151
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Münz C. Epstein Barr virus — a tumor virus that needs cytotoxic lymphocytes to persist asymptomatically. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:34-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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152
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Ding LW, Ikezoe T, Tan KT, Mori M, Mayakonda A, Chien W, Lin DC, Jiang YY, Lill M, Yang H, Sun QY, Koeffler HP. Mutational profiling of a MonoMAC syndrome family with GATA2 deficiency. Leukemia 2016; 31:244-245. [PMID: 27680514 PMCID: PMC5214977 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L-W Ding
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - T Ikezoe
- Department of Hematology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - K-T Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Mori
- Department of Hematology and Respiratory Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - A Mayakonda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - W Chien
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - D-C Lin
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Y-Y Jiang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Lill
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - H Yang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Q-Y Sun
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - H P Koeffler
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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153
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Guaraldo M, Santambrogio P, Rovelli E, Di Savino A, Saglio G, Cittaro D, Roetto A, Levi S. Characterization of human mitochondrial ferritin promoter: identification of transcription factors and evidences of epigenetic control. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33432. [PMID: 27625068 PMCID: PMC5022048 DOI: 10.1038/srep33432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial ferritin (FtMt) is an iron storage protein belonging to the ferritin family but, unlike the cytosolic ferritin, it has an iron-unrelated restricted tissue expression. FtMt appears to be preferentially expressed in cell types characterized by high metabolic activity and oxygen consumption, suggesting a role in protecting mitochondria from iron-dependent oxidative damage. The human gene (FTMT) is intronless and its promoter region has not been described yet. To analyze the regulatory mechanisms controlling FTMT expression, we characterized the 5' flanking region upstream the transcriptional starting site of FTMT by in silico enquiry of sequences conservation, DNA deletion analysis, and ChIP assay. The data revealed a minimal promoter region and identified the presence of SP1, CREB and YY1 as positive regulators, and GATA2, FoxA1 and C/EBPβ as inhibitors of the transcriptional regulation. Furthermore, the FTMT transcription is increased by acetylating and de-methylating agent treatments in K562 and HeLa cells. These treatments up-regulate FtMt expression even in fibroblasts derived from a Friedreich ataxia patient, where it might exert a beneficial effect against mitochondrial oxidative damage. The expression of FTMT appears regulated by a complex mechanism involving epigenetic events and interplay between transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Guaraldo
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Santambrogio
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rovelli
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Augusta Di Savino
- University of Torino, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Saglio
- University of Torino, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Cittaro
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonella Roetto
- University of Torino, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, AOU San Luigi Gonzaga, 10043 Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Sonia Levi
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, 20132 Milano, Italy
- University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milano, Italy
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154
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Chijioke O, Landtwing V, Münz C. NK Cell Influence on the Outcome of Primary Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:323. [PMID: 27621731 PMCID: PMC5002423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The herpesvirus Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was discovered as the first human candidate tumor virus in Burkitt’s lymphoma more than 50 years ago. Despite its strong growth transforming capacity, more than 90% of the human adult population carries this virus asymptomatically under near perfect immune control. The mode of primary EBV infection is in part responsible for EBV-associated diseases, including Hodgkin’s lymphoma. It is, therefore, important to understand which circumstances lead to symptomatic primary EBV infection, called infectious mononucleosis (IM). Innate immune control of lytic viral replication by early-differentiated natural killer (NK) cells was found to attenuate IM symptoms and continuous loss of the respective NK cell subset during the first decade of life might predispose for IM during adolescence. In this review, we discuss the evidence that NK cells are involved in the immune control of EBV, mechanisms by which they might detect and control lytic EBV replication, and compare NK cell subpopulations that expand during different human herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obinna Chijioke
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland; Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Landtwing
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich , Zürich , Switzerland
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155
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Ciullini Mannurita S, Vignoli M, Colarusso G, Tucci F, Veltroni M, Frenos S, Tintori V, Aricò M, Bigley V, Collin M, Favre C, Gambineri E. Timely follow-up of a GATA2 deficiency patient allows successful treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016; 138:1480-1483.e4. [PMID: 27481672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Ciullini Mannurita
- Department of "NEUROFARBA," Section of Child's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Marina Vignoli
- Department of "NEUROFARBA," Section of Child's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Gloria Colarusso
- Department of "NEUROFARBA," Section of Child's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Fabio Tucci
- Hematology-Oncology Department, "Anna Meyer Children's Hospital," Florence, Italy
| | - Marinella Veltroni
- Hematology-Oncology Department, "Anna Meyer Children's Hospital," Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Frenos
- Hematology-Oncology Department, "Anna Meyer Children's Hospital," Florence, Italy
| | - Veronica Tintori
- Hematology-Oncology Department, "Anna Meyer Children's Hospital," Florence, Italy
| | - Maurizio Aricò
- Hematology-Oncology Department, "Anna Meyer Children's Hospital," Florence, Italy
| | - Venetia Bigley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Collin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Favre
- Hematology-Oncology Department, "Anna Meyer Children's Hospital," Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Gambineri
- Department of "NEUROFARBA," Section of Child's Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Hematology-Oncology Department, "Anna Meyer Children's Hospital," Florence, Italy.
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156
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GATA binding protein 2 overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in KRAS mutant colorectal cancer. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:1672-8. [PMID: 27460045 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most lethal cancers worldwide. Mutations in KRAS occur with the frequency of 30-50% in CRC leading to decreased therapeutic response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) agents. Recently GATA2 was proven to be essential in the survival of KRAS mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. However, the association between KRAS mutation and GATA2 expression in CRC remains largely unknown. In the present study, dideoxy sequencing and immunohistochemistry were used to determine KRAS mutation and GATA2 expression, respectively, in a cohort of 236 patients. Cox proportional hazard regression and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis were performed to study the association between KRAS mutation or GATA2 expression and clinical outcomes. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that KRAS mutant patients with high expression of GATA2 had significantly worse long-term clinical outcomes than those with low expression of GATA2 (P<0.001). Further analysis showed that patients with both KRAS mutation and high GATA2 expression experienced significantly more unfavorable 5-year outcomes than patients with wild- type KRAS and low GATA2 expression (P=0.001). Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression demonstrated the GATA2 expression level was an independent risk factor for overall survival of CRC patients (HR 1.645; 95% CI 1.004-2.696; P=0.048). In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrated that high expression of GATA2 is correlated with worse survival outcomes in KRAS mutant CRC patients, suggesting that GATA2 may serve as a novel biomarker for the survival of CRC patients harboring KRAS mutation.
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157
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Zhu YP, Thomas GD, Hedrick CC. 2014 Jeffrey M. Hoeg Award Lecture: Transcriptional Control of Monocyte Development. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:1722-33. [PMID: 27386937 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.304054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages are key immune cells involved in the early progression of atherosclerosis. Transcription factors that control their development in the bone marrow are important therapeutic targets to control the numbers and functions of these cells in disease. This review highlights what is currently known about the transcription factors that are critical for monocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Peipei Zhu
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA
| | - Graham D Thomas
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA
| | - Catherine C Hedrick
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, CA.
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158
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Shimizu R, Yamamoto M. GATA-related hematologic disorders. Exp Hematol 2016; 44:696-705. [PMID: 27235756 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors GATA1 and GATA2 are fundamental regulators of hematopoiesis and have overlapping expression profiles. GATA2 is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and early erythroid-megakaryocytic progenitors and activates a certain set of early-phase genes, including the GATA2 gene itself. GATA2 also initiates GATA1 gene expression. In contrast, GATA1 is expressed in relatively mature erythroid progenitors and facilitates the expression of genes associated with differentiation, including the GATA1 gene itself; however, GATA1 represses the expression of GATA2. Switching the GATA factors from GATA2 to GATA1 appears to be one of the key regulatory mechanisms underlying erythroid differentiation. Loss-of-function analyses using mice in vivo have indicated that GATA2 and GATA1 are functionally nonredundant and that neither can compensate for the absence of the other. However, transgenic expression of GATA2 under the transcriptional regulation of the Gata1 gene rescues lethal dyserythropoiesis in GATA1-deficient mice, illustrating that the dynamic expression profiles of these GATA factors are critically important for the maintenance of hematopoietic homeostasis. Analysis of naturally occurring leukemias in GATA1-knockdown mice revealed that leukemic stem cells undergo functional alterations in response to exposure to chemotherapeutic agents. This mechanism may also underlie the aggravating features of relapsing leukemias. Recent hematologic analyses have suggested that disturbances in the balance of the GATA factors are associated with specific types of hematopoietic disorders. Here, we describe GATA1- and GATA2-related hematologic diseases, focusing on the regulation of GATA factor gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritsuko Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Hematology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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159
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Webb G, Chen YY, Li KK, Neil D, Oo YH, Richter A, Bigley V, Collin M, Adams DH, Hirschfield GM. Single-gene association between GATA-2 and autoimmune hepatitis: A novel genetic insight highlighting immunologic pathways to disease. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1190-1193. [PMID: 26812071 PMCID: PMC4824751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background & Aims Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), an immune-mediated liver disease, originates as a consequence of interacting genetic and environmental risk factors. Treatment remains non-specific and prone to side effects. Deficiencies in regulatory T cell (Treg) function are hypothesized to contribute to the pathogenesis of AIH. Methods We describe an adult patient who presented with AIH in the context of monocytopenia. The patient was characterized by GATA2 gene sequencing, flow cytometry of peripheral blood for leucocyte subsets, ELISA for serum Flt-3 ligand, and immunohistochemistry of liver biopsy tissue. Results Sequencing confirmed a GATA2 mutation. Peripheral Treg were absent in the context of a preserved total T cell count. Immunostaining for the Treg transcription factor FOXP3 was reduced in liver tissue as compared to a control AIH specimen. There were marked deficiencies in multiple antigen-presenting cell subsets and Flt-3 ligand was elevated. These findings are consistent with previous reports of GATA2 dysfunction. Conclusions The association of a GATA2 mutation with AIH is previously unrecognized. GATA2 encodes a hematopoietic cell transcription factor, and mutations may manifest as monocytopenia, dendritic and B cell deficiencies, myelodysplasia, and immunodeficiency. Tregs may be depleted as in this case. Our findings provide support for the role of Tregs in AIH, complement reports of other deficiencies in T cell regulation causing AIH-like syndromes, and support the rationale of attempting to modulate the Treg axis for the therapeutic benefit of AIH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwilym Webb
- Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yung-Yi Chen
- Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ka-Kit Li
- Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Birmingham, UK
| | - Desley Neil
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alex Richter
- Department of Immunology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, UK
| | - Venetia Bigley
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Matthew Collin
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - David H Adams
- Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gideon M Hirschfield
- Centre for Liver Research, University of Birmingham and NIHR Birmingham Liver Biomedical Research Unit, Birmingham, UK.
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160
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Lake MA, Ambrose LR, Lipman MCI, Lowe DM. '"Why me, why now?" Using clinical immunology and epidemiology to explain who gets nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. BMC Med 2016; 14:54. [PMID: 27007918 PMCID: PMC4806462 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-016-0606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease is rising. An understanding of known risk factors for disease sheds light on the immunological and physical barriers to infection, and how and why they may be overcome. This review focuses on human NTM infection, supported by experimental and in vitro data of relevance to the practising clinician who seeks to understand why their patient has NTM infection and how to further investigate. DISCUSSION First, the underlying immune response to NTM disease is examined. Important insights regarding NTM disease susceptibility come from nature's own knockouts, the primary immune deficiency disorders. We summarise the current knowledge surrounding interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-interleukin-12 (IL-12) axis abnormalities, followed by a review of phagocytic defects, T cell lymphopenia and rarer genetic conditions known to predispose to NTM disease. We discuss how these define key immune pathways involved in the host response to NTM. Iatrogenic immunosuppression is also important, and we evaluate the impact of novel biological therapies, as well as bone marrow transplant and chemotherapy for solid organ malignancy, on the epidemiology and presentation of NTM disease, and discuss the host defence dynamics thus revealed. NTM infection and disease in the context of other chronic illnesses including HIV and malnutrition is reviewed. The role of physical barriers to infection is explored. We describe how their compromise through different mechanisms including cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis and smoking-related lung disease can result in pulmonary NTM colonisation or infection. We also summarise further associations with host factors including body habitus and age. We use the presented data to develop an over-arching model that describes human host defences against NTM infection, where they may fail, and how this framework can be applied to investigation in routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alexandra Lake
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lyn R Ambrose
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Marc C I Lipman
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,UCL Respiratory, Division of Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University College London, Royal Free Campus, London, UK
| | - David M Lowe
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. .,Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, Royal Free Campus, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK.
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161
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Czuchlewski DR, Peterson LC. Myeloid Neoplasms with Germline Predisposition: A New Provisional Entity Within the World Health Organization Classification. Surg Pathol Clin 2016; 9:165-176. [PMID: 26940275 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The forthcoming update of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of hematopoietic neoplasms will feature "Myeloid Neoplasms with Germline Predisposition" as a new provisional diagnostic entity. This designation will be applied to some cases of acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome arising in the setting of constitutional mutations that render patients susceptible to the development of myeloid malignancies. For the diagnostic pathologist, recognizing these cases and confirming the diagnosis will demand a sophisticated grasp of clinical genetics and molecular techniques. This article presents a concise review of this new provisional WHO entity, including strategies for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Czuchlewski
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, 1001 Woodward Place NE, Albuquerque, NM 87102, USA.
| | - LoAnn C Peterson
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, NMH/Feinberg Room 7-344, 251 East Huron, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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162
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Li HS, Jin J, Liang X, Matatall KA, Ma Y, Zhang H, Ullrich SE, King KY, Sun SC, Watowich SS. Loss of c-Kit and bone marrow failure upon conditional removal of the GATA-2 C-terminal zinc finger domain in adult mice. Eur J Haematol 2016; 97:261-70. [PMID: 26660446 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the transcriptional regulator GATA-2 associate with multilineage immunodeficiency, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The majority of these mutations localize in the zinc finger (ZnF) domains, which mediate GATA-2 DNA binding. Deregulated hematopoiesis with GATA-2 mutation frequently develops in adulthood, yet GATA-2 function in the bone marrow remains unresolved. To investigate this, we conditionally deleted the GATA-2 C-terminal ZnF (C-ZnF) coding sequences in adult mice. Upon Gata2 C-ZnF deletion, we observed rapid peripheral cytopenia, bone marrow failure, and decreased c-Kit expression on hematopoietic progenitors. Transplant studies indicated GATA-2 has a cell-autonomous role in bone marrow hematopoiesis. Moreover, myeloid lineage populations were particularly sensitive to Gata2 hemizygosity, while molecular assays indicated GATA-2 regulates c-Kit expression in multilineage progenitor cells. Enforced c-Kit expression in Gata2 C-ZnF-deficient hematopoietic progenitors enhanced myeloid colony activity, suggesting GATA-2 sustains myelopoiesis via a cell intrinsic role involving maintenance of c-Kit expression. Our results provide insight into mechanisms regulating hematopoiesis in bone marrow and may contribute to a better understanding of immunodeficiency and bone marrow failure associated with GATA-2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan S Li
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jin Jin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoxuan Liang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katie A Matatall
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huiyuan Zhang
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen E Ullrich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katherine Y King
- Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shao-Cong Sun
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie S Watowich
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.,The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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163
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article summarizes recent research on the ontogeny of Langerhans cells and regulation of their homeostasis in quiescent and inflamed conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Langerhans cells originate prenatally and may endure throughout life, independently of bone marrow-derived precursors. Fate-mapping experiments have recently resolved the relative contribution of primitive yolk sac and fetal liver hematopoiesis to the initial formation of Langerhans cells. In postnatal life, local self-renewal restores Langerhans cell numbers following chronic or low-grade inflammatory insults. However, severe inflammation recruits de-novo bone marrow-derived precursors in two waves; a transient population of classical monocytes followed by uncharacterized myeloid precursors that form a stable self-renewing Langerhans cell network as inflammation subsides. Human CD1c⁺ dendritic cells have Langerhans cell potential in vitro, raising the possibility that dendritic cell progenitors provide the second wave. Langerhans cell development depends upon transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling with distinct pathways active during differentiation and homeostasis. Langerhans cell survival is mediated by multiple pathways including mechanistic target of rapamycin and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling, mechanisms that become highly relevant in Langerhans cell neoplasia. SUMMARY The study of Langerhans cells continues to provide novel and unexpected insights into the origin and regulation of myeloid cell populations. The melding of macrophage and dendritic cell biology, shaped by a unique habitat, is a special feature of Langerhans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Collin
- Human Dendritic Cell Laboratory, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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164
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Novel germ line DDX41 mutations define families with a lower age of MDS/AML onset and lymphoid malignancies. Blood 2015; 127:1017-23. [PMID: 26712909 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-10-676098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently our group and others have identified DDX41 mutations both as germ line and acquired somatic mutations in families with multiple cases of late onset myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and/or acute myeloid leukemia (AML), suggesting that DDX41 acts as a tumor suppressor. To determine whether novel DDX41 mutations could be identified in families with additional types of hematologic malignancies, our group screened two cohorts of families with a diverse range of hematologic malignancy subtypes. Among 289 families, we identified nine (3%) with DDX41 mutations. As previously observed, MDS and AML were the most common malignancies, often of the erythroblastic subtype, and 1 family displayed early-onset follicular lymphoma. Five novel mutations were identified, including missense mutations within important functional domains and start-loss and splicing mutations predicted to result in truncated proteins. We also show that most asymptomatic mutation carriers have normal blood counts until malignancy develops. This study expands both the mutation and phenotypic spectra observed in families with germ line DDX41 mutations. With an increasing number of both inherited and acquired mutations in this gene being identified, further study of how DDX41 disruption leads to hematologic malignancies is critical.
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165
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Babushok DV, Bessler M, Olson TS. Genetic predisposition to myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia in children and young adults. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 57:520-36. [PMID: 26693794 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1115041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a clonal blood disorder characterized by ineffective hematopoiesis, cytopenias, dysplasia and an increased risk of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). With the growing availability of clinical genetic testing, there is an increasing appreciation that a number of genetic predisposition syndromes may underlie apparent de novo presentations of MDS/AML, particularly in children and young adults. Recent findings of clonal hematopoiesis in acquired aplastic anemia add another facet to our understanding of the mechanisms of MDS/AML predisposition. As more predisposition syndromes are recognized, it is becoming increasingly important for hematologists and oncologists to have familiarity with the common as well as emerging syndromes, and to have a systematic approach to diagnosis and screening of at risk patient populations. Here, we provide a practical algorithm for approaching a patient with a suspected MDS/AML predisposition, and provide an in-depth review of the established and emerging familial MDS/AML syndromes caused by mutations in the ANKRD26, CEBPA, DDX41, ETV6, GATA2, RUNX1, SRP72 genes. Finally, we discuss recent data on the role of somatic mutations in malignant transformation in acquired aplastic anemia, and review the practical aspects of MDS/AML management in patients and families with predisposition syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Babushok
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine , Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA ;,b Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics , Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Monica Bessler
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine , Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA ;,b Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics , Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Timothy S Olson
- b Comprehensive Bone Marrow Failure Center, Division of Hematology, Department of Pediatrics , Children's Hospital of Philadelphia , Philadelphia , PA , USA ;,c Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics , Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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166
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Liu LL, Pfefferle A, Yi Sheng VO, Björklund AT, Béziat V, Goodridge JP, Malmberg KJ. Harnessing adaptive natural killer cells in cancer immunotherapy. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1904-17. [PMID: 26604011 PMCID: PMC5528731 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are innate lymphocytes with a refined ability to recognize transformed cells through a broad array of activating receptors in combination with stochastically expressed inhibitory receptors that recognize MHC-class I. Recent advances in NK cell biology have revealed a high degree of functional plasticity that can be attributed to dynamic cell-to-cell interactions in concert with transcriptional and epigenetic reprogramming. Here, we discuss how new insights into the adaptive behavior of NK cells pave the way for next generation cell therapy based on guided differentiation and selective expansion of particularly cytotoxic NK cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa L Liu
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aline Pfefferle
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Oei Yi Sheng
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Andreas T Björklund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivien Béziat
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; University Paris Descartes, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Jodie P Goodridge
- The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; The KG Jebsen Center for Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
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167
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Modeling Human Bone Marrow Failure Syndromes Using Pluripotent Stem Cells and Genome Engineering. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1832-42. [PMID: 26435409 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of epigenetic reprogramming with advanced genome editing technologies opened a new avenue to study disease mechanisms, particularly of disorders with depleted target tissue. Bone marrow failure syndromes (BMFS) typically present with a marked reduction of peripheral blood cells due to a destroyed or dysfunctional bone marrow compartment. Somatic and germline mutations have been etiologically linked to many cases of BMFS. However, without the ability to study primary patient material, the exact pathogenesis for many entities remained fragmentary. Capturing the pathological genotype in induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allows studying potential developmental defects leading to a particular phenotype. The lack of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in these patients can also be overcome by differentiating patient-derived iPSCs into hematopoietic lineages. With fast growing genome editing techniques, such as CRISPR/Cas9, correction of disease-causing mutations in iPSCs or introduction of mutations in cells from healthy individuals enable comparative studies that may identify other genetic or epigenetic events contributing to a specific disease phenotype. In this review, we present recent progresses in disease modeling of inherited and acquired BMFS using reprogramming and genome editing techniques. We also discuss the challenges and potential shortcomings of iPSC-based models for hematological diseases.
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168
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Celkan T, Koç BŞ. Approach to the patient with neutropenia in childhood. Turk Arch Pediatr 2015; 50:136-44. [PMID: 26568688 DOI: 10.5152/turkpediatriars.2015.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophils have an important role in host defense and acute inflammation. It is well known that susceptibility to infection increases when the neutrophil count is low. Neutropenia were classified as mild, moderate and severe according to the neutrophil counts, or acute and chronic depending on the duration of neutropenia, or congenital and acquired according to the mechanism. The patients with neutropenia are clinically different due to underlying mechanism, they have life- threatening infections or no infection may be observed. The most common cause of acquired neutropenia is viral infection, followed by drugs and autoimmune neutropenia. Congenital neutropenia are usually diagnosed by acute and life- threatening invasive bacterial and fungal infections. Immune system disorders and other systemic abnormalities may be accompanied or not. Recent years, novel single gen defects causing congenital neutropenia were defined through advanced genetic techniques. Molecular diagnosis is useful for risk stratification, choice of therapy and prognosis on follow- up. This review was prepared for pediatricians as a guide focused on approach neutropenia, which tests should be performed and when should be referred to a specialist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiraje Celkan
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Begüm Şirin Koç
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Turkey
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169
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Epigenetics and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis: a Comprehensive Review and Implications for Autoimmunity. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2015; 50:390-403. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-015-8502-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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170
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Abstract
Peripheral blood cytopenia in children can be due to a variety of acquired or inherited diseases. Genetic disorders affecting a single hematopoietic lineage are frequently characterized by typical bone marrow findings, such as lack of progenitors or maturation arrest in congenital neutropenia or a lack of megakaryocytes in congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, whereas antibody-mediated diseases such as autoimmune neutropenia are associated with a rather unremarkable bone marrow morphology. By contrast, pancytopenia is frequently associated with a hypocellular bone marrow, and the differential diagnosis includes acquired aplastic anemia, myelodysplastic syndrome, inherited bone marrow failure syndromes such as Fanconi anemia and dyskeratosis congenita, and a variety of immunological disorders including hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Thorough bone marrow analysis is of special importance for the diagnostic work-up of most patients. Cellularity, cellular composition, and dysplastic signs are the cornerstones of the differential diagnosis. Pancytopenia in the presence of a normo- or hypercellular marrow with dysplastic changes may indicate myelodysplastic syndrome. More challenging for the hematologist is the evaluation of the hypocellular bone marrow. Although aplastic anemia and hypocellular refractory cytopenia of childhood (RCC) can reliably be differentiated on a morphological level, the overlapping pathophysiology remains a significant challenge for the choice of the therapeutic strategy. Furthermore, inherited bone marrow failure syndromes are usually associated with the morphological picture of RCC, and the recognition of these entities is essential as they often present a multisystem disease requiring different diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. This paper gives an overview over the different disease entities presenting with (pan)cytopenia, their pathophysiology, characteristic bone marrow findings, and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Erlacher
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany ; Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Brigitte Strahm
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
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