151
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Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Slomianny MC, Dekeyzer-Beseme O, Haeuw JF, Michalski JC. Glycoproteomics and glycomics investigation of membrane N-glycosylproteins from human colon carcinoma cells. Proteomics 2008; 8:3236-56. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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152
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Padler-Karavani V, Yu H, Cao H, Chokhawala H, Karp F, Varki N, Chen X, Varki A. Diversity in specificity, abundance, and composition of anti-Neu5Gc antibodies in normal humans: potential implications for disease. Glycobiology 2008; 18:818-30. [PMID: 18669916 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwn072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human heterophile antibodies that agglutinate animal erythrocytes are known to detect the nonhuman sialic acid N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc). This monosaccharide cannot by itself fill the binding site (paratope) of an antibody and can also be modified and presented in various linkages, on diverse underlying glycans. Thus, we hypothesized that the human anti-Neu5Gc antibody response is diverse and polyclonal. Here, we use a novel set of natural and chemoenzymatically synthesized glycans to show that normal humans have an abundant and diverse spectrum of such anti-Neu5Gc antibodies, directed against a variety of Neu5Gc-containing epitopes. High sensitivity and specificity assays were achieved by using N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac)-containing probes (differing from Neu5Gc by one less oxygen atom) as optimal background controls. The commonest anti-Neu5Gc antibodies are of the IgG class. Moreover, the range of reactivity and Ig classes of antibodies vary greatly amongst normal humans, with some individuals having remarkably large amounts, even surpassing levels of some well-known natural blood group and xenoreactive antibodies. We purified these anti-Neu5Gc antibodies from individual human sera using a newly developed affinity method and showed that they bind to wild-type but not Neu5Gc-deficient mouse tissues. Moreover, they bind back to human carcinomas that have accumulated Neu5Gc in vivo. As dietary Neu5Gc is primarily found in red meat and milk products, we suggest that this ongoing antigen-antibody reaction may generate chronic inflammation, possibly contributing to the high frequency of diet-related carcinomas and other diseases in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Padler-Karavani
- Glycobiology Research and Training Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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153
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Ramachandran P, Boontheung P, Pang E, Yan W, Wong DT, Loo JA. Comparison of N-linked Glycoproteins in Human Whole Saliva, Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual Glandular Secretions Identified using Hydrazide Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry. Clin Proteomics 2008; 4:80-104. [PMID: 21960768 DOI: 10.1007/s12014-008-9005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Saliva is a body fluid that holds promise for use as a diagnostic fluid for detecting diseases. Salivary proteins are known to be heavily glycosylated and are known to play functional roles in the oral cavity. We identified N-linked glycoproteins in human whole saliva, as well as the N-glycoproteins in parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glandular fluids. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We employed hydrazide chemistry to affinity enrich for N-linked glycoproteins and glycopeptides. PNGase F releases the N-peptides/proteins from the agarose-hydrazide resin, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the salivary N-glycoproteins. RESULTS: A total of 156 formerly N-glycosylated peptides representing 77 unique N-glycoproteins were identified in salivary fluids. The total number of N-glycoproteins identified in the individual fluids was: 62, 34, 44, and 53 in whole saliva, parotid fluid, submandibular fluid, and sublingual fluid, respectively. The majority of the N-glycoproteins were annotated as extracellular proteins (40%), and several of the N-glycoproteins were annotated as membrane proteins (14%). A number of glycoproteins were differentially found in submandibular and sublingual glandular secretions. CONCLUSIONS: Mapping the N-glycoproteome of parotid, submandibular, and sublingual saliva is important for a thorough understanding of biological processes occurring in the oral cavity and to realize the role of saliva in the overall health of human individuals. Moreover, identifying glycoproteins in saliva may also be valuable for future disease biomarker studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, 402 Paul D. Boyer Hall, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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154
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Lattová E, Varma S, Bezabeh T, Petrus L, Perreault H. Mass spectrometric profiling of N-linked oligosaccharides and uncommon glycoform in mouse serum with head and neck tumor. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2008; 19:671-685. [PMID: 18353675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
N-linked oligosaccharides obtained from total serum of mice with implanted head and neck tumors were analyzed and compared with those from control samples of healthy mice. Methods used include a combination of a derivatization procedure with phenylhydrazine (PHN) and analysis by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). Oligosaccharides were enzymatically released from total serum with PNGaseF and purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a reversed-phase column. Mass spectra contained ion peaks of labeled oligosaccharides and MS/MS experiments provided useful data for the structural elucidation of these compounds. More than 40 N-glycans with compositions characteristic of high-mannose, hybrid, complex, neutral, and sialylated structures were identified in the serum of tumoral mice. Significant differences between samples were observed with respect to the abundances of high mannose and hybrid glycans. These oligosaccharides showed higher relative intensities in the spectra obtained from the cancer sera. Complex sialylated oligosaccharides had similar abundances in both types of sera, with the exception of fucosylated biantennary disialylated oligosaccharide, which was mostly detected with lower abundance in control samples. In the MALDI spectra, several minor species corresponded to uncommon carbohydrates. These structures have been investigated in detail by MS/MS. Among these novel glycoforms, a few sialylated oligosaccharides without a free reducing end were identified. Also, glycans with an extra 60 u were observed and likely feature the presence of a 2-acetamido-2-deoxyoctose residue attached on antennae of 3- or 6-linked mannose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Lattová
- Chemistry Department, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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155
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Schwartz-Albiez R, Laban S, Eichmüller S, Kirschfink M. Cytotoxic natural antibodies against human tumours: an option for anti-cancer immunotherapy? Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:491-5. [PMID: 18558368 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Healthy individuals may contain in their peripheral blood antibodies which are able to destroy human tumour cells mediated either by complement-dependent cytotoxicity or by apoptosis. The largest proportion of these antibodies is of IgM isotype and directed against distinct tumour associated carbohydrate epitopes. Although the origin of these antibodies is not clear they seem to belong to the class of natural antibodies because they are not affinity matured and are encoded by distinct germ-line restricted gene families. It is most likely that this class of natural antibodies has in vivo an anti-tumour protective effect which may contribute to so-called tumour surveillance. On the other hand malignant tumour cells exert mechanisms to counteract such an antibody attack. These comprise soluble factors as well as cell surface expressed membrane complement regulatory proteins (mCRP). Further studies are needed to elucidate molecular mechanisms leading to either tumour destruction induced by natural antibodies or to overcome the protective strategies of the tumour against antibody attack.
