151
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Isolation-by-distance and male-biased dispersal at a fine spatial scale: a study of the common European adder (Vipera berus) in a rural landscape. CONSERV GENET 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-021-01365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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152
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Barrile GM, Walters A, Webster M, Chalfoun AD. Informed breeding dispersal following stochastic changes to patch quality in a pond-breeding amphibian. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1878-1890. [PMID: 33884620 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The unidirectional movement of animals between breeding patches (i.e. breeding dispersal) has profound implications for the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of spatially structured populations. In spatiotemporally variable environments, individuals are expected to adjust their dispersal decisions according to information gathered on the environmental and/or social cues that reflect the fitness prospects in a given breeding patch (i.e. informed dispersal). A paucity of empirical work limited our understanding of the ability of animals to depart from low-quality breeding patches and settle in high-quality breeding patches. We examined the capacity of individuals to respond to stochastic changes in habitat quality via informed breeding dispersal in a pond-breeding amphibian. We conducted a 5-year (2015-2019) capture-recapture study of boreal toads Anaxyrus boreas boreas (n = 1,100) that breed in beaver ponds in western Wyoming, USA. During early spring of 2017, an extreme flooding event destroyed several beaver dams and resulted in the loss of breeding habitat. We used multi-state models to investigate how temporal changes in pond characteristics influenced breeding dispersal, and determine whether movement decisions were in accordance with prospects for reproductive fitness. Boreal toads more often departed from low-quality breeding ponds (without successful metamorphosis) and settled in high-quality breeding ponds (with successful metamorphosis). Movement decisions were context-dependent and associated with pond characteristics altered by beaver dam destruction. Individuals were more likely to depart from shallow ponds with high vegetation cover and settle in deep ponds with low vegetation cover. The probability of metamorphosis was related to the same environmental cues, suggesting that boreal toads assess the fitness prospects of a breeding patch and adjust movement decisions accordingly (i.e. informed breeding dispersal). We demonstrated that stochastic variability in environmental conditions and habitat quality can underpin dispersal behaviour in amphibians. Our study highlighted the mechanistic linkages between habitat change, movement behaviour and prospects for reproductive performance, which is critical for understanding how wild animals respond to rapid environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel M Barrile
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Program in Ecology, Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Annika Walters
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Matthew Webster
- Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Anna D Chalfoun
- U.S. Geological Survey, Wyoming Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Zoology and Physiology and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
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153
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Williams RJ, Dunn AM, Mendes da Costa L, Hassall C. Climate and habitat configuration limit range expansion and patterns of dispersal in a non-native lizard. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:3332-3346. [PMID: 33841787 PMCID: PMC8019037 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive species are one of the main causes of biodiversity loss worldwide. As introduced, populations increase in abundance and geographical range, so does the potential for negative impacts on native communities. As such, there is a need to better understand the processes driving range expansion as species become established in recipient landscapes. Through an investigation into capacity for population growth and range expansion of introduced populations of a non-native lizard (Podarcis muralis), we aimed to demonstrate how multi-scale factors influence spatial spread, population growth, and invasion potential in introduced species. We collated location records of P. muralis presence in England, UK through data collected from field surveys and a citizen science campaign. We used these data as input for presence-background models to predict areas of climate suitability at a national-scale (5 km resolution), and fine-scale habitat suitability at the local scale (2 m resolution). We then integrated local models into an individual-based modeling platform to simulate population dynamics and forecast range expansion for 10 populations in heterogeneous landscapes. National-scale models indicated climate suitability has restricted the species to the southern parts of the UK, primarily by a latitudinal cline in overwintering conditions. Patterns of population growth and range expansion were related to differences in local landscape configuration and heterogeneity. Growth curves suggest populations could be in the early stages of exponential growth. However, annual rates of range expansion are predicted to be low (5-16 m). We conclude that extensive nationwide range expansion through secondary introduction is likely to be restricted by currently unsuitable climate beyond southern regions of the UK. However, exponential growth of local populations in habitats providing transport pathways is likely to increase opportunities for regional expansion. The broad habitat niche of P. muralis, coupled with configuration of habitat patches in the landscape, allows populations to increase locally with minimal dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Williams
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Alison M. Dunn
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Lily Mendes da Costa
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
| | - Christopher Hassall
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsLS2 9JTUK
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154
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Tu VT, Görföl T, Csorba G, Arai S, Kikuchi F, Fukui D, Koyabu D, Furey NM, Bawm S, Lin KS, Alviola P, Hang CT, Son NT, Tuan TA, Hassanin A. Integrative taxonomy and biogeography of Asian yellow house bats (Vespertilionidae:
Scotophilus
) in the Indomalayan Region. J ZOOL SYST EVOL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jzs.12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vuong Tan Tu
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and TechnologyVietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) Sorbonne UniversitéMNHNCNRSEPHE, UA ‐ Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris France
- Service de Systématique Moléculaire UMS 2700 Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle Paris France
| | - Tamás Görföl
- Department of Zoology Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest Hungary
- National Laboratory of Virology Szentágothai Research Centre University of Pécs Pécs Hungary
| | - Gábor Csorba
- Department of Zoology Hungarian Natural History Museum Budapest Hungary
| | - Satoru Arai
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center National Institute of Infectious Diseases Shinjuku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Fuka Kikuchi
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center National Institute of Infectious Diseases Shinjuku, Tokyo Japan
- Tokyo University of Science Shinjuku, Tokyo Japan
- Research and Education Center for Prevention of Global Infectious Diseases of Animals Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Fuchu, Tokyo Japan
| | - Dai Fukui
- The University of Tokyo Hokkaido Forest Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences The University of Tokyo Hokkaido Japan
| | - Daisuke Koyabu
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences City University of Hong Kong Kowloon Hong Kong
- Department of Molecular Craniofacial Embryology Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences Tokyo Medical and Dental University Bunkyo‐ku, Tokyo Japan
| | - Neil M. Furey
- Fauna & Flora International, Cambodia Programme Chamkarmorn, Phnom Penh Cambodia
