tissue samples and in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of OVA sensitized and challenged BALB/c mice. In human blood and sputum cells, monocyte/macrophages and eosinophils were identified as GPR154-positive cells. In PBMCs, monocyte activation with LPS but not T cell activation with anti-CD3/CD28 antibodies resulted in increased NPS and GPR154 expression. In the lung tissue samples and in the BAL fluid of OVA-challenged mice, GPR154 expression was upregulated in alveolar macrophages in comparison to controls. In the mouse macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line, NPS-stimulated Galphas- and Galphaq-dependent phagocytosis of Escherichia coli. The results show that GPR154 is upregulated in macrophages after antigen challenge and that NPS is capable of inducing phagocytosis of unopsonized bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ville Pulkkinen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
196
|
Ozen SC, Dagli U, Kiliç MY, Törüner M, Celik Y, Ozkan M, Soykan I, Cetinkaya H, Ulker A, Ozden A, Bozdayi AM. NOD2/CARD15, NOD1/CARD4, and ICAM-1 gene polymorphisms in Turkish patients with inflammatory bowel disease. J Gastroenterol 2006; 41:304-10. [PMID: 16741608 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-005-1780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2005] [Accepted: 11/17/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The genetic susceptibility of people with certain NOD2/CARD15, NOD1/CARD4, and ICAM-1 gene variants to inflammatory bowel disease is still under investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate polymorphisms in the NOD2/CARD15 (R702W, G908R, and 3020insC), NOD1/CARD4 (E266K, D372N), and ICAM-1 (G241R, K469E) genes, which are known to be associated with inflammation, in Turkish patients with inflammatory bowel disease and healthy control groups. METHODS The genotypes of 70 patients with endoscopically and histopathologically diagnosed Crohn's disease (38 men, 32 women; mean age, 38.8 +/- 1.3), 120 patients with ulcerative colitis (67 men, 53 women; mean age, 41.7 +/- 1.3) and 106 healthy control subjects (37 men, 69 women; mean age, 35.7 +/- 1.4), who stated that they had never had any prior bowel disease history, were compared. A polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed for two variants of the ICAM-1 gene, the three main variants of the NOD2/CARD15 gene, and the E266K variant of the NOD1/CARD4 gene, and DNA sequencing was used for the D372N polymorphism of the NOD1/CARD4 gene. RESULTS In this study, the three previously described Crohn's disease-predisposing variants of the NOD2/CARD15 gene and the polymorphisms examined in the NOD1/CARD4 and ICAM-1 genes were not found to be associated with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the polymorphisms observed in the NOD2/CARD15, NOD1/CARD4, and ICAM-1 genes are not genetic susceptibility factors for Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis in Turkey.
Collapse
|
197
|
Strober W, Murray PJ, Kitani A, Watanabe T. Signalling pathways and molecular interactions of NOD1 and NOD2. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:9-20. [PMID: 16493424 DOI: 10.1038/nri1747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 580] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain) proteins NOD1 and NOD2 have important roles in innate immunity as sensors of microbial components derived from bacterial peptidoglycan. The importance of these molecules is underscored by the fact that mutations in the gene that encodes NOD2 occur in a subpopulation of patients with Crohn's disease, and NOD1 has also been shown to participate in host defence against infection with Helicobacter pylori. Here, we focus on the molecular interactions between these NOD proteins and other intracellular molecules to elucidate the mechanisms by which NOD1 and NOD2 contribute to the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis and the induction of mucosal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Warren Strober
- Mucosal Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 10 CRC, 5W3940, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
198
|
Zwiers A, Bouma G. Recent advances in the etiology and treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2006; 2:245-56. [PMID: 20477075 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2.2.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, together comprising the inflammatory bowel diseases, currently affect up to 2 million people in the western developed countries. The pathogenesis of the disease is a complex one in which genetic, immunogenic, microbial and environmental factors contribute to the etiology of the disease. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms that determine this complex entity have provided insight for promising new therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Zwiers
- Dept of Gastroenterology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, Room J391, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | |
Collapse
|
199
|
Masumoto J, Yang K, Varambally S, Hasegawa M, Tomlins SA, Qiu S, Fujimoto Y, Kawasaki A, Foster SJ, Horie Y, Mak TW, Núñez G, Chinnaiyan AM, Fukase K, Inohara N. Nod1 acts as an intracellular receptor to stimulate chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment in vivo. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 203:203-13. [PMID: 16418393 PMCID: PMC2118074 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20051229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nod1 is a member of family of intracellular proteins that mediate host recognition of bacterial peptidoglycan. To characterize immune responses mediated by Nod1, synthetic ligand compounds possessing enhanced ability to stimulate Nod1 were developed to study the function of Nod1. Stimulation of epithelial cells with Nod1 stimulatory molecules induced chemokines and other proinflammatory molecules that are important for innate immune responses and recruitment of acute inflammatory cells. Administration of Nod1 ligands into mice induced chemokines and recruitment of acute inflammatory cells, an activity that was abolished in Nod1-null mice. Microarray analysis revealed that Nod1 stimulation induces a restricted number of genes in intestinal epithelial cells compared with that induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha. Nod1 stimulation did not induce TNFalpha, interleukin 12, and interferon gamma, suggesting that the primary role of Nod1 is to induce the recruitment of immune cells. These results indicate that Nod1 functions as a pathogen recognition molecule to induce expression of molecules involved in the early stages of the innate immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Masumoto
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
200
|
van Heel DA, Ghosh S, Butler M, Hunt K, Foxwell BMJ, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Playford RJ. Synergistic enhancement of Toll-like receptor responses by NOD1 activation. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:2471-6. [PMID: 16021603 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200526296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NOD1 is an intracellular pattern-recognition receptor specific for Gram-negative peptidoglycan that is important in host response to infections (e.g. Helicobacter pylori and Shigella flexneri). Genetic variation in NOD1 predisposes to asthma and inflammatory bowel disease. Functional responses have not previously been studied in primary human cells. NOD1 activation by low nanomolar concentrations of the specific muropeptide ligand M-TriDAP induced minimal human peripheral blood mononuclear cell TNF-alpha, IL-1beta or IL-10 secretion, but synergistically increased Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced responses. Synergistic responses were seen across multiple ligands (to TLR1/2, 2/6, 4, 5, 7/8) and a broad range of cytokine secretion (TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, GM-CSF). Synergy was also observed in the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. These responses were similar in cells homozygous for Crohn's disease-associated NOD2 mutations. In contrast to cell lines, primary human peripheral blood mononuclear cells respond to NOD1 muropeptides at approximately 100-fold lower concentrations. Cross-talk between cytosolic NOD1 and membrane-bound TLR enhances responses to the multiple antigens simultaneously presented by a microbe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David A van Heel
- Intestinal Inflammation and Repair Group, Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College London Hammersmith Campus, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|