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156
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Patwa TH, Zhao J, Misek DE, Lubman DM. Two-Dimensional Liquid Separations, Protein Microarrays, and Mass Spectrometry in Comprehensive Analysis of Posttranslational Modifications and Biomarker Discovery in Cancers. Clin Proteomics 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527622153.ch11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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157
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Yang X, Li J, Geng M. N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V modifies TrKA protein, regulates the receptor function. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2008; 28:663-70. [PMID: 18343992 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-007-9186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases V (GnT-V/Mgat5) play a pivotal role in the processing of N-linked glycoproteins in the Golgi apparatus. The aim of the present study is to investigate whether the N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V is able to modify TrKA, the high-affinity tyrosine kinase-type receptor for NGF, and thereby to regulate the receptor function. 2. Plasmids of the pcDNA3/GnT-V and pcDNA3 were transfected into PC12 cells. Expression of GnT-V protein was detected by Western blot. TrKA protein was examined by immunoprecipitation. Endocytosis of TrKA was investigated by the method of receptor internalization. 3. We report here that over-expression GnT-V directly modifies TrKA protein, accompanied by marked enhancement of axon outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) elicited by a low dose of NGF that alone is insufficient to induce neuronal differentiation. Further study indicated that modification of TrKA glycoprotein could directly enhance NGF-activated autophosphorylation of immunoprecipitated TrKA in vitro. To further elucidate the mechanism, we study the different time point of endocytosis of TrKA receptor. The results show that TrKA of GnT-V gene-transfected PC12 Cells delayed their removal by constitutive endocytosis as compared to the mock cells, suggesting high expression of GnT-V may affect their receptor TrKA endocytosis. 4. These results strongly suggest that N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V functioning as a specific endogenous role of NGF receptor function, which appear to be due, at least in part, to the promotion of differentiation. This work is an important step toward intriguing innovative therapeutic strategies targeting glycosyltransferase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, P.R. China.
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158
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Orazine CI, Hincapie M, Hancock WS, Hattersley M, Hanke JH. A Proteomic Analysis of the Plasma Glycoproteins of a MCF-7 Mouse Xenograft: A Model System for the Detection of Tumor Markers. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1542-54. [DOI: 10.1021/pr7008516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina I. Orazine
- Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, 341 Mugar Building, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and AstraZeneca R&D Boston, PLC, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Marina Hincapie
- Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, 341 Mugar Building, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and AstraZeneca R&D Boston, PLC, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - William S. Hancock
- Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, 341 Mugar Building, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and AstraZeneca R&D Boston, PLC, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Maureen Hattersley
- Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, 341 Mugar Building, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and AstraZeneca R&D Boston, PLC, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
| | - Jeff H. Hanke
- Barnett Institute, Northeastern University, 341 Mugar Building, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, and AstraZeneca R&D Boston, PLC, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451
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159
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Parris GE. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose as a potential drug against fusogenic viruses including HIV. Med Hypotheses 2008; 70:776-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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160
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Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins, lipids and mucins has gained increasing complexity in the course of evolution. Metazoans and mammals exhibit extensively exploited pathways of N-glycan biosynthesis, with unique features that are not found in plants or protozoans.Paralleling the complexity of N-glycan structure, their impact on regulatory processes has become very diverse and has evolved into a multidimensional lattice imprinting modes of cellular communication. Processes that are regulated by N-glycans are cellular adhesion and motility, growth factor and cytokine signalling, metabolic homeostasis, and binding of certain pathogens. Consequently, alterations in N-glycan biosynthesis interfere with cellular proliferation and differentiation and may produce disturbances in embryonic development, trigger inflammatory processes, favour tumour development and enhance the metastastic dissemination of primary tumours. Particular N-glycans that have been causally related to these pathological scenarios are the complex-type N-glycans, branching from oligomannosidic core structures into β-glycosidic linkages, connected to acetylated glucosamine and galactose, and yield extended lactosamine chains of variable length. These N-acetyllactosamines are preferred building blocks for further modification by fucosylation, sialylation, and sulphation, thus creating binding sites for different galectins or selectins. The focus of this review will be on the b1,6-N -acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V/GnT-V/MGAT5, a phylogenically conserved enzyme that is required for the synthesis of β1,6-branched complex-type oligosaccharides in the medial Golgi compartment, and its implications in metabolism and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Horst
- Diagnostic Center: Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraβe 52, D-20246, Hamburg,
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161
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Abstract
Glycans as a Target in the Detection of Reproductive Tract CancersThe significance of changes in glycosylation for the beginning, progress and outcome of different human diseases is highly recognized. In this review we summarized literature data on the alteration of glycans in cancer, especially glycoforms of tumor markers of reproductive tract cancers: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and cancer antigen 125 (CA125). We aimed to highlight the diagnostic potential and relevance of glycan microheterogeneity and to present some novel methods for cancer detection. A computerized search of articles published up to 2007 was performed through the PubMed database. Search terms utilized included prostate/ovarian cancer glycosylation, prostate/ovarian cancer detection, PSA/CA125 glycosylation. Additional sources were identified through cross-referencing and researching in available biomedical books. The comparative studies of sugar chain structures of the PSA and CA125 indicated specific structural alterations associated with malignant transformation, in relation to glycan branching, sialylation and fucosylation. These glycan modifications should be better in distinguishing between benign and malignant conditions than the measurement of marker concentrations alone, which is widely used in practice. Cancer-associated changes in the glycosylation could yield more sensitive and discriminative diagnostic tests for reproductive tract cancer detection, i.e. for improvement of the clinical utility of known tumor markers or the discovery of new ones.
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162
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Vollmers HP, Brändlein S. Tumors: too sweet to remember? Mol Cancer 2007; 6:78. [PMID: 18053197 PMCID: PMC2217531 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-6-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunity, based on a natural and an educated system, is responsible for recognition and elimination of infectious particles, cellular waste, modified self and transformed cells. This dual system guarantees that dangerous particles are removed immediately after appearance and that a memory with maturated weapons exists, if the organism is re-infected by the same particle. For malignant cells, however, the immune response seems to be restricted to innate immunity, because at least for the humoral response, all so far detected tumor-specific antibodies belong to the natural immunity. In this review we try to explain why malignant cells might be "too sweet" to induce a memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Peter Vollmers
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str, 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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163
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Moenner M, Pluquet O, Bouchecareilh M, Chevet E. Integrated endoplasmic reticulum stress responses in cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 67:10631-4. [PMID: 18006802 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) has emerged as a major site of cellular homeostasis regulation, particularly in the unfolded protein response, which is being found to play a major role in cancer and many other diseases. Here, we address ER-mediated signaling and regulations in the context of environmental challenges in cancer, such as hypoxia, angiogenesis, and chemotherapeutic resistance, and we discuss how ER-resident molecular machines become deregulated and involved in cancer-related pathology. Further exploration of how the ER senses, signals, and adapts to stress may redefine and deepen our understanding of its functions in cancer pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Moenner
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, E0113, Bordeaux, France
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164
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Liu XE, Desmyter L, Gao CF, Laroy W, Dewaele S, Vanhooren V, Wang L, Zhuang H, Callewaert N, Libert C, Contreras R, Chen C. N-glycomic changes in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with liver cirrhosis induced by hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 2007; 46:1426-35. [PMID: 17683101 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We evaluated the use of blood serum N-glycan fingerprinting as a tool for the diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with cirrhosis induced by hepatitis B virus (HBV). A group of 450 HBV-infected patients with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis with or without HCC were studied. HCC was diagnosed by alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) analysis, ultrasonography, and/or computed tomography and was studied histologically. N-glycan profiles of serum proteins were determined with DNA sequencer-based carbohydrate analytical profiling technology. In this study, we found that a branch alpha(1,3)-fucosylated triantennary glycan was more abundant in patients with HCC than in patients with cirrhosis, patients with fibrosis, and healthy blood donors, whereas a bisecting core alpha(1,6)-fucosylated biantennary glycan was elevated in patients with cirrhosis. The concentration of these 2 glycans and the log ratio of peak 9 to peak 7 (renamed the GlycoHCCTest) were associated with the tumor stage. Moreover, for screening patients with HCC from patients with cirrhosis, the overall sensitivity and specificity of the GlycoHCCTest were very similar to those of AFP. CONCLUSION This study indicates that a branch alpha(1,3)-fucosylated glycan is associated with the development of HCC. The serum N-glycan profile is a promising noninvasive method for detecting HCC in patients with cirrhosis and could be a valuable supplement to AFP in the diagnosis of HCC in HBV-infected patients with liver cirrhosis. Its use for the screening, follow-up, and management of patients with cirrhosis and HCC should be evaluated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-En Liu
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Ghent, Belgium
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165
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Cerhan JR, Ansell SM, Fredericksen ZS, Kay NE, Liebow M, Call TG, Dogan A, Cunningham JM, Wang AH, Liu-Mares W, Macon WR, Jelinek D, Witzig TE, Habermann TM, Slager SL. Genetic variation in 1253 immune and inflammation genes and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Blood 2007; 110:4455-63. [PMID: 17827388 PMCID: PMC2234796 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-05-088682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Smaller-scale evaluations suggest that common genetic variation in candidate genes related to immune function may predispose to the development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We report an analysis of variants within genes associated with immunity and inflammation and risk of NHL using a panel of 9412 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 1253 genes in a study of 458 patients with NHL and 484 frequency-matched controls. We modeled haplotypes and risk of NHL, as well as the main effects for all independent SNPs from a gene in multivariate logistic regression models; we separately report results for nonsynonymous (ns) SNPs. In gene-level analyses, the strongest findings (P < or = .001) were for CREB1, FGG, MAP3K5, RIPK3, LSP1, TRAF1, DUSP2, and ITGB3. In nsSNP analyses, the strongest findings (P < or = .01) were for ITGB3 L59P (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.52-0.85), TLR6 V427A (OR = 5.20; CI 1.77-15.3), SELPLG M264V (OR = 3.20; CI 1.48-6.91), UNC84B G671S (OR = 1.50; CI 1.12-2.00), B3GNT3 H328R (OR = 0.74; CI 0.59-0.93), and BAT2 V1883L (OR = 0.64; CI 0.45-0.90). Our results suggest that genetic variation in genes associated with immune response (TRAF1, RIPK3, BAT2, and TLR6), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling (MAP3K5, DUSP2, and CREB1), lymphocyte trafficking and migration (B3GNT3, SELPLG, and LSP1), and coagulation pathways (FGG and ITGB3) may be important in the etiology of NHL, and should be prioritized in replication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Cerhan
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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166
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Milland J, Yuriev E, Xing PX, McKenzie IFC, Ramsland PA, Sandrin MS. Carbohydrate residues downstream of the terminal Galalpha(1,3)Gal epitope modulate the specificity of xenoreactive antibodies. Immunol Cell Biol 2007; 85:623-32. [PMID: 17724458 DOI: 10.1038/sj.icb.7100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are involved in many immunological responses including the rejection of incompatible blood, tissues and organs. Carbohydrate antigens with Galalpha(1,3)Gal epitopes are recognized by natural antibodies in humans and pose a major barrier for pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Genetically modified pigs have been established that have no functional alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3GT), which transfers alphaGal to N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) type oligosaccharides. However, a low level of Galalpha(1,3)Gal is still expressed in alpha1,3GT knockout animals in the form of a lipid, isoglobotrihexosylceramide (iGb3), which is produced by iGb3 synthase on lactose (Lac) type core structures. Here, we define the reactivity of a series of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) generated in alpha1,3GT-/- mice immunized with rabbit red blood cells (RbRBC), as a rich source of lipid-linked antigens. Interestingly, one mAb (15.101) binds weakly to synthetic and cell surface-expressed Galalpha(1,3)Gal on LacNAc, but strongly to versions of the antigen on Lac cores, including iGb3. Three-dimensional models suggest that the terminal alpha-linked Gal binds tightly into the antibody-binding cavity. Furthermore, antibody interactions were predicted with the second and third monosaccharide units. Collectively, our findings suggest that although the terminal carbohydrate residues confer most of the binding affinity, the fine specificity is determined by subsequent residues in the oligosaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Milland
- Department of Surgery (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
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167
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Sampathkumar SG, Jones MB, Meledeo MA, Campbell CT, Choi SS, Hida K, Gomutputra P, Sheh A, Gilmartin T, Head SR, Yarema KJ. Targeting glycosylation pathways and the cell cycle: sugar-dependent activity of butyrate-carbohydrate cancer prodrugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 13:1265-75. [PMID: 17185222 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 09/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-carbohydrate hybrid molecules that target both histone deacetylation and glycosylation pathways to achieve sugar-dependent activity against cancer cells are described in this article. Specifically, n-butyrate esters of N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (But4ManNAc, 1) induced apoptosis, whereas corresponding N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (But4GlcNAc, 2), D-mannose (But5Man, 3), or glycerol (tributryin, 4) derivatives only provided transient cell cycle arrest. Western blots, reporter gene assays, and cell cycle analysis established that n-butyrate, when delivered to cells via any carbohydrate scaffold, functioned as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), upregulated p21WAF1/Cip1 expression, and inhibited proliferation. However, only 1, a compound that primed sialic acid biosynthesis and modulated the expression of a different set of genes compared to 3, ultimately killed the cells. These results demonstrate that the biological activity of butyrate can be tuned by sugars to improve its anticancer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa-Gopalan Sampathkumar
- Whiting School of Engineering, Clark Hall 106A, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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168
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Zhang X, Wei D, Yap Y, Li L, Guo S, Chen F. Mass spectrometry-based "omics" technologies in cancer diagnostics. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2007; 26:403-31. [PMID: 17405143 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Many "omics" techniques have been developed for one goal: biomarker discovery and early diagnosis of human cancers. A comprehensive review of mass spectrometry-based "omics" approaches performed on various biological samples for molecular diagnosis of human cancers is presented in this article. Furthermore, the existing and potential problems/solutions (both de facto experimental and bioinformatic challenges), and future prospects have been extensively discussed. Although the use of present omic methods as diagnostic tools are still in their infant stage and consequently not ready for immediate clinical use, it can be envisaged that the "omics"-based cancer diagnostics will gradually enter into the clinic in next 10 years as an important supplement to current clinical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewu Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China.
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169
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Hiss DC, Gabriels GA, Folb PI. Combination of tunicamycin with anticancer drugs synergistically enhances their toxicity in multidrug-resistant human ovarian cystadenocarcinoma cells. Cancer Cell Int 2007; 7:5. [PMID: 17439664 PMCID: PMC1865531 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-7-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pharmacologic modulatory effects of the antibiotic, tunicamycin (TM), on multidrug-resistant human UWOV2 ovarian cancer cells are reported. The UWOV2 cell line was derived from a cystadenocarcinoma in a patient refractory to combination chemotherapy with actinomycin D, vincristine (VCR), cis-diaminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP) and doxorubicin (DXR). In an attempt to explain drug resistance in this cell line, we examined the effects of TM on their sensitivity to various anticancer drugs, the uptake, efflux and retention of [3H]VCR, and their ability to bind [14C]DXR and [3H]azidopine (AZD), a photoaffinity label of the multidrug transporter, P-glycoprotein (Pgp). RESULTS TM effectively decreased the EC50 for DXR, EXR, VCR and CDDP, thus enhancing their cytotoxicity. The antibiotic also prolonged the intracellular retention time of [3H]VCR and increased the binding of both [14C]DXR and [3H]AZD to the cells. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the pharmacomodulatory effects of TM in these cells are mediated by global inhibition of protein and glycoprotein synthesis and synergistic interaction with antineoplastic drugs. The ability of TM to enhance the sensitivity of drug resistant tumour cells may have impact on the design and optimization of novel resistance modifiers to improve the efficacy of combination treatment of intractable neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donavon C Hiss
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
- Department of Medical BioSciences, University of the Western Cape, 7535, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Gary A Gabriels
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Peter I Folb
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
- Medical Research Council, 7505, Tygerberg, South Africa
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170
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Plavina T, Wakshull E, Hancock WS, Hincapie M. Combination of abundant protein depletion and multi-lectin affinity chromatography (M-LAC) for plasma protein biomarker discovery. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:662-71. [PMID: 17269723 DOI: 10.1021/pr060413k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report on the development of a robust and relatively high-throughput method for in-depth proteomic analysis of human plasma suitable for biomarker discovery. The method consists of depletion of albumin and IgG and multi-lectin affinity chromatography (M-LAC), followed by nanoLC-MS/MS analysis of digested proteins and label-free comparative quantitation of proteins. The performance of the method is monitored by multiple quality control points to ensure reproducibility of the analysis. The method identifies proteins that are reported to be present in normal plasma at concentrations of 10-100 ng/mL and that may be of particular interest when studying a variety of disease conditions. Numerous tissue leakage proteins of potentially even lower concentrations are also identified. When the method was used in a study to identify potential biomarkers of psoriasis, the differential abundance of proteins present at low mug/mL level was quantitated and later verified by ELISA measurements.
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171
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Zhang X, Li L, Wei D, Yap Y, Chen F. Moving cancer diagnostics from bench to bedside. Trends Biotechnol 2007; 25:166-73. [PMID: 17316853 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To improve treatment and reduce the mortality from cancer, a key task is to detect the disease as early as possible. To achieve this, many new technologies have been developed for biomarker discovery and validation. This review provides an overview of omics technologies in biomarker discovery and cancer detection, and highlights recent applications and future trends in cancer diagnostics. Although the present omic methods are not ready for immediate clinical use as diagnostic tools, it can be envisaged that simple, fast, robust, portable and cost-effective clinical diagnosis systems could be available in near future, for home and bedside use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuewu Zhang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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172
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Tie JK, Zheng MY, Pope RM, Straight DL, Stafford DW. Identification of the N-linked glycosylation sites of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase and effect of glycosylation on carboxylase function. Biochemistry 2007; 45:14755-63. [PMID: 17144668 PMCID: PMC3956053 DOI: 10.1021/bi0618518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin K-dependent carboxylase is an integral membrane protein which is required for the post-translational modification of a variety of vitamin K-dependent proteins. Previous studies have suggested carboxylase is a glycoprotein with N-linked glycosylation sites. In this study, we identify the N-glycosylation sites of carboxylase by mass spectrometric peptide mapping analyses combined with site-directed mutagenesis. Our mass spectrometric results show that the N-linked glycosylation in carboxylase occurs at positions N459, N550, N605, and N627. Eliminating these glycosylation sites by changing asparagine to glutamine caused the mutant carboxylase to migrate faster on SDS-PAGE gels, adding further evidence that these sites are glycosylated. In addition, the mutation studies identified N525, a site that cannot be recovered by mass spectroscopy analysis, as a glycosylation site. Furthermore, the potential glycosylation site at N570 is glycosylated only if all five natural glycosylation sites are simultaneously mutated. Removal of the oligosaccharides by glycosidase from wild-type carboxylase or by elimination of the functional glycosylation sites by site-directed mutagenesis did not affect either the carboxylation or epoxidation activity when the small FLEEL pentapeptide was used as a substrate, suggesting that N-linked glycosylation is not required for the enzymatic function of carboxylase. In contrast, when site N570 and the five natural glycosylation sites were mutated simultaneously, the resulting carboxylase protein was degraded. Our results suggest that N-linked glycosylation is not essential for carboxylase enzymatic activity but is important for protein folding and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Darrel W. Stafford
- Author to whom all correspondence should be addressed: Darrel W. Stafford Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280 Phone: 919-962-0597 Fax: 919-962-9266
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173
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Zhao J, Qiu W, Simeone DM, Lubman DM. N-linked Glycosylation Profiling of Pancreatic Cancer Serum Using Capillary Liquid Phase Separation Coupled with Mass Spectrometric Analysis. J Proteome Res 2007; 6:1126-38. [PMID: 17249709 DOI: 10.1021/pr0604458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins play important roles in various biological processes including intracellular transport, cell recognition, and cell-cell interactions. The change of the cellular glycosylation profile may have profound effects on cellular homeostasis and malignancy. Therefore, we have developed a sensitive screening approach for the comprehensive analysis of N-glycans and glycosylation sites on human serum proteins. Using this approach, N-linked glycopeptides were extracted by double lectin affinity chromatography. The glycans were enzymatically cleaved from the peptides and then profiled using capillary hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled online with ESI-TOF MS. The structures of the separated glycans were determined by MALDI quadrupole ion-trap TOF mass spectrometry in both positive and negative modes. The glycosylation sites were elucidated by sequencing of PNGase F modified glycopeptides using nanoRP-LC-ESI-MS/MS. Alterations of glycosylation were analyzed by comparing oligosaccharide expression of serum glycoproteins at different disease stages. The efficiency of this method was demonstrated by the analysis of pancreatic cancer serum compared to normal serum. Ninety-two individual glycosylation sites and 202 glycan peaks with 105 unique carbohydrate structures were identified from approximately 25 mug glycopeptides. Forty-four oligosaccharides were found to be distinct in the pancreatic cancer serum. Increased branching of N-linked oligosaccharides and increased fucosylation and sialylation were observed in samples from patients with pancreatic cancer. The methodology described in this study may elucidate novel, cancer-specific oligosaccharides and glycosylation sites, some of which may have utility as useful biomarkers of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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174
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Zhou HJ, Liu YK, Chui JF, Sun QL, Lu WJ, Guo K, Jin H, Wei LM, Yang PY. A glycoproteome database of normal human liver tissue. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2007; 133:379-87. [PMID: 17219199 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-006-0183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To extensively investigate the glycoproteins of normal human liver tissue, constructing the glycoprotein profile and database of the normal human liver tissue. METHODS The total proteins were extracted from the normal human liver tissue and then subjected to two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Finally, 2-DE gels were stained according to the methods of multiplexed proteomics (MP) technology. Glycoprotein spots were excised from 2-DE gel and then characterized by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). RESULTS The PDQuest software detected 1,011 glycoprotein spots and 1,923 total protein spots in the 2-DE gels of sample from the normal human liver tissue. Furthermore, 116 species of glycoproteins were successfully identified via peptide mass profiling using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS and annotated to our databases. In addition, we also applied bioinformatics softwares to predict N- or O-glycosylation sites of identified glycoproteins. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the feasibility of a novel technological platform to contruct glycoprotein databases. These results lay the foundation for future physiological and pathological studies of the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jun Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, 200032 Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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175
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Abstract
A critical feature in the sequence of events occurring during carcinogenesis is the development of irreversibility. The term "Interlocker" is used here to denote a mechanism by which irreversibility is brought about. The presentation focuses on conceptualizations of such processes. Two will be described below.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Wattenberg
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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176
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Abstract
Glycosylation produces an abundant, diverse, and highly regulated repertoire of cellular glycans that are frequently attached to proteins and lipids. The past decade of research on glycan function has revealed that the enzymes responsible for glycosylation-the glycosyltransferases and glycosidases-are essential in the development and physiology of living organisms. Glycans participate in many key biological processes including cell adhesion, molecular trafficking and clearance, receptor activation, signal transduction, and endocytosis. This review discusses the increasingly sophisticated molecular mechanisms being discovered by which mammalian glycosylation governs physiology and contributes to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Ohtsubo
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive-MC0625, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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177
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Zhou H, Liu Y, Chui J, Guo K, Shun Q, Lu W, Jin H, Wei L, Yang P. Investigation on glycosylation patterns of proteins from human liver cancer cell lines based on the multiplexed proteomics technology. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 459:70-8. [PMID: 17214954 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation, a very important post-translational modification of proteins, is increasingly coming into notice. However, large-scale, throughput investigations on glycosylated proteins are few. We applied a sensitive and fast fluorescence-based multiplexed proteomics (MP) technology which included two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) followed by the fluorescence staining of glycoprotein and mass spectrometry identification for the purpose of constructing glycoprotein databases of the typical human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines including Hep3B cell line without metastasis and MHCC97H with highly metastatic potential as well as the control non-tumor Chang liver cell. 74+/-2 (n=3), 78+/-3 (n=3) and 72+/-5 (n=3) glycoprotein spots were detected on 2-DE gels from Chang liver, Hep3B and MHCC97H cell sample using this MP technique, respectively. In all, 80 glycoproteins from three cell lines were successfully identified via peptide mass profiling using MALDI-TOF-MS/MS and the identified glycoproteins were annotated to our databases. In addition, we also found the glycosylation pattern differences among these three cell lines. The protein glycosylation alteration would be have great significance for the diagnosis of HCC and prediction of its metastasis. This study described the construction of glycosylation patterns of proteins and glycoproteome databases of human liver cells by the novel technological platform. The glycoproteome databases also provide essential basis for following study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhou
- Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, and Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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178
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Ruan W, Sassoon A, An F, Simko JP, Liu B. Identification of clinically significant tumor antigens by selecting phage antibody library on tumor cells in situ using laser capture microdissection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 5:2364-73. [PMID: 16982673 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600246-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Much work has been done to develop tumor-targeting antibodies by selecting a phage antibody library on cancer cell lines. However, when tumor cells are removed from their natural environment, they may undergo genetic and epigenetic changes yielding different surface antigens than those seen in actual cases of cancer. We developed a strategy that allows selection of phage antibodies against tumor cells in situ on both fresh frozen and paraffin-embedded tissues using laser capture microdissection. By restricting antibody selection to binders of internalizing epitopes, we generated a panel of phage antibodies that target clinically represented prostate cancer antigens. We identified ALCAM/MEMD/CD166, a newly discovered prostate cancer marker, as the target for one of the selected antibodies, demonstrating the effectiveness of our approach. We further conjugated two single chain Fv fragments to liposomes and demonstrated that these nanotargeting devices were efficiently delivered to the interior of prostate cancer cells. The ability to deliver payload intracellularly and to recognize tumor cells in situ makes these antibodies attractive candidates for the development of targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Ruan
- Department of Anesthesia, University of California, San Francisco Comprehensive Cancer Center 94110, USA
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179
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Patwa TH, Zhao J, Anderson MA, Simeone DM, Lubman DM. Screening of glycosylation patterns in serum using natural glycoprotein microarrays and multi-lectin fluorescence detection. Anal Chem 2006; 78:6411-21. [PMID: 16970316 DOI: 10.1021/ac060726z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation has been implicated in key biological processes including immunological recognition, cellular adhesion, protein folding, and signaling as well as disease progression. Although several methods are available to assess glycosylation of protein structures, none of them is able to screen complex biological samples at a global as well as an individual scale. A novel strategy presented here uses an all-liquid phase enrichment and prefractionation methodology coupled to glycoprotein microarray technology using a multiple lectin-based, biotin-streptavidin detection scheme. Selective detection of glycan structures was made possible by employing multiple lectins to screen glycoprotein standards as well as serum samples from normal subjects or patients with chronic pancreatitis or pancreatic cancer. Interestingly, in some instances, a greater degree of glycosylation was seen in proteins that were underexpressed based on the reversed-phase chromatogram alone. Studies with standard proteins established the limits of detection to be in the 2.5-5-fmol range. Studies on serum samples showed differences in glycosylation patterns, particularly with respect to sialylation, mannosylation, and fucosylation, in normal, pancreatitis, and cancer sera. By coupling glycoprotein enrichment and fractionation with a microarray platform, we have shown that naturally occurring glycoproteins from human serum can be screened and characterized for different glycan structures, thereby allowing one to do comparative studies that monitor individual glycosylation changes within a glycoproteome representing different biological states. This approach may be useful to identify potential biomarkers in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasneem H Patwa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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180
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Kamoda S, Kakehi K. Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of glycoprotein pharmaceuticals. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:2495-504. [PMID: 16718643 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate chains in glycoprotein pharmaceuticals play important roles for the expression of their biological activities, but the structure and compositions of carbohydrate chains are dependent on the conditions for their production. Therefore, evaluation of the carbohydrate chains is quite important for productive process development, characterization of product for approval application, and routine quality control. The oligosaccharides themselves have complex structure including blanching and various glycosidic linkages, and oligosaccharides in one glycoprotein pharmaceutical generally have high heterogeneity, and characterization of oligosaccharide moiety in glycoprotein has been a challenging target. In these situations, CE has been realized as a powerful tool for oligosaccharide analysis due to its high resolution and automatic operating system. This review focuses on the application of CE to the glycoform analysis of glycoproteins and profiling of the N-linked glycans released from glycoprotein pharmaceuticals. Current applications for structure analysis using CE-MS(n) technique and glycan profiling method for therapeutic antibody are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kamoda
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Japan
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181
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Ramachandran P, Boontheung P, Xie Y, Sondej M, Wong DT, Loo JA. Identification of N-linked glycoproteins in human saliva by glycoprotein capture and mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2006; 5:1493-503. [PMID: 16740002 DOI: 10.1021/pr050492k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glycoproteins make up a major and important part of the salivary proteome and play a vital role in maintaining the health of the oral cavity. Because changes in the physiological state of a person are reflected as changes in the glycoproteome composition, mapping the salivary glycoproteome will provide insights into various processes in the body. Salivary glycoproteins were identified by the hydrazide coupling and release method. In this approach, glycoproteins were coupled onto a hydrazide resin, the proteins were then digested and formerly N-glycosylated peptides were selectively released with the enzyme PNGase F and analyzed by LC-MS/MS. Employing this method, coupled with in-solution isoelectric focusing separation as an additional means for pre-fractionation, we identified 84 formerly N-glycosylated peptides from 45 unique N-glycoproteins. Of these, 16 glycoproteins have not been reported previously in saliva. In addition, we identified 44 new sites of N-linked glycosylation on the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Ramachandran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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182
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Kirmiz C, Li B, An HJ, Clowers BH, Chew HK, Lam KS, Ferrige A, Alecio R, Borowsky AD, Sulaimon S, Lebrilla CB, Miyamoto S. A serum glycomics approach to breast cancer biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006; 6:43-55. [PMID: 16847285 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600171-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Because the glycosylation of proteins is known to change in tumor cells during the development of breast cancer, a glycomics approach is used here to find relevant biomarkers of breast cancer. These glycosylation changes are known to correlate with increasing tumor burden and poor prognosis. Current antibody-based immunochemical tests for cancer biomarkers of ovarian (CA125), breast (CA27.29 or CA15-3), pancreatic, gastric, colonic, and carcinoma (CA19-9) target highly glycosylated mucin proteins. However, these tests lack the specificity and sensitivity for use in early detection. This glycomics approach to find glycan biomarkers of breast cancer involves chemically cleaving oligosaccharides (glycans) from glycosylated proteins that are shed or secreted by breast cancer tumor cell lines. The resulting free glycan species are analyzed by MALDI-FT-ICR MS. Further structural analysis of the glycans can be performed in FTMS through the use of tandem mass spectrometry with infrared multiphoton dissociation. Glycan profiles were generated for each cell line and compared. These methods were then used to analyze sera obtained from a mouse model of breast cancer and a small number of serum samples obtained from human patients diagnosed with breast cancer or patients with no known history of breast cancer. In addition to the glycosylation changes detected in mice as mouse mammary tumors developed, glycosylation profiles were found to be sufficiently different to distinguish patients with cancer from those without. Although the small number of patient samples analyzed so far is inadequate to make any legitimate claims at this time, these promising but very preliminary results suggest that glycan profiles may contain distinct glycan biomarkers that may correspond to glycan "signatures of cancer."
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal Kirmiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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183
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Ito T, Watanabe J, Takai M, Konno T, Iwasaki Y, Ishihara K. Dual mode bioreactions on polymer nanoparticles covered with phosphorylcholine group. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2006; 50:55-60. [PMID: 16730167 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the preparation of polymer nanoparticles covered with phosphorylcholine (PC) groups and the immobilization of proteins in order to observe dual mode bioreactions on the nanoparticles. For the surface modification on the nanoparticles, a water-soluble amphiphilic phospholipid polymer with PC groups as a hydrophilic moiety was synthesized. In this polymer, an active ester group, which can immobilize proteins, was introduced. Using the phospholipid polymer as a solubilizer, poly(L-lactic acid) nanoparticles were prepared from its methylene chloride solution in an aqueous medium by the solvent evaporation method. The diameter of the nanoparticles was ca. 200 nm and the surface was covered with the PC groups and active ester groups. Proteins could immobilize on the nanoparticles under mild conditions by the reaction between the active ester group and amino group in the proteins. Both an antibody and enzyme were immobilized on the nanoparticles and bioreactions such as the antigen/antibody reaction and enzymatic reaction were observed. When an antigen was added to the suspension of the nanoparticles, aggregation of the nanoparticles occurred and then they precipitated. Also, the enzymatic reaction proceeded well when the enzyme substrate was added to the suspension. Based on these results, we provided polymer nanoparticles functionalized with both the antibody and enzyme, and the dual mode bioreactions could occur. We concluded that the novel polymer nanoparticles could be used for nano-/micro-scaled diagnostic and medical treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Ito
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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184
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Nakano M, Kondo A, Kakehi K, Taniguchi N. Glycomics - a new target for pharmaceuticals. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2006; 3:39-47. [PMID: 24980100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2006.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Most proteins show characteristic biological roles after modification with carbohydrates, and profiling of total carbohydrates (glycans) has been a big target for a full understanding of protein functions. Owing to extreme heterogeneity of the glycans, high sensitivity and high resolving power are required for their analysis. Combination of techniques using high-performance liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry allows comprehensive analysis of glycans derived from biological sources.:
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako Nakano
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kondo
- Department of Glycotherapeutics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Kakehi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-osaka 577-8502, Japan.
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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185
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Komath SS, Kavitha M, Swamy MJ. Beyond carbohydrate binding: new directions in plant lectin research. Org Biomol Chem 2006; 4:973-88. [PMID: 16525538 DOI: 10.1039/b515446d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Although for a long time carbohydrate binding property has been used as the defining feature of lectins, studies carried out mostly during the last two decades or so demonstrate that many plant lectins exhibit specific interactions with small molecules that are predominantly hydrophobic in nature. Such interactions, in most cases, appear to be at specific sites that do not interfere with the ability of the lectins to recognise and bind carbohydrates. Further, several of these ligands have binding affinities comparable to those for the binding of specific carbohydrates to the lectins. Given the ability of lectins to specifically recognise the glycocode (carbohydrate code) on different cell surfaces and distinguish between diseased and normal tissues, these additional sites may be viewed as potential drug carrying sites that could be exploited for targeted delivery to sites of choice. Porphyrin-lectin complexes are especially suited for such targeting since porphyrins are already under investigation in photodynamic therapy for cancer. This review will provide an update on the interactions of plant lectins with non-carbohydrate ligands, with particular emphasis on porphyrin ligands. The implications and potential applications of such studies will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sudha Komath
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110 067, India.
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186
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Naka R, Kamoda S, Ishizuka A, Kinoshita M, Kakehi K. Analysis of Total N-Glycans in Cell Membrane Fractions of Cancer Cells Using a Combination of Serotonin Affinity Chromatography and Normal Phase Chromatography. J Proteome Res 2005; 5:88-97. [PMID: 16396498 DOI: 10.1021/pr0502976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cell surface glycans and recognition molecules of these glycans play important roles in cellular recognition and trafficking, such as in the inflammation response by sialyl LewisX oligosaccharides. Malignant cells also utilize a similar mechanism during colonization and establishment of tumor tissues in the host. These considerations prompt us to develop a screening method for comprehensive analysis of N-glycans derived from membrane fractions of cancer cells. The method involves two step separations. Initially, N-glycans released from cell membrane fractions with N-glycoamidase F were labeled with 2-aminobenzoic acid and separated based on the number of sialic acid residues attached to the oligosaccharides using affinity chromatography on a serotonin-immobilized stationary phase. Each of the nonretarded fractions containing asialo- and high-mannose type oligosaccharides and mono-, di-, tri-, and tetra-sialooligosaccharide fractions which were desialylated with neuraminidase was analyzed by a combination of HPLC using an Amide-80 column as the stationary phase and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). We analyzed total N-glycan pools of membrane fractions obtained from some cancer cells, and found that U937 cells (Histocytic lymphoma cells) expressed a large amount of oligosaccharides having polylactosamine residues and MKN45 cells (Gastric adenocarcinoma cells) contained hyper-fucosylated oligosaccharides which contained multiple fucose residues. The method described here will be a powerful technique for glycomics studies in cell surface glycoproteins, and will enable one to search marker oligosaccharides characteristically observed in various diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and congenital disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Naka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Kowakae 3-4-1, Higashi-Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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187
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Abstract
Carbohydrate antigens have a central role in the hyperacute rejection of animal-to-human organ grafts (xenotransplantation) and they are emerging in importance in the immunotherapy of cancer. This article traces the historical origins of the discovery of key carbohydrate antigens and explores the future impact of recent technological advances of the field of glycobiology as it relates to xenotransplantation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ramsland
- StructuralImmunology Laboratory, Austin Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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