- Harrison InstituteBowerwood House Sevenoaks Kent UK
| | - Saw Bawm
- University of Veterinary Science Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw Myanmar
| | - Kyaw San Lin
- University of Veterinary Science Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw Myanmar
| | - Phillip Alviola
- Institute of Biological Sciences and Museum of Natural History University of the Philippines Los Banos Laguna Philippines
| | - Chu Thi Hang
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and TechnologyVietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Truong Son
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and TechnologyVietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Tran Anh Tuan
- Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
- Graduate University of Science and TechnologyVietnam Academy of Science and Technology Hanoi Vietnam
| | - Alexandre Hassanin
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) Sorbonne UniversitéMNHNCNRSEPHE, UA ‐ Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris France
- Service de Systématique Moléculaire UMS 2700 Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle Paris France
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155
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Martín J, Ortega J, García-Roa R, Jiménez-Robles O, Rodríguez-Ruiz G, Recio P, Cuervo JJ. Going underground: short- and long-term movements may reveal the fossorial spatial ecology of an amphisbaenian. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:14. [PMID: 33757594 PMCID: PMC7988982 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-021-00253-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The movement and spatial ecology of an animal depends on its morphological and functional adaptations to its environment. In fossorial animals, adaptations to the underground life help to face peculiar ecological challenges, very different from those of epigeal species, but may constrain their movement ability. METHODS We made a long-term capture-recapture study of the strictly fossorial amphisbaenian reptile Trogonophis wiegmanni to analyze its long-term movement patterns. We also used passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry to detect and follow undisturbed individuals underground, obtaining data of their short-term movement patterns. RESULTS Amphisbaenians showed a high site fidelity, moving short distances and over small areas, and spending some days without any noticeable movement, even under favorable conditions. We also found differences in movements between sexes and age classes. CONCLUSIONS This movement and spatial strategy can be related to the energetic constrains of underground burrowing, or to the low metabolic requirements of fossorial reptiles, as distances and areas covered were much smaller than for epigeal reptiles of similar size. Individual differences probably reflect differential reproductive and social requirements of males and females, and that younger individuals might show more floating behavior until they can settle in a territory. This study is a rare example describing the movement ecology of a fossorial species and may contribute to the general understanding of the factors that affect space use and movement decisions in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martín
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, CSIC-Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto García-Roa
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Ethology Lab, Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Octavio Jiménez-Robles
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Gonzalo Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Recio
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Javier Cuervo
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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156
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Rushing CS, Brandt Ryder T, Valente JJ, Scott Sillett T, Marra PP. Empirical tests of habitat selection theory reveal that conspecific density and patch quality, but not habitat amount, drive long-distance immigration in a wild bird. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1167-1177. [PMID: 33742759 PMCID: PMC8251823 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Individuals that disperse long distances from their natal site must select breeding patches with no prior knowledge of patch suitability. Despite decades of theoretical studies examining which cues dispersing individuals should use to select breeding patches, few empirical studies have tested the predictions of these theories at spatial scales relevant to long‐distance dispersal in wild animal populations. Here, we use a novel assignment model based on multiple intrinsic markers to quantify natal dispersal distances of Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) breeding in forest fragments. We show that long‐distance natal dispersal in this species is more frequent than commonly assumed for songbirds and that habitat selection by these individuals is driven by density‐dependence and patch quality but not the amount of habitat surrounding breeding patches. These results represent an important contribution to understanding habitat selection by dispersing individuals, especially with regards to long‐distance dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark S Rushing
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, 5230 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT, 84322, USA.,Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - T Brandt Ryder
- Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20013, USA.,Bird Conservancy of the Rockies, Fort Collins, CO, 80525, USA
| | - Jonathon J Valente
- Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20013, USA.,Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - T Scott Sillett
- Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Peter P Marra
- Smithsonian Migratory Bird Center, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, 20013, USA.,Department of Biology and McCourt School of Public Policy, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
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157
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Liedtke J, Fromhage L. The joint evolution of learning and dispersal maintains intraspecific diversity in metapopulations. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Liedtke
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Science, Univ. of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland
- Inst. of Zoology, Univ. of Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Lutz Fromhage
- Dept of Biological and Environmental Science, Univ. of Jyvaskyla Jyvaskyla Finland
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158
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Hewison AJM, Gaillard JM, Morellet N, Cagnacci F, Debeffe L, Cargnelutti B, Gehr B, Kröschel M, Heurich M, Coulon A, Kjellander P, Börger L, Focardi S. Sex differences in condition dependence of natal dispersal in a large herbivore: dispersal propensity and distance are decoupled. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20202947. [PMID: 33715424 PMCID: PMC7944087 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution should favour plasticity in dispersal decisions in response to spatial heterogeneity in social and environmental contexts. Sex differences in individual optimization of dispersal decisions are poorly documented in mammals, because species where both sexes commonly disperse are rare. To elucidate the sex-specific drivers governing dispersal, we investigated sex differences in condition dependence in the propensity and distance of natal dispersal in one such species, the roe deer, using fine-scale monitoring of 146 GPS-collared juveniles in an intensively monitored population in southwest France. Dispersal propensity increased with body mass in males such that 36% of light individuals dispersed, whereas 62% of heavy individuals did so, but there was no evidence for condition dependence in dispersal propensity among females. By contrast, dispersal distance increased with body mass at a similar rate in both sexes such that heavy dispersers travelled around twice as far as light dispersers. Sex differences in the strength of condition-dependent dispersal may result from different selection pressures acting on the behaviour of males and females. We suggest that females disperse prior to habitat saturation being reached, likely in relation to the risk of inbreeding. By contrast, natal dispersal in males is likely governed by competitive exclusion through male-male competition for breeding opportunities in this strongly territorial mammal. Our study is, to our knowledge, a first demonstration that condition dependence in dispersal propensity and dispersal distance may be decoupled, indicating contrasting selection pressures drive the behavioural decisions of whether or not to leave the natal range, and where to settle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. M. Hewison
