151
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Soto-Burgos J, Bassham DC. SnRK1 activates autophagy via the TOR signaling pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182591. [PMID: 28783755 PMCID: PMC5544219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradation process in which cells break down and recycle their cytoplasmic contents when subjected to environmental stress or during cellular remodeling. The Arabidopsis thaliana SnRK1 complex is a protein kinase that senses changes in energy levels and triggers downstream responses to enable survival. Its mammalian ortholog, AMPK, and yeast ortholog, Snf-1, activate autophagy in response to low energy conditions. We therefore hypothesized that SnRK1 may play a role in the regulation of autophagy in response to nutrient or energy deficiency in Arabidopsis. To test this hypothesis, we determined the effect of overexpression or knockout of the SnRK1 catalytic subunit KIN10 on autophagy activation by abiotic stresses, including nutrient deficiency, salt, osmotic, oxidative, and ER stress. While wild-type plants had low basal autophagy activity in control conditions, KIN10 overexpression lines had increased autophagy under these conditions, indicating activation of autophagy by SnRK1. A kin10 mutant had a basal level of autophagy under control conditions similar to wild-type plants, but activation of autophagy by most abiotic stresses was blocked, indicating that SnRK1 is required for autophagy induction by a wide variety of stress conditions. In mammals, TOR is a negative regulator of autophagy, and AMPK acts to activate autophagy both upstream of TOR, by inhibiting its activity, and in a parallel pathway. Inhibition of Arabidopsis TOR leads to activation of autophagy; inhibition of SnRK1 did not block this activation. Furthermore, an increase in SnRK1 activity was unable to induce autophagy when TOR was also activated. These results demonstrate that SnRK1 acts upstream of TOR in the activation of autophagy in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmarie Soto-Burgos
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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152
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New advances in autophagy in plants: Regulation, selectivity and function. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 80:113-122. [PMID: 28734771 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major and conserved pathway for delivering unwanted proteins or damaged organelles to the vacuole for degradation and recycling. In plants, it functions as a housekeeping process to maintain cellular homeostasis under normal conditions and is induced by stress and senescence; it thus plays important roles in development, stress tolerance and metabolism. Autophagy can both execute bulk degradation and be highly selective in targeting cargos under specific environmental conditions or during certain developmental processes. Here, we review recent research on autophagy in plants, and discuss new insights into its core mechanism, regulation, selectivity and physiological roles. Potential future directions are also highlighted.
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153
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Zientara-Rytter K, Sirko A. To deliver or to degrade - an interplay of the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy and vesicular transport in plants. FEBS J 2017; 283:3534-3555. [PMID: 26991113 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficient utilization and subsequent reuse of cell components is a key factor in determining the proper growth and functioning of all cells under both optimum and stress conditions. The process of intracellular and intercellular recycling is especially important for the appropriate control of cellular metabolism and nutrient management in immobile organisms, such as plants. Therefore, the accurate recycling of amino acids, lipids, carbohydrates or micro- and macronutrients available in the plant cell becomes a critical factor that ensures plant survival and growth. Plant cells possess two main degradation mechanisms: a ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy, which, as a part of an intracellular trafficking system, is based on vesicle transport. This review summarizes knowledge of both the ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy pathways, describes the cross-talk between the two and discusses the relationships between autophagy and the vesicular transport systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Sirko
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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154
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Zeng X, Zeng Z, Liu C, Yuan W, Hou N, Bian H, Zhu M, Han N. A barley homolog of yeast ATG6 is involved in multiple abiotic stress responses and stress resistance regulation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 115:97-106. [PMID: 28343064 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved degradation pathway among eukaryote cells, which can recycle damaged or unwanted cell materials upon encountering stress conditions. As a key component of the Class III PI3K kinase complex, ATG6/Beclin-1 is essential for autophagosome formation. In this study, we isolated a putative HvATG6 gene in barley genome. The protein encoded by HvATG6 shares high sequence identity to ATG6 orthologs in rice and wheat, and has a typical autophagy-specific domain containing segments of repeated β-sheet-α-helix. The expression of HvATG6 protein restored the appearance of autophagosomes in yeast atg6 mutant, indicating that HvATG6 complements the deficiency of yeast ATG6 protein in autophagy. Punctate florescence signals, considered as the PAS for autophagosome initiation, were observed in the cytoplasm of cells when HvATG6-GFP fusion construct was transformed into barley protoplast. Furthermore, the expression of HvATG6 was upregulated by various abiotic stresses including dark, H2O2 treatment, nitrogen deficiency, high salinity, drought, low temperature and toxic aluminum. Knockdown of HvATG6 in barley leaves through barley strip mosaic virus (BSMV)-induced gene silencing led to accelerated yellowing under dark and H2O2 treatments. Based on the above findings, we propose that barley ATG6 plays the similar role as other plant ATG6 orthologs, and might be involved in stress-induced autophagy process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhanghui Zeng
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cuicui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weiyi Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Hou
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hongwu Bian
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Muyuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ning Han
- Key Laboratory for Cell and Gene Engineering of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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155
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Xu G, Wang S, Han S, Xie K, Wang Y, Li J, Liu Y. Plant Bax Inhibitor-1 interacts with ATG6 to regulate autophagy and programmed cell death. Autophagy 2017; 13:1161-1175. [PMID: 28537463 PMCID: PMC5529081 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1320633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process and is involved in the regulation of programmed cell death during the plant immune response. However, mechanisms regulating autophagy and cell death are incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that plant Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1), a highly conserved cell death regulator, interacts with ATG6, a core autophagy-related protein. Silencing of BI-1 reduced the autophagic activity induced by both N gene-mediated resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and methyl viologen (MV), and enhanced N gene-mediated cell death. In contrast, overexpression of plant BI-1 increased autophagic activity and surprisingly caused autophagy-dependent cell death. These results suggest that plant BI-1 has both prosurvival and prodeath effects in different physiological contexts and both depend on autophagic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyong Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shanshan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaojie Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ke Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinlin Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yule Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Plant Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China,CONTACT Yule Liu School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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156
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Knuppertz L, Warnsmann V, Hamann A, Grimm C, Osiewacz HD. Stress-dependent opposing roles for mitophagy in aging of the ascomycete Podospora anserina. Autophagy 2017; 13:1037-1052. [PMID: 28368682 PMCID: PMC5486364 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1303021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is causatively linked to organismal aging and the development of degenerative diseases. Here we describe stress-dependent opposing roles of mitophagy, the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria, in aging and life-span control. We report that the ablation of the mitochondrial superoxide dismutase which is involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) balancing, does not affect life span of the fungal aging model Podospora anserina, although superoxide levels are strongly increased and complex I-dependent respiration is impaired. This unexpected phenotype depends on functional autophagy, particularly mitophagy, which is upregulated during aging of this mutant. It identifies mitophagy as a prosurvival response involved in the control of mitohormesis, the well-known beneficial effect of mild mitochondrial oxidative stress. In contrast, excessive superoxide stress turns mitophagy to a prodeath pathway and leads to accelerated aging. Overall our data uncover mitophagy as a dynamic pathway that specifically responds to different levels of mitochondrial oxidative stress and thereby affects organismal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Knuppertz
- a Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence 'Macromolecular Complexes' , Department of Biosciences , J. W. Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Verena Warnsmann
- a Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence 'Macromolecular Complexes' , Department of Biosciences , J. W. Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Andrea Hamann
- a Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence 'Macromolecular Complexes' , Department of Biosciences , J. W. Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Carolin Grimm
- a Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence 'Macromolecular Complexes' , Department of Biosciences , J. W. Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- a Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence 'Macromolecular Complexes' , Department of Biosciences , J. W. Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
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157
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Wang P, Sun X, Jia X, Ma F. Apple autophagy-related protein MdATG3s afford tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 256:53-64. [PMID: 28167039 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The efficient degradation system of autophagy in plant cells has important roles in removing and recycling intracellular components during normal development or under environmental stresses. Formation of autophagosomes requires the conjugation of ubiquitin-like protein ATG8 to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). We isolated two ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2-like ATG3 homologues from Malus domestica - MdATG3a and MdATG3b - that are crucial for ATG8-PE conjugation. Both share a conserved N-terminal, as well as the catalytic and C-terminal domains of ATG3 with HPC and FLKF motifs. Each promoter was isolated from genomic DNA and contained several cis-acting elements that are involved in responses to environmental stresses or hormones. In addition to having the same cellular localization in the nucleus and cytoplasm, MdATG3a and MdATG3b showed similar expression patterns toward leaf senescence, nitrogen starvation, drought, salinity, and oxidative stress at the transcriptional level. Ectopic expression of either in Arabidopsis conferred tolerance to osmotic or salinity stress and also improved growth performance under nitrogen- or carbon-starvation. Callus lines of 'Orin' apple that over-expressed MdATG3b also displayed better growth performance when nutrient supplies were limited. These overall results demonstrate that, as important autophagy genes, overexpression of MdATG3s can afford tolerance to multiple abiotic stresses at the cellular and whole-plant level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xin Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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158
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Izumi M, Ishida H, Nakamura S, Hidema J. Entire Photodamaged Chloroplasts Are Transported to the Central Vacuole by Autophagy. THE PLANT CELL 2017; 29:377-394. [PMID: 28123106 PMCID: PMC5354188 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Turnover of dysfunctional organelles is vital to maintain homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. As photosynthetic organelles, plant chloroplasts can suffer sunlight-induced damage. However, the process for turnover of entire damaged chloroplasts remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that autophagy is responsible for the elimination of sunlight-damaged, collapsed chloroplasts in Arabidopsis thaliana We found that vacuolar transport of entire chloroplasts, termed chlorophagy, was induced by UV-B damage to the chloroplast apparatus. This transport did not occur in autophagy-defective atg mutants, which exhibited UV-B-sensitive phenotypes and accumulated collapsed chloroplasts. Use of a fluorescent protein marker of the autophagosomal membrane allowed us to image autophagosome-mediated transport of entire chloroplasts to the central vacuole. In contrast to sugar starvation, which preferentially induced distinct type of chloroplast-targeted autophagy that transports a part of stroma via the Rubisco-containing body (RCB) pathway, photooxidative damage induced chlorophagy without prior activation of RCB production. We further showed that chlorophagy is induced by chloroplast damage caused by either artificial visible light or natural sunlight. Thus, this report establishes that an autophagic process eliminates entire chloroplasts in response to light-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Izumi
- Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8578 Sendai, Japan
- Department of Environmental Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency, 332-0012 Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ishida
- Department of Applied Plant Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, 981-8555 Sendai, Japan
| | - Sakuya Nakamura
- Department of Environmental Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
| | - Jun Hidema
- Department of Environmental Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 980-8577 Sendai, Japan
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159
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Adler G, Konrad Z, Zamir L, Mishra AK, Raveh D, Bar-Zvi D. The Arabidopsis paralogs, PUB46 and PUB48, encoding U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases, are essential for plant response to drought stress. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:8. [PMID: 28077082 PMCID: PMC5225562 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0963-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants respond to abiotic stress on physiological, biochemical and molecular levels. This includes a global change in their cellular proteome achieved by changes in the pattern of their protein synthesis and degradation. The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a key player in protein degradation in eukaryotes. Proteins are marked for degradation by the proteasome by coupling short chains of ubiquitin polypeptides in a three-step pathway. The last and regulatory stage is catalyzed by a member of a large family of substrate-specific ubiquitin ligases. RESULTS We have identified AtPUB46 and AtPUB48-two paralogous genes that encode ubiquitin ligases (E3s)-to have a role in the plant environmental response. The AtPUB46, -47, and -48 appear as tandem gene copies on chromosome 5, and we present a phylogenetic analysis that traces their evolution from an ancestral PUB-ARM gene. Single homozygous T-DNA insertion mutants of AtPUB46 and AtPUB48 displayed hypersensitivity to water stress; this was not observed for similar mutants of AtPUB47. Although the three genes show a similar spatial expression pattern, the steady state levels of their transcripts are differentially affected by abiotic stresses and plant hormones. CONCLUSIONS AtPUB46 and AtPUB48 encode plant U-Box E3s and are involved in the response to water stress. Our data suggest that despite encoding highly homologous proteins, AtPUB46 and AtPUB48 biological activity does not fully overlap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Adler
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
- The Doris and Bertie I. Black Center for Bioenergetics in Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
| | - Zvia Konrad
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
- The Doris and Bertie I. Black Center for Bioenergetics in Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
| | - Lyad Zamir
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
- The Doris and Bertie I. Black Center for Bioenergetics in Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
| | - Amit Kumar Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
- The Doris and Bertie I. Black Center for Bioenergetics in Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
| | - Dina Raveh
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
| | - Dudy Bar-Zvi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
- The Doris and Bertie I. Black Center for Bioenergetics in Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 1 Ben-Gurion Blvd, Beer-Sheva, 8410501 Israel
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160
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Chen L, Su ZZ, Huang L, Xia FN, Qi H, Xie LJ, Xiao S, Chen QF. The AMP-Activated Protein Kinase KIN10 Is Involved in the Regulation of Autophagy in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1201. [PMID: 28740502 PMCID: PMC5502289 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved system in eukaryotes for the bulk degradation and recycling of intracellular components. Autophagy is involved in many physiological processes including development, senescence, and responses to abiotic and biotic stress. The adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase AMPK positively regulates autophagy in mammals; however, the potential function of AMPK in plant autophagy remains largely unknown. Here, we identified KIN10, a plant ortholog of the mammalian AMPK, as a positive regulator of plant autophagy and showed that it acts by affecting the phosphorylation of ATG1 (AUTOPHAGY-RELATED GENE 1) proteins in Arabidopsis. Transgenic Arabidopsis lines overexpressing KIN10 (KIN10-OE) showed delays in leaf senescence, and increased tolerance to nutrient starvation, these phenotypes required a functional autophagy pathway. Consistent with KIN10 having a potential role in autophagy, the nutrient starvation-induced formation of autophagosomes and cleavage of GFP-ATG8e were accelerated in the KIN10-OE lines compared to the wild type. Moreover, the KIN10-OE lines were less sensitive to drought and hypoxia treatments, compared with wild type. Carbon starvation enhanced the level of phosphorylated YFP-ATG1a in the KIN10-OE lines compared to that of wild type. Together, these findings suggest that KIN10 is involved in positive regulation of autophagy, possibly by affecting the phosphorylation of ATG1s in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Ze-Zhuo Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Nv Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Hua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Li-Juan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Shi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shi Xiao, Qin-Fang Chen,
| | - Qin-Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen UniversityGuangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shi Xiao, Qin-Fang Chen,
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161
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Luo L, Zhang P, Zhu R, Fu J, Su J, Zheng J, Wang Z, Wang D, Gong Q. Autophagy Is Rapidly Induced by Salt Stress and Is Required for Salt Tolerance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1459. [PMID: 28878796 PMCID: PMC5572379 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Salinity stress challenges agriculture and food security globally. Upon salt stress, plant growth slows down, nutrients are recycled, osmolytes are produced, and reallocation of Na+ takes place. Since autophagy is a high-throughput degradation pathway that contributes to nutrient remobilization in plants, we explored the involvement of autophagic flux in salt stress response of Arabidopsis with various approaches. Confocal microscopy of GFP-ATG8a in transgenic Arabidopsis showed that autophagosome formation is induced shortly after salt treatment. Immunoblotting of ATG8s and the autophagy receptor NBR1 confirmed that the level of autophagy peaks within 30 min of salt stress, and then settles to a new homeostasis in Arabidopsis. Such an induction is absent in mutants defective in autophagy. Within 3 h of salt treatment, accumulation of oxidized proteins is alleviated in the wild-type; however, such a reduction is not seen in atg2 or atg7. Consistently, the Arabidopsis atg mutants are hypersensitive to both salt and osmotic stresses, and plants overexpressing ATG8 perform better than the wild-type in germination assays. Quantification of compatible osmolytes further confirmed that the autophagic flux contributes to salt stress adaptation. Imaging of intracellular Na+ revealed that autophagy is required for Na+ sequestration in the central vacuole of root cortex cells following salt treatment. These data suggest that rapid protein turnover through autophagy is a prerequisite for salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dan Wang
- *Correspondence: Dan Wang, Qingqiu Gong,
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162
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Hartman MD, Figueroa CM, Arias DG, Iglesias AA. Inhibition of Recombinant Aldose-6-Phosphate Reductase from Peach Leaves by Hexose-Phosphates, Inorganic Phosphate and Oxidants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 58:145-155. [PMID: 28011870 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Glucitol, also known as sorbitol, is a major photosynthetic product in plants from the Rosaceae family. This sugar alcohol is synthesized from glucose-6-phosphate by the combined activities of aldose-6-phosphate reductase (Ald6PRase) and glucitol-6-phosphatase. In this work we show the purification and characterization of recombinant Ald6PRase from peach leaves. The recombinant enzyme was inhibited by glucose-1-phosphate, fructose-6-phosphate, fructose-1,6-bisphosphate and orthophosphate. Oxidizing agents irreversibly inhibited the enzyme and produced protein precipitation. Enzyme thiolation with oxidized glutathione protected the enzyme from insolubilization caused by diamide, while incubation with NADP+ (one of the substrates) completely prevented enzyme precipitation. Our results suggest that Ald6PRase is finely regulated to control carbon partitioning in peach leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías D Hartman
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Colectora Ruta Nacional, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Figueroa
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Colectora Ruta Nacional, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Colectora Ruta Nacional, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, UNL, CONICET, FBCB, Colectora Ruta Nacional, Santa Fe, Argentina
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163
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Pu Y, Luo X, Bassham DC. TOR-Dependent and -Independent Pathways Regulate Autophagy in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1204. [PMID: 28744293 PMCID: PMC5504165 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a critical process for recycling of cytoplasmic materials during environmental stress, senescence and cellular remodeling. It is upregulated under a wide range of abiotic stress conditions and is important for stress tolerance. Autophagy is repressed by the protein kinase target of rapamycin (TOR), which is activated in response to nutrients and in turn upregulates cell growth and translation and inhibits autophagy. Down-regulation of TOR in Arabidopsis thaliana leads to constitutive autophagy and to decreased growth, but the relationship to stress conditions is unclear. Here, we assess the extent to which TOR controls autophagy activation by abiotic stress. Overexpression of TOR inhibited autophagy activation by nutrient starvation, salt and osmotic stress, indicating that activation of autophagy under these conditions requires down-regulation of TOR activity. In contrast, TOR overexpression had no effect on autophagy induced by oxidative stress or ER stress, suggesting that activation of autophagy by these conditions is independent of TOR function. The plant hormone auxin has been shown previously to up-regulate TOR activity. To confirm the existence of two pathways for activation of autophagy, dependent on the stress conditions, auxin was added exogenously to activate TOR, and the effect on autophagy under different conditions was assessed. Consistent with the effect of TOR overexpression, the addition of the auxin NAA inhibited autophagy during nutrient deficiency, salt and osmotic stress, but not during oxidative or ER stress. NAA treatment was unable to block autophagy induced by a TOR inhibitor or by a mutation in the TOR complex component RAPTOR1B, indicating that auxin is upstream of TOR in the regulation of autophagy. We conclude that repression of auxin-regulated TOR activity is required for autophagy activation in response to a subset of abiotic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Pu
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, AmesIA, United States
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, AmesIA, United States
| | - Xinjuan Luo
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, AmesIA, United States
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Diane C. Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, AmesIA, United States
- Interdepartmental Genetics Program, Iowa State University, AmesIA, United States
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, AmesIA, United States
- *Correspondence: Diane C. Bassham,
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164
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Redza-Dutordoir M, Kassis S, Ve H, Grondin M, Averill-Bates DA. Inhibition of autophagy sensitises cells to hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis: Protective effect of mild thermotolerance acquired at 40 °C. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:3050-3064. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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165
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Pérez-Pérez ME, Lemaire SD, Crespo JL. Control of Autophagy in Chlamydomonas Is Mediated through Redox-Dependent Inactivation of the ATG4 Protease. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 172:2219-2234. [PMID: 27756818 PMCID: PMC5129734 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.01582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a major catabolic pathway by which eukaryotic cells deliver unnecessary or damaged cytoplasmic material to the vacuole for its degradation and recycling in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. Control of autophagy has been associated with the production of reactive oxygen species in several organisms, including plants and algae, but the precise regulatory molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that the ATG4 protease, an essential protein for autophagosome biogenesis, plays a central role for the redox regulation of autophagy in the model green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Our results indicate that the activity of C. reinhardtii ATG4 is regulated by the formation of a single disulfide bond with a low redox potential that can be efficiently reduced by the NADPH/thioredoxin system. Moreover, we found that treatment of C. reinhardtii cells with norflurazon, an inhibitor of carotenoid biosynthesis that generates reactive oxygen species and triggers autophagy in this alga, promotes the oxidation and aggregation of ATG4. We propose that the activity of the ATG4 protease is finely regulated by the intracellular redox state, and it is inhibited under stress conditions to ensure lipidation of ATG8 and thus autophagy progression in C. reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (M.E.P.-P., J.L.C.); and
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR8226, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France (S.D.L.)
| | - Stéphane D Lemaire
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (M.E.P.-P., J.L.C.); and
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR8226, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France (S.D.L.)
| | - José L Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain (M.E.P.-P., J.L.C.); and
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR8226, Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire des Eucaryotes, Institut de Biologie Physico-Chimique, 75005 Paris, France (S.D.L.)
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166
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Seo DH, Ahn MY, Park KY, Kim EY, Kim WT. The N-Terminal UND Motif of the Arabidopsis U-Box E3 Ligase PUB18 Is Critical for the Negative Regulation of ABA-Mediated Stomatal Movement and Determines Its Ubiquitination Specificity for Exocyst Subunit Exo70B1. THE PLANT CELL 2016; 28:2952-2973. [PMID: 27956469 PMCID: PMC5240735 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.16.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana U-box E3 ligases PUB18/PUB19 and PUB22/PUB23 are negative regulators of drought stress responses. PUB18/PUB19 regulate the drought stress response in an abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent manner, whereas PUB22/PUB23 regulate this response in an ABA-independent manner. A major structural difference between PUB18/PUB19 and PUB22/PUB23 is the presence of the UND (U-box N-terminal domain). Here, we focused on elucidating the molecular mechanism that mediates the functional difference between PUB18 and PUB22 and found that the UNDPUB18 was critically involved in the negative regulation of ABA-mediated stomatal movements. Exo70B1, a subunit of the exocyst complex, was identified as a target of PUB18, whereas Exo70B2 was a substrate of PUB22. However, the ∆UND-PUB18 derivative failed to ubiquitinate Exo70B1, but ubiquitinated Exo70B2. By contrast, the UNDPUB18-PUB22 chimeric protein ubiquitinated Exo70B1 instead of Exo70B2, suggesting that the ubiquitination specificities of PUB18 and PUB22 to Exo70B1 and Exo70B2, respectively, are dependent on the presence or absence of the UNDPUB18 motif. The ABA-insensitive phenotypes of the pub18 pub19 exo70b1 triple mutant were reminiscent of those of exo70b1 rather than pub18 pub19, indicating that Exo70B1 functions downstream of PUB18. Overall, our results suggest that the UNDPUB18 motif is crucial for the negative regulation of ABA-dependent stomatal movement and for determination of its ubiquitination specificity to Exo70B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hye Seo
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Min Yong Ahn
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Ki Youl Park
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Eun Yu Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
| | - Woo Taek Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
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167
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Bao Y, Mugume Y, Bassham DC. Biochemical Methods to Monitor Autophagic Responses in Plants. Methods Enzymol 2016; 588:497-513. [PMID: 28237117 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2016.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The study of autophagy in plants is rapidly increasing, due to its pivotal and fundamental roles in responding to stressful stimuli, recycling nutrients during senescence, and maintaining growth under normal conditions. Assays for detecting autophagy in plants have generally been based on microscopic observations, providing qualitative information on autophagy activity. Here, we discuss biochemical assays for detecting autophagy, which have the potential for providing more quantitative information, with a focus on immunoblotting with antibodies against ATG8, NBR1, or epitope tags fused to ATG proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bao
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Y Mugume
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - D C Bassham
- Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States.
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168
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Chen L, Liao B, Qi H, Xie LJ, Huang L, Tan WJ, Zhai N, Yuan LB, Zhou Y, Yu LJ, Chen QF, Shu W, Xiao S. Autophagy contributes to regulation of the hypoxia response during submergence in Arabidopsis thaliana. Autophagy 2016; 11:2233-46. [PMID: 26566261 PMCID: PMC4835207 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1112483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy involves massive degradation of intracellular components and functions as a conserved system that helps cells to adapt to adverse conditions. In mammals, hypoxia rapidly stimulates autophagy as a cell survival response. Here, we examine the function of autophagy in the regulation of the plant response to submergence, an abiotic stress that leads to hypoxia and anaerobic respiration in plant cells. In Arabidopsis thaliana, submergence induces the transcription of autophagy-related (ATG) genes and the formation of autophagosomes. Consistent with this, the autophagy-defective (atg) mutants are hypersensitive to submergence stress and treatment with ethanol, the end product of anaerobic respiration. Upon submergence, the atg mutants have increased levels of transcripts of anaerobic respiration genes (alcohol dehydrogenase 1, ADH1 and pyruvate decarboxylase 1, PDC1), but reduced levels of transcripts of other hypoxia- and ethylene-responsive genes. Both submergence and ethanol treatments induce the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the rosettes of atg mutants more than in the wild type. Moreover, the production of ROS by the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases is necessary for plant tolerance to submergence and ethanol, submergence-induced expression of ADH1 and PDC1, and activation of autophagy. The submergence- and ethanol-sensitive phenotypes in the atg mutants depend on a complete salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. Together, our findings demonstrate that submergence-induced autophagy functions in the hypoxia response in Arabidopsis by modulating SA-mediated cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Bin Liao
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Hua Qi
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Li-Juan Xie
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Li Huang
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Wei-Juan Tan
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Ning Zhai
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Li-Bing Yuan
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Ying Zhou
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Lu-Jun Yu
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Qin-Fang Chen
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Wensheng Shu
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
| | - Shi Xiao
- a State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources; Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University ; Guangzhou , China
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169
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Wang Y, Zheng X, Yu B, Han S, Guo J, Tang H, Yu AYL, Deng H, Hong Y, Liu Y. Disruption of microtubules in plants suppresses macroautophagy and triggers starch excess-associated chloroplast autophagy. Autophagy 2016; 11:2259-74. [PMID: 26566764 PMCID: PMC4835195 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1113365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules, the major components of cytoskeleton, are involved in various fundamental biological processes in plants. Recent studies in mammalian cells have revealed the importance of microtubule cytoskeleton in autophagy. However, little is known about the roles of microtubules in plant autophagy. Here, we found that ATG6 interacts with TUB8/β-tubulin 8 and colocalizes with microtubules in Nicotiana benthamiana. Disruption of microtubules by either silencing of tubulin genes or treatment with microtubule-depolymerizing agents in N. benthamiana reduces autophagosome formation during upregulation of nocturnal or oxidation-induced macroautophagy. Furthermore, a blockage of leaf starch degradation occurred in microtubule-disrupted cells and triggered a distinct ATG6-, ATG5- and ATG7-independent autophagic pathway termed starch excess-associated chloroplast autophagy (SEX chlorophagy) for clearance of dysfunctional chloroplasts. Our findings reveal that an intact microtubule network is important for efficient macroautophagy and leaf starch degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- a Center for Plant Biology ; Beijing , China.,b MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University ; Beijing , China
| | - Xiyin Zheng
- a Center for Plant Biology ; Beijing , China.,b MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University ; Beijing , China
| | - Bingjie Yu
- a Center for Plant Biology ; Beijing , China.,b MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University ; Beijing , China
| | - Shaojie Han
- a Center for Plant Biology ; Beijing , China.,b MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University ; Beijing , China
| | - Jiangbo Guo
- a Center for Plant Biology ; Beijing , China
| | - Haiping Tang
- b MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University ; Beijing , China
| | - Alice Yunzi L Yu
- b MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University ; Beijing , China
| | - Haiteng Deng
- b MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University ; Beijing , China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- c Research Center for Plant RNA Signaling; College of Life and Environmental Sciences; Hangzhou Normal University ; Hangzhou , China
| | - Yule Liu
- a Center for Plant Biology ; Beijing , China.,b MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics; School of Life Sciences; Tsinghua University ; Beijing , China
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170
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Floyd BE, Morriss SC, MacIntosh GC, Bassham DC. Evidence for autophagy-dependent pathways of rRNA turnover in Arabidopsis. Autophagy 2016; 11:2199-212. [PMID: 26735434 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2015.1106664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes account for a majority of the cell's RNA and much of its protein and represent a significant investment of cellular resources. The turnover and degradation of ribosomes has been proposed to play a role in homeostasis and during stress conditions. Mechanisms for the turnover of rRNA and ribosomal proteins have not been fully elucidated. We show here that the RNS2 ribonuclease and autophagy participate in RNA turnover in Arabidopsis thaliana under normal growth conditions. An increase in autophagosome formation was seen in an rns2-2 mutant, and this increase was dependent on the core autophagy genes ATG9 and ATG5. Autophagosomes and autophagic bodies in rns2-2 mutants contain RNA and ribosomes, suggesting that autophagy is activated as an attempt to compensate for loss of rRNA degradation. Total RNA accumulates in rns2-2, atg9-4, atg5-1, rns2-2 atg9-4, and rns2-2 atg5-1 mutants, suggesting a parallel role for autophagy and RNS2 in RNA turnover. rRNA accumulates in the vacuole in rns2-2 mutants. Vacuolar accumulation of rRNA was blocked by disrupting autophagy via an rns2-2 atg5-1 double mutant but not by an rns2-2 atg9-4 double mutant, indicating that ATG5 and ATG9 function differently in this process. Our results suggest that autophagy and RNS2 are both involved in homeostatic degradation of rRNA in the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice E Floyd
- a Department of Genetics , Development and Cell Biology; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA , USA
| | - Stephanie C Morriss
- b Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA USA
| | - Gustavo C MacIntosh
- b Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry Biophysics and Molecular Biology; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA USA.,c Plant Sciences Institute; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- a Department of Genetics , Development and Cell Biology; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA , USA.,c Plant Sciences Institute; Iowa State University ; Ames , IA USA
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171
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Cao L, Fu M, Kumar S, Kumar A. Methamphetamine potentiates HIV-1 gp120-mediated autophagy via Beclin-1 and Atg5/7 as a pro-survival response in astrocytes. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2425. [PMID: 27763640 PMCID: PMC5133984 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH), a commonly used controlled substance, is known to exacerbate neuropathological dysfunction in HIV-infected individuals. The neuropathological manifestation results from cell death or dysfunction in the central nervous system (CNS) wherein autophagy is expected to have an important role. Autophagy is generally considered protective during deprivation/stress. However, excessive autophagy can be destructive, leading to autophagic cell death. This study was designed to investigate if METH and HIV-1 gp120 interact to induce autophagy in SVGA astrocytes, and whether autophagy is epiphenomenal or it has a role in METH- and gp120-induced cytotoxicity. We found that METH and gp120 IIIb caused an increase in LC3II level in astrocytes in a dose- and time-dependent manner, and the level of LC3II was further increased when the cells were treated with METH and gp120 IIIb in combination. Next, we sought to explore the mechanism by which METH and gp120 induce the autophagic response. We found that METH induces autophagy via opioid and metabotropic glutamate receptor type 5 (mGluR5) receptors. Other than that, signaling proteins Akt, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Beclin-1, Atg5 and Atg7 were involved in METH and gp120-mediated autophagy. In addition, long-term treatment of METH and gp120 IIIb resulted in cell death, which was exacerbated by inhibition of autophagy. This suggests that autophagy functions as a protective response against apoptosis caused by METH and gp120. This study is novel and clinically relevant because METH abuse among HIV-infected populations is highly prevalent and is known to cause exacerbated neuroAIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Cao
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Anil Kumar
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, USA
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172
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Li W, Chen M, Wang E, Hu L, Hawkesford MJ, Zhong L, Chen Z, Xu Z, Li L, Zhou Y, Guo C, Ma Y. Genome-wide analysis of autophagy-associated genes in foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and characterization of the function of SiATG8a in conferring tolerance to nitrogen starvation in rice. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:797. [PMID: 27733118 PMCID: PMC5062844 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3113-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a cellular degradation process that is highly evolutionarily-conserved in yeast, plants, and animals. In plants, autophagy plays important roles in regulating intracellular degradation and recycling of amino acids in response to nutrient starvation, senescence, and other environmental stresses. Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) has strong resistance to stresses and has been proposed as an ideal material for use in the study of the physiological mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in plants. Although the genome sequence of foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is available, the characteristics and functions of abiotic stress-related genes remain largely unknown for this species. Results A total of 37 putative ATG (autophagy-associated genes) genes in the foxtail millet genome were identified. Gene duplication analysis revealed that both segmental and tandem duplication events have played significant roles in the expansion of the ATG gene family in foxtail millet. Comparative synteny mapping between the genomes of foxtail millet and rice suggested that the ATG genes in both species have common ancestors, as their ATG genes were primarily located in similar syntenic regions. Gene expression analysis revealed the induced expression of 31 SiATG genes by one or more phytohormone treatments, 26 SiATG genes by drought, salt and cold, 24 SiATG genes by darkness and 25 SiATG genes by nitrogen starvation. Results of qRT-PCR showing that among 37 SiATG genes, the expression level of SiATG8a was the highest after nitrogen starvation treatment 24 h, suggesting its potential role in tolerance to nutrient starvation. Moreover, the heterologous expression of SiATG8a in rice improved nitrogen starvation tolerance. Compared to wild type rice, the transgenic rice performed better and had higher aboveground total nitrogen content when the plants were grown under nitrogen starvation conditions. Conclusions Our results deepen understanding about the characteristics and functions of ATG genes in foxtail millet and also identify promising new genetic resources that should be of use in future efforts to develop varieties of foxtail millet and other crop species that have resistance to nitrogen deficiency stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3113-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150025, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Erhui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shanxi, 712100, China
| | - Liqin Hu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Malcolm J Hawkesford
- Plant Biology and Crop Science Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Li Zhong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
| | - Zhaoshi Xu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liancheng Li
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yongbin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Changhong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cytogenetics and Genetic Breeding of Heilongjiang Province, College of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Normal University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150025, China.
| | - Youzhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, 100081, China.
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173
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Du Q, Wang K, Xu C, Zou C, Xie C, Xu Y, Li WX. Strand-specific RNA-Seq transcriptome analysis of genotypes with and without low-phosphorus tolerance provides novel insights into phosphorus-use efficiency in maize. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:222. [PMID: 27724863 PMCID: PMC5057381 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phosphorus (P) stress is a global problem in maize production. Although macro/microarray technologies have greatly increased our general knowledge of maize responses to P stress, a greater understanding of the diversity of responses in maize genotypes is still needed. RESULTS In this study, we first evaluated the tolerance to low P of 560 accessions under field conditions, and selected the low P-tolerant line CCM454 and the low P-sensitive line 31778 for further research. We then generated 24 strand-specific RNA libraries from shoots and roots of CCM454 and 31778 that had been subjected to P stress for 2 and 8 days. The P deficiency-responsive genes common to CCM454 and 31778 were involved in various metabolic processes, including acid phosphatase (APase) activity. Determination of root-secretory APase activities showed that the induction of APase by P stress occurred much earlier in CCM454 than that in 31778. Gene Ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and CAT/POD activities between CCM454 and 31778 under P-sufficient and -deficient conditions demonstrated that CCM454 has a greater ability to eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) than 31778. In addition, 16 miRNAs in roots and 12 miRNAs in shoots, including miRNA399s, were identified as DEGs between CCM454 and 31778. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that the tolerance to low P of CCM454 is mainly due to the rapid responsiveness to P stress and efficient elimination of ROS. Our findings increase the understanding of the molecular events involved in the diversity of responses to P stress among maize accessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingguo Du
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Kai Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Cheng Xu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Cheng Zou
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Chuanxiao Xie
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Yunbi Xu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Wen-Xue Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
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174
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Fong‐ngern K, Vinaiphat A, Thongboonkerd V. Microvillar injury in renal tubular epithelial cells induced by calcium oxalate crystal and the protective role of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate. FASEB J 2016; 31:120-131. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600543r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kedsarin Fong‐ngern
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and DevelopmentFaculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital Bangkok Thailand
- Center for Research in Complex Systems ScienceMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Arada Vinaiphat
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and DevelopmentFaculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital Bangkok Thailand
- Center for Research in Complex Systems ScienceMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
| | - Visith Thongboonkerd
- Medical Proteomics Unit, Office for Research and DevelopmentFaculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital Bangkok Thailand
- Center for Research in Complex Systems ScienceMahidol University Bangkok Thailand
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175
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Zhao P, Zhou XM, Sun MX. Autophagy in sexual plant reproduction as an emerging field. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2016; 11:e1112478. [PMID: 26515232 PMCID: PMC5117091 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2015.1112478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved system for clearing and recycling cellular components. Critical roles of autophagy in the responses of plant to different environmental stresses have been revealed during past decades. However, little is known about the role of autophagy in plant developmental processes, especially in the processes of sexual plant reproduction. Here, we briefly discuss recent advances in the emerging field and wish to bring some potential research directions into attention. Possible divergence of molecular mechanism of autophagy in respect to the current debatable view is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- College of Life Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice; Wuhan University; Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Mei Zhou
- College of Life Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice; Wuhan University; Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Xiang Sun
- College of Life Sciences; State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice; Wuhan University; Wuhan, China
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176
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Lapshina LA, Reunov AV, Nagorskaya VP. Effects of exogenous H2O2 on the content of endogenous H2O2, activities of catalase and hydrolases, and cell ultrastructure in tobacco leaves. BIOL BULL+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359016050058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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177
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Li H, Wang Y, Wang Z, Guo X, Wang F, Xia XJ, Zhou J, Shi K, Yu JQ, Zhou YH. Microarray and genetic analysis reveals that csa-miR159b plays a critical role in abscisic acid-mediated heat tolerance in grafted cucumber plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1790-804. [PMID: 27037862 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Root-shoot communication plays a vital role in plant growth, development and adaptation to environmental stimuli. Grafting-induced stress tolerance is associated with the induction of plentiful stress-related genes and proteins; the mechanism involved, however, remains obscure. Here, we show that the enhanced tolerance against heat stress in cucumber plants with luffa as rootstock was accompanied with an increased accumulation of abscisic acid (ABA), down-regulation of a subset of microRNAs (miRNAs) but up-regulation of their target genes and CsHSP70 accumulation in the shoots. Significantly, luffa rootstock and foliar application of ABA both down-regulated csa-miR159b and up-regulated its target mRNAs CsGAMYB1 and CsMYB29-like and CsHSP70 accumulation in cucumber, while ectopic expression of csa-miR159b led to decreased heat tolerance, AtMYB33 transcript and AtHSP70 accumulation in Arabidopsis plants. Taken together, our results suggest that root-originated signals such as ABA could alter miRNAs in the shoots, which have a major role in the post-transcriptional regulation of the stress-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ze Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xie Guo
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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178
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Wang P, Richardson C, Hawes C, Hussey P. Arabidopsis NAP1 Regulates the Formation of Autophagosomes. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2060-2069. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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179
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Laureano-Marín AM, Moreno I, Romero LC, Gotor C. Negative Regulation of Autophagy by Sulfide Is Independent of Reactive Oxygen Species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:1378-91. [PMID: 27208225 PMCID: PMC4902596 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating experimental evidence in mammalian, and recently plant, systems has led to a change in our understanding of the role played by hydrogen sulfide in life processes. In plants, hydrogen sulfide mitigates stress and regulates important plant processes such as photosynthesis, stomatal movement, and autophagy, although the underlying mechanism is not well known. In this study, we provide new experimental evidence that, together with our previous findings, demonstrates the role of hydrogen sulfide in regulating autophagy. We used green fluorescent protein fluorescence associated with autophagic bodies and immunoblot analysis of the ATG8 protein to show that sulfide (and no other molecules such as sulfur-containing molecules or ammonium) was able to inhibit the autophagy induced in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) roots under nitrogen deprivation. Our results showed that sulfide was unable to scavenge reactive oxygen species generated by nitrogen limitation, in contrast to well-established reducers. In addition, reducers were unable to inhibit the accumulation of autophagic bodies and ATG8 protein forms to the same extent as sulfide. Therefore, we conclude that sulfide represses autophagy via a mechanism that is independent of redox conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Laureano-Marín
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Luis C Romero
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
| | - Cecilia Gotor
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad de Sevilla, 41092 Seville, Spain
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180
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Cheng F, Yin LL, Zhou J, Xia XJ, Shi K, Yu JQ, Zhou YH, Foyer CH. Interactions between 2-Cys peroxiredoxins and ascorbate in autophagosome formation during the heat stress response in Solanum lycopersicum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:1919-33. [PMID: 26834179 PMCID: PMC4783371 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-CPs) function in the removal of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxides but their precise roles in the induction of autophagy have not been characterized. Here we show that heat stress, which is known to induce oxidative stress, leads to the simultaneous accumulation of transcripts encoding 2-CPs and autophagy proteins, as well as autophagosomes, in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Virus-induced gene silencing of the tomato peroxiredoxin genes 2-CP1, 2-CP2, and 2-CP1/2 resulted in an increased sensitivity of tomato plants to heat stress. Silencing 2-CP2 or 2-CP1/2 increased the levels of transcripts associated with ascorbate biosynthesis but had no effect on the glutathione pool in the absence of stress. However, the heat-induced accumulation of transcripts associated with the water-water cycle was compromised by the loss of 2-CP1/2 functions. The transcript levels of autophagy-related genes ATG5 and ATG7 were higher in plants with impaired 2-CP1/2 functions, and the formation of autophagosomes increased, together with an accumulation of oxidized and insoluble proteins. Silencing of ATG5 or ATG7 increased the levels of 2-CP transcripts and protein but decreased heat stress tolerance. These results demonstrate that 2-CPs fulfil a pivotal role in heat stress tolerance in tomato, via interactions with ascorbate-dependent pathways and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Cheng
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education/College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Yin
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, P.R. China
| | - Christine Helen Foyer
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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181
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Identification of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Autophagy Genes and Their Expression Levels during Leaf Senescence, Chronic Nitrogen Limitation and in Response to Dark Exposure. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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182
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Liu L. Ultramicroscopy reveals that senescence induces in-situ and vacuolar degradation of plastoglobules in aging watermelon leaves. Micron 2016; 80:135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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183
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184
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Pérez-Pérez ME, Andrés-Garrido A, Crespo JL. Biochemical Analysis of Autophagy in Algae and Plants by Monitoring the Electrophoretic Mobility of ATG8. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1450:151-159. [PMID: 27424752 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3759-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of specific autophagy markers has been fundamental to investigate autophagy as catabolic process. Among them, the ATG8 protein turned out to be one of the most widely used and specific molecular markers of autophagy both in higher and lower eukaryotes. Here, we describe how ATG8 can be used to monitor autophagy in Chlamydomonas and Arabidopsis by western blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ascensión Andrés-Garrido
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - José L Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092, Sevilla, Spain.
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185
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Yang X, Srivastava R, Howell SH, Bassham DC. Activation of autophagy by unfolded proteins during endoplasmic reticulum stress. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 85:83-95. [PMID: 26616142 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum stress is defined as the accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, and is caused by conditions such as heat or agents that cause endoplasmic reticulum stress, including tunicamycin and dithiothreitol. Autophagy, a major pathway for degradation of macromolecules in the vacuole, is activated by these stress agents in a manner dependent on inositol-requiring enzyme 1b (IRE1b), and delivers endoplasmic reticulum fragments to the vacuole for degradation. In this study, we examined the mechanism for activation of autophagy during endoplasmic reticulum stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. The chemical chaperones sodium 4-phenylbutyrate and tauroursodeoxycholic acid were found to reduce tunicamycin- or dithiothreitol-induced autophagy, but not autophagy caused by unrelated stresses. Similarly, over-expression of BINDING IMMUNOGLOBULIN PROTEIN (BIP), encoding a heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) molecular chaperone, reduced autophagy. Autophagy activated by heat stress was also found to be partially dependent on IRE1b and to be inhibited by sodium 4-phenylbutyrate, suggesting that heat-induced autophagy is due to accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Expression in Arabidopsis of the misfolded protein mimics zeolin or a mutated form of carboxypeptidase Y (CPY*) also induced autophagy in an IRE1b-dependent manner. Moreover, zeolin and CPY* partially co-localized with the autophagic body marker GFP-ATG8e, indicating delivery to the vacuole by autophagy. We conclude that accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum is a trigger for autophagy under conditions that cause endoplasmic reticulum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yang
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Interdepartmental Plant Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Renu Srivastava
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Stephen H Howell
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Interdepartmental Plant Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Diane C Bassham
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Interdepartmental Plant Biology Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
- Plant Sciences Institute, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
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186
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Yokawa K, Baluška F. The TOR Complex: An Emergency Switch for Root Behavior. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:14-8. [PMID: 26644459 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is known to be a controller of cell growth and aging, which determines the fine balance between growth rates and energy availabilities. It has been reported that many eukaryotes express TOR genes. In plants, TOR signaling modifies growth and development in response to a plant's energy status. An example of TOR action can be found in the root apices, which are active organs that explore the soil environment via vigorous growth and numerous tropisms. The exploratory nature of root apices requires a large energy supply for signaling, as well as for cell division and elongation. In the case of negative tropisms, roots must respond quickly to avoid patches of unfavorable soil conditions, again by consuming precious energy reserves. Here we review the current findings on TOR signaling in plants and animals, and propose possible roles for this important complex in driving plant root negative tropisms, particularly during light escape and salt avoidance behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Yokawa
- IZMB, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, D-53115 Bonn, Germany Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
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187
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Wang W, Xu M, Wang G, Galili G. Autophagy: An Important Biological Process That Protects Plants from Stressful Environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:2030. [PMID: 28123390 PMCID: PMC5225088 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.02030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Wang
- Department of Plant Science, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Mengyun Xu
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Guoping Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoping Wang
| | - Gad Galili
- Department of Plant Science, Weizmann Institute of ScienceRehovot, Israel
- Gad Galili
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188
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Yerra VG, Gundu C, Bachewal P, Kumar A. Autophagy: The missing link in diabetic neuropathy? Med Hypotheses 2016; 86:120-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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189
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Shiraya T, Mori T, Maruyama T, Sasaki M, Takamatsu T, Oikawa K, Itoh K, Kaneko K, Ichikawa H, Mitsui T. Golgi/plastid-type manganese superoxide dismutase involved in heat-stress tolerance during grain filling of rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1251-63. [PMID: 25586098 PMCID: PMC6680209 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is widely assumed to play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species caused by environmental stresses. We found a characteristic expression of manganese SOD 1 (MSD1) in a heat-stress-tolerant cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa). The deduced amino acid sequence contains a signal sequence and an N-glycosylation site. Confocal imaging analysis of rice and onion cells transiently expressing MSD1-YFP showed MSD1-YFP in the Golgi apparatus and plastids, indicating that MSD1 is a unique Golgi/plastid-type SOD. To evaluate the involvement of MSD1 in heat-stress tolerance, we generated transgenic rice plants with either constitutive high expression or suppression of MSD1. The grain quality of rice with constitutive high expression of MSD1 grown at 33/28 °C, 12/12 h, was significantly better than that of the wild type. In contrast, MSD1-knock-down rice was markedly susceptible to heat stress. Quantitative shotgun proteomic analysis indicated that the overexpression of MSD1 up-regulated reactive oxygen scavenging, chaperone and quality control systems in rice grains under heat stress. We propose that the Golgi/plastid MSD1 plays an important role in adaptation to heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Shiraya
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taiki Mori
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maruyama
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Maiko Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takeshi Takamatsu
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kimiko Itoh
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kaneko
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Ichikawa
- Division of Plant Sciences, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Mitsui
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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190
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Cheng T, Chen J, Ef AA, Wang P, Wang G, Hu X, Shi J. Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) and nitric oxide signaling enhance poplar defense against chilling stress. PLANTA 2015; 243:1081. [PMID: 26232921 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
NO acts as the essential signal to enhance poplar tolerance to chilling stress via antioxidant enzyme activities and protein S -nitrosylation modification, NO signal is also strictly controlled by S -nitrosoglutathione reductase and nitrate reductase to avoid the over-accumulation of reactive nitrogen species. Poplar (Populus trichocarpa) are fast growing woody plants with both ecological and economic value; however, the mechanisms by which poplar adapts to environmental stress are poorly understood. In this study, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification proteomic approach to characterize the response of poplar exposed to cold stress. We identified 114 proteins that were differentially expressed in plants exposed to cold stress. In particular, some of the proteins are involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) metabolism. Further physiological analysis showed that nitric oxide (NO) signaling activated a series of downstream defense responses. We further demonstrated that NO activated antioxidant enzyme activities and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activities, which would reduce ROS and RNS toxicity and thereby enhance poplar tolerance to cold stress. Suppressing NO accumulation or GSNOR activity aggravated cold damage to poplar leaves. Moreover, our results showed that RNS can suppress the activities of GSNOR and NO nitrate reductase (NR) by S-nitrosylation to fine-tune the NO signal and modulate ROS levels by modulating the S-nitrosylation of ascorbate peroxidase protein. Hence, our data demonstrate that NO signaling activates multiple pathways that enhance poplar tolerances to cold stress, and that NO signaling is strictly controlled through protein post-translational modification by S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biogeography, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biogeography, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Abd Allah Ef
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pengkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biogeography, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Guangping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biogeography, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biogeography, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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191
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Cheng T, Chen J, Ef AA, Wang P, Wang G, Hu X, Shi J. Quantitative proteomics analysis reveals that S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) and nitric oxide signaling enhance poplar defense against chilling stress. PLANTA 2015; 242:1361-90. [PMID: 26232921 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2374-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
NO acts as the essential signal to enhance poplar tolerance to chilling stress via antioxidant enzyme activities and protein S -nitrosylation modification, NO signal is also strictly controlled by S -nitrosoglutathione reductase and nitrate reductase to avoid the over-accumulation of reactive nitrogen species. Poplar (Populus trichocarpa) are fast growing woody plants with both ecological and economic value; however, the mechanisms by which poplar adapts to environmental stress are poorly understood. In this study, we used isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification proteomic approach to characterize the response of poplar exposed to cold stress. We identified 114 proteins that were differentially expressed in plants exposed to cold stress. In particular, some of the proteins are involved in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) metabolism. Further physiological analysis showed that nitric oxide (NO) signaling activated a series of downstream defense responses. We further demonstrated that NO activated antioxidant enzyme activities and S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (GSNOR) activities, which would reduce ROS and RNS toxicity and thereby enhance poplar tolerance to cold stress. Suppressing NO accumulation or GSNOR activity aggravated cold damage to poplar leaves. Moreover, our results showed that RNS can suppress the activities of GSNOR and NO nitrate reductase (NR) by S-nitrosylation to fine-tune the NO signal and modulate ROS levels by modulating the S-nitrosylation of ascorbate peroxidase protein. Hence, our data demonstrate that NO signaling activates multiple pathways that enhance poplar tolerances to cold stress, and that NO signaling is strictly controlled through protein post-translational modification by S-nitrosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tielong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biogeography, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Jinhui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biogeography, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Abd Allah Ef
- Department of Plant Production, Faculty of Food & Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Pengkai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biogeography, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Guangping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biogeography, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Xiangyang Hu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Jisen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biogeography, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Forest University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
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192
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Young PG, Bartel B. Pexophagy and peroxisomal protein turnover in plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1863:999-1005. [PMID: 26348128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are dynamic, vital organelles that sequester a variety of oxidative reactions and their toxic byproducts from the remainder of the cell. The oxidative nature of peroxisomal metabolism predisposes the organelle to self-inflicted damage, highlighting the need for a mechanism to dispose of damaged peroxisomes. In addition, the metabolic requirements of plant peroxisomes change during development, and obsolete peroxisomal proteins are degraded. Although pexophagy, the selective autophagy of peroxisomes, is an obvious mechanism for executing such degradation, pexophagy has only recently been described in plants. Several recent studies in the reference plant Arabidopsis thaliana implicate pexophagy in the turnover of peroxisomal proteins, both for quality control and during functional transitions of peroxisomal content. In this review, we describe our current understanding of the occurrence, roles, and mechanisms of pexophagy in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierce G Young
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
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193
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Sun M, Wang L, Jiang S, Liu R, Zhao D, Chen H, Song X, Song L. CpG ODNs induced autophagy via reactive oxygen species (ROS) in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 52:1-9. [PMID: 25912358 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular homeostatic process involved in numerous responses in both vertebrate and invertebrate. In the present study, autophagy in hemocytes of Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis was observed by Western-blot and immunofluorescence assay, and its induction by CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) was investigated. The increase of LC3-conversion (LC3-II/LC3-I) and LC3-puncta formation were observed in hemocytes of crabs after rapamycin injection. And the ratio of LC3-conversion and the percentage of LC3-puncta formation were also significantly increased after CpG ODNs stimulation, and the highest values were 1.89-fold and 3.77-fold compared to that in pUC57 group at 24 h post-injection. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of autophagy-related genes, EsGabarap and EsAtg7, both dramatically increased after CpG ODNs injection, and reached the peak at 6 h post-injection, which were 2.66- and 2.82-fold (P <0.01) for EsGabarap, and 6.16-fold and 6.10-fold (P <0.01) for EsAtg7 compared to saline and pUC57 groups, respectively. The generation of ROS in hemocytes was induced and reached peak at 6 h post-injection in CpG-pUC57 group, which was 1.30-fold (P <0.01) and 1.66-fold (P <0.01) of that in saline and pUC57 group, respectively. The increased ROS generation and autophagy triggered by CpG ODNs were abolished after the treatment of the ROS scavenger, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). It was suggested that CpG ODNs could induce autophagy and up-regulate the expression levels of autophagy-related genes in crabs via the activation of ROS generation in the hemocytes. The results provided useful information to understand autophagy in crab, and they were also helpful for the application of CpG ODNs as the novel immune stimulants in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhe Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Depeng Zhao
- Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaorui Song
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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194
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New Insight into the Mechanism and Function of Autophagy in Plant Cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 320:1-40. [PMID: 26614870 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a degradation pathway that is conserved throughout eukaryotic organisms and plays important roles in the tolerance of abiotic and biotic stresses. It functions as a housekeeping process to remove unwanted cell components under normal conditions, and is induced during stress and senescence to break down damaged cellular contents and to recycle materials. The target components are engulfed into specialized transport structures termed autophagosomes and are subsequently delivered to the vacuole for degradation. Here, we review milestones in the study of autophagy in plants, discuss recent advances in our understanding of the mechanism and physiological roles of plant autophagy, and highlight potential future directions of research.
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195
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Zhou XM, Zhao P, Wang W, Zou J, Cheng TH, Peng XB, Sun MX. A comprehensive, genome-wide analysis of autophagy-related genes identified in tobacco suggests a central role of autophagy in plant response to various environmental cues. DNA Res 2015; 22:245-57. [PMID: 26205094 PMCID: PMC4535619 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsv012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in both animals and plants, which has been shown to be involved in various essential developmental processes in plants. Nicotiana tabacum is considered to be an ideal model plant and has been widely used for the study of the roles of autophagy in the processes of plant development and in the response to various stresses. However, only a few autophagy-related genes (ATGs) have been identified in tobacco up to now. Here, we identified 30 ATGs belonging to 16 different groups in tobacco through a genome-wide survey. Comprehensive expression profile analysis reveals an abroad expression pattern of these ATGs, which could be detected in all tissues tested under normal growth conditions. Our series tests further reveal that majority of ATGs are sensitive and responsive to different stresses including nutrient starvation, plant hormones, heavy metal and other abiotic stresses, suggesting a central role of autophagy, likely as an effector, in plant response to various environmental cues. This work offers a detailed survey of all ATGs in tobacco and also suggests manifold functions of autophagy in both normal plant growth and plant response to environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-mei Zhou
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jie Zou
- Molecular Genetics Key Laboratory of China Tobacco, Guizhou Academy of Tobacco Science, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Tian-he Cheng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiong-bo Peng
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Meng-xiang Sun
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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196
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Tuttle JR, Nah G, Duke MV, Alexander DC, Guan X, Song Q, Chen ZJ, Scheffler BE, Haigler CH. Metabolomic and transcriptomic insights into how cotton fiber transitions to secondary wall synthesis, represses lignification, and prolongs elongation. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:477. [PMID: 26116072 PMCID: PMC4482290 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1708-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The morphogenesis of single-celled cotton fiber includes extreme elongation and staged cell wall differentiation. Designing strategies for improving cotton fiber for textiles and other uses relies on uncovering the related regulatory mechanisms. In this research we compared the transcriptomes and metabolomes of two Gossypium genotypes, Gossypium barbadense cv Phytogen 800 and G. hirsutum cv Deltapine 90. When grown in parallel, the two types of fiber developed similarly except for prolonged fiber elongation in the G. barbadense cultivar. The data were collected from isolated fibers between 10 to 28 days post anthesis (DPA) representing: primary wall synthesis to support elongation; transitional cell wall remodeling; and secondary wall cellulose synthesis, which was accompanied by continuing elongation only in G. barbadense fiber. Results Of 206 identified fiber metabolites, 205 were held in common between the two genotypes. Approximately 38,000 transcripts were expressed in the fiber of each genotype, and these were mapped to the reference set and interpreted by homology to known genes. The developmental changes in the transcriptomes and the metabolomes were compared within and across genotypes with several novel implications. Transitional cell wall remodeling is a distinct stable developmental stage lasting at least four days (18 to 21 DPA). Expression of selected cell wall related transcripts was similar between genotypes, but cellulose synthase gene expression patterns were more complex than expected. Lignification was transcriptionally repressed in both genotypes. Oxidative stress was lower in the fiber of G. barbadense cv Phytogen 800 as compared to G. hirsutum cv Deltapine 90. Correspondingly, the G. barbadense cultivar had enhanced capacity for management of reactive oxygen species during its prolonged elongation period, as indicated by a 138-fold increase in ascorbate concentration at 28 DPA. Conclusions The parallel data on deep-sequencing transcriptomics and non-targeted metabolomics for two genotypes of single-celled cotton fiber showed that a discrete developmental stage of transitional cell wall remodeling occurs before secondary wall cellulose synthesis begins. The data showed how lignification can be transcriptionally repressed during secondary cell wall synthesis, and they implicated enhanced capacity to manage reactive oxygen species through the ascorbate-glutathione cycle as a positive contributor to fiber length. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1708-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Tuttle
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Gyoungju Nah
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Mary V Duke
- USDA ARS Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA.
| | | | - Xueying Guan
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Qingxin Song
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Z Jeffrey Chen
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology and Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Brian E Scheffler
- USDA ARS Genomics and Bioinformatics Research Unit, Stoneville, MS, 38776, USA.
| | - Candace H Haigler
- Department of Crop Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA. .,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
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197
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Jain A, Singh A, Singh S, Singh V, Singh HB. Comparative proteomic analysis in pea treated with microbial consortia of beneficial microbes reveals changes in the protein network to enhance resistance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 182:79-94. [PMID: 26067380 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Microbial consortia may provide protection against pathogenic ingress via enhancing plant defense responses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa PJHU15, Trichoderma harzianum TNHU27 and Bacillus subtilis BHHU100 were used either singly or in consortia in the pea rhizosphere to observe proteome level changes upon Sclerotinia sclerotiorum challenge. Thirty proteins were found to increase or decrease differentially in 2-DE gels of pea leaves, out of which 25 were identified by MALDI-TOF MS or MS/MS. These proteins were classified into several functional categories including photosynthesis, respiration, phenylpropanoid metabolism, protein synthesis, stress regulation, carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism and disease/defense-related processes. The respective homologue of each protein identified was trapped in Pisum sativum and a phylogenetic tree was constructed to check the ancestry. The proteomic view of the defense response to S. sclerotiorum in pea, in the presence of beneficial microbes, highlights the enhanced protection that can be provided by these microbes in challenged plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akansha Jain
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Akanksha Singh
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Surendra Singh
- Department of Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Vinay Singh
- Centre for Bioinformatics, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | - Harikesh Bahadur Singh
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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198
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Wang P, Sun X, Wang N, Tan DX, Ma F. Melatonin enhances the occurrence of autophagy induced by oxidative stress in Arabidopsis seedlings. J Pineal Res 2015; 58:479-89. [PMID: 25788022 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effect that melatonin has against mitochondrial dysfunctioning seems to be linked to mitophagy. Roles for melatonin have been demonstrated in promoting health and preventing disease, as well as activating the process of autophagy in general. However, no reports have been made about how the application of melatonin regulates that process when plants are exposed to oxidative stress. We investigated the influence of different concentrations of melatonin (0.0, 0.5, 5.0, 10.0, or 50.0 μm) on autophagy under methyl viologen (MV)-induced oxidative stress. Arabidopsis seedlings that were pretreated with 5 or 10 μm melatonin underwent relatively strong induction of autophagy, as evidenced by the number of monodansylcadaverine (MDC)-stained autophagosomes in root samples. Pretreatment with 10 μm melatonin also alleviated MV-induced photo-oxidation damage and significantly reduced the accumulation of oxidized proteins. Those responses might have been due to the strong upregulation of genes that involved in AtATG8-PE conjugation pathway, which enhanced the capacity for autophagy. Histochemical staining revealed that both O2-· and H2 O2 were highly accumulated upon MV exposure, although the response did not differ significantly between control and melatonin-pretreated seedlings. By contrast, exogenous melatonin upregulated the expression of two genes for H2 O2 -scavenging enzymes, that is, AtAPX1 and AtCATs. The activation of autophagy by melatonin without an alteration in ROS production may be part of a survival mechanism that is enhanced by melatonin after cellular damage. Therefore, it represents a second level of defense to remove damaged proteins when antioxidant activities are compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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199
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Henry E, Fung N, Liu J, Drakakaki G, Coaker G. Beyond glycolysis: GAPDHs are multi-functional enzymes involved in regulation of ROS, autophagy, and plant immune responses. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005199. [PMID: 25918875 PMCID: PMC4412566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) is an important enzyme in energy metabolism with diverse cellular regulatory roles in vertebrates, but few reports have investigated the importance of plant GAPDH isoforms outside of their role in glycolysis. While animals possess one GAPDH isoform, plants possess multiple isoforms. In this study, cell biological and genetic approaches were used to investigate the role of GAPDHs during plant immune responses. Individual Arabidopsis GAPDH knockouts (KO lines) exhibited enhanced disease resistance phenotypes upon inoculation with the bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. KO lines exhibited accelerated programmed cell death and increased electrolyte leakage in response to effector triggered immunity. Furthermore, KO lines displayed increased basal ROS accumulation as visualized using the fluorescent probe H2DCFDA. The gapa1-2 and gapc1 KOs exhibited constitutive autophagy phenotypes in the absence of nutrient starvation. Due to the high sequence conservation between vertebrate and plant cytosolic GAPDH, our experiments focused on cytosolic GAPC1 cellular dynamics using a complemented GAPC1-GFP line. Confocal imaging coupled with an endocytic membrane marker (FM4-64) and endosomal trafficking inhibitors (BFA, Wortmannin) demonstrated cytosolic GAPC1 is localized to the plasma membrane and the endomembrane system, in addition to the cytosol and nucleus. After perception of bacterial flagellin, GAPC1 dynamically responded with a significant increase in size of fluorescent puncta and enhanced nuclear accumulation. Taken together, these results indicate that plant GAPDHs can affect multiple aspects of plant immunity in diverse sub-cellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Henry
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Nicholas Fung
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America; Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Gitta Coaker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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200
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Han S, Wang Y, Zheng X, Jia Q, Zhao J, Bai F, Hong Y, Liu Y. Cytoplastic Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenases Interact with ATG3 to Negatively Regulate Autophagy and Immunity in Nicotiana benthamiana. THE PLANT CELL 2015; 27:1316-31. [PMID: 25829441 PMCID: PMC4558687 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.134692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy as a conserved catabolic pathway can respond to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and plays an important role in degrading oxidized proteins in plants under various stress conditions. However, how ROS regulates autophagy in response to oxidative stresses is largely unknown. Here, we show that autophagy-related protein 3 (ATG3) interacts with the cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases (GAPCs) to regulate autophagy in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. We found that oxidative stress inhibits the interaction of ATG3 with GAPCs. Silencing of GAPCs significantly activates ATG3-dependent autophagy, while overexpression of GAPCs suppresses autophagy in N. benthamiana plants. Moreover, silencing of GAPCs enhances N gene-mediated cell death and plant resistance against both incompatible pathogens Tobacco mosaic virus and Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000, as well as compatible pathogen P. syringae pv tabaci. These results indicate that GAPCs have multiple functions in the regulation of autophagy, hypersensitive response, and plant innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Han
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiyin Zheng
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qi Jia
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinping Zhao
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yiguo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 310036, China
| | - Yule Liu
- Center for Plant Biology and MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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