151
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Veríssimo H, Patrício J, Gonçalves É, Moura GC, Barbosa JEL, Gonçalves AMM. Functional diversity of zooplankton communities in two tropical estuaries (NE Brazil) with different degrees of human-induced disturbance. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 129:46-56. [PMID: 28473172 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the functional diversity (FD) of copepod communities along the environmental gradient of two tropical estuaries with different intensities of human impact - the environmentally protected "Mamanguape" and the urbanised "Paraiba". Different trait-based approaches were used: functional groups identification and description, and FD indices estimation. The results showed similar functional groups and functional indices between the two estuaries with some variability attributed to seasonality. Copepods in each estuary seemed to perform similar functions. Overall, biomass was more evenly distributed among groups, and mean total biomass and FD indices were slightly higher in the Mamanguape. Nevertheless, both estuaries presented comparable FD, indicating that environmental filters may be the main driver of species coexistence within systems. Results also pointed towards anthropogenic disturbance, despite the protection status of the Mamanguape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Veríssimo
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Joana Patrício
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Érica Gonçalves
- Department of Biology, Paraíba State University, 58429-500 Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Gustavo C Moura
- Department of Biology, Paraíba State University, 58429-500 Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - José Etham L Barbosa
- Department of Biology, Paraíba State University, 58429-500 Campina Grande, Brazil
| | - Ana M M Gonçalves
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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152
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Robert A, Fontaine C, Veron S, Monnet AC, Legrand M, Clavel J, Chantepie S, Couvet D, Ducarme F, Fontaine B, Jiguet F, le Viol I, Rolland J, Sarrazin F, Teplitsky C, Mouchet M. Fixism and conservation science. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2017; 31:781-788. [PMID: 27943401 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The field of biodiversity conservation has recently been criticized as relying on a fixist view of the living world in which existing species constitute at the same time targets of conservation efforts and static states of reference, which is in apparent disagreement with evolutionary dynamics. We reviewed the prominent role of species as conservation units and the common benchmark approach to conservation that aims to use past biodiversity as a reference to conserve current biodiversity. We found that the species approach is justified by the discrepancy between the time scales of macroevolution and human influence and that biodiversity benchmarks are based on reference processes rather than fixed reference states. Overall, we argue that the ethical and theoretical frameworks underlying conservation research are based on macroevolutionary processes, such as extinction dynamics. Current species, phylogenetic, community, and functional conservation approaches constitute short-term responses to short-term human effects on these reference processes, and these approaches are consistent with evolutionary principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Robert
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Colin Fontaine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Simon Veron
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Christine Monnet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marine Legrand
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Joanne Clavel
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Chantepie
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Denis Couvet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Ducarme
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Fontaine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Jiguet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle le Viol
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Rolland
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - François Sarrazin
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Céline Teplitsky
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175, Campus CNRS, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293, Montpellier, cedex 5, France
| | - Maud Mouchet
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP135, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France
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153
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Scheiner SM, Kosman E, Presley SJ, Willig MR. The components of biodiversity, with a particular focus on phylogenetic information. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:6444-6454. [PMID: 28861247 PMCID: PMC5574767 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a framework for biodiversity metrics that organizes the growing panoply of metrics. Our framework distinguishes metrics based on the type of information–abundance, phylogeny, function–and two common properties–magnitude and variability. Our new metrics of phylogenetic diversity are based on a partition of the total branch lengths of a cladogram into the proportional share of each species, including: a measure of divergence which standardizes the amount of evolutionary divergence by species richness and time depth of the cladogram; a measure of regularity which is maximal when the tree is perfectly symmetrical so that all species have the same proportional branch lengths; a measure that combines information on the magnitude and variability of abundance with phylogenetic variability, and a measure of phylogenetically weighted effective mean abundance; and indicate how those metrics can be decomposed into α and β components. We illustrate the utility of these new metrics using empirical data on the bat fauna of Manu, Peru. Divergence was greatest in lowland rainforest and at the transition between cloud and elfin forests, and least in upper elfin forests and in cloud forests. In contrast, regularity was greatest in lowland rainforest, dipping to its smallest values in mid‐elevation cloud forests, and then increasing in high elevation elfin forests. These patterns indicate that the first species to drop out with increasing elevation are ones that are closely related to other species in the metacommunity. Measures of the effective number of phylogenetically independent or distinct species decreased very rapidly with elevation, and β‐diversity was larger. In contrast, a comparison of feeding guilds shows a different effect of phylogenetic patterning. Along the elevational gradient, each guild generally loses some species from each clade–rather than entire clades–explaining the maintenance of functional diversity as phylogenetic diversity decreases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M Scheiner
- Division of Environmental Biology National Science Foundation Arlington VA USA
| | - Evsey Kosman
- Institute for Cereal Crops Improvement Tel Aviv University Tel Aviv Israel
| | - Steven J Presley
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
| | - Michael R Willig
- Center for Environmental Sciences and Engineering University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Connecticut Storrs CT USA
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154
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Estimating the magnitude of morphoscapes: how to measure the morphological component of biodiversity in relation to habitats using geometric morphometrics. Naturwissenschaften 2017. [PMID: 28642973 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-017-1475-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ecological indicators are currently developed to account for the different facets of loss of biological diversity due to direct or indirect effects of human activities. Most ecological indicators include species richness as a metric. Others, such as functional traits and phylogenetic diversity, account for differences in species, even when species richness is the same. Here, we describe and apply a different indicator, called morphoscape dimension, accounting for morphological variability across habitats in a geographical region. We use the case of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in four different habitats in the Po Plain in Northern Italy to exemplify how to quantify the magnitude of the morphological space (i.e. the dimension of the morphoscape) occupied by the species in each habitat using geometric morphometrics. To this aim, we employed a variety of metrics of morphological disparity related to univariate size, and more complex multivariate shape and form. Our 'proof of concept' suggests that metrics assessing size and form might largely tend to simply mirror the information provided by species richness, whereas shape morphoscape disparity may be able to account for non-trivial differences in species traits amongst habitats. This is indicated by the woodland morphoscape being on average bigger than that of crops, the most species-rich habitat, despite having almost 20% less species. We conclude suggesting that the analysis of morphoscape dimension has the potential to become a new additional and complimentary tool in the hands of conservation biologists and ecologists to explore and quantify habitat complexity and inform decisions on management and conservation based on a wide set of ecological indicators.
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155
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Xu J, Chen Y, Zhang L, Chai Y, Wang M, Guo Y, Li T, Yue M. Using phylogeny and functional traits for assessing community assembly along environmental gradients: A deterministic process driven by elevation. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:5056-5069. [PMID: 28770046 PMCID: PMC5528205 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Community assembly processes is the primary focus of community ecology. Using phylogenetic‐based and functional trait‐based methods jointly to explore these processes along environmental gradients are useful ways to explain the change of assembly mechanisms under changing world. Our study combined these methods to test assembly processes in wide range gradients of elevation and other habitat environmental factors. We collected our data at 40 plots in Taibai Mountain, China, with more than 2,300 m altitude difference in study area and then measured traits and environmental factors. Variance partitioning was used to distinguish the main environment factors leading to phylogeny and traits change among 40 plots. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to colligate other environment factors. Community assembly patterns along environmental gradients based on phylogenetic and functional methods were studied for exploring assembly mechanisms. Phylogenetic signal was calculated for each community along environmental gradients in order to detect the variation of trait performance on phylogeny. Elevation showed a better explanatory power than other environment factors for phylogenetic and most traits’ variance. Phylogenetic and several functional structure clustered at high elevation while some conserved traits overdispersed. Convergent tendency which might be caused by filtering or competition along elevation was detected based on functional traits. Leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and leaf nitrogen content along PCA 1 axis showed conflicting patterns comparing to patterns showed on elevation. LDMC exhibited the strongest phylogenetic signal. Only the phylogenetic signal of maximum plant height showed explicable change along environmental gradients. Synthesis. Elevation is the best environment factors for predicting phylogeny and traits change. Plant's phylogenetic and some functional structures show environmental filtering in alpine region while it shows different assembly processes in middle‐ and low‐altitude region by different trait/phylogeny. The results highlight deterministic processes dominate community assembly in large‐scale environmental gradients. Performance of phylogeny and traits along gradients may be independent with each other. The novel method for calculating functional structure which we used in this study and the focus of phylogenetic signal change along gradients may provide more useful ways to detect community assembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Yongfu Chai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Mao Wang
- School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China.,College of Grassland and Environment Sciences Xinjiang Agricultural University Urumchi China
| | - Yaoxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Ting Li
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
| | - Ming Yue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University) Ministry of Education Xi'an China.,School of Life Sciences Northwest University Xi'an China
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156
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Tucker CM, Cadotte MW, Carvalho SB, Davies TJ, Ferrier S, Fritz SA, Grenyer R, Helmus MR, Jin LS, Mooers AO, Pavoine S, Purschke O, Redding DW, Rosauer DF, Winter M, Mazel F. A guide to phylogenetic metrics for conservation, community ecology and macroecology. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 92:698-715. [PMID: 26785932 PMCID: PMC5096690 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of phylogenies in ecology is increasingly common and has broadened our understanding of biological diversity. Ecological sub-disciplines, particularly conservation, community ecology and macroecology, all recognize the value of evolutionary relationships but the resulting development of phylogenetic approaches has led to a proliferation of phylogenetic diversity metrics. The use of many metrics across the sub-disciplines hampers potential meta-analyses, syntheses, and generalizations of existing results. Further, there is no guide for selecting the appropriate metric for a given question, and different metrics are frequently used to address similar questions. To improve the choice, application, and interpretation of phylo-diversity metrics, we organize existing metrics by expanding on a unifying framework for phylogenetic information. Generally, questions about phylogenetic relationships within or between assemblages tend to ask three types of question: how much; how different; or how regular? We show that these questions reflect three dimensions of a phylogenetic tree: richness, divergence, and regularity. We classify 70 existing phylo-diversity metrics based on their mathematical form within these three dimensions and identify 'anchor' representatives: for α-diversity metrics these are PD (Faith's phylogenetic diversity), MPD (mean pairwise distance), and VPD (variation of pairwise distances). By analysing mathematical formulae and using simulations, we use this framework to identify metrics that mix dimensions, and we provide a guide to choosing and using the most appropriate metrics. We show that metric choice requires connecting the research question with the correct dimension of the framework and that there are logical approaches to selecting and interpreting metrics. The guide outlined herein will help researchers navigate the current jungle of indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Tucker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ColoradoBox 334BoulderCO80309‐0334U.S.A.
| | - Marc W. Cadotte
- Biological SciencesUniversity of Toronto‐ScarboroughScarboroughM1C 1A4Canada
- Stake Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Dynamics and Conservation of Guangdong, Higher Education Institutes, College of Ecology and EvolutionSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Silvia B. Carvalho
- CIBIO/InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos da Universidade do Porto4485‐661VairãoPortugal
| | - T. Jonathan Davies
- Department of BiologyMcGill UniversityMontréalH3A 1B1Canada
- African Centre for DNA BarcodingUniversity of JohannesburgPO Box 524Johannesburg2006South Africa
| | - Simon Ferrier
- CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, Climate Adaptation FlagshipGPO BOX 1600Canberra2601Australia
| | - Susanne A. Fritz
- Biodiversity & Climate Research Centre (BiK‐F) and Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung60325Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe University60438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Rich Grenyer
- School of Geography and the EnvironmentUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QYU.K.
| | - Matthew R. Helmus
- Department of Ecological Sciences ‐ Animal EcologyVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
- Center for Biodiversity, Department of BiologyTemple UniversitySuite 502PhiladelphiaPA19122U.S.A.
| | - Lanna S. Jin
- Ecology & Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of TorontoRoom 3055TorontoM5S 3B2Canada
| | - Arne O. Mooers
- Department of BiologySimon Fraser UniversityBurnabyV5A 1S6Canada
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation Sciences (UMR 7204 CESCO)Museum National d'Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordOX1 3QYUK
| | - Oliver Purschke
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5eDE‐04103LeipzigGermany
- Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Institute of BiologyMartin Luther University, Halle‐WittenbergDE‐06108Halle (Saale)Germany
- Department of Computer ScienceMartin‐Luther‐University, Halle‐WittenbergDE‐06120Halle (Saale)Germany
| | - David W. Redding
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environmental Research, Department of Genetics, Evolution and EnvironmentUniversity College LondonLondonWC1E 6BTU.K.
| | - Dan F. Rosauer
- Research School of BiologyAustralian National UniversityActon2601Australia
| | - Marten Winter
- German Centre of Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5eDE‐04103LeipzigGermany
| | - Florent Mazel
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS ‐ Université Grenoble Alpes (UMR 5553)BP 5338041Grenoble Cedex 9France
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157
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Zhou X, Guo Z, Zhang P, Li H, Chu C, Li X, Du G. Different categories of biodiversity explain productivity variation after fertilization in a Tibetan alpine meadow community. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:3464-3474. [PMID: 28515882 PMCID: PMC5433997 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between productivity and biodiversity has long been an important issue in ecological research. However, in recent decades, most ecologists have primarily focused on species diversity while paying little attention to functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity (PD), especially in alpine meadow communities following fertilization. In this study, a fertilization experiment involving the addition of nitrogen, phosphorus, and a mixture of both was implemented in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau. Species diversity, functional diversity, and PD were measured, and the responses of these parameters to the variation in productivity were analyzed. We found that the productivity of alpine plant communities was colimited by N and P, with N being the principal and P being the secondary limiting nutrient. Our results supported the prediction of both the mass ratio hypothesis and niche complementarity hypothesis in fertilized communities, but these hypotheses were not mutually exclusive. The combination of different aspects of biodiversity not only provides a crucial tool to explain the variation in productivity and to understand the underlying mechanisms but also plays an important role in predicting the variation in productivity of alpine meadow communities, which are sensitive to nutrient enrichment in the context of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China.,Institute of Arid Ecology and Environment Xinjiang University Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - Zhi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Honglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
| | - Chengjin Chu
- SYSU-Alberta Joint Lab for Biodiversity Conservation State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou China
| | - Xilai Li
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Qinghai University Xining China
| | - Guozhen Du
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland and Agro-ecosystems School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University Lanzhou Gansu China
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158
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Gross C, Donoghue C, Pruitt C, Trimble AC, Ruesink JL. Taxonomic and functional assessment of mesopredator diversity across an estuarine habitat mosaic. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Collin Gross
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
| | - Cinde Donoghue
- Aquatics Division Aquatic Assessment and Monitoring Team Washington Department of Natural Resources Olympia Washington 98504 USA
| | - Casey Pruitt
- Aquatics Division Aquatic Assessment and Monitoring Team Washington Department of Natural Resources Olympia Washington 98504 USA
| | - Alan C. Trimble
- Department of Biology University of Washington Seattle Washington 98195 USA
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159
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Bello F, Šmilauer P, Diniz‐Filho JAF, Carmona CP, Lososová Z, Herben T, Götzenberger L. Decoupling phylogenetic and functional diversity to reveal hidden signals in community assembly. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bello
- Department of Botany Faculty of Sciences University of South Bohemia Na Zlate Stoce 1 CZ‐370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Dukelská 135 CZ‐379 82 Třeboň Czech Republic
| | - Petr Šmilauer
- Department of Ecosystem Biology Faculty of Science University of South Bohemia Branišovská 1760 CZ‐370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Jose Alexandre F. Diniz‐Filho
- Department of Ecology Institute of Biological Sciences Federal University of Goiás UFG CAMPUS II 74670‐970 Goiânia Brazil
| | - Carlos Perez Carmona
- Department of Botany Faculty of Sciences University of South Bohemia Na Zlate Stoce 1 CZ‐370 05 České Budějovice Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Lososová
- Department of Botany and Zoology Masaryk University Kotlářská 2 CZ‐611 37 Brno Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Herben
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences CZ‐252 43 Průhonice Czech Republic
- Department of Botany Faculty of Science Charles University Benátská 2 CZ‐128 01 Praha 2 Czech Republic
| | - Lars Götzenberger
- Institute of Botany Czech Academy of Sciences Dukelská 135 CZ‐379 82 Třeboň Czech Republic
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160
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Valdivia N, Segovia-Rivera V, Fica E, Bonta CC, Aguilera MA, Broitman BR. Context-dependent functional dispersion across similar ranges of trait space covered by intertidal rocky shore communities. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:1882-1891. [PMID: 28331595 PMCID: PMC5355202 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional diversity is intimately linked with community assembly processes, but its large‐scale patterns of variation are often not well understood. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal changes in multiple trait dimensions (“trait space”) along vertical intertidal environmental stress gradients and across a landscape scale. We predicted that the range of the trait space covered by local assemblages (i.e., functional richness) and the dispersion in trait abundances (i.e., functional dispersion) should increase from high‐ to low‐intertidal elevations, due to the decreasing influence of environmental filtering. The abundance of macrobenthic algae and invertebrates was estimated at four rocky shores spanning ca. 200 km of the coast over a 36‐month period. Functional richness and dispersion were contrasted against matrix‐swap models to remove any confounding effect of species richness on functional diversity. Random‐slope models showed that functional richness and dispersion significantly increased from high‐ to low‐intertidal heights, demonstrating that under harsh environmental conditions, the assemblages comprised similar abundances of functionally similar species (i.e., trait convergence), while that under milder conditions, the assemblages encompassed differing abundances of functionally dissimilar species (i.e., trait divergence). According to the Akaike information criteria, the relationship between local environmental stress and functional richness was persistent across sites and sampling times, while functional dispersion varied significantly. Environmental filtering therefore has persistent effects on the range of trait space covered by these assemblages, but context‐dependent effects on the abundances of trait combinations within such range. Our results further suggest that natural and/or anthropogenic factors might have significant effects on the relative abundance of functional traits, despite that no trait addition or extinction is detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Valdivia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja Valdivia Chile; Centro FONDAP de Investigación de Dinámicas de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL) Valdivia Chile
| | - Viviana Segovia-Rivera
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja Valdivia Chile
| | - Eliseo Fica
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja Valdivia Chile
| | - César C Bonta
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas Facultad de Ciencias Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja Valdivia Chile
| | - Moisés A Aguilera
- Departamento de Biología Marina Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Universidad Católica del Norte Coquimbo Chile
| | - Bernardo R Broitman
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) Universidad Católica del Norte Coquimbo Chile
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161
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Van Looy K, Piffady J, Floury M. At what scale and extent environmental gradients and climatic changes influence stream invertebrate communities? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 580:34-42. [PMID: 27939995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In a context of increasing landscape modifications and climatic changes, scale hierarchy becomes an ever more crucial issue to integrate in the analysis of drivers and stressors of biological communities, especially in river networks. To cope with this issue, we developed (i) spatial hierarchical models of functional diversity of stream invertebrate communities to assess the relative influence of local- vs. regional-scale factors in structuring community assembly, and (ii) analysis of metacommunity elements to determine the ecological processes behind the structuring. The spatial structuring of benthic invertebrate communities was investigated over 568 sites in South-eastern France. Community structure was mainly driven by the altitudinal gradient and spring flow variation at broad scales, with functional diversity gradually decreasing with elevation and being maximized at intermediate levels of flow variability. According to the 'elements of metacommunity structure' analysis, the prevailing influence of the altitudinal gradient was also supported by a Clementsian structuration of invertebrate communities. Conversely, the influence of observed climatic changes in temperature and rainfall was weak and observed only at fine scales. As a result, natural environmental filters were stronger drivers of the functional diversity of communities than human-induced stressors (e.g. water pollution and hydromorphological alterations). More broadly, our results suggest that management needs to embrace the possibilities of gathering high spatial and taxonomical resolution data when analysing and predicting flow variation and climate change effects in order to preserve and restore functionally diverse communities. Moreover, to develop environmental flow schemes or restoration and climate change adaptation strategies for freshwater communities, local and regional processes need to be addressed simultaneously; equally responsible as drivers of community diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Van Looy
- Irstea, UR MALY, Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions, 5 rue de la Doua, 69626 Villeurbanne, CS70077, France; Jülich Research Centre, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences IBG-3, Leo-Brandt-Straße, 52428 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Jérémy Piffady
- Irstea, UR MALY, Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions, 5 rue de la Doua, 69626 Villeurbanne, CS70077, France.
| | - Mathieu Floury
- Irstea, UR MALY, Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions, 5 rue de la Doua, 69626 Villeurbanne, CS70077, France.
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162
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Lee MB, Martin JA. Avian Species and Functional Diversity in Agricultural Landscapes: Does Landscape Heterogeneity Matter? PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170540. [PMID: 28125653 PMCID: PMC5268393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While the positive relationship between avian diversity and habitat heterogeneity is widely accepted, it is primarily based on observed species richness without accounting for imperfect detection. Other facets of diversity such as functional diversity are also rarely explored. We investigated the avian diversity-landscape heterogeneity relationship in agricultural landscapes by considering two aspects of diversity: taxonomic diversity (species richness) estimated from a multi-species dynamic occupancy model, and functional diversity (functional evenness [FEve] and divergence [FDiv]) based on traits of occurring species. We also assessed how agricultural lands enrolled in a conservation program managed on behalf of declining early successional bird species (hereafter CP38 fields, an agri-environment scheme) influenced avian diversity. We analyzed breeding bird data collected at CP38 fields in Mississippi, USA, during 2010–2012, and two principal components of environmental variables: a gradient of heterogeneity (Shannon’s landscape diversity index) and of the amount of CP38 fields (percent cover of CP38 fields; CP38). FEve did not show significant responses to environmental variables, whereas FDiv responded positively to heterogeneity and negatively to CP38. However, most FDiv values did not significantly differ from random expectations along an environmental gradient. When there was a significant difference, FDiv was lower than that expected. Unlike functional diversity, species richness showed a clear pattern. Species richness increased with increasing landscape heterogeneity but decreased with increasing amounts of CP38 fields. Only one species responded negatively to heterogeneity and positively to CP38. Our results suggest that the relationships between avian diversity and landscape heterogeneity may vary depending on the aspect of diversity considered: strong positive effects of heterogeneity on taxonomic diversity, but weakly positive or non-significant effects on functional diversity. Our results also indicate that effectiveness of CP38 in conserving avian diversity, particularly, taxonomic diversity, could be limited without the consideration of landscape heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung-Bok Lee
- Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi State, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - James A. Martin
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Savannah River Ecology Lab, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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163
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Sydenham MAK, Moe SR, Kuhlmann M, Potts SG, Roberts SPM, Totland Ø, Eldegard K. Disentangling the contributions of dispersal limitation, ecological drift, and ecological filtering to wild bee community assembly. Ecosphere 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Markus A. K. Sydenham
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; P.O. Box 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Stein R. Moe
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; P.O. Box 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Michael Kuhlmann
- Zoological Museum; University of Kiel; Hegewischstraße 3 D-24105 Kiel Germany
| | - Simon G. Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development; Reading University; Reading RG6 6AR United Kingdom
| | - Stuart P. M. Roberts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research; School of Agriculture, Policy and Development; Reading University; Reading RG6 6AR United Kingdom
| | - Ørjan Totland
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; P.O. Box 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
| | - Katrine Eldegard
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; P.O. Box 5003 NO-1432 Ås Norway
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164
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Naeem S, Prager C, Weeks B, Varga A, Flynn DFB, Griffin K, Muscarella R, Palmer M, Wood S, Schuster W. Biodiversity as a multidimensional construct: a review, framework and case study of herbivory's impact on plant biodiversity. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 283:20153005. [PMID: 27928041 PMCID: PMC5204135 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.3005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiversity is inherently multidimensional, encompassing taxonomic, functional, phylogenetic, genetic, landscape and many other elements of variability of life on the Earth. However, this fundamental principle of multidimensionality is rarely applied in research aimed at understanding biodiversity's value to ecosystem functions and the services they provide. This oversight means that our current understanding of the ecological and environmental consequences of biodiversity loss is limited primarily to what unidimensional studies have revealed. To address this issue, we review the literature, develop a conceptual framework for multidimensional biodiversity research based on this review and provide a case study to explore the framework. Our case study specifically examines how herbivory by whitetail deer (Odocoileus virginianus) alters the multidimensional influence of biodiversity on understory plant cover at Black Rock Forest, New York. Using three biodiversity dimensions (taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity) to explore our framework, we found that herbivory alters biodiversity's multidimensional influence on plant cover; an effect not observable through a unidimensional approach. Although our review, framework and case study illustrate the advantages of multidimensional over unidimensional approaches, they also illustrate the statistical and empirical challenges such work entails. Meeting these challenges, however, where data and resources permit, will be important if we are to better understand and manage the consequences we face as biodiversity continues to decline in the foreseeable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Naeem
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue MC5557, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Earth Institute Center for Environmental Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Case Prager
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue MC5557, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Brian Weeks
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue MC5557, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Alex Varga
- Earth Institute Center for Environmental Studies, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Dan F B Flynn
- The Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Kevin Griffin
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue MC5557, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Robert Muscarella
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue MC5557, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Ecoinformatics and Biodiversity, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Matthew Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue MC5557, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Stephen Wood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, 1200 Amsterdam Avenue MC5557, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
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165
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Mazel F, Davies TJ, Gallien L, Renaud J, Groussin M, Münkemüller T, Thuiller W. Influence of tree shape and evolutionary time-scale on phylogenetic diversity metrics. ECOGRAPHY 2016; 39:913-920. [PMID: 27713599 PMCID: PMC5049687 DOI: 10.1111/ecog.01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, describing, analysing and understanding the phylogenetic structure of species assemblages has been a central theme in both community ecology and macro-ecology. Among the wide variety of phylogenetic structure metrics, three have been predominant in the literature: Faith's phylogenetic diversity (PDFaith), which represents the sum of the branch lengths of the phylogenetic tree linking all species of a particular assemblage, the mean pairwise distance between all species in an assemblage (MPD) and the pairwise distance between the closest relatives in an assemblage (MNTD). Comparisons between studies using one or several of these metrics are difficult because there has been no comprehensive evaluation of the phylogenetic properties each metric captures. In particular it is unknown how PDFaith relates to MDP and MNTD. Consequently, it is possible that apparently opposing patterns in different studies might simply reflect differences in metric properties. Here, we aim to fill this gap by comparing these metrics using simulations and empirical data. We first used simulation experiments to test the influence of community structure and size on the mismatch between metrics whilst varying the shape and size of the phylogenetic tree of the species pool. Second we investigated the mismatch between metrics for two empirical datasets (gut microbes and global carnivoran assemblages). We show that MNTD and PDFaith provide similar information on phylogenetic structure, and respond similarly to variation in species richness and assemblage structure. However, MPD demonstrate a very different behaviour, and is highly sensitive to deep branching structure. We suggest that by combining complementary metrics that are sensitive to processes operating at different phylogenetic depths (i.e. MPD and MNTD or PDFaith) we can obtain a better understanding of assemblage structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Mazel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France. CNRS, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - T J Davies
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205, Avenue Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, APK Campus, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa;
| | - L Gallien
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland;
| | - J Renaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France. CNRS, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - M Groussin
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America;
| | - T Münkemüller
- Univ. Grenoble & CNRS Alpes, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - W Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France. CNRS, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France;
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166
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Multiple metrics of diversity have different effects on temperate forest functioning over succession. Oecologia 2016; 182:1175-1185. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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167
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Nunes CA, Quintino AV, Constantino R, Negreiros D, Reis Júnior R, Fernandes GW. Patterns of taxonomic and functional diversity of termites along a tropical elevational gradient. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cássio A. Nunes
- Laboratório de Ecologia de Populações; Departamento de Biologia Geral; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; CP 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação de Invertebrados; Departamento de Biologia; Setor de Ecologia; Universidade Federal de Lavras; CP 3037, 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - André V. Quintino
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG; ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; CP 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Reginaldo Constantino
- Laboratório de Termitologia; Departamento de Zoologia; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade de Brasília; 70910-900 Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Daniel Negreiros
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG; ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; CP 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Reis Júnior
- Laboratório de Ecologia Comportamental e Computacional; Departamento de Biologia Geral; Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros; CP 126, 39401-089 Montes Claros Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Geraldo Wilson Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG; ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; CP 486, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
- Department of Biology; Stanford University; CP 94305 Stanford CA U.S.A
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168
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Genetic Diversity of Namibian Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. BR. (Pearl Millet) Landraces Analyzed by SSR and Morphological Markers. ScientificWorldJournal 2016; 2016:1439739. [PMID: 27433479 PMCID: PMC4940581 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1439739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. BR. cultivars in Namibia have overall poor performance posing a threat to the nation's food security because this crop is staple for over 70% of the Namibian population. The crop suffers from undesirable production traits such as susceptibility to diseases, low yield, and prolonged reproductive cycle. This study aimed to understand the genetic diversity of the crop in Namibia by simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and morphology analysis. A total of 1441 genotypes were collected from the National Gene Bank representing all the Namibian landraces. A sample of 96 genotypes was further analyzed by SSR using Shannon-Wiener diversity index and revealed a value of 0.45 indicating low genetic diversity. Ordination using Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) on SSR data confirmed clusters generated by UPGMA for the 96 P. glaucum accessions. UPGMA phenograms of 29 morphological characterized genotypes were generated for SSR and morphology data and the two trees revealed 78% resemblance. Lodging susceptibility, tillering attitude, spike density, fodder yield potential, early vigour, and spike shape were the phenotypic characters upon which some clusters were based in both datasets. It is recommended that efforts should be made to widen the current gene pool in Namibia.
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169
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170
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Barros C, Thuiller W, Georges D, Boulangeat I, Münkemüller T. N-dimensional hypervolumes to study stability of complex ecosystems. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:729-42. [PMID: 27282314 PMCID: PMC4975519 DOI: 10.1111/ele.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although our knowledge on the stabilising role of biodiversity and on how it is affected by perturbations has greatly improved, we still lack a comprehensive view on ecosystem stability that is transversal to different habitats and perturbations. Hence, we propose a framework that takes advantage of the multiplicity of components of an ecosystem and their contribution to stability. Ecosystem components can range from species or functional groups, to different functional traits, or even the cover of different habitats in a landscape mosaic. We make use of n-dimensional hypervolumes to define ecosystem states and assess how much they shift after environmental changes have occurred. We demonstrate the value of this framework with a study case on the effects of environmental change on Alpine ecosystems. Our results highlight the importance of a multidimensional approach when studying ecosystem stability and show that our framework is flexible enough to be applied to different types of ecosystem components, which can have important implications for the study of ecosystem stability and transient dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceres Barros
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Damien Georges
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Boulangeat
- Laboratoire d'Écologie Théorique, Département de Biologie, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 300, Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, Qc, G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Tamara Münkemüller
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), Univ. Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), CNRS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
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171
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Sobral FL, Lees AC, Cianciaruso MV. Introductions do not compensate for functional and phylogenetic losses following extinctions in insular bird assemblages. Ecol Lett 2016; 19:1091-100. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L. Sobral
- Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás CP 131 74001-970 Brazil
| | - Alexander C. Lees
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Cornell University; 159 Sapsucker Woods Rd Ithaca NY 14850 USA
| | - Marcus V. Cianciaruso
- Departamento de Ecologia; Instituto de Ciências Biológicas; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás CP 131 74001-970 Brazil
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172
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Dung Beetles along a Tropical Altitudinal Gradient: Environmental Filtering on Taxonomic and Functional Diversity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157442. [PMID: 27336589 PMCID: PMC4918931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mountains provide an interesting context in which to study the many facets of biodiversity in response to macroclimate, since environmental conditions change rapidly due to elevation. Although the decrease in biodiversity with increasing elevation is generally accepted, our understanding of the variation of functional diversity along altitudinal gradients is still poorly known. The partitioning of diversity into spatial components can help to understand the processes that influence the distribution of species, and these studies are urgently needed in face of the increasing threats to mountain environments throughout the world. We describe the distribution of dung beetle diversity along an altitudinal gradient on a tropical mountain in southeastern Brazil, including the spatial partitioning of taxonomic and functional diversities. The altitudinal gradient ranged from 800 up to 1400 m a.s.l. and we collected dung beetles at every 100 m of altitude. We used the Rao Index to calculate γ, α and β diversity for taxonomic and functional diversity of dung beetles. Climatic, soil and vegetation variables were used to explain variation in community attributes along the altitudinal gradient. Dung beetle richness declined with altitude and was related to climatic and vegetation variables, but functional diversity did not follow the same pattern. Over 50% of γ taxonomic diversity was caused by among altitudes diversity (β), while almost 100% of functional diversity was due to the α component. Contrasting β taxonomic with β functional diversity, we suggest that there is ecological redundancy among communities and that the environment is filtering species in terms of the Grinnellian niche, rather than the Eltonian niche. β taxonomic diversity is caused mainly by the turnover component, reinforcing the hypothesis of environmental filtering. Global warming may have strong effects on mountain communities due to upslope range shifts and extinctions, and these events will lead to an even larger than previously expected loss of diversity as dung beetles γ taxonomic diversity is caused mainly by the β component.
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173
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Lopez B, Burgio K, Carlucci M, Palmquist K, Parada A, Weinberger V, Hurlbert A. A new framework for inferring community assembly processes using phylogenetic information, relevant traits and environmental gradients. ONE ECOSYSTEM 2016. [DOI: 10.3897/oneeco.1.e9501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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174
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Chai Y, Yue M, Liu X, Guo Y, Wang M, Xu J, Zhang C, Chen Y, Zhang L, Zhang R. Patterns of taxonomic, phylogenetic diversity during a long-term succession of forest on the Loess Plateau, China: insights into assembly process. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27087. [PMID: 27272407 PMCID: PMC4897607 DOI: 10.1038/srep27087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantifying the drivers underlying the distribution of biodiversity during succession is a critical issue in ecology and conservation, and also can provide insights into the mechanisms of community assembly. Ninety plots were established in the Loess Plateau region of northern Shaanxi in China. The taxonomic and phylogenetic (alpha and beta) diversity were quantified within six succession stages. Null models were used to test whether phylogenetic distance observed differed from random expectations. Taxonomic beta diversity did not show a regular pattern, while phylogenetic beta diversity decreased throughout succession. The shrub stage occurred as a transition from phylogenetic overdispersion to clustering either for NRI (Net Relatedness Index) or betaNRI. The betaNTI (Nearest Taxon Index) values for early stages were on average phylogenetically random, but for the betaNRI analyses, these stages were phylogenetically overdispersed. Assembly of woody plants differed from that of herbaceous plants during late community succession. We suggest that deterministic and stochastic processes respectively play a role in different aspects of community phylogenetic structure for early succession stage, and that community composition of late succession stage is governed by a deterministic process. In conclusion, the long-lasting evolutionary imprints on the present-day composition of communities arrayed along the succession gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfu Chai
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ming Yue
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yaoxin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Mao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinshi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chenguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Northwest University, Taibai north Rd.229, Xi'an City, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ruichang Zhang
- Plant Ecology Department, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 3, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
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175
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Saito VS, Cianciaruso MV, Siqueira T, Fonseca-Gessner AA, Pavoine S. Phylogenies and traits provide distinct insights about the historical and contemporary assembly of aquatic insect communities. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:2925-37. [PMID: 27217945 PMCID: PMC4863016 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The assumption that traits and phylogenies can be used as proxies of species niche has faced criticisms. Evidence suggested that phylogenic relatedness is a weak proxy of trait similarity. Moreover, different processes can select different traits, giving opposing signals in null model analyses. To circumvent these criticisms, we separated traits of stream insects based on the concept of α and β niches, which should give clues about assembling pressures expected to act independently of each other. We investigated the congruence between the phylogenetic structure and trait structure of communities using all available traits and all possible combinations of traits (4095 combinations). To account for hierarchical assembling processes, we analyzed patterns on two spatial scales with three pools of genera. Beta niche traits selected a priori - i.e., traits related to environmental variation (e.g., respiration type) - were consistently clustered on the smaller scale, suggesting environmental filtering, while α niche traits - i.e., traits related to resource use (e.g., trophic position) - did not display the expected overdispersion, suggesting a weak role of competition. Using all traits together provided random patterns and the analysis of all possible combinations of traits provided scenarios ranging from strong clustering to overdispersion. Communities were phylogenetically overdispersed, a pattern previously interpreted as phylogenetic limiting similarity. However, our results likely reflect the co-occurrence of ancient clades due to the stability of stream habitats along the evolutionary scale. We advise ecologists to avoid using combinations of all available traits but rather carefully traits based on the objective under consideration. Both trait and phylogenetic approaches should be kept in the ecologist toolbox, but phylogenetic distances should not be used as proxies of traits differences. Although the phylogenetic structure revealed processes operating at the evolutionary scale, only specific traits explained local processes operating in our communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor S Saito
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos NaturaisUniversidade Federal de São Carlos São Carlos SP Brazil; Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204) Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMCCP51, 55-61 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France
| | | | - Tadeu Siqueira
- Departamento de Ecologia UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Rio Claro Brazil
| | | | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204) Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMCCP51, 55-61 rue Buffon 75005 Paris France; Mathematical Ecology Research Group Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
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176
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Davis ALV, Scholtz CH, Deschodt CM, Strümpher WP. Edaphic and climatic history has driven current dung beetle species pool and assemblage structure across a transition zone in central South Africa. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian L. V. Davis
- Scarab Research Group; Department of Zoology and Entomology; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - Clarke H. Scholtz
- Scarab Research Group; Department of Zoology and Entomology; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - Christian M. Deschodt
- Scarab Research Group; Department of Zoology and Entomology; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028 South Africa
| | - Werner P. Strümpher
- Scarab Research Group; Department of Zoology and Entomology; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield 0028 South Africa
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177
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Keyel AC, Wiegand K. Validating the use of unique trait combinations for measuring multivariate functional richness. Methods Ecol Evol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C. Keyel
- Department of Ecosystem Modelling, Büsgenweg 4 University of Göttingen 37077 Göttingen Germany
| | - Kerstin Wiegand
- Department of Ecosystem Modelling, Büsgenweg 4 University of Göttingen 37077 Göttingen Germany
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178
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Corcuera P, Valverde PL, Jiménez ML, Ponce-Mendoza A, De la Rosa G, Nieto G. Ground Spider Guilds and Functional Diversity in Native Pine Woodlands and Eucalyptus Plantations. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:292-300. [PMID: 26655094 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvv181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vegetation structure and floristics have a strong influence on the relative abundance of spider guilds and functional diversity of terrestrial arthropods. Human activities have transformed much of the temperate woodlands. The aim of this study was to test five predictions related to the guild distribution and functional diversity of the ground spider communities of Eucalyptus plantations and native pine woodlands in western Mexico. Spiders were collected every fortnight from September to November from 15 pitfalls positioned in each of the eight sites. We also assessed the cover of grasses, herbs, shrubs, and leaf litter in each site. We found that the abundances of ground hunters and sheet weavers between plantations and pine woodlands were different. Nevertheless, there was not a consistent difference between sites of each of the vegetation types. Most species of ground hunters, sheet web weavers, and many other hunters were associated with litter and the grass cover. Nonetheless, in some cases, species of different families belonging to the same guild responded to different variables. Wolf spiders were related to the grass Aristida stricta Micheaux, 1803, while the species of the other families of ground hunters were associated with leaf litter. One Eucalyptus plantation and one pine woodland had the highest functional diversity of all sites. These sites have a well developed litter and grass cover. Our study suggests that the abundance of litter and a high cover of grasses explain the occurrence of species with different traits, and these habitat components results in a high functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Corcuera
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186. Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, México D.F., México (; ; ),
| | - Pedro Luis Valverde
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186. Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, México D.F., México (; ; )
| | - María Luisa Jiménez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Alejandro Ponce-Mendoza
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Conservación y Mejoramiento de Ecosistemas Forestales, INIFAP, México, D.F, México , and
| | - Gabriela De la Rosa
- Departamento de Biología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, Av. San Rafael Atlixco 186. Col. Vicentina, Iztapalapa, C.P. 09340, México D.F., México (; ; )
| | - Gisela Nieto
- Instituto de Ecología de la Universidad de Mar, Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, México
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179
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Hewitt JE, Norkko J, Kauppi L, Villnäs A, Norkko A. Species and functional trait turnover in response to broad‐scale change and an invasive species. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Judi E Hewitt
- Marine Ecology Department HamiltonNational Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Hamilton 3251 New Zealand
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of Helsinki J.A. Palménin tie 260 FI‐10900 Hanko Finland
| | - Joanna Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of Helsinki J.A. Palménin tie 260 FI‐10900 Hanko Finland
| | - Laura Kauppi
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of Helsinki J.A. Palménin tie 260 FI‐10900 Hanko Finland
| | - Anna Villnäs
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of Helsinki J.A. Palménin tie 260 FI‐10900 Hanko Finland
| | - Alf Norkko
- Tvärminne Zoological StationUniversity of Helsinki J.A. Palménin tie 260 FI‐10900 Hanko Finland
- Marine Research CentreFinnish Environment Institute FI‐00251 Helsinki Finland
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180
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Functional diversity through the mean trait dissimilarity: resolving shortcomings with existing paradigms and algorithms. Oecologia 2016; 180:933-40. [PMID: 26796409 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3546-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
While an increasing number of indices for estimating the functional trait diversity of biological communities are being proposed, there is a growing demand by ecologists to clarify their actual implications and simplify index selection. Several key indices relate to mean trait dissimilarity between species within biological communities. Among them, the most widely used include (a) the mean species pairwise dissimilarity (MPD) and (b) the Rao quadratic entropy (and related indices). These indices are often regarded as redundant and promote the unsubstantiated yet widely held view that Rao is a form of MPD. Worryingly, existing R functions also do not always simplify the use and differentiation of these indices. In this paper, we show various distinctions between these two indices that warrant mathematical and biological consideration. We start by showing an existing form of MPD that considers species abundances and is different from Rao both mathematically and conceptually. We then show that the mathematical relationship between MPD and Rao can be presented simply as Rao = MPD × Simpson, where the Simpson diversity index is defined as 1 - dominance. We further show that this relationship is maintained for both species abundances and presence/absence. This evidence dismantles the paradigm that the Rao diversity is an abundance-weighted form of MPD and indicates that both indices can differ substantially at low species diversities. We discuss the different interpretations of trait diversity patterns in biological communities provided by Rao and MPD and then provide a simple R function, called "melodic," which avoids the unintended results that arise from existing mainstream functions.
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181
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Spake R, Barsoum N, Newton AC, Doncaster CP. Drivers of the composition and diversity of carabid functional traits in UK coniferous plantations. FOREST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT 2016; 359:300-308. [PMID: 26865748 PMCID: PMC4705869 DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2015.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Functional diversity (FD) is increasingly used as a metric to evaluate the impact of forest management strategies on ecosystem functioning. Management interventions that aim to maximise FD require knowledge of multiple environmental drivers of FD, which have not been studied to date in temperate coniferous production forests. We quantified the relative importance of abiotic (forest management) and biotic (ground vegetation community) drivers of carabid FD and trait distribution in 44 coniferous plantation forest stands across the UK. Carabid FD declined with canopy cover and carabid body length correlated negatively with the percentage of open semi-natural area surrounding a plot. We conclude that forest management could enhance carabid FD through initiatives that emulate natural disturbance regimes through gap creation. We found that neither functional nor taxonomic metrics of vegetation diversity correlated with carabid FD, suggesting that restoration of plant communities, a major goal of forest restoration efforts, will not necessarily enhance carabid FD in coniferous plantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Spake
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Nadia Barsoum
- Centre for Ecosystems, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, Surrey GU10 4LH, UK
| | - Adrian C. Newton
- Centre for Conservation Ecology and Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK
| | - C. Patrick Doncaster
- Centre for Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences Building 85, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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182
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Lean C, Maclaurin J. The Value of Phylogenetic Diversity. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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183
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Arponen A, Zupan L. Representing Hotspots of Evolutionary History in Systematic Conservation Planning for European Mammals. BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22461-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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184
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Prescott GW, Gilroy JJ, Haugaasen T, Medina Uribe CA, Foster WA, Edwards DP. Managing Neotropical oil palm expansion to retain phylogenetic diversity. J Appl Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James J. Gilroy
- School of Environmental Science; University of East Anglia; Norwich NR4 7JT UK
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; 1430 Ås Norway
| | - Torbjørn Haugaasen
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management; Norwegian University of Life Sciences; 1430 Ås Norway
| | - Claudia A. Medina Uribe
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt; Calle 28A # 15-09 Bogotá Colombia
| | - William A. Foster
- Department of Zoology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge CB2 3EJ UK
| | - David P. Edwards
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences; University of Sheffield; Sheffield S10 2TN UK
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185
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Marx HE, Giblin DE, Dunwiddie PW, Tank DC. Deconstructing Darwin's Naturalization Conundrum in the San Juan Islands using community phylogenetics and functional traits. DIVERS DISTRIB 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah E. Marx
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844 USA
| | - David E. Giblin
- Herbarium, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Peter W. Dunwiddie
- Herbarium, Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - David C. Tank
- Department of Biological Sciences and Institute for Bioinformatics and Evolutionary Studies University of Idaho Moscow ID 83844 USA
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186
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Biodiversity and metacommunity structure of animals along altitudinal gradients in tropical montane forests. JOURNAL OF TROPICAL ECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1017/s0266467415000589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:The study of altitudinal gradients has made enduring contributions to the theoretical and empirical bases of modern biology. Unfortunately, the persistence of these systems and the species that compose them is threatened by land-use change at lower altitudes and by climate change throughout the gradients, but especially at higher altitudes. In this review, we focus on two broad themes that are inspired by altitudinal variation in tropical montane regions: (1) dimensions of biodiversity and (2) metacommunity structure. Species richness generally decreased with increasing altitude, although not always in a linear fashion. Mid-altitudinal peaks in richness were less common than monotonic declines, and altitudinal increases in richness were restricted to amphibian faunas. Moreover, gradients of biodiversity differed among dimensions (taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional) as well as among faunas (bats, rodents, birds) in the tropical Andes, suggesting that species richness is not a good surrogate for dimensions that reflect differences in the function or evolutionary history of species. Tropical montane metacommunities evinced a variety of structures, including nested (bats), Clementsian (rodents, bats, gastropods), quasi-Clementsian (reptiles, amphibians, passerines) and quasi-Gleasonian (gastropods) patterns. Nonetheless, compositional changes were always associated with the ecotones between rain forest and cloud forest, regardless of fauna.
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187
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Veron S, Davies TJ, Cadotte MW, Clergeau P, Pavoine S. Predicting loss of evolutionary history: Where are we? Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:271-291. [PMID: 26467982 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The Earth's evolutionary history is threatened by species loss in the current sixth mass extinction event in Earth's history. Such extinction events not only eliminate species but also their unique evolutionary histories. Here we review the expected loss of Earth's evolutionary history quantified by phylogenetic diversity (PD) and evolutionary distinctiveness (ED) at risk. Due to the general paucity of data, global evolutionary history losses have been predicted for only a few groups, such as mammals, birds, amphibians, plants, corals and fishes. Among these groups, there is now empirical support that extinction threats are clustered on the phylogeny; however this is not always a sufficient condition to cause higher loss of phylogenetic diversity in comparison to a scenario of random extinctions. Extinctions of the most evolutionarily distinct species and the shape of phylogenetic trees are additional factors that can elevate losses of evolutionary history. Consequently, impacts of species extinctions differ among groups and regions, and even if global losses are low within large groups, losses can be high among subgroups or within some regions. Further, we show that PD and ED are poorly protected by current conservation practices. While evolutionary history can be indirectly protected by current conservation schemes, optimizing its preservation requires integrating phylogenetic indices with those that capture rarity and extinction risk. Measures based on PD and ED could bring solutions to conservation issues, however they are still rarely used in practice, probably because the reasons to protect evolutionary history are not clear for practitioners or due to a lack of data. However, important advances have been made in the availability of phylogenetic trees and methods for their construction, as well as assessments of extinction risk. Some challenges remain, and looking forward, research should prioritize the assessment of expected PD and ED loss for more taxonomic groups and test the assumption that preserving ED and PD also protects rare species and ecosystem services. Such research will be useful to inform and guide the conservation of Earth's biodiversity and the services it provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Veron
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - T Jonathan Davies
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 ave Docteur Penfield, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.,African Centre for DNA Barcoding, University of Johannesburg, APK Campus, PO Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Philippe Clergeau
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Pavoine
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO UMR7204), Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP51, 55-61 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France.,Mathematical Ecology Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, U.K
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188
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Mazel F, Renaud J, Guilhaumon F, Mouillot D, Gravel D, Thuiller W. Mammalian phylogenetic diversity-area relationships at a continental scale. Ecology 2015; 96:2814-22. [PMID: 26649401 PMCID: PMC4678667 DOI: 10.1890/14-1858.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In analogy to the species-area relationship (SAR), one of the few laws in ecology, the phylogenetic diversity-area relationship (PDAR) describes the tendency of phylogenetic diversity (PD) to increase with area. Although investigating PDAR has the potential to unravel the underlying processes shaping assemblages across spatial scales and to predict PD loss through habitat reduction, it has been little investigated so far. Focusing on PD has noticeable advantages compared to species richness (SR), since PD also gives insights on processes such as speciation/extinction, assembly rules and ecosystem functioning. Here we investigate the universality and pervasiveness of the PDAR at continental scale using terrestrial mammals as study case. We define the relative robustness of PD (compared to SR) to habitat loss as the area between the standardized PDAR and standardized SAR (i.e., standardized by the diversity of the largest spatial window) divided by the area under the standardized SAR only. This metric quantifies the relative increase of PD robustness compared to SR robustness. We show that PD robustness is higher than SR robustness but that it varies among continents. We further use a null model approach to disentangle the relative effect of phylogenetic tree shape and nonrandom spatial distribution of evolutionary history on the PDAR. We find that, for most spatial scales and for all continents except Eurasia, PDARs are not different from expected by a model using only the observed SAR and the shape of the phylogenetic tree at continental scale. Interestingly, we detect a strong phylogenetic structure of the Eurasian PDAR that can be predicted by a model that specifically account for a finer biogeographical delineation of this continent. In conclusion, the relative robustness of PD to habitat loss compared to species richness is determined by the phylogenetic tree shape but also depends on the spatial structure of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Mazel
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Renaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | | | - David Mouillot
- MARBEC Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France; ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia;
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Université du Québec á Rimouski, Département de biologie, Chimie et Géographie, Québec, Canada;
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, Laboratoire d’Écologie Alpine (LECA), F-38000 Grenoble, France;
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189
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D'Amen M, Rahbek C, Zimmermann NE, Guisan A. Spatial predictions at the community level: from current approaches to future frameworks. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2015; 92:169-187. [PMID: 26426308 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental goal of ecological research is to understand and model how processes generate patterns so that if conditions change, changes in the patterns can be predicted. Different approaches have been proposed for modelling species assemblage, but their use to predict spatial patterns of species richness and other community attributes over a range of spatial and temporal scales remains challenging. Different methods emphasize different processes of structuring communities and different goals. In this review, we focus on models that were developed for generating spatially explicit predictions of communities, with a particular focus on species richness, composition, relative abundance and related attributes. We first briefly describe the concepts and theories that span the different drivers of species assembly. A combination of abiotic processes and biotic mechanisms are thought to influence the community assembly process. In this review, we describe four categories of drivers: (i) historical and evolutionary, (ii) environmental, (iii) biotic, and (iv) stochastic. We discuss the different modelling approaches proposed or applied at the community level and examine them from different standpoints, i.e. the theoretical bases, the drivers included, the source data, and the expected outputs, with special emphasis on conservation needs under climate change. We also highlight the most promising novelties, possible shortcomings, and potential extensions of existing methods. Finally, we present new approaches to model and predict species assemblages by reviewing promising 'integrative frameworks' and views that seek to incorporate all drivers of community assembly into a unique modelling workflow. We discuss the strengths and weaknesses of these new solutions and how they may hasten progress in community-level modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela D'Amen
- Department of Ecology and Evolution (DEE), University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Rahbek
- CMEC, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niklaus E Zimmermann
- Dynamic Macroecology Group, WSL, Zuercherstrasse 111, CH-8903, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Guisan
- Department of Ecology and Evolution (DEE), University of Lausanne, Biophore, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Institute of Earth Surface Dynamics (IDYST), University of Lausanne, Geopolis, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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190
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Arnan X, Cerdá X, Retana J. Partitioning the impact of environment and spatial structure on alpha and beta components of taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity in European ants. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1241. [PMID: 26468433 PMCID: PMC4592154 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyze the relative contribution of environmental and spatial variables to the alpha and beta components of taxonomic (TD), phylogenetic (PD), and functional (FD) diversity in ant communities found along different climate and anthropogenic disturbance gradients across western and central Europe, in order to assess the mechanisms structuring ant biodiversity. To this aim we calculated alpha and beta TD, PD, and FD for 349 ant communities, which included a total of 155 ant species; we examined 10 functional traits and phylogenetic relatedness. Variation partitioning was used to examine how much variation in ant diversity was explained by environmental and spatial variables. Autocorrelation in diversity measures and each trait's phylogenetic signal were also analyzed. We found strong autocorrelation in diversity measures. Both environmental and spatial variables significantly contributed to variation in TD, PD, and FD at both alpha and beta scales; spatial structure had the larger influence. The different facets of diversity showed similar patterns along environmental gradients. Environment explained a much larger percentage of variation in FD than in TD or PD. All traits demonstrated strong phylogenetic signals. Our results indicate that environmental filtering and dispersal limitations structure all types of diversity in ant communities. Strong dispersal limitations appear to have led to clustering of TD, PD, and FD in western and central Europe, probably because different historical and evolutionary processes generated different pools of species. Remarkably, these three facets of diversity showed parallel patterns along environmental gradients. Trait-mediated species sorting and niche conservatism appear to structure ant diversity, as evidenced by the fact that more variation was explained for FD and that all traits had strong phylogenetic signals. Since environmental variables explained much more variation in FD than in PD, functional diversity should be a better indicator of community assembly processes than phylogenetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Arnan
- Departamento de Botânica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife Pernambuco, Brazil
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalunya, Spain
| | - Xim Cerdá
- Estación Biológica de Doñana, CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Javier Retana
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès Catalunya, Spain
- Univ Autonoma Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles Catalunya, Spain
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191
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Huang D, Roy K. The future of evolutionary diversity in reef corals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140010. [PMID: 25561671 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One-third of the world's reef-building corals are facing heightened extinction risk from climate change and other anthropogenic impacts. Previous studies have shown that such threats are not distributed randomly across the coral tree of life, and future extinctions have the potential to disproportionately reduce the phylogenetic diversity of this group on a global scale. However, the impact of such losses on a regional scale remains poorly known. In this study, we use phylogenetic metrics in conjunction with geographical distributions of living reef coral species to model how extinctions are likely to affect evolutionary diversity across different ecoregions. Based on two measures-phylogenetic diversity and phylogenetic species variability-we highlight regions with the largest losses of evolutionary diversity and hence of potential conservation interest. Notably, the projected loss of evolutionary diversity is relatively low in the most species-rich areas such as the Coral Triangle, while many regions with fewer species stand to lose much larger shares of their diversity. We also suggest that for complex ecosystems like coral reefs it is important to consider changes in phylogenetic species variability; areas with disproportionate declines in this measure should be of concern even if phylogenetic diversity is not as impacted. These findings underscore the importance of integrating evolutionary history into conservation planning for safeguarding the future diversity of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danwei Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kaustuv Roy
- Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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192
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Niu K, Messier J, He JS, Lechowicz MJ. The effects of grazing on foliar trait diversity and niche differentiation in Tibetan alpine meadows. Ecosphere 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/es14-00547.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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193
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Botta‐Dukát Z, Czúcz B. Testing the ability of functional diversity indices to detect trait convergence and divergence using individual‐based simulation. Methods Ecol Evol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Botta‐Dukát
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Alkotmány 2‐4 Vácrátót H‐2163 Hungary
| | - Bálint Czúcz
- MTA Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Alkotmány 2‐4 Vácrátót H‐2163 Hungary
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194
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Aust SK, Ahrendsen DL, Kellar PR. Biodiversity assessment among two Nebraska prairies: a comparison between traditional and phylogenetic diversity indices. Biodivers Data J 2015:e5403. [PMID: 26312052 PMCID: PMC4549632 DOI: 10.3897/bdj.3.e5403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Conservation of the evolutionary diversity among organisms should be included in the selection of priority regions for preservation of Earth’s biodiversity. Traditionally, biodiversity has been determined from an assessment of species richness (S), abundance, evenness, rarity, etc. of organisms but not from variation in species’ evolutionary histories. Phylogenetic diversity (PD) measures evolutionary differences between taxa in a community and is gaining acceptance as a biodiversity assessment tool. However, with the increase in the number of ways to calculate PD, end-users and decision-makers are left wondering how metrics compare and what data are needed to calculate various metrics. New information In this study, we used massively parallel sequencing to generate over 65,000 DNA characters from three cellular compartments for over 60 species in the asterid clade of flowering plants. We estimated asterid phylogenies from character datasets of varying nucleotide quantities, and then assessed the effect of varying character datasets on resulting PD metric values. We also compared multiple PD metrics with traditional diversity indices (including S) among two endangered grassland prairies in Nebraska (U.S.A.). Our results revealed that PD metrics varied based on the quantity of genes used to infer the phylogenies; therefore, when comparing PD metrics between sites, it is vital to use comparable datasets. Additionally, various PD metrics and traditional diversity indices characterize biodiversity differently and should be chosen depending on the research question. Our study provides empirical results that reveal the value of measuring PD when considering sites for conservation, and it highlights the usefulness of using PD metrics in combination with other diversity indices when studying community assembly and ecosystem functioning. Ours is just one example of the types of investigations that need to be conducted across the tree of life and across varying ecosystems in order to build a database of phylogenetic diversity assessments that lead to a pool of results upon which a guide through the plethora of PD metrics may be prepared for use by ecologists and conservation planners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelly K Aust
- University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, United States of America
| | | | - P Roxanne Kellar
- University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, United States of America
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195
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Laureto LMO, Cianciaruso MV, Samia DSM. Functional diversity: an overview of its history and applicability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ncon.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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196
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Casatti L, Teresa FB, Zeni JDO, Ribeiro MD, Brejão GL, Ceneviva-Bastos M. More of the same: high functional redundancy in stream fish assemblages from tropical agroecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 55:1300-1314. [PMID: 25822887 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-015-0461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the influence of environmental variables (predictor variables) on the species richness, species diversity, functional diversity, and functional redundancy (response variables) of stream fish assemblages in an agroecosystem that harbor a gradient of degradation. We hypothesized that, despite presenting high richness or diversity in some occasions, fish communities will be more functionally redundant with stream degradation. Species richness, species diversity, and functional redundancy were predicted by the percentage of grass on the banks, which is a characteristic that indicates degraded conditions, whereas the percentage of coarse substrate in the stream bottom was an important predictor of all response variables and indicates more preserved conditions. Despite being more numerous and diverse, the groups of species living in streams with an abundance of grass on the banks perform similar functions in the ecosystem. We found that riparian and watershed land use had low predictive power in comparison to the instream habitat. If there is any interest in promoting ecosystem functions and fish diversity, conservation strategies should seek to restore forests in watersheds and riparian buffers, protect instream habitats from siltation, provide wood debris, and mitigate the proliferation of grass on stream banks. Such actions will work better if they are planned together with good farming practices because these basins will continue to be used for agriculture and livestock in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Casatti
- Zoology and Botanic Department, São Paulo State University, UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo 2265, São José Do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil,
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197
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Barnes RSK, Hamylton S. Uniform functional structure across spatial scales in an intertidal benthic assemblage. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 106:82-91. [PMID: 25791370 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the causes of the remarkable similarity of emergent assemblage properties that has been demonstrated across disparate intertidal seagrass sites and assemblages, this study examined whether their emergent functional-group metrics are scale related by testing the null hypothesis that functional diversity and the suite of dominant functional groups in seagrass-associated macrofauna are robust structural features of such assemblages and do not vary spatially across nested scales within a 0.4 ha area. This was carried out via a lattice of 64 spatially referenced stations. Although densities of individual components were patchily dispersed across the locality, rank orders of importance of the 14 functional groups present, their overall functional diversity and evenness, and the proportions of the total individuals contained within each showed, in contrast, statistically significant spatial uniformity, even at areal scales <2 m(2). Analysis of the proportional importance of the functional groups in their geospatial context also revealed weaker than expected levels of spatial autocorrelation, and then only at the smaller scales and amongst the most dominant groups, and only a small number of negative correlations occurred between the proportional importances of the individual groups. In effect, such patterning was a surface veneer overlying remarkable stability of assemblage functional composition across all spatial scales. Although assemblage species composition is known to be homogeneous in some soft-sediment marine systems over equivalent scales, this combination of patchy individual components yet basically constant functional-group structure seems as yet unreported.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S K Barnes
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Queensland, Australia; Biodiversity Program, Queensland Museum, Brisbane 4101, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Sarah Hamylton
- School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong 2522, New South Wales, Australia
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198
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Moro MF, Silva IA, de Araújo FS, Nic Lughadha E, Meagher TR, Martins FR. The role of edaphic environment and climate in structuring phylogenetic pattern in seasonally dry tropical plant communities. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119166. [PMID: 25798584 PMCID: PMC4370636 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonally dry tropical plant formations (SDTF) are likely to exhibit phylogenetic clustering owing to niche conservatism driven by a strong environmental filter (water stress), but heterogeneous edaphic environments and life histories may result in heterogeneity in degree of phylogenetic clustering. We investigated phylogenetic patterns across ecological gradients related to water availability (edaphic environment and climate) in the Caatinga, a SDTF in Brazil. Caatinga is characterized by semiarid climate and three distinct edaphic environments - sedimentary, crystalline, and inselberg -representing a decreasing gradient in soil water availability. We used two measures of phylogenetic diversity: Net Relatedness Index based on the entire phylogeny among species present in a site, reflecting long-term diversification; and Nearest Taxon Index based on the tips of the phylogeny, reflecting more recent diversification. We also evaluated woody species in contrast to herbaceous species. The main climatic variable influencing phylogenetic pattern was precipitation in the driest quarter, particularly for herbaceous species, suggesting that environmental filtering related to minimal periods of precipitation is an important driver of Caatinga biodiversity, as one might expect for a SDTF. Woody species tended to show phylogenetic clustering whereas herbaceous species tended towards phylogenetic overdispersion. We also found phylogenetic clustering in two edaphic environments (sedimentary and crystalline) in contrast to phylogenetic overdispersion in the third (inselberg). We conclude that while niche conservatism is evident in phylogenetic clustering in the Caatinga, this is not a universal pattern likely due to heterogeneity in the degree of realized environmental filtering across edaphic environments. Thus, SDTF, in spite of a strong shared environmental filter, are potentially heterogeneous in phylogenetic structuring. Our results support the need for scientifically informed conservation strategies in the Caatinga and other SDTF regions that have not previously been prioritized for conservation in order to take into account this heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Freire Moro
- State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Bloco M, CEP 13.083–970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Aurélio Silva
- State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Bloco M, CEP 13.083–970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisca Soares de Araújo
- Federal University of Ceará—UFC, Departamento de Biologia, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, Bloco 906, CEP 60455–760, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | | | - Thomas R. Meagher
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando Roberto Martins
- State University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Bloco M, CEP 13.083–970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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199
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Zhang JT, Xiao J, Li L. Variation of plant functional diversity along a disturbance gradient in mountain meadows of the Donglingshan reserve, Beijing, China. RUSS J ECOL+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1067413615020058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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200
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Luza AL, Gonçalves GL, Hartz SM. Phylogenetic and morphological relationships between nonvolant small mammals reveal assembly processes at different spatial scales. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:889-902. [PMID: 25750715 PMCID: PMC4338971 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The relative roles of historical processes, environmental filtering, and ecological interactions in the organization of species assemblages vary depending on the spatial scale. We evaluated the phylogenetic and morphological relationships between species and individuals (i.e., inter- and intraspecific variability) of Neotropical nonvolant small mammals coexisting in grassland-forest ecotones, in landscapes and in regions, that is, three different scales. We used a phylogenetic tree to infer evolutionary relationships, and morphological traits as indicators of performance and niche similarities between species and individuals. Subsequently, we applied phylogenetic and morphologic indexes of diversity and distance between species to evaluate small mammal assemblage structures on the three scales. The results indicated a repulsion pattern near forest edges, showing that phylogenetically similar species coexisted less often than expected by chance. The strategies for niche differentiation might explain the phylogenetic repulsion observed at the edge. Phylogenetic and morphological clustering in the grassland and at the forest interior indicated the coexistence of closely related and ecologically similar species and individuals. Coexistence patterns were similar whether species-trait values or individual values were used. At the landscape and regional scales, assemblages showed a predominant pattern of phylogenetic and morphological clustering. Environmental filters influenced the coexistence patterns at three scales, showing the importance of phylogenetically conserved ecological tolerances in enabling taxa co-occurrence. Evidence of phylogenetic repulsion in one region indicated that other processes beyond environmental filtering are important for community assembly at broad scales. Finally, ecological interactions and environmental filtering seemed important at the local scale, while environmental filtering and historical colonization seemed important for community assembly at broader scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Luís Luza
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP: 91501-970 - Post-Office Box: 15007, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Gislene Lopes Gonçalves
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP: 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil ; Instituto de Alta Investigación, Universidad de Tarapacá Antofagasta, 1520, Arica, Chile
| | - Sandra Maria Hartz
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, CEP: 91501-970 - Post-Office Box: 15007, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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