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France; and LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - J.-M. Gaillard
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1; CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive UMR5558, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - N. Morellet
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France; and LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - F. Cagnacci
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Trentino, Italy
| | - L. Debeffe
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France; and LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - B. Cargnelutti
- Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CEFS, 31326 Castanet Tolosan, France; and LTSER ZA PYRénées GARonne, 31320 Auzeville Tolosane, France
| | - B. Gehr
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M. Kröschel
- Forest Research Institute of Baden-Wuerttemberg, FVA-Wildlife Institute, Wonnhaldestraße 4, 79100 Freiburg; and University of Freiburg, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair of Wildlife Ecology and Management, Tennenbacher Straße 4, Freiburg, DE 79106, Germany
| | - M. Heurich
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - A. Coulon
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, CP 135, 57 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris, France
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE-Université PSL, IRD, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, MNHN, Montpellier, France
| | - P. Kjellander
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - L. Börger
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - S. Focardi
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, CNR, via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino 50019, Italy
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159
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Phenotypic and environmental correlates of natal dispersal in a long-lived territorial vulture. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5424. [PMID: 33686130 PMCID: PMC7970891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84811-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Natal dispersal, the movement between the birth and the first breeding site, has been rarely studied in long-lived territorial birds with a long-lasting pre-breeding stage. Here we benefited from the long-term monitoring programs of six populations of Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) from Spain and France to study how the rearing environment determines dispersal. For 124 vultures, we recorded a median dispersal distance of 48 km (range 0-656 km). Linear models were used to assess the effect of population and individual traits on dispersal distance at two spatial scales. Dispersal distances were inversely related to vulture density in the natal population, suggesting that birds perceive the abundance of conspecifics as a signal of habitat quality. This was particularly true for declining populations, so increasing levels of opportunistic philopatry seemed to arise in high density contexts as a consequence of vacancies created by human-induced adult mortality. Females dispersed further than males, but males were more sensitive to the social environment, indicating different dispersal tactics. Both sexes were affected by different individual attributes simultaneously and interactively with this social context. These results highlight that complex phenotype-by-environment interactions should be considered for advancing our understanding of dispersal dynamics in long-lived organisms.
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160
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Sociability interacts with temporal environmental variation to spatially structure metapopulations: A fish dispersal simulation in an ephemeral landscape. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2021.109458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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161
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Long ES, Diefenbach DR, Lutz CL, Wallingford BD, Rosenberry CS. Risky movements? Natal dispersal does not decrease survival of a large herbivore. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:2731-2740. [PMID: 33767832 PMCID: PMC7981212 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Natal dispersal is assumed to be a particularly risky movement behavior as individuals transfer, often long distances, from birth site to site of potential first reproduction. Though, because this behavior persists in populations, it is assumed that dispersal increases the fitness of individuals despite the potential for increased risk of mortality. The extent of dispersal risk, however, has rarely been tested, especially for large mammals. Therefore, we aimed to test the relationship between dispersal and survival for both males and females in a large herbivore. Using a radio-transmittered sample of 398 juvenile male and 276 juvenile female white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), we compared survival rates of dispersers and nondispersers. We predicted that dispersing deer would experience greater overall mortality than philopatric deer due to direct transfer-related risks (e.g., vehicular collision), indirect immigration-related mortality attributable to colonization of unfamiliar habitat, and increased overwinter mortality associated with energetic costs of movement and unfamiliarity with recently colonized habitat. For both male and female yearlings, survival rates of dispersers (male = 49.9%, female = 64.0%) did not differ from nondispersers (male = 51.6%, female = 70.7%). Only two individuals (both female) were killed by vehicular collision during transfer, and overwinter survival patterns were similar between the two groups. Although dispersal movement likely incurs energetic costs on dispersers, these costs do not necessarily translate to decreased survival. In many species, including white-tailed deer, dispersal is likely condition-dependent, such that larger and healthier individuals are more likely to disperse; therefore, costs associated with dispersal are more likely to be borne successfully by those individuals that do disperse. Whether low-risk dispersal of large mammals is the rule or the exception will require additional research. Further, future research is needed to evaluate nonsurvival fitness-related costs and benefits of dispersal (e.g., increased reproductive opportunities for dispersers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S. Long
- Department of BiologySeattle Pacific UniversitySeattleWAUSA
| | - Duane R. Diefenbach
- Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research UnitPennsylvania State UniversityU.S. Geological SurveyUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - Clayton L. Lutz
- Southcentral RegionPennsylvania Game CommissionHuntingdonPAUSA
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162
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Martinig AR, Mathot KJ, Lane JE, Dantzer B, Boutin S. Selective disappearance does not underlie age-related changes in trait repeatability in red squirrels. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/araa136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the causes and consequences of repeatable among-individual differences in behavior (i.e., animal personality) is a major area of research in behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Recently, attention has turned to understanding the processes behind changes in repeatability through ontogeny because of their implications for populations. We evaluated the relative importance of selective disappearance (i.e., differential mortality), an among-individual mechanism, in generating age-related changes in the repeatability of aggression and activity in juvenile North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). We observed age-related decreases in the repeatability of aggression across ages, arising from lower among-individual variance. Although we found evidence for directional selection on aggressiveness, it was insufficient to erode among-individual variance. Thus, ontogenetic decreases in the repeatability of aggression do not appear to be due to selective disappearance. In contrast, the repeatability of activity was higher across ages due to higher among-individual variance in activity, but there was no support for selective disappearance based on activity. Taken together, our results suggest that age-related changes in trait repeatability in red squirrels are not the result of selective disappearance and instead may be the result of within-individual developmental processes, such as individual differences in developmental trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberley J Mathot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Science Pl, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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163
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Urquhart CA, Williams JL. Trait correlations and landscape fragmentation jointly alter expansion speed via evolution at the leading edge in simulated range expansions. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-021-00503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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164
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Miyashita A, Lee TYM, Adamo SA. High-Stakes Decision-Making by Female Crickets ( Gryllus texensis): When to Trade In Wing Muscles for Eggs. Physiol Biochem Zool 2021; 93:450-465. [PMID: 33147114 DOI: 10.1086/711956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AbstractResource-intensive traits, such as dispersal and reproduction, can be difficult to express simultaneously because of resource limitations. One solution is to switch between resource-intensive behaviors. Such phenotypic plasticity is one strategy that organisms use to funnel resources from one expensive trait to another. In crickets (Gryllus texensis), the development and maintenance of flight muscles reduce resource availability for reproduction, leading to physiological trade-offs between the two traits. Long-winged female G. texensis can histolyze their wing muscles, resulting in increased egg production, but they can then no longer fly. Using a diet that mimics food availability in the field, we found that long-winged females adopted one of the three following strategies: early reproduction, intermediate reproduction, and late reproduction. Some late reproducers maintained their flight capability until the end of their natural life span and laid few eggs. If females lost the ability to fly (i.e., their hind wings are removed), they laid eggs earlier, leading to increased reproductive output. However, other environmental cues (e.g., an increased number of mates, increased oviposition substrate quality, or a bout of dispersal flight) had no effect. Late-reproducing females laid 96% fewer eggs than early reproducers, suggesting that late reproduction exacts a huge fitness cost. Nevertheless, some females maintain their flight muscles to the end of their natural life span in both the lab and the field. We suggest that the ability to fly allows for bet hedging against an environmental catastrophe (e.g., drought or flood). This benefit may help explain the persistence of late-reproducing long-winged females, despite the cost of this choice. As climate change increases drought and flood in Texas, late dispersal may be one factor that helps this species survive in the future. An increased understanding of factors that maintain seemingly low fitness strategies can help us predict the resilience of species under climate change.
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165
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Irwin ET, Kikillus KH, Gray RS, Empson RA, Nelson NJ. Postfledging dispersal of red‐fronted parakeets (
Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae
) from a fenced mainland sanctuary. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T. Irwin
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
| | - K. Heidy Kikillus
- Ministry for Primary Industries—Manatū Ahu Matua Wellington New Zealand
| | - Richard S. Gray
- Zealandia Centre for People and Nature Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Nicola J. Nelson
- School of Biological Sciences Victoria University of Wellington Wellington New Zealand
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166
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Malishev M, Kramer-Schadt S. Movement, models, and metabolism: Individual-based energy budget models as next-generation extensions for predicting animal movement outcomes across scales. Ecol Modell 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2020.109413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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167
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Treep J, de Jager M, Bartumeus F, Soons MB. Seed dispersal as a search strategy: dynamic and fragmented landscapes select for multi-scale movement strategies in plants. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:4. [PMID: 33514441 PMCID: PMC7845050 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00239-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plant dispersal is a critical factor driving ecological responses to global changes. Knowledge on the mechanisms of dispersal is rapidly advancing, but selective pressures responsible for the evolution of dispersal strategies remain elusive. Recent advances in animal movement ecology identified general strategies that may optimize efficiency in animal searches for food or habitat. Here we explore the potential for evolution of similar general movement strategies for plants. METHODS We propose that seed dispersal in plants can be viewed as a strategic search for suitable habitat, where the probability of finding such locations has been optimized through evolution of appropriate dispersal kernels. Using model simulations, we demonstrate how dispersal strategies can optimize key dispersal trade-offs between finding habitat, avoiding kin competition, and colonizing new patches. These trade-offs depend strongly on the landscape, resulting in a tight link between optimal dispersal strategy and spatiotemporal habitat distribution. RESULTS Our findings reveal that multi-scale seed dispersal strategies that combine a broad range of dispersal scales, including Lévy-like dispersal, are optimal across a wide range of dynamic and patchy landscapes. At the extremes, static and patchy landscapes select for dispersal strategies dominated by short distances, while uniform and highly unpredictable landscapes both select for dispersal strategies dominated by long distances. CONCLUSIONS By viewing plant seed dispersal as a strategic search for suitable habitat, we provide a reference framework for the analysis of plant dispersal data. Consideration of the entire dispersal kernel, including distances across the full range of scales, is key. This reference framework helps identify plant species' dispersal strategies, the evolutionary forces determining these strategies and their ecological consequences, such as a potential mismatch between plant dispersal strategy and altered spatiotemporal habitat dynamics due to land use change. Our perspective opens up directions for future studies, including exploration of composite search behaviour and 'informed searches' in plant species with directed dispersal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelle Treep
- Ecology & Biodiversity group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Monique de Jager
- Ecology & Biodiversity group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederic Bartumeus
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), 17300, Girona, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Merel B Soons
- Ecology & Biodiversity group, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), 17300, Girona, Spain
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168
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Hopper SD, Lambers H, Silveira FAO, Fiedler PL. OCBIL theory examined: reassessing evolution, ecology and conservation in the world’s ancient, climatically buffered and infertile landscapes. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OCBIL theory was introduced as a contribution towards understanding the evolution, ecology and conservation of the biological and cultural diversity of old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs), especially in the Southern Hemisphere. The theory addresses some of the most intransigent environmental and cultural trends of our time – the ongoing decline of biodiversity and cultural diversity of First Nations. Here we reflect on OCBILs, the origins of the theory, and its principal hypotheses in biological, anthropological and conservation applications. The discovery that threatened plant species are concentrated in the Southwest Australian Floristic Region (SWAFR) on infertile, phosphorous-impoverished uplands within 500 km of the coast formed the foundational framework for OCBIL theory and led to the development of testable hypotheses that a growing literature is addressing. Currently, OCBILs are recognized in 15 Global Biodiversity Hotspots and eight other regions. The SWAFR, Greater Cape Floristic Region of South Africa and South America’s campos rupestres (montane grasslands) are those regions that have most comprehensively been investigated in the context of OCBIL theory. We summarize 12 evolutionary, ecological and cultural hypotheses and ten conservation-management hypotheses being investigated as recent contributions to the OCBIL literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Hopper
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, Albany, WA, Australia
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley (Perth), WA, Australia
| | - Fernando A O Silveira
- Departmento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Peggy L Fiedler
- Natural Reserve System, University of California, Office of the President, Oakland, CA, USA
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169
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Hopper SD. Out of the OCBILs: new hypotheses for the evolution, ecology and conservation of the eucalypts. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
OCBIL theory is a multi-hypothesis formulation aimed towards an understanding of the evolution, ecology and conservation of biological and cultural diversity on old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes (OCBILs). OCBILs have been in existence contemporaneously with rainforest since Gondwanan times. Such landscapes are common in areas of eucalypt species richness embraced by Australia’s two Global Biodiversity Hotspots, the Southwest Australian Floristic Region and the Forests of East Australia. Here, I summarize evidence pertaining to the eucalypts in the context of a recent reformulation of OCBIL theory into 12 evolutionary, ecological and cultural hypotheses and ten conservation management hypotheses. A compelling argument emerges for a new interpretation of the eucalypts evolving out of the OCBILs, rather than out of the rainforests as traditionally interpreted. This calls for a significant reinterpretation of best conservation management of the eucalypts. For example, traditional ideas on application of fire in eucalypt communities regarded as well adapted to this disturbance need to give way to a more nuanced and cautious view. This review of eucalypts seen as evolving out of the OCBILs helps in understanding the group from several new perspectives. Interpretation of other sedentary plant and animal groups as out of the OCBILs is commended for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Hopper
- Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, Albany, WA, Australia
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170
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Female chimpanzees giving first birth in their natal group in Mahale: attention to incest between brothers and sisters. Primates 2021; 62:279-287. [PMID: 33442833 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-020-00886-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Chimpanzee societies generally show male philopatry and female dispersal. However, demographic data on wild chimpanzee societies from long-term study sites have revealed that some females give birth in their natal group (i.e., "remaining females"). Here, we report two remaining females in the M group in Mahale, Tanzania, and compare their cases with previous reports to explore the social and ecological factors that lead to females remaining in their natal group. The results revealed that neither the social traits of the remaining females nor the ecological factors they experienced showed a coherent trend. However, we found multiple, non-mutually exclusive potential factors that may influence the decision by females to remain in their natal group: a decrease in indirect feeding competition, support from mothers or allomothers in the care of offspring and in aggressive interactions with other individuals, close relationships with the other remaining females, and a short adolescent infertility period. Additionally, we observed a natal female copulating with her older brother, which was the first observation of brother-sister incest in Mahale. Although DNA analysis revealed that her infant was not a product of inbreeding, the pair copulated frequently in the latter half of her estrus period, suggesting that they did not avoid incest behaviorally to avoid inbreeding. Furthermore, there was no hard evidence that the remaining female avoided mating with her maternal brother, suggesting that incest avoidance may not be a proximate factor responsible for female dispersal.
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171
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Vander Wal E. Social environment: Trait, context and agent for selection in a meta-population. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:4-7. [PMID: 33427327 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In Focus: Formica, V., Donald, H., Marti, H., Irgebay, Z., Brodie III, E. Social network position experiences more variable selection than weaponry in wild subpopulations of forked fungus beetles. Journal of Animal Ecology, 90, 168-182, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13322. That social network traits can exhibit consistent-individual differences among individuals and confer a fitness benefit or cost is increasingly well-established. However, how selection-natural or sexual-affects those social traits and at what scale remains an open question. In this Special Feature, Formica and colleagues employ a meta-population of forked fungus beetles to test and contrast whether sexual selection on social network traits contrasted to morphological traits occurs at the local (soft) or global (hard) scales. The authors demonstrate that morphological traits are largely under hard directional positive selection, whereas social traits are under soft and variable selection. The findings are compelling and raise interesting discussion of multi-level selection and the evolution of social traits in a meta-population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Vander Wal
- Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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172
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Corridor quality affects net movement, size of dispersers, and population growth in experimental microcosms. Oecologia 2021; 195:547-556. [PMID: 33423105 PMCID: PMC7882584 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Corridors are expected to increase species dispersal in fragmented habitats. However, it remains unclear how the quality of corridors influences the dispersal process, and how it interacts with corridor length and width. Here we investigate these factors using a small-scale laboratory system where we track the dispersal of the model organism Collembola Folsomia candida. Using this system, we study the effects of corridor length, width, and quality on the probability of dispersal, net movement, body size of dispersers, and the rate of change in population size after colonization. We show that corridor quality positively affected dispersal probability, net movement, and the rate of change in population size in colonised patches. Moreover, corridor quality significantly affected the size of dispersers, with only larger individuals dispersing through poor quality corridors. The length and width of corridors affected both the rate at which populations increased in colonised patches and the net number of individuals which dispersed, suggesting that these physical properties may be important in maintaining the flow of individuals in space. Our results thus suggest that corridor quality can have an important role in determining not only the probability of dispersal occurs but also the phenotypes of the individuals which disperse, with concomitant effects on the net movement of individuals and the rate of change in population size in the colonised patches.
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173
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Luna Á, Lois NA, Rodríguez-Martinez S, Palma A, Sanz-Aguilar A, Tella JL, Carrete M. Urban life promotes delayed dispersal and family living in a non-social bird species. Sci Rep 2021; 11:107. [PMID: 33420201 PMCID: PMC7794495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80344-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In some vertebrate species, family units are typically formed when sexually mature individuals delay dispersal and independent breeding to remain as subordinates in a breeding group. This behaviour has been intensively studied in gregarious species but has also been described in non-social species where ecological and evolutionary drivers are less known. Here, we explore factors that favour delayed dispersal and family living and potential benefits associated with this strategy in a non-social, monogamous species (the burrowing owl, Athene cunicularia) occupying urban and rural habitats. Our results show that family units arise when first-year individuals, mainly males, delay their dispersal to stay in their natal nests with their parents. This delayed dispersal, while still uncommon, was more prevalent in urban (7%) than in rural (3%) habitats, and in areas with high conspecific density and productivity. Birds delaying dispersal contributed to the genetic pool of the offspring in 25% of the families analysed, but did not increase the productivity of the nests where they remained. However, their presence was related to an improvement in the body condition of chicks, which was ultimately linked to a slightly positive effect in offspring future survival probabilities. Finally, delayed dispersers were recruited as breeders in high-quality urban territories and closer to their natal nests than individuals dispersing during their first year of life. Thus, our results suggest that delaying dispersal may be mainly related to opportunities to inheriting a good quality territory, especially for males. Our study contributes to understanding the role played by habitat quality in promoting delayed dispersal and family living, not only in social but also non-social species, highlighting its impact in the ecology and evolution of animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Luna
- grid.418875.70000 0001 1091 6248Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Nicolás A. Lois
- grid.7345.50000 0001 0056 1981Laboratorio de Ecología y Comportamiento Animal. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina ,grid.423606.50000 0001 1945 2152Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sol Rodríguez-Martinez
- grid.418875.70000 0001 1091 6248Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Antonio Palma
- grid.418875.70000 0001 1091 6248Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Sanz-Aguilar
- grid.466857.e0000 0000 8518 7126Animal Demography and Ecology Unit, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Esporles, Spain ,grid.9563.90000 0001 1940 4767Applied Zoology and Conservation Group, University of Balearic Islands, Palma, Spain
| | - José L. Tella
- grid.418875.70000 0001 1091 6248Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana - CSIC, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Martina Carrete
- grid.15449.3d0000 0001 2200 2355Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
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174
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Variation of social strategies within and between individual black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) during the reproductive season. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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175
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Rodrigues HS, Haddi K, Campos MO, Ferreira-Filho NA, Guedes RNC, Newland PL, Oliveira EE. Synergism and unintended effects of the association between imidacloprid and sodium chloride (NaCl) on the management of Euschistus heros. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:417-424. [PMID: 32761689 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of insecticidal solutions containing sodium chloride (NaCl) has been proposed as a more environmentally friendly alternative to managing stink bug infestations of Neotropical soybean fields. The potential sublethal and undesirable effects of this practice have, however, been overlooked, especially with novel insecticides. Here, we have evaluated experimentally whether the addition of NaCl (0.5% w/v) to imidacloprid-containing solutions could alter insecticide toxicity and modify the reproductive responses of the Neotropical brown stink bug Euschistus heros. RESULTS Adding NaCl to imidacloprid solutions significantly increased imidacloprid toxicity against E. heros. The exposure to E. heros to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid affected the insect's mating abilities in a concentration-dependent manner. The addition of NaCl to solutions containing imidacloprid at concentrations as low as 0.126 μg a.i. cm-2 (i.e. the equivalent to 3% of field rate recommendation) also impacted the sexual behavior of E. heros, reducing mating duration. NaCl-exposed stink bugs, however, exhibited higher fecundity and fertility rates than those insects that were unexposed to NaCl or those that were exposed to sublethal levels of imidacloprid only. CONCLUSIONS The addition of low amounts of NaCl resulted in a higher toxicity of imidacloprid. This practice, however, can also lead to undesirable effects as increasing reproductive output of E. heros that can potentially compromise the management of these insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hígor S Rodrigues
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Khalid Haddi
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Mateus O Campos
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eugênio E Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
- Departament of Entomology, Genetics and Neuroscience Programs, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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176
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Ciaglo M, Calhoun R, Yanco SW, Wunder MB, Stricker CA, Linkhart BD. Evidence of postbreeding prospecting in a long-distance migrant. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:599-611. [PMID: 33437454 PMCID: PMC7790652 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms assess biotic and abiotic cues at multiple sites when deciding where to settle. However, due to temporal constraints on this prospecting, the suitability of available habitat may be difficult for an individual to assess when cues are most reliable, or at the time they are making settlement decisions. For migratory birds, the postbreeding season may be the optimal time to prospect and inform settlement decisions for future breeding seasons.We investigated the fall movements of flammulated owls (Psiloscops flammeolus) within breeding habitat after fledglings had gained independence and before adults left for migration. From 2013 to 2016, we trapped owls within a breeding population wherein all nesting owls and their young have been banded since 1981. We used stable isotopes in combination with mark-recapture data to identify local individuals and differentiate potential prospecting behavior from other seasonal movements such as migration or staging.We commonly captured owls in the fall-predominantly hatch-year owls-that were not known residents of the study area. Several of these nonresident owls were later found breeding within the study area. Stable isotope data suggested a local origin for virtually all owls captured during the fall.Our results suggest that hatch-year flammulated owls, but also some after-hatch-year owls, use the period between the breeding season and fall migration to prospect for future breeding sites. The timing of this behavior is likely driven by seasonally variable costs associated with prospecting.Determining the timing of prospecting and the specific cues that are being assessed will be important in helping predict the extent to which climate change and/or altered disturbance regimes will modify the ecology, behavior, and demographics associated with prospecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Ciaglo
- Department of Organismal Biology and EcologyColorado CollegeColorado SpringsCOUSA
| | - Ross Calhoun
- Department of Organismal Biology and EcologyColorado CollegeColorado SpringsCOUSA
| | - Scott W. Yanco
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Colorado DenverDenverCOUSA
| | - Michael B. Wunder
- Department of Integrative BiologyUniversity of Colorado DenverDenverCOUSA
| | | | - Brian D. Linkhart
- Department of Organismal Biology and EcologyColorado CollegeColorado SpringsCOUSA
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Lehtonen TK, Babic NL, Piepponen T, Valkeeniemi O, Borshagovski AM, Kaitala A. High road mortality during female-biased larval dispersal in an iconic beetle. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2021; 75:26. [PMID: 33487857 PMCID: PMC7811152 DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02962-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Animals often disperse from one habitat to another to access mates or suitable breeding sites. The costs and benefits of such movements depend, in part, on the dispersing individuals' phenotypes, including their sex and age. Here we investigated dispersal and road-related mortality in larvae of a bioluminescent beetle, the European common glow-worm, Lampyris noctiluca, in relation to habitat, sex and proximity of pupation. We expected these variables to be relevant to larval dispersal because adult females are wingless, whereas adult males fly when searching for glowing females. We found that dispersing glow-worm larvae were almost exclusively females and close to pupation. The larvae were often found on a road, where they were able to move at relatively high speeds, with a tendency to uphill orientation. However, each passing vehicle caused a high mortality risk, and we found large numbers of larvae run over by cars, especially close to covered, forest-like habitat patches. In contrast, adult females in the same area were most often found glowing in more open rocky and grassy habitats. These findings demonstrate an underappreciated ecological strategy, sex-biased dispersal at larval phase, motivated by different habitat needs of larvae and wingless adult females. The results are also consistent with roads being an ecological trap, facilitating dispersal and presumably females' signal visibility but causing severe larval mortality just before the reproductive stage. Hence, in addition to the previously recognised threats of urbanisation, even low traffic volumes have a high potential to negatively affect especially females of this iconic beetle. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Animals sometimes need to move from one habitat to another to find mating partners or breeding sites. We found this need to result in strongly female-biased larval dispersal in the European common glow-worm, a beetle known for the glow of wingless females that attract flying males to mate. Female larvae moving between habitats often used a road or trail but perished in high numbers when run over by cars. Hence, roads are likely to be ecological traps for the female glow-worm larvae, attracting them during dispersal, but causing grave mortality. The sex-biased larval dispersal, demonstrated in this study, is a poorly known ecological strategy that was found to be very risky in a human-modified landscape. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00265-020-02962-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Topi K. Lehtonen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Post Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland ,Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland ,Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, University of Helsinki, PO Box 65, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Natarsha L. Babic
- Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland ,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Timo Piepponen
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Post Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland ,Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Otso Valkeeniemi
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Post Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland ,Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Borshagovski
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Post Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland ,Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
| | - Arja Kaitala
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, University of Oulu, Post Box 3000, 90014 Oulu, Finland ,Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, 10900 Hanko, Finland
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178
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Deere JA, Berg I, Roth G, Smallegange IM. A modeling exercise to show why population models should incorporate distinct life histories of dispersers. POPUL ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/1438-390x.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques A. Deere
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ilona Berg
- Department of Animal Ecology Vrije Universiteit, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Gregory Roth
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research Basel Switzerland
| | - Isabel M. Smallegange
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
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179
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Chetcuti J, Kunin WE, Bullock JM. Habitat Fragmentation Increases Overall Richness, but Not of Habitat-Dependent Species. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.607619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Debate rages as to whether habitat fragmentation leads to the decline of biodiversity once habitat loss is accounted for. Previous studies have defined fragmentation variously, but research needs to address “fragmentation per se,” which excludes confounding effects of habitat loss. Our study controls for habitat area and employs a mechanistic multi-species simulation to explore processes that may lead some species groups to be more or less sensitive to fragmentation per se. Our multi-land-cover, landscape-scale, individual-based model incorporates the movement of generic species, each with different land cover preferences. We investigate how fragmentation per se changes diversity patterns; within (alpha), between (beta) and across (gamma) patches of a focal-land-cover, and if this differs among species groups according to their specialism and dependency on this focal-land-cover. We defined specialism as the increased competitive ability of specialists in suitable habitat and decreased ability in less suitable land covers compared to generalist species. We found fragmentation per se caused an increase in gamma diversity in the focal-land-cover if we considered all species regardless of focal-land-cover preference. However, critically for conservation, the gamma diversity of species for whom the focal land cover is suitable habitat declined under fragmentation per se. An exception to this finding occurred when these species were specialists, who were unaffected by fragmentation per se. In general, focal-land-cover species were under pressure from the influx of other species, with fragmentation per se leading to a loss of alpha diversity not compensated for by increases in beta diversity and, therefore, gamma diversity fell. The specialist species, which were more competitive, were less affected by the influx of species and therefore alpha diversity decreased less with fragmentation per se and beta diversity compensated for this loss, meaning gamma diversity did not decrease. Our findings help to inform the fragmentation per se debate, showing that effects on biodiversity can be negative or positive, depending on species’ competitive abilities and dependency on the fragmented land cover. Such differences in the effect of fragmentation per se would have important consequences for conservation. Focusing conservation efforts on reducing or preventing fragmentation in areas with species vulnerable to fragmentation.
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180
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Cousseau L, Hammers M, Van de Loock D, Apfelbeck B, Githiru M, Matthysen E, Lens L. Habitat fragmentation shapes natal dispersal and sociality in an Afrotropical cooperative breeder. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202428. [PMID: 33323076 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It remains poorly understood how effects of anthropogenic activity, such as large-scale habitat fragmentation, impact sociality in animals. In cooperatively breeding species, groups are mostly formed through delayed offspring dispersal, and habitat fragmentation can affect this process in two opposite directions. Increased habitat isolation may increase dispersal costs, promoting delayed dispersal. Alternatively, reduced patch size and quality may decrease benefits of philopatry, promoting dispersal. Here, we test both predictions in a cooperatively breeding bird (placid greenbul, Phyllastrephus placidus) from an Afrotropical cloud forest archipelago. Males born in fragmented forest dispersed about 1 year earlier than those born in continuous forest. Contrary to females, males also started to reproduce earlier and mostly settled within their natal patch. Females only rarely delayed their dispersal for more than 1 year, both in fragmented and continuous forests. Our results suggest that early male dispersal and reproduction is jointly driven by a decrease in the value of the natal territory and an increase in local breeding opportunities in fragmented forest. While plasticity in dispersal strategies of cooperative breeders in response to anthropogenic change is believed to optimize reproduction-survival trade-offs, to what extent it shapes the ability of species to respond to rapid environmental change remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Cousseau
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Martijn Hammers
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dries Van de Loock
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.,Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.,Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Beate Apfelbeck
- Evolutionary Zoology Group, Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunner Strasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria.,Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mwangi Githiru
- Department of Zoology, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.,Wildlife Works, PO Box 310-80300, Voi, Kenya
| | - Erik Matthysen
- Evolutionary Ecology Group, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Luc Lens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit, Ghent University, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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181
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Plazio E, Bubová T, Vrabec V, Nowicki P. Sex-biased topography effects on butterfly dispersal. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2020; 8:50. [PMID: 33317641 PMCID: PMC7737334 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metapopulation persistence in fragmented landscapes is assured by dispersal of individuals between local populations. In this scenario the landscape topography, although usually neglected, may have an important role in shaping dispersal throughout the matrix separating habitat patches. Due to inter-sexual differences in optimal reproductive strategies, i.e., males maximizing the number of mating opportunities and females maximizing the offspring survival chances, topography-related constraints are expected to exert a different effect on male and female dispersal behaviour. We tested sex-biased topography effects on butterfly dispersal, with the following hypotheses: (1) females are constrained by topography in their movements and avoid hill crossing; (2) male dispersal is primarily driven by two-dimensional spatial structure of the habitat patches (i.e. their geometric locations and sizes) and little influenced by topography. METHODS Following intensive mark-recapture surveys of Maculinea (= Phengaris) nausithous and M. teleius within a landscape characterised by an alternation of hills and valleys, we investigated sex-specific patterns in their inter-patch movement probabilities derived with a multi-state recapture model. In particular, we (1) analysed the fit of dispersal kernels based on Euclidean (= straight line) vs. topography-based (= through valley) distances; (2) compared movement probabilities for the pairs of patches separated or not by topographic barriers; and (3) tested the differences in the downward and upward movement probabilities within the pairs of patches. RESULTS Euclidean distances between patches proved to be a substantially stronger predictor of inter-patch movement probabilities in males, while inter-patch distances measured along valleys performed much better for females, indicating that the latter tend to predominantly follow valleys when dispersing. In addition, there were significantly lower probabilities of movements across hills in females, but not in males. CONCLUSIONS Both above results provide support for the hypothesis that topography restricts dispersal in females, but not in males. Since the two sexes contribute differently to metapopulation functioning, i.e., only female dispersal can result in successful (re)colonisations of vacant patches, the topography effects exerted on females should be considered with particular attention when landscape management and conservation actions are designed in order to maintain the functional connectivity of metapopulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Plazio
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Terezie Bubová
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Vrabec
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Czech University of Life Sciences, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Piotr Nowicki
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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182
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Trense D, Schmidt TL, Yang Q, Chung J, Hoffmann AA, Fischer K. Anthropogenic and natural barriers affect genetic connectivity in an Alpine butterfly. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:114-130. [PMID: 33108010 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dispersal is a key biological process serving several functions including connectivity among populations. Habitat fragmentation caused by natural or anthropogenic structures may hamper dispersal, thereby disrupting genetic connectivity. Investigating factors affecting dispersal and gene flow is important in the current era of anthropogenic global change, as dispersal comprises a vital part of a species' resilience to environmental change. Using finescale landscape genomics, we investigated gene flow and genetic structure of the Sooty Copper butterfly (Lycaena tityrus) in the Alpine Ötz valley system in Austria. We found surprisingly high levels of gene flow in L. tityrus across the region. Nevertheless, ravines, forests, and roads had effects on genetic structure, while rivers did not. The latter is surprising as roads and rivers have a similar width and run largely in parallel in our study area, pointing towards a higher impact of anthropogenic compared with natural linear structures. Additionally, we detected eleven loci potentially under thermal selection, including ones related to membranes, metabolism, and immune function. This study demonstrates the usefulness of molecular approaches in obtaining estimates of dispersal and population processes in the wild. Our results suggest that, despite high gene flow in the Alpine valley system investigated, L. tityrus nevertheless seems to be vulnerable to anthropogenically-driven habitat fragmentation. With anthropogenic rather than natural linear structures affecting gene flow, this may have important consequences for the persistence of species such as the butterfly studied here in altered landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daronja Trense
- Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences, Zoology, University Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Thomas L Schmidt
- Pest & Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Qiong Yang
- Pest & Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Jessica Chung
- Pest & Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- Pest & Environmental Adaptation Research Group, School of Biosciences, Bio21 Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Klaus Fischer
- Institute for Integrated Natural Sciences, Zoology, University Koblenz-Landau, Koblenz, Germany
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183
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Dependence on a human structure influences the extinction of a non-native lizard population after a major environmental change. Biol Invasions 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-020-02405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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184
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Brooks AJ, Lancaster J, