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Schauber J, Dorschner RA, Coda AB, Büchau AS, Liu PT, Kiken D, Helfrich YR, Kang S, Elalieh HZ, Steinmeyer A, Zügel U, Bikle DD, Modlin RL, Gallo RL. Injury enhances TLR2 function and antimicrobial peptide expression through a vitamin D-dependent mechanism. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:803-11. [PMID: 17290304 PMCID: PMC1784003 DOI: 10.1172/jci30142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
An essential element of the innate immune response to injury is the capacity to recognize microbial invasion and stimulate production of antimicrobial peptides. We investigated how this process is controlled in the epidermis. Keratinocytes surrounding a wound increased expression of the genes coding for the microbial pattern recognition receptors CD14 and TLR2, complementing an increase in cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide expression. These genes were induced by 1,25(OH)2 vitamin D3 (1,25D3; its active form), suggesting a role for vitamin D3 in this process. How 1,25D3 could participate in the injury response was explained by findings that the levels of CYP27B1, which converts 25OH vitamin D3 (25D3) to active 1,25D3, were increased in wounds and induced in keratinocytes in response to TGF-beta1. Blocking the vitamin D receptor, inhibiting CYP27B1, or limiting 25D3 availability prevented TGF-beta1 from inducing cathelicidin, CD14, or TLR2 in human keratinocytes, while CYP27B1-deficient mice failed to increase CD14 expression following wounding. The functional consequence of these observations was confirmed by demonstrating that 1,25D3 enabled keratinocytes to recognize microbial components through TLR2 and respond by cathelicidin production. Thus, we demonstrate what we believe to be a previously unexpected role for vitamin D3 in innate immunity, enabling keratinocytes to recognize and respond to microbes and to protect wounds against infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Schauber
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert A. Dorschner
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alvin B. Coda
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Amanda S. Büchau
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip T. Liu
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Kiken
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yolanda R. Helfrich
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sewon Kang
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hashem Z. Elalieh
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Steinmeyer
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrich Zügel
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel D. Bikle
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert L. Modlin
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard L. Gallo
- Division of Dermatology, University of California, San Diego, and VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California, USA.
Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
Department of Medicine, Endocrine Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
Medicinal Chemistry and
Corporate Research Business Area Inflammation, Schering AG, Berlin, Germany
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