151
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Partlow EA, Baker RW, Beacham GM, Chappie JS, Leschziner AE, Hollopeter G. A structural mechanism for phosphorylation-dependent inactivation of the AP2 complex. eLife 2019; 8:e50003. [PMID: 31464684 PMCID: PMC6739873 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis of transmembrane proteins is orchestrated by the AP2 clathrin adaptor complex. AP2 dwells in a closed, inactive state in the cytosol, but adopts an open, active conformation on the plasma membrane. Membrane-activated complexes are also phosphorylated, but the significance of this mark is debated. We recently proposed that NECAP negatively regulates AP2 by binding open and phosphorylated complexes (Beacham et al., 2018). Here, we report high-resolution cryo-EM structures of NECAP bound to phosphorylated AP2. The site of AP2 phosphorylation is directly coordinated by residues of the NECAP PHear domain that are predicted from genetic screens in C. elegans. Using membrane mimetics to generate conformationally open AP2, we find that a second domain of NECAP binds these complexes and cryo-EM reveals both domains of NECAP engaging closed, inactive AP2. Assays in vitro and in vivo confirm these domains cooperate to inactivate AP2. We propose that phosphorylation marks adaptors for inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Partlow
- Department of Molecular MedicineCornell UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Richard W Baker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineSchool of Medicine, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
| | | | - Joshua S Chappie
- Department of Molecular MedicineCornell UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Andres E Leschziner
- Department of Cellular and Molecular MedicineSchool of Medicine, University of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological SciencesUniversity of California, San DiegoLa JollaUnited States
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152
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Abstract
Motivation Network propagation has been widely used to aggregate and amplify the effects of tumor mutations using knowledge of molecular interaction networks. However, propagating mutations through interactions irrelevant to cancer leads to erosion of pathway signals and complicates the identification of cancer subtypes. Results To address this problem we introduce a propagation algorithm, Network-Based Supervised Stratification (NBS2), which learns the mutated subnetworks underlying tumor subtypes using a supervised approach. Given an annotated molecular network and reference tumor mutation profiles for which subtypes have been predefined, NBS2 is trained by adjusting the weights on interaction features such that network propagation best recovers the provided subtypes. After training, weights are fixed such that mutation profiles of new tumors can be accurately classified. We evaluate NBS2 on breast and glioblastoma tumors, demonstrating that it outperforms the best network-based approaches in classifying tumors to known subtypes for these diseases. By interpreting the interaction weights, we highlight characteristic molecular pathways driving selected subtypes. Availability and implementation The NBS2 package is freely available at: https://github.com/wzhang1984/NBSS. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jianzhu Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Trey Ideker
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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153
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Ekanayake G, LaMontagne ED, Heese A. Never Walk Alone: Clathrin-Coated Vesicle (CCV) Components in Plant Immunity. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:387-409. [PMID: 31386597 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080417-045841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
At the host-pathogen interface, the protein composition of the plasma membrane (PM) has important implications for how a plant cell perceives and responds to invading microbial pathogens. A plant's ability to modulate its PM composition is critical for regulating the strength, duration, and integration of immune responses. One mechanism by which plant cells reprogram their cell surface is vesicular trafficking, including secretion and endocytosis. These trafficking processes add or remove cargo proteins (such as pattern-recognition receptors, transporters, and other proteins with immune functions) to or from the PM via small, membrane-bound vesicles. Clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) that form at the PM and trans-Golgi network/early endosomes have emerged as the prominent vesicle type in the regulation of plant immune responses. In this review, we discuss the roles of the CCV core, adaptors, and accessory components in plant defense signaling and immunity against various microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Ekanayake
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA; ,
| | - Erica D LaMontagne
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA; ,
| | - Antje Heese
- Division of Biochemistry, Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA; ,
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154
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Wrobel AG, Kadlecova Z, Kamenicky J, Yang JC, Herrmann T, Kelly BT, McCoy AJ, Evans PR, Martin S, Müller S, Salomon S, Sroubek F, Neuhaus D, Höning S, Owen DJ. Temporal Ordering in Endocytic Clathrin-Coated Vesicle Formation via AP2 Phosphorylation. Dev Cell 2019; 50:494-508.e11. [PMID: 31430451 PMCID: PMC6706699 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is key to maintaining the transmembrane protein composition of cells' limiting membranes. During mammalian CME, a reversible phosphorylation event occurs on Thr156 of the μ2 subunit of the main endocytic clathrin adaptor, AP2. We show that this phosphorylation event starts during clathrin-coated pit (CCP) initiation and increases throughout CCP lifetime. μ2Thr156 phosphorylation favors a new, cargo-bound conformation of AP2 and simultaneously creates a binding platform for the endocytic NECAP proteins but without significantly altering AP2's cargo affinity in vitro. We describe the structural bases of both. NECAP arrival at CCPs parallels that of clathrin and increases with μ2Thr156 phosphorylation. In turn, NECAP recruits drivers of late stages of CCP formation, including SNX9, via a site distinct from where NECAP binds AP2. Disruption of the different modules of this phosphorylation-based temporal regulatory system results in CCP maturation being delayed and/or stalled, hence impairing global rates of CME.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan Kamenicky
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Information Theory and Automation, Pod Vodarenskou vezi 4, 182 08 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Ji-Chun Yang
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Torsten Herrmann
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Airlie J McCoy
- CIMR, WT/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Philip R Evans
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Stephen Martin
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1ST, UK
| | - Stefan Müller
- Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Straße 21, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Susanne Salomon
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Medical Faulty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Filip Sroubek
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Information Theory and Automation, Pod Vodarenskou vezi 4, 182 08 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - David Neuhaus
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Stefan Höning
- Institute for Biochemistry I, Medical Faulty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Straße 52, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
| | - David J Owen
- CIMR, WT/MRC Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
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155
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Abstract
Protein coats are supramolecular complexes that assemble on the cytosolic face of membranes to promote cargo sorting and transport carrier formation in the endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells. Several types of protein coats have been described, including COPI, COPII, AP-1, AP-2, AP-3, AP-4, AP-5, and retromer, which operate at different stages of the endomembrane system. Defects in these coats impair specific transport pathways, compromising the function and viability of the cells. In humans, mutations in subunits of these coats cause various congenital diseases that are collectively referred to as coatopathies. In this article, we review the fundamental properties of protein coats and the diseases that result from mutation of their constituent subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban C Dell'Angelica
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Neurobiology Branch, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA;
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156
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Manenschijn HE, Picco A, Mund M, Rivier-Cordey AS, Ries J, Kaksonen M. Type-I myosins promote actin polymerization to drive membrane bending in endocytosis. eLife 2019; 8:44215. [PMID: 31385806 PMCID: PMC6684269 DOI: 10.7554/elife.44215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis in budding yeast requires the formation of a dynamic actin network that produces the force to invaginate the plasma membrane against the intracellular turgor pressure. The type-I myosins Myo3 and Myo5 are important for endocytic membrane reshaping, but mechanistic details of their function remain scarce. Here, we studied the function of Myo3 and Myo5 during endocytosis using quantitative live-cell imaging and genetic perturbations. We show that the type-I myosins promote, in a dose-dependent way, the growth and expansion of the actin network, which controls the speed of membrane and coat internalization. We found that this myosin-activity is independent of the actin nucleation promoting activity of myosins, and cannot be compensated for by increasing actin nucleation. Our results suggest a new mechanism for type-I myosins to produce force by promoting actin filament polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hetty E Manenschijn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Picco
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Markus Mund
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jonas Ries
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marko Kaksonen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,NCCR Chemical Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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157
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Yabuno Y, Uchihashi T, Sasakura T, Shimizu H, Naito Y, Fukushima K, Ota K, Kogo M, Nojima H, Yabuta N. Clathrin heavy chain phosphorylated at T606 plays a role in proper cell division. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1976-1994. [PMID: 31272276 PMCID: PMC6681784 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1637201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin regulates mitotic progression, in addition to membrane trafficking. However, the detailed regulatory mechanisms of clathrin during mitosis remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate novel regulation of clathrin during mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Clathrin heavy chain (CHC) was phosphorylated at T606 by its association partner cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK). This phosphorylation was required for proper cell proliferation and tumor growth of cells implanted into nude mice. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the localization of CHC-pT606 signals changed during mitosis. CHC-pT606 signals localized in the nucleus and at the centrosome during interphase, whereas CHC signals were mostly cytoplasmic. Co-immunoprecipitation suggested that CHC formed a complex with GAK and polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Depletion of GAK using siRNA induced metaphase arrest and aberrant localization of CHC-pT606, which abolished Kiz-pT379 (as a phosphorylation target of PLK1) signals on chromatin at metaphase. Taken together, we propose that the GAK_CHC-pT606_PLK1_Kiz-pT379 axis plays a role in proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yabuno
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Uchihashi
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Towa Sasakura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Naito
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Cancer Cell Regulation, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kohshiro Fukushima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Ota
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Kogo
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norikazu Yabuta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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158
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Gulbranson DR, Crisman L, Lee M, Ouyang Y, Menasche BL, Demmitt BA, Wan C, Nomura T, Ye Y, Yu H, Shen J. AAGAB Controls AP2 Adaptor Assembly in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis. Dev Cell 2019; 50:436-446.e5. [PMID: 31353312 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Multimeric adaptors are broadly involved in vesicle-mediated membrane trafficking. AP2 adaptor, in particular, plays a central role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) by recruiting cargo and clathrin to endocytic sites. It is generally thought that trafficking adaptors such as AP2 adaptor assemble spontaneously. In this work, however, we discovered that AP2 adaptor assembly is an ordered process controlled by alpha and gamma adaptin binding protein (AAGAB), an uncharacterized factor identified in our genome-wide genetic screen of CME. AAGAB guides the sequential association of AP2 subunits and stabilizes assembly intermediates. Without the assistance of AAGAB, AP2 subunits fail to form the adaptor complex, leading to their degradation. The function of AAGAB is abrogated by a mutation that causes punctate palmoplantar keratoderma type 1 (PPKP1), a human skin disease. Since other multimeric trafficking adaptors operate in an analogous manner to AP2 adaptor, their assembly likely involves a similar regulatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Gulbranson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Lauren Crisman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - MyeongSeon Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Yan Ouyang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Bridget L Menasche
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Brittany A Demmitt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Chun Wan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Toshifumi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yihong Ye
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Haijia Yu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jingshi Shen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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159
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Quantitative proteomics reveals reduction of endocytic machinery components in gliomas. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:32-41. [PMID: 31331834 PMCID: PMC6711119 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gliomas are the most frequent and aggressive malignancies of the central nervous system. Decades of molecular analyses have demonstrated that gliomas accumulate genetic alterations that culminate in enhanced activity of receptor tyrosine kinases and downstream mediators. While the genetic alterations, like gene amplification or loss, have been well characterized, little information exists about changes in the proteome of gliomas of different grades. Methods We performed unbiased quantitative proteomics of human glioma biopsies by mass spectrometry followed by bioinformatic analysis. Findings Various pathways were found to be up- or downregulated. In particular, endocytosis as pathway was affected by a vast and concomitant reduction of multiple machinery components involved in initiation, formation, and scission of endocytic carriers. Both clathrin-dependent and -independent endocytosis were changed, since not only clathrin, AP-2 adaptins, and endophilins were downregulated, but also dynamin that is shared by both pathways. The reduction of endocytic machinery components caused increased receptor cell surface levels, a prominent phenotype of defective endocytosis. Analysis of additional biopsies revealed that depletion of endocytic machinery components was a common trait of various glioma grades and subclasses. Interpretation We propose that impaired endocytosis creates a selective advantage in glioma tumor progression due to prolonged receptor tyrosine kinase signaling from the cell surface. Fund This work was supported by Grants 316030-164105 (to P. Jenö), 31003A-162643 (to M. Spiess) and PP00P3-176974 (to G. Hutter) from the Swiss National Science Foundation. Further funding was received by the Department of Surgery from the University Hospital Basel.
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160
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Levicán-Asenjo J, Soto-Rifo R, Aguayo F, Gaggero A, Leon O. Salmon cells SHK-1 internalize infectious pancreatic necrosis virus by macropinocytosis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2019; 42:1035-1046. [PMID: 31049989 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) enters the embryo cell line CHSE-214 by macropinocytosis. In this study, we have extended our investigation into SHK-1 cells, a macrophage-like cell line derived from the head kidney of Atlantic salmon, the most economically important host of IPNV. We show that IPNV infection stimulated fluid uptake in SHK-1 cells above the constitutive macropinocytosis level. In addition, upon infection of SHK-1 cells, IPNV produced several changes in actin dynamics, such as protrusions and ruffles, which are important features of macropinocytosis. We also observed that the Na+/H+ pump inhibitor EIPA blocked IPNV infection. On the other hand, IPNV entry was independent of clathrin, a possibility that could not be ruled out in CHSE 214 cells. In order to determine the possible role of accessory factors on the macropinocytic process, we tested several inhibitors that affect components of transduction pathways. While pharmacological intervention of PKI3, PAK-1 and Rac1 did not affect IPNV infection, inhibition of Ras and Rho GTPases as well as Cdc42 resulted in a partial decrease in IPNV infection. Further studies will be required to determine the signalling pathway involved in the macropinocytosis-mediated entry of IPNV into its target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Levicán-Asenjo
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ricardo Soto-Rifo
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Aguayo
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Gaggero
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Leon
- Programa de Virología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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161
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Inpanathan S, Botelho RJ. The Lysosome Signaling Platform: Adapting With the Times. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:113. [PMID: 31281815 PMCID: PMC6595708 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes are the terminal degradative compartment of autophagy, endocytosis and phagocytosis. What once was viewed as a simple acidic organelle in charge of macromolecular digestion has emerged as a dynamic organelle capable of integrating cellular signals and producing signal outputs. In this review, we focus on the concept that the lysosome surface serves as a platform to assemble major signaling hubs like mTORC1, AMPK, GSK3 and the inflammasome. These molecular assemblies integrate and facilitate cross-talk between signals such as amino acid and energy levels, membrane damage and infection, and ultimately enable responses such as autophagy, cell growth, membrane repair and microbe clearance. In particular, we review how molecular machinery like the vacuolar-ATPase proton pump, sestrins, the GATOR complexes, and the Ragulator, modulate mTORC1, AMPK, GSK3 and inflammation. We then elaborate how these signals control autophagy initiation and resolution, TFEB-mediated lysosome adaptation, lysosome remodeling, antigen presentation, inflammation, membrane damage repair and clearance. Overall, by being at the cross-roads for several membrane pathways, lysosomes have emerged as the ideal surveillance compartment to sense, integrate and elicit cellular behavior and adaptation in response to changing environmental and cellular conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subothan Inpanathan
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Roberto J Botelho
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Graduate Program in Molecular Science, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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162
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Roosen DA, Blauwendraat C, Cookson MR, Lewis PA. DNAJC
proteins and pathways to parkinsonism. FEBS J 2019; 286:3080-3094. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorien A. Roosen
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
- School of Pharmacy University of Reading UK
| | - Cornelis Blauwendraat
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Mark R. Cookson
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics National Institute on AgingNational Institutes of Health Bethesda MD USA
| | - Patrick A. Lewis
- School of Pharmacy University of Reading UK
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease UCL Institute of Neurology London UK
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163
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Cheung CY, Anderson DF, Brace RA. Multiomics analyses of vesicular transport pathway-specific transcripts and proteins in ovine amnion: responses to altered intramembranous transport. Physiol Genomics 2019; 51:267-278. [PMID: 31150314 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00003.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic fluid volume (AFV) is determined by the rate of intramembranous (IM) transport of amniotic fluid (AF) across the amnion. This transport is regulated by fetal urine-derived stimulators and AF inhibitors. Our objective was to utilize a multiomics approach to determine the IM transport pathways and identify the regulators. Four groups of fetal sheep with experimentally induced alterations in IM transport rate were studied: control, urine drainage (UD), urine drainage with fluid replacement (UDR), and intra-amniotic fluid infusion (IA). Amnion, AF, and fetal urine were subjected to transcriptomics (RNA-Seq) and proteomics studies followed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. The analysis uncovered nine transport-associated pathways and four groups of differentially expressed transcripts and proteins. These can be categorized into mediators of vesicular uptake and endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, pathway activation and signaling, and energy metabolism. UD decreased IM transport rate and AFV in conjunction with enhanced expression of vesicular endocytosis regulators but reduced expression of intracellular trafficking mediators. With UDR, IM transport rate decreased and AFV increased. Energy metabolism activators increased while trafficking mediators decreased in expression. IA increased IM transport rate and AFV together with enhanced expressions of vesicular endocytosis and trafficking mediators. We conclude that IM transport across the amnion is regulated by multiple vesicular transcytotic and signaling pathways and that the mediators of intracellular trafficking most likely play an important role in determining the rate of IM transport. Furthermore, the motor protein cytoplasmic dynein light chain-1, which coexpressed in AF and fetal urine, may function as a urine-derived IM transport stimulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y Cheung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Debra F Anderson
- Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Robert A Brace
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
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164
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Abstract
High-resolution fluorescence microscopy is increasingly contributing to our understanding of molecular processes. By utilizing single-molecule intensity information, imaging experiments can be rendered quantitative, yielding insights into the stoichiometry and kinetics of the components of a molecular assembly. Here, we describe the experimental and analytical steps needed to study the assembly of clathrin-coated vesicles with single-molecule resolution, using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy. Many components of the protocol are broadly applicable to the characterization of other molecular processes.
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165
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Ahmed I, Akram Z, Iqbal HMN, Munn AL. The regulation of Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport and accessory proteins in multivesicular body sorting and enveloped viral budding - An overview. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 127:1-11. [PMID: 30615963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) machinery drives different cellular processes such as endosomal sorting, organelle biogenesis, vesicular trafficking, maintenance of plasma membrane integrity, membrane fission during cytokinesis and enveloped virus budding. The normal cycle of assembly and disassembly of some ESCRT complexes at the membrane requires the AAA-ATPase vacuolar protein sorting 4 (Vps4p). A number of ESCRT proteins are hijacked by clinically significant enveloped viruses including Ebola, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) to enable enveloped virus budding and Vps4p provides energy for the disassembly/recycling of these ESCRT proteins. Several years ago, the failure of the terminal budding process of HIV following Vps4 protein inhibition was published; although at that time a detailed understanding of the molecular players was missing. However, later it was acknowledged that the ESCRT machinery has a role in enveloped virus budding from cells due to its role in the multivesicular body (MVB) sorting pathway. The MVB sorting pathway facilitates several cellular activities in uninfected cells, such as the down-regulation of signaling through cell surface receptors as well as the process of viral budding from infected host cells. In this review, we focus on summarising the functional organisation of ESCRT proteins at the membrane and the role of ESCRT machinery and Vps4p during MVB sorting and enveloped viral budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaq Ahmed
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University (Gold Coast campus), Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
| | - Zain Akram
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University (Gold Coast campus), Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N. L. CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Alan L Munn
- School of Medical Science, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University (Gold Coast campus), Parklands Drive, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia.
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166
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Parks XX, Ronzier E, O-Uchi J, Lopes CM. Fluvastatin inhibits Rab5-mediated IKs internalization caused by chronic Ca 2+-dependent PKC activation. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 129:314-325. [PMID: 30898664 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Statins, in addition to their cholesterol lowering effects, can prevent isoprenylation of Rab GTPase proteins, a key protein family for the regulation of protein trafficking. Rab-GTPases have been shown to be involved in the control of membrane expression level of ion channels, including one of the major cardiac repolarizing channels, IKs. Decreased IKs function has been observed in a number of disease states and associated with increased propensity for arrhythmias, but the mechanism underlying IKs decrease remains elusive. Ca2+-dependent PKC isoforms (cPKC) are chronically activated in variety of human diseases and have been suggested to acutely regulate IKs function. We hypothesize that chronic cPKC stimulation leads to Rab-mediated decrease in IKs membrane expression, and that can be prevented by statins. In this study we show that chronic cPKC stimulation caused a dramatic Rab5 GTPase-dependent decrease in plasma membrane localization of the IKs pore forming subunit KCNQ1, reducing IKs function. Our data indicates fluvastatin inhibition of Rab5 restores channel localization and function after cPKC-mediated channel internalization. Our results indicate a novel statin anti-arrhythmic effect that would be expected to inhibit pathological electrical remodeling in a number of disease states associated with high cPKC activation. Because Rab-GTPases are important regulators of membrane trafficking they may underlie other statin pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Xu Parks
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Elsa Ronzier
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America
| | - Jin O-Uchi
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America; Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, 2231 6th Street SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America
| | - Coeli M Lopes
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642, United States of America.
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167
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Identification of Suppressor of Clathrin Deficiency-1 ( SCD1) and Its Connection to Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:867-877. [PMID: 30679249 PMCID: PMC6404604 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin is a major coat protein involved in vesicle formation during endocytosis and transport in the endosomal/trans Golgi system. Clathrin is required for normal growth of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and in some genetic backgrounds deletion of the clathrin heavy chain gene (CHC1) is lethal. Our lab defined a locus referred to as “suppressor of clathrin deficiency” (SCD1). In the presence of the scd1-v allele (“v” – viable), yeast cells lacking clathrin heavy chain survive but grow slowly, are morphologically abnormal and have many membrane trafficking defects. In the presence of scd1-i (“i”- inviable), chc1∆ causes lethality. As a strategy to identify SCD1, we used pooled linkage analysis and whole genome sequencing. Here, we report that PAL2 (YHR097C) is the SCD1 locus. pal2∆ is synthetic lethal with chc1∆; whereas a deletion of its paralog, PAL1, is not synthetic lethal with clathrin deficiency. Like Pal1, Pal2 has two NPF motifs that are potential binding sites for EH domain proteins such as the early endocytic factor Ede1, and Pal2 associates with Ede1. Also, GFP-tagged Pal2p localizes to cortical patches containing other immobile phase endocytic coat factors. Overall, our data show that PAL2 is the SCD1 locus and the Pal2 protein has characteristics of an early factor involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
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168
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Khasa R, Vaidya A, Vrati S, Kalia M. Membrane trafficking RNA interference screen identifies a crucial role of the clathrin endocytic pathway and ARP2/3 complex for Japanese encephalitis virus infection in HeLa cells. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:176-186. [DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Khasa
- 1Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- 2Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anuradha Vaidya
- 2Symbiosis School of Biological Sciences, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sudhanshu Vrati
- 1Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- 3Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Manjula Kalia
- 1Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
- 3Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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169
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Azubel M, Carter SD, Weiszmann J, Zhang J, Jensen GJ, Li Y, Kornberg RD. FGF21 trafficking in intact human cells revealed by cryo-electron tomography with gold nanoparticles. eLife 2019; 8:43146. [PMID: 30688648 PMCID: PMC6349402 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor FGF21 was labeled with molecularly defined gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), applied to human adipocytes, and imaged by cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET). Most AuNPs were in pairs about 80 Å apart, on the outer cell surface. Pairs of AuNPs were also abundant inside the cells in clathrin-coated vesicles and endosomes. AuNPs were present but no longer paired in multivesicular bodies. FGF21 could thus be tracked along the endocytotic pathway. The methods developed here to visualize signaling coupled to endocytosis can be applied to a wide variety of cargo and may be extended to studies of other intracellular transactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maia Azubel
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Stephen D Carter
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
| | - Jennifer Weiszmann
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc. Discovery Research, South San Francisco, United states
| | - Jun Zhang
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc. Discovery Research, South San Francisco, United states
| | - Grant J Jensen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United states
| | - Yang Li
- Cardiometabolic Disorders, Amgen Inc. Discovery Research, South San Francisco, United states.,Surrozen Inc, South San Francisco, United states
| | - Roger D Kornberg
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
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170
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Milesi C, Alberici P, Pozzi B, Oldani A, Beznoussenko GV, Raimondi A, Soppo BE, Amodio S, Caldieri G, Malabarba MG, Bertalot G, Confalonieri S, Parazzoli D, Mironov AA, Tacchetti C, Di Fiore PP, Sigismund S, Offenhäuser N. Redundant and nonredundant organismal functions of EPS15 and EPS15L1. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/1/e201800273. [PMID: 30692166 PMCID: PMC6350104 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study unveils a redundant function for the endocytic proteins Eps15 and Eps15L1 in mouse embryo development and erythropoiesis, and a unique nonredundant role for Eps15L1 in the nervous system. EPS15 and its homologous EPS15L1 are endocytic accessory proteins. Studies in mammalian cell lines suggested that EPS15 and EPS15L1 regulate endocytosis in a redundant manner. However, at the organismal level, it is not known to which extent the functions of the two proteins overlap. Here, by exploiting various constitutive and conditional null mice, we report redundant and nonredundant functions of the two proteins. EPS15L1 displays a unique nonredundant role in the nervous system, whereas both proteins are fundamental during embryo development as shown by the embryonic lethality of -Eps15/Eps15L1-double KO mice. At the cellular level, the major process redundantly regulated by EPS15 and EPS15L1 is the endocytosis of the transferrin receptor, a pathway that sustains the development of red blood cells and controls iron homeostasis. Consequently, hematopoietic-specific conditional Eps15/Eps15L1-double KO mice display traits of microcytic hypochromic anemia, due to a cell-autonomous defect in iron internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Milesi
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Alberici
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Benedetta Pozzi
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Amanda Oldani
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,Cogentech Società Benefit Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - Galina V Beznoussenko
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Raimondi
- Experimental Imaging Centre, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Blanche Ekalle Soppo
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Amodio
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Milan, Italy
| | - Giusi Caldieri
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Malabarba
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bertalot
- IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Confalonieri
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Milan, Italy
| | - Dario Parazzoli
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,Cogentech Società Benefit Srl, Milan, Italy
| | - Alexander A Mironov
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Tacchetti
- Experimental Imaging Centre, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Di Fiore
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy.,IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Sigismund
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy .,IEO, Istituto Europeo di Oncologia IRCCS (Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico), Milan, Italy.,Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Oncologia ed Emato-oncologia, Milan, Italy
| | - Nina Offenhäuser
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC (Fondazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro) di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy .,Cogentech Società Benefit Srl, Milan, Italy
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171
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Gorvin CM, Metpally R, Stokes VJ, Hannan FM, Krishnamurthy SB, Overton JD, Reid JG, Breitwieser GE, Thakker RV. Large-scale exome datasets reveal a new class of adaptor-related protein complex 2 sigma subunit (AP2σ) mutations, located at the interface with the AP2 alpha subunit, that impair calcium-sensing receptor signalling. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:901-911. [PMID: 29325022 PMCID: PMC5982735 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations of the sigma subunit of the heterotetrameric adaptor-related protein complex 2 (AP2σ) impair signalling of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), and cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia type 3 (FHH3). To date, FHH3-associated AP2σ mutations have only been identified at one residue, Arg15. We hypothesized that additional rare AP2σ variants may also be associated with altered CaSR function and hypercalcaemia, and sought for these by analysing >111 995 exomes (>60 706 from ExAc and dbSNP, and 51 289 from the Geisinger Health System-Regeneron DiscovEHR dataset, which also contains clinical data). This identified 11 individuals to have 9 non-synonymous AP2σ variants (Arg3His, Arg15His (x3), Ala44Thr, Phe52Tyr, Arg61His, Thr112Met, Met117Ile, Glu122Gly and Glu142Lys) with 3 of the 4 individuals who had Arg15His and Met117Ile AP2σ variants having mild hypercalcaemia, thereby indicating a prevalence of FHH3-associated AP2σ mutations of ∼7.8 per 100 000 individuals. Structural modelling of the novel eight AP2σ variants (Arg3His, Ala44Thr, Phe52Tyr, Arg61His, Thr112Met, Met117Ile, Glu122Gly and Glu142Lys) predicted that the Arg3His, Thr112Met, Glu122Gly and Glu142Lys AP2σ variants would disrupt polar contacts within the AP2σ subunit or affect the interface between the AP2σ and AP2α subunits. Functional analyses of all eight AP2σ variants in CaSR-expressing cells demonstrated that the Thr112Met, Met117Ile and Glu142Lys variants, located in the AP2σ α4-α5 helical region that forms an interface with AP2α, impaired CaSR-mediated intracellular calcium (Cai2+) signalling, consistent with a loss of function, and this was rectified by treatment with the CaSR positive allosteric modulator cinacalcet. Thus, our studies demonstrate another potential class of FHH3-causing AP2σ mutations located at the AP2σ-AP2α interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Raghu Metpally
- Geisinger Clinic, Weis Center for Research, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Victoria J Stokes
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Fadil M Hannan
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.,Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rajesh V Thakker
- Academic Endocrine Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism (OCDEM), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
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172
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Marx SJ, Goltzman D. Evolution of Our Understanding of the Hyperparathyroid Syndromes: A Historical Perspective. J Bone Miner Res 2019; 34:22-37. [PMID: 30536424 PMCID: PMC6396287 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We review advancing and overlapping stages for our understanding of the expressions of six hyperparathyroid (HPT) syndromes: multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or type 4, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN2A), hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, and familial isolated hyperparathyroidism. During stage 1 (1903 to 1967), the introduction of robust measurement of serum calcium was a milestone that uncovered hypercalcemia as the first sign of dysfunction in many HPT subjects, and inheritability was reported in each syndrome. The earliest reports of HPT syndromes were biased toward severe or striking manifestations. During stage 2 (1959 to 1985), the early formulations of a syndrome were improved. Radioimmunoassays (parathyroid hormone [PTH], gastrin, insulin, prolactin, calcitonin) were breakthroughs. They could identify a syndrome carrier, indicate an emerging tumor, characterize a tumor, or monitor a tumor. During stage 3 (1981 to 2006), the assembly of many cases enabled recognition of further details. For example, hormone non-secreting skin lesions were discovered in MEN1 and MEN2A. During stage 4 (1985 to the present), new genomic tools were a revolution for gene identification. Four principal genes ("principal" implies mutated or deleted in 50% or more probands for its syndrome) (MEN1, RET, CASR, CDC73) were identified for five syndromes. During stage 5 (1993 to the present), seven syndromal genes other than a principal gene were identified (CDKN1B, CDKN2B, CDKN2C, CDKN1A, GNA11, AP2S1, GCM2). Identification of AP2S1 and GCM2 became possible because of whole-exome sequencing. During stages 4 and 5, the newly identified genes enabled many studies, including robust assignment of the carriers and non-carriers of a mutation. Furthermore, molecular pathways of RET and the calcium-sensing receptor were elaborated, thereby facilitating developments in pharmacotherapy. Current findings hold the promise that more genes for HPT syndromes will be identified and studied in the near future. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Marx
- Office of the Scientific Director, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Goltzman
- Calcium Research Laboratory, Metabolic Disorders and Complications Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada
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173
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Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a central sorting station in the cell. It receives newly synthesized molecules from the endoplasmic reticulum and directs them to different subcellular destinations, such as the plasma membrane or the endocytic pathway. Importantly, in the last few years, it has emerged that the maintenance of Golgi structure is connected to the proper regulation of membrane trafficking. Rab proteins are small GTPases that are considered to be the master regulators of the intracellular membrane trafficking. Several of the over 60 human Rabs are involved in the regulation of transport pathways at the Golgi as well as in the maintenance of its architecture. This chapter will summarize the different roles of Rab GTPases at the Golgi, both as regulators of membrane transport, scaffold, and tethering proteins and in preserving the structure and function of this organelle.
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174
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Laporte SA, Scott MGH. β-Arrestins: Multitask Scaffolds Orchestrating the Where and When in Cell Signalling. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1957:9-55. [PMID: 30919345 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9158-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The β-arrestins (β-arrs) were initially appreciated for the roles they play in the desensitization and endocytosis of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). They are now also known to act as multifunctional adaptor proteins binding many non-receptor protein partners to control multiple signalling pathways. β-arrs therefore act as key regulatory hubs at the crossroads of external cell inputs and functional outputs in cellular processes ranging from gene transcription to cell growth, survival, cytoskeletal regulation, polarity, and migration. An increasing number of studies have also highlighted the scaffolding roles β-arrs play in vivo in both physiological and pathological conditions, which opens up therapeutic avenues to explore. In this introductory review chapter, we discuss the functional roles that β-arrs exert to control GPCR function, their dynamic scaffolding roles and how this impacts signal transduction events, compartmentalization of β-arrs, how β-arrs are regulated themselves, and how the combination of these events culminates in cellular regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane A Laporte
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center (RI-MUHC), McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,RI-MUHC/Glen Site, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mark G H Scott
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, Paris, France. .,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France. .,Univ. Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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175
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Narayana YV, Gadgil C, Mote RD, Rajan R, Subramanyam D. Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis Regulates a Balance between Opposing Signals to Maintain the Pluripotent State of Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 12:152-164. [PMID: 30554918 PMCID: PMC6335602 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is implicated in the maintenance of embryonic stem cell (ESC) pluripotency, although its exact role and the identity of molecular players remain poorly understood. Here, we show that the clathrin heavy chain (CLTC), involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), is vital for maintaining mouse ESC (mESC) pluripotency. Knockdown of Cltc resulted in a loss of pluripotency accompanied by reduced E-cadherin (E-CAD) levels and increased levels of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. We demonstrate that both E-CAD and TGF-β receptor type 1 (TGF-βR1) are internalized through CME in mESCs. While E-CAD is recycled, TGF-βR1 is targeted for lysosomal degradation thus maintaining inverse levels of these molecules. Finally, we show that E-CAD interacts with ERK, and that the decreased pluripotency upon CME loss can be rescued by inhibiting TGF-βR, MEK, and GSK3β, or overexpressing E-CAD. Our results demonstrate that CME is critical for balancing signaling outputs to regulate ESC pluripotency, and possibly cell fate choices in early development. Knockdown of Cltc results in loss of mESC pluripotency CME regulates E-CAD and TGF-βR1 trafficking in mESCs ESCs lacking CME can be rescued by TGF-βR1/MEK inhibition or E-CAD overexpression CME balances opposing signaling outputs to maintain ESC pluripotency
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadavalli V Narayana
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India; Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Chetan Gadgil
- Chemical Engineering Department, National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India
| | - Ridim D Mote
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India
| | - Raghav Rajan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, NCL Colony, Pune 411008, India
| | - Deepa Subramanyam
- National Centre for Cell Science, SP Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
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176
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Zysnarski CJ, Lahiri S, Javed FT, Martínez-Márquez JY, Trowbridge JW, Duncan MC. Adaptor protein complex-1 (AP-1) is recruited by the HEATR5 protein Laa1 and its co-factor Laa2 in yeast. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:1410-1419. [PMID: 30523155 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular membrane trafficking mediated by the clathrin adaptor protein complex-1 (AP-1) is important for the proper composition and function of organelles of the endolysosomal system. Normal AP-1 function requires proteins of the HEAT repeat-containing 5 (HEATR5) family. Although HEATR5 proteins were first identified based on their ability to interact with AP-1, the functional significance of this interaction was unknown. We used bioinformatics-based phenotypic profiling and information from genome-wide fluorescence microscopy studies in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify a protein, Laa2, that mediates the interaction between AP-1 and the yeast HEATR5 protein Laa1. Further characterization of Laa2 revealed that it binds to both Laa1 and AP-1. Laa2 contains a motif similar to the characterized γ-ear-binding sites found in other AP-1-binding proteins. This motif in Laa2 is essential for the Laa1-AP-1 interaction. Moreover, mutation of this motif disrupted AP-1 localization and function and caused effects similar to mutations that remove the γ-ear of AP-1. These results indicate that Laa2 mediates the interaction between Laa1 and AP-1 and reveal that this interaction promotes the stable association of AP-1 with membranes in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sagar Lahiri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Fatima T Javed
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | | | | | - Mara C Duncan
- Cell and Developmental Biology Department, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109.
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177
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Chaudhary SC, Khalid S, Smethurst V, Monier D, Mobley J, Huet A, Conway JF, Napierala D. Proteomic profiling of extracellular vesicles released from vascular smooth muscle cells during initiation of phosphate-induced mineralization. Connect Tissue Res 2018; 59:55-61. [PMID: 29471680 PMCID: PMC6414064 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2018.1444759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Purpose/Aim: Elevated serum phosphate is one of the major factors contributing to vascular calcification. Studies suggested that extracellular vesicles released from vascular smooth muscle cells significantly contribute to the initiation and progression of this pathology. Recently, we have demonstrated that elevated phosphate stimulates release of extracellular vesicles from osteogenic cells at the initiation of the mineralization process. Here, we used MOVAS cell line as an in vitro model of vascular calcification to examine whether vascular smooth muscle cells respond to high phosphate levels in a similar way and increase formation of extracellular vesicles. MATERIALS AND METHODS Vesicles residing in extracellular matrix as well as vesicles released to culture medium were evaluated by nanoparticle tracking analyses. In addition, using mass spectrometry and protein profiling, protein composition of extracellular vesicles released by MOVAS cells under standard growth conditions and upon exposure to high phosphate was compared. RESULTS Significant increase of the number of extracellular vesicles was detected after 72 h of exposure of cells to high phosphate. Elevated phosphate levels also affected protein composition of extracellular vesicles released from MOVAS cells. Finally, the comparative analyses of proteins in extracellular vesicles isolated from extracellular matrix and from conditioned medium identified significant differences in protein composition in these two groups of extracellular vesicles. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study demonstrate that exposure of MOVAS cells to high phosphate levels stimulates the release of extracellular vesicles and changes their protein composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep C. Chaudhary
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sana Khalid
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Victoria Smethurst
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Daisy Monier
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James Mobley
- Department of Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexis Huet
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - James F. Conway
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dobrawa Napierala
- Department of Oral Biology, Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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178
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Lacy MM, Ma R, Ravindra NG, Berro J. Molecular mechanisms of force production in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:3586-3605. [PMID: 30006986 PMCID: PMC6231980 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), a flat patch of membrane is invaginated and pinched off to release a vesicle into the cytoplasm. In yeast CME, over 60 proteins-including a dynamic actin meshwork-self-assemble to deform the plasma membrane. Several models have been proposed for how actin and other molecules produce the forces necessary to overcome the mechanical barriers of membrane tension and turgor pressure, but the precise mechanisms and a full picture of their interplay are still not clear. In this review, we discuss the evidence for these force production models from a quantitative perspective and propose future directions for experimental and theoretical work that could clarify their various contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Lacy
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Neal G Ravindra
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Integrated Graduate Program in Physical and Engineering Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julien Berro
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Nanobiology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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179
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Cullen PJ, Steinberg F. To degrade or not to degrade: mechanisms and significance of endocytic recycling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:679-696. [PMID: 30194414 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-018-0053-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Newly endocytosed integral cell surface proteins are typically either directed for degradation or subjected to recycling back to the plasma membrane. The sorting of integral cell surface proteins, including signalling receptors, nutrient transporters, ion channels, adhesion molecules and polarity markers, within the endolysosomal network for recycling is increasingly recognized as an essential feature in regulating the complexities of physiology at the cell, tissue and organism levels. Historically, endocytic recycling has been regarded as a relatively passive process, where the majority of internalized integral proteins are recycled via a nonspecific sequence-independent 'bulk membrane flow' pathway. Recent work has increasingly challenged this view. The discovery of sequence-specific sorting motifs and the identification of cargo adaptors and associated coat complexes have begun to uncover the highly orchestrated nature of endosomal cargo recycling, thereby providing new insight into the function and (patho)physiology of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Biomedical Sciences Building, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| | - Florian Steinberg
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, Albert Ludwigs Universitaet Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
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180
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Alimohamadi H, Rangamani P. Modeling Membrane Curvature Generation due to Membrane⁻Protein Interactions. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E120. [PMID: 30360496 PMCID: PMC6316661 DOI: 10.3390/biom8040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To alter and adjust the shape of the plasma membrane, cells harness various mechanisms of curvature generation. Many of these curvature generation mechanisms rely on the interactions between peripheral membrane proteins, integral membrane proteins, and lipids in the bilayer membrane. Mathematical and computational modeling of membrane curvature generation has provided great insights into the physics underlying these processes. However, one of the challenges in modeling these processes is identifying the suitable constitutive relationships that describe the membrane free energy including protein distribution and curvature generation capability. Here, we review some of the commonly used continuum elastic membrane models that have been developed for this purpose and discuss their applications. Finally, we address some fundamental challenges that future theoretical methods need to overcome to push the boundaries of current model applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleh Alimohamadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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181
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Maib H, Ferreira F, Vassilopoulos S, Smythe E. Cargo regulates clathrin-coated pit invagination via clathrin light chain phosphorylation. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4253-4266. [PMID: 30228161 PMCID: PMC6279376 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201805005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of clathrin light chains (CLCs) regulates GPCR uptake but is dispensable for transferrin internalization. Maib et al. show that CLCb phosphorylation is required for efficient auxilin-mediated clathrin exchange to promote coated pit invagination in a cargo-specific manner. Clathrin light chains (CLCs) control selective uptake of a range of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), although the mechanism by which this occurs has remained elusive thus far. In particular, site-specific phosphorylation of CLCb controls the uptake of the purinergic GPCR P2Y12, but it is dispensable for the constitutive uptake of the transferrin receptor (TfR). We demonstrate that phosphorylation of CLCb is required for the maturation of clathrin-coated pits (CCPs) through the transition of flat lattices into invaginated buds. This transition is dependent on efficient clathrin exchange regulated by CLCb phosphorylation and mediated through auxilin. Strikingly, this rearrangement is required for the uptake of P2Y12 but not TfR. These findings link auxilin-mediated clathrin exchange to early stages of CCP invagination in a cargo-specific manner. This supports a model in which CCPs invaginate with variable modes of curvature depending on the cargo they incorporate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Maib
- Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Filipe Ferreira
- Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Stéphane Vassilopoulos
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institute of Myology, Centre for Research in Myology, UMRS 974, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Smythe
- Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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182
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Purification of Clathrin-Coated Vesicles from Adult Rat Brain. Methods Mol Biol 2018. [PMID: 30129005 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8719-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Here, we describe a purification protocol for isolating clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs) from adult rat brain by using differential centrifugation coupled with Ficoll-sucrose and D2O-sucrose density gradient centrifugation and an additional linear sucrose step gradient at the end to separate CCVs from contaminating membranes present in the crude microsomal fraction.
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183
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From the resolution revolution to evolution: structural insights into the evolutionary relationships between vesicle coats and the nuclear pore. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 52:32-40. [PMID: 30103204 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear pores and coated vesicles are elaborate multi-component protein complexes that oligomerize on membranes, and stabilize or induce membrane curvature. Their components, nucleoporins and coat proteins, respectively, share similar structural folds and some principles of how they interact with membranes. The protocoatomer hypothesis postulates that this is due to divergent evolution from a common ancestor. It therefore has been suggested that nucleoporins and coat proteins have similar higher order architectures. Here, we review recent work that relied on technical advances in cryo-electron microscopy and integrative structural biology to take a fresh look on how these proteins form membrane coats in situ. We discuss the relationship between the architectures of nuclear pores and coated vesicles, and their evolutionary origins.
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184
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Effective cancer therapy based on selective drug delivery into cells across their membrane using receptor-mediated endocytosis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018; 28:3015-3024. [PMID: 30031619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death globally. The current treatment options are insufficient, leading to unmet medical needs in cancer treatment. Off-target side effects, multidrug resistance, selective distribution to cancerous tissues, and cell membrane permeation of anti-cancer agents are critical problems to overcome. There is a method to solve these problems by using receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME). It is well known that proteins such as integrin, HER2, EGFR, or other cancer biomarkers are specifically overexpressed on the surface of target cancer cells. By taking advantage of such specific receptors, payloads can be transported into cells through endocytosis using a conjugate composed of the corresponding ligands connected to the payloads by an appropriate linker. After RME, the payloads released by endosomal escape into the cytoplasm can exhibit the cytotoxic activity against cancer cells. Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs), tumor-homing peptides (THPs), and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are utilized as ligands in this system. Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) based on RME have already been used to cure cancer. In addition to the canonical conjugate method, nanocarriers for spontaneous accumulation in cancer tissue due to enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect are extensively used. In this review, I introduce the possibilities and advantages of drug design and development based on RME for the treatment of cancer.
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185
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Gorvin CM. Insights into calcium-sensing receptor trafficking and biased signalling by studies of calcium homeostasis. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:R1-R12. [PMID: 29599414 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The calcium-sensing receptor (CASR) is a class C G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that detects extracellular calcium concentrations, and modulates parathyroid hormone secretion and urinary calcium excretion to maintain calcium homeostasis. The CASR utilises multiple heterotrimeric G-proteins to mediate signalling effects including activation of intracellular calcium release; mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways; membrane ruffling; and inhibition of cAMP production. By studying germline mutations in the CASR and proteins within its signalling pathway that cause hyper- and hypocalcaemic disorders, novel mechanisms governing GPCR signalling and trafficking have been elucidated. This review focusses on two recently described pathways that provide novel insights into CASR signalling and trafficking mechanisms. The first, identified by studying a CASR gain-of-function mutation that causes autosomal dominant hypocalcaemia (ADH), demonstrated a structural motif located between the third transmembrane domain and the second extracellular loop of the CASR that mediates biased signalling by activating a novel β-arrestin-mediated G-protein-independent pathway. The second, in which the mechanism by which adaptor protein-2 σ-subunit (AP2σ) mutations cause familial hypocalciuric hypercalcaemia (FHH) was investigated, demonstrated that AP2σ mutations impair CASR internalisation and reduce multiple CASR-mediated signalling pathways. Furthermore, these studies showed that the CASR can signal from the cell surface using multiple G-protein pathways, whilst sustained signalling is mediated only by the Gq/11 pathway. Thus, studies of FHH- and ADH-associated mutations have revealed novel steps by which CASR mediates signalling and compartmental bias, and these pathways could provide new targets for therapies for patients with calcaemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Gorvin
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham, UK
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186
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Gan Q, Watanabe S. Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis in Different Model Systems. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:171. [PMID: 30002619 PMCID: PMC6031744 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotransmission in complex animals depends on a choir of functionally distinct synapses releasing neurotransmitters in a highly coordinated manner. During synaptic signaling, vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to release their contents. The rate of vesicle fusion is high and can exceed the rate at which synaptic vesicles can be re-supplied by distant sources. Thus, local compensatory endocytosis is needed to replenish the synaptic vesicle pools. Over the last four decades, various experimental methods and model systems have been used to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic vesicle cycle. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is thought to be the predominant mechanism for synaptic vesicle recycling. However, recent studies suggest significant contribution from other modes of endocytosis, including fast compensatory endocytosis, activity-dependent bulk endocytosis, ultrafast endocytosis, as well as kiss-and-run. Currently, it is not clear whether a universal model of vesicle recycling exist for all types of synapses. It is possible that each synapse type employs a particular mode of endocytosis. Alternatively, multiple modes of endocytosis operate at the same synapse, and the synapse toggles between different modes depending on its activity level. Here we compile review and research articles based on well-characterized model systems: frog neuromuscular junctions, C. elegans neuromuscular junctions, Drosophila neuromuscular junctions, lamprey reticulospinal giant axons, goldfish retinal ribbon synapses, the calyx of Held, and rodent hippocampal synapses. We will compare these systems in terms of their known modes and kinetics of synaptic vesicle endocytosis, as well as the underlying molecular machineries. We will also provide the future development of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Gan
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Shigeki Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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187
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Cheung CY, Anderson DF, Brace RA. Transport-associated pathway responses in ovine fetal membranes to changes in amniotic fluid dynamics. Physiol Rep 2018; 5:5/20/e13455. [PMID: 29051303 PMCID: PMC5661228 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence suggests that amniotic fluid volume (AFV) is actively regulated by vesicular transport of amniotic fluid outward across the amnion and into the underlying fetal vasculature in the placenta. Our objective was to determine whether gene expression profiles of potential stimulators, inhibitors, and mediators of vesicular transport are altered in response to changes in intramembranous absorption (IMA) rate. Samples of ovine amnion and chorion were obtained from fetal sheep with normal, experimentally reduced or increased AFVs and IMA rates. Amnion and chorion levels of target mRNAs were determined by RT‐qPCR. In the amnion, caveolin‐1 and flotillin‐1 mRNA levels were unchanged during alterations in IMA rate. However, levels of both were significantly higher in amnion than in chorion. Tubulin‐α mRNA levels in the amnion but not in chorion were reduced when IMA rate decreased, and amnion levels correlated positively with IMA rate (P < 0.05). Dynamin‐2 mRNA levels were not altered by experimental conditions. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF164 and VEGF164b) mRNA levels increased during both increases and decreases in IMA rate, whereas soluble Flt‐1 levels did not change. Neither HIF‐1α nor PBEF mRNA levels in the amnion were correlated with VEGF164 expression levels and were not related to IMA rate. Collectively, our findings suggest that changes in amnion microtubule expression may be important in the regulation of transcellular vesicular transport of amniotic fluid and thus modulate IMA rate. Further, our results are consistent with the concept that the amnion is the rate‐limiting layer for amniotic fluid transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Y Cheung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon .,Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Debra F Anderson
- Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Robert A Brace
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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188
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Wessling-Resnick M. Crossing the Iron Gate: Why and How Transferrin Receptors Mediate Viral Entry. Annu Rev Nutr 2018; 38:431-458. [PMID: 29852086 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-082117-051749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Because both the host and pathogen require iron, the innate immune response carefully orchestrates control over iron metabolism to limit its availability during times of infection. Nutritional iron deficiency can impair host immunity, while iron overload can cause oxidative stress to propagate harmful viral mutations. An emerging enigma is that many viruses use the primary gatekeeper of iron metabolism, the transferrin receptor, as a means to enter cells. Why and how this iron gate is a viral target for infection are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Wessling-Resnick
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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189
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Sorgen PL, Trease AJ, Spagnol G, Delmar M, Nielsen MS. Protein⁻Protein Interactions with Connexin 43: Regulation and Function. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1428. [PMID: 29748463 PMCID: PMC5983787 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins are integral membrane building blocks that form gap junctions, enabling direct cytoplasmic exchange of ions and low-molecular-mass metabolites between adjacent cells. In the heart, gap junctions mediate the propagation of cardiac action potentials and the maintenance of a regular beating rhythm. A number of connexin interacting proteins have been described and are known gap junction regulators either through direct effects (e.g., kinases) or the formation of larger multifunctional complexes (e.g., cytoskeleton scaffold proteins). Most connexin partners can be categorized as either proteins promoting coupling by stimulating forward trafficking and channel opening or inhibiting coupling by inducing channel closure, internalization, and degradation. While some interactions have only been implied through co-localization using immunohistochemistry, others have been confirmed by biophysical methods that allow detection of a direct interaction. Our understanding of these interactions is, by far, most well developed for connexin 43 (Cx43) and the scope of this review is to summarize our current knowledge of their functional and regulatory roles. The significance of these interactions is further exemplified by demonstrating their importance at the intercalated disc, a major hub for Cx43 regulation and Cx43 mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Sorgen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Andrew J Trease
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Gaelle Spagnol
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| | - Mario Delmar
- Leon H Charney Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| | - Morten S Nielsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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190
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Sathe M, Muthukrishnan G, Rae J, Disanza A, Thattai M, Scita G, Parton RG, Mayor S. Small GTPases and BAR domain proteins regulate branched actin polymerisation for clathrin and dynamin-independent endocytosis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1835. [PMID: 29743604 PMCID: PMC5943408 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03955-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Using real-time TIRF microscopy imaging, we identify sites of clathrin and dynamin-independent CLIC/GEEC (CG) endocytic vesicle formation. This allows spatio-temporal localisation of known molecules affecting CG endocytosis; GBF1 (a GEF for ARF1), ARF1 and CDC42 which appear sequentially over 60 s, preceding scission. In an RNAi screen for BAR domain proteins affecting CG endocytosis, IRSp53 and PICK1, known interactors of CDC42 and ARF1, respectively, were selected. Removal of IRSp53, a negative curvature sensing protein, abolishes CG endocytosis. Furthermore, the identification of ARP2/3 complex at CG endocytic sites, maintained in an inactive state reveals a function for PICK1, an ARP2/3 inhibitor. The spatio-temporal sequence of the arrival and disappearance of the molecules suggest a mechanism for a clathrin and dynamin-independent endocytic process. Coincident with the loss of PICK1 by GBF1-activated ARF1, CDC42 recruitment leads to the activation of IRSp53 and the ARP2/3 complex, resulting in a burst of F-actin polymerisation potentially powering scission. Several endocytic pathways operate simultaneously at the cell surface, including the clathrin and dynamin-independent CLIC/GEEC (CG) pathway. Here the authors show that small GTPases and BAR domain proteins regulate branched actin to make clathrin and dynamin-independent endocytic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Sathe
- National Centre for Biological Science (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Gayatri Muthukrishnan
- National Centre for Biological Science (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - James Rae
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Andrea Disanza
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, 20139, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Mukund Thattai
- National Centre for Biological Science (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India.,Simons Centre for the Study of Living Machines, National Centre for Biological Sciences (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, 20139, Italy.,Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, 20122, Italy
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Satyajit Mayor
- National Centre for Biological Science (TIFR), Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India. .,Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bellary Road, Bangalore, 560065, India.
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191
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Compeer EB, Kraus F, Ecker M, Redpath G, Amiezer M, Rother N, Nicovich PR, Kapoor-Kaushik N, Deng Q, Samson GPB, Yang Z, Lou J, Carnell M, Vartoukian H, Gaus K, Rossy J. A mobile endocytic network connects clathrin-independent receptor endocytosis to recycling and promotes T cell activation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1597. [PMID: 29686427 PMCID: PMC5913236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04088-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis of surface receptors and their polarized recycling back to the plasma membrane are central to many cellular processes, such as cell migration, cytokinesis, basolateral polarity of epithelial cells and T cell activation. Little is known about the mechanisms that control the organization of recycling endosomes and how they connect to receptor endocytosis. Here, we follow the endocytic journey of the T cell receptor (TCR), from internalization at the plasma membrane to recycling back to the immunological synapse. We show that TCR triggering leads to its rapid uptake through a clathrin-independent pathway. Immediately after internalization, TCR is incorporated into a mobile and long-lived endocytic network demarked by the membrane-organizing proteins flotillins. Although flotillins are not required for TCR internalization, they are necessary for its recycling to the immunological synapse. We further show that flotillins are essential for T cell activation, supporting TCR nanoscale organization and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewoud B Compeer
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Felix Kraus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, 23 Innovation Walk, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Manuela Ecker
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Gregory Redpath
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mayan Amiezer
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, 384 Victoria St, Darlinghurst, NSW, 2010, Australia
| | - Nils Rother
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Department of Nephrology, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Philip R Nicovich
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Natasha Kapoor-Kaushik
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Qiji Deng
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Guerric P B Samson
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland
| | - Zhengmin Yang
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jieqiong Lou
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Michael Carnell
- Biomedical Imaging Facility, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Haig Vartoukian
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Jérémie Rossy
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Medical Sciences and the ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, High St Gate 9, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia.
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau at the University of Konstanz, 8280, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.
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192
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Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the major endocytic pathway in mammalian cells. It is responsible for the uptake of transmembrane receptors and transporters, for remodeling plasma membrane composition in response to environmental changes, and for regulating cell surface signaling. CME occurs via the assembly and maturation of clathrin-coated pits that concentrate cargo as they invaginate and pinch off to form clathrin-coated vesicles. In addition to the major coat proteins, clathrin triskelia and adaptor protein complexes, CME requires a myriad of endocytic accessory proteins and phosphatidylinositol lipids. CME is regulated at multiple steps-initiation, cargo selection, maturation, and fission-and is monitored by an endocytic checkpoint that induces disassembly of defective pits. Regulation occurs via posttranslational modifications, allosteric conformational changes, and isoform and splice-variant differences among components of the CME machinery, including the GTPase dynamin. This review summarizes recent findings on the regulation of CME and the evolution of this complex process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Mettlen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
| | - Ping-Hung Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
| | - Saipraveen Srinivasan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
| | - Gaudenz Danuser
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , , .,Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75235, USA
| | - Sandra L Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA; , , , ,
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193
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Tolsma TO, Cuevas LM, Di Pietro SM. The Sla1 adaptor-clathrin interaction regulates coat formation and progression of endocytosis. Traffic 2018. [PMID: 29542219 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is a fundamental transport pathway that depends on numerous protein-protein interactions. Testing the importance of the adaptor protein-clathrin interaction for coat formation and progression of endocytosis in vivo has been difficult due to experimental constrains. Here, we addressed this question using the yeast clathrin adaptor Sla1, which is unique in showing a cargo endocytosis defect upon substitution of 3 amino acids in its clathrin-binding motif (sla1AAA ) that disrupt clathrin binding. Live-cell imaging showed an impaired Sla1-clathrin interaction causes reduced clathrin levels but increased Sla1 levels at endocytic sites. Moreover, the rate of Sla1 recruitment was reduced indicating proper dynamics of both clathrin and Sla1 depend on their interaction. sla1AAA cells showed a delay in progression through the various stages of endocytosis. The Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization machinery was present for significantly longer time before actin polymerization ensued, revealing a link between coat formation and activation of actin polymerization. Ultimately, in sla1AAA cells a larger than normal actin network was formed, dramatically higher levels of various machinery proteins other than clathrin were recruited, and the membrane profile of endocytic invaginations was longer. Thus, the Sla1-clathrin interaction is important for coat formation, regulation of endocytic progression and membrane bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Tolsma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lena M Cuevas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Santiago M Di Pietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
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194
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Sorkina T, Ma S, Larsen MB, Watkins SC, Sorkin A. Small molecule induced oligomerization, clustering and clathrin-independent endocytosis of the dopamine transporter. eLife 2018; 7:32293. [PMID: 29630493 PMCID: PMC5896956 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) mediates internalization of many transmembrane proteins but the mechanisms of cargo recruitment during CIE are poorly understood. We found that the cell-permeable furopyrimidine AIM-100 promotes dramatic oligomerization, clustering and CIE of human and mouse dopamine transporters (DAT), but not of their close homologues, norepinephrine and serotonin transporters. All effects of AIM-100 on DAT and the occupancy of substrate binding sites in the transporter were mutually exclusive, suggesting that AIM-100 may act by binding to DAT. Surprisingly, AIM-100-induced DAT endocytosis was independent of dynamin, cholesterol-rich microdomains and actin cytoskeleton, implying that a novel endocytic mechanism is involved. AIM-100 stimulated trafficking of internalized DAT was also unusual: DAT accumulated in early endosomes without significant recycling or degradation. We propose that AIM-100 augments DAT oligomerization through an allosteric mechanism associated with the DAT conformational state, and that oligomerization-triggered clustering leads to a coat-independent endocytosis and subsequent endosomal retention of DAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Sorkina
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Shiqi Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Mads Breum Larsen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Simon C Watkins
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Alexander Sorkin
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, United States
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195
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Rule-based modelling provides an extendable framework for comparing candidate mechanisms underpinning clathrin polymerisation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5658. [PMID: 29618727 PMCID: PMC5884807 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23829-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymerisation of clathrin is a key process that underlies clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Clathrin-coated vesicles are responsible for cell internalization of external substances required for normal homeostasis and life –sustaining activity. There are several hypotheses describing formation of closed clathrin structures. According to one of the proposed mechanisms cage formation may start from a flat lattice buildup on the cellular membrane, which is later transformed into a curved structure. Creation of the curved surface requires rearrangement of the lattice, induced by additional molecular mechanisms. Different potential mechanisms require a modeling framework that can be easily modified to compare between them. We created an extendable rule-based model that describes polymerisation of clathrin molecules and various scenarios of cage formation. Using Global Sensitivity Analysis (GSA) we obtained parameter sets describing clathrin pentagon closure and the emergence/production and closure of large-size clathrin cages/vesicles. We were able to demonstrate that the model can reproduce budding of the clathrin cage from an initial flat array.
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196
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Masschaele D, Wauman J, Vandemoortele G, De Sutter D, De Ceuninck L, Eyckerman S, Tavernier J. High-Confidence Interactome for RNF41 Built on Multiple Orthogonal Assays. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:1348-1360. [PMID: 29560723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ring finger protein 41 (RNF41) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the ubiquitination and degradation of many proteins including ErbB3 receptors, BIRC6, and parkin. Next to this, RNF41 regulates the intracellular trafficking of certain JAK2-associated cytokine receptors by ubiquitinating and suppressing USP8, which, in turn, destabilizes the ESCRT-0 complex. To further elucidate the function of RNF41 we used different orthogonal approaches to reveal the RNF41 protein complex: affinity purification-mass spectrometry, BioID, and Virotrap. We combined these results with known data sets for RNF41 obtained with microarray MAPPIT and Y2H screens. This way, we establish a comprehensive high-resolution interactome network comprising 175 candidate protein partners. To remove potential methodological artifacts from this network, we distilled the data into a high-confidence interactome map by retaining a total of 19 protein hits identified in two or more of the orthogonal methods. AP2S1, a novel RNF41 interaction partner, was selected from this high-confidence interactome for further functional validation. We reveal a role for AP2S1 in leptin and LIF receptor signaling and show that RNF41 stabilizes and relocates AP2S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Masschaele
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Joris Wauman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Giel Vandemoortele
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Delphine De Sutter
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Leentje De Ceuninck
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Sven Eyckerman
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
| | - Jan Tavernier
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Ghent University , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium.,Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB , Albert Baertsoenkaai 3 , B-9000 Ghent , Belgium
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197
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Late cornified envelope 1C (LCE1C), a transcriptional target of TAp63 phosphorylated at T46/T281, interacts with PRMT5. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4892. [PMID: 29559659 PMCID: PMC5861035 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
p63, a transcriptional factor that belongs to the p53 family, regulates epidermal differentiation, stemness, cell death, tumorigenesis, metastasis, and senescence. However, its molecular mechanism remains elusive. We report here that TAp63 phosphorylated at T46/T281 specifically upregulates the late cornified envelope 1C (LCE1C) gene that is essential at a relatively late stage of epithelial development. We identified these phosphorylation sites during a search for the targets of Cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK) in vitro. LCE1C was drastically upregulated by doxycycline-dependent expression of Myc-TAp63 wild-type protein. Luciferase reporter assays using the promoter region of the LCE1C gene confirmed that the phosphorylations of TAp63-T46/T281 contributed to full transcriptional activation of the LCE1C gene. LCE1C interacted with protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) and translocated it from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Mass spectrometry and co-immunoprecipitation identified importin-α as one of the association partners of LCE1C. In summary, we propose that the GAK_TAp63-pT46/pT281_LCE1C axis plays an important role in preventing the nuclear function of PRMT5.
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198
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Sigismund S, Scita G. The 'endocytic matrix reloaded' and its impact on the plasticity of migratory strategies. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 54:9-17. [PMID: 29544103 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An explosive growth in knowledge, in the last two decades, has conferred a new dimension to the process of endocytosis. Endocytic circuitries have come into focus as a pervasive system that controls virtual all aspects of cell biology. A few years ago, we proposed the term 'endocytic matrix' to define a cellular network of signalling wiring that is at the core of the cellular blueprint. A primary role of the endocytic matrix is the delivery of space-resolved and time-resolved signals to the cell in an interpretable format, and, as such, it has profound consequences on polarized cellular and supra-cellular functions, first and foremost, cell motility. Here, we describe a set of recent results that expand this notion and illuminate how endocytic matrix dynamically controls the plasticity of migratory strategies. We further highlight the impact of inter-organelle contact sites on motility and the role of organelle positioning in this process. Finally, we illustrate how global perturbation of the endocytic circuitry influences cellular and supra-cellular mechanics, ultimately controlling a solid-to-liquid-like transition in the mode of motility with potential consequences on cancer dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sigismund
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Giorgio Scita
- IFOM, The FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; University of Milan, School of Medicine, Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology-DIPO, Milan, Italy.
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199
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Li L, Saiyin H, Xie J, Ma L, Xue L, Wang W, Liang W, Yu Q. Sevoflurane preconditioning induced endogenous neurogenesis against ischemic brain injury by promoting microglial activation. Oncotarget 2018; 8:28544-28557. [PMID: 28212538 PMCID: PMC5438671 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia causes irreversible damage to functional neurons in cases of infarct. Promoting endogenous neurogenesis to replace necrotic neurons is a promising therapeutic strategy for ischemia patients. The neuroprotective role of sevoflurane preconditioning implies that it might also enhance endogenous neurogenesis and functional restoration in the infarct region. By using a transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) model, we discovered that endogenous neurogenesis was enhanced by sevoflurane preconditioning. This enhancement process is characterized by the promotion of neuroblast proliferation within the subventricular zone (SVZ), migration and differentiation into neurons, and the presence of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes at the site of infarct. The newborn neurons in the sevoflurane preconditioning group showed miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), increased synaptophysin and PSD95 staining density, indicating normal neuronal function. Furthermore, long-term behavioral improvement was observed in the sevoflurane preconditioning group consistent with endogenous neurogenesis. Further histological analyses showed that sevoflurane preconditioning accelerated microglial activation, including migration, phagocytosis and secretion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Intraperitoneal injection of minocycline, a microglial inhibitor, suppressed microglial activation and reversed neurogenesis. Our data showed that sevoflurane preconditioning promoted microglial activities, created a favorable microenvironment for endogenous neurogenesis and accelerated functional reconstruction in the infarct region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Hexige Saiyin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jingmo Xie
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lixiang Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lei Xue
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Weimin Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
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200
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Abstract
Antigen cross-presentation is an adaptation of the cellular process of loading MHC-I molecules with endogenous peptides during their biosynthesis within the endoplasmic reticulum. Cross-presented peptides derive from internalized proteins, microbial pathogens, and transformed or dying cells. The physical separation of internalized cargo from the endoplasmic reticulum, where the machinery for assembling peptide-MHC-I complexes resides, poses a challenge. To solve this problem, deliberate rewiring of organelle communication within cells is necessary to prepare for cross-presentation, and different endocytic receptors and vesicular traffic patterns customize the emergent cross-presentation compartment to the nature of the peptide source. Three distinct pathways of vesicular traffic converge to form the ideal cross-presentation compartment, each regulated differently to supply a unique component that enables cross-presentation of a diverse repertoire of peptides. Delivery of centerpiece MHC-I molecules is the critical step regulated by microbe-sensitive Toll-like receptors. Defining the subcellular sources of MHC-I and identifying sites of peptide loading during cross-presentation remain key challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Magarian Blander
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA; .,Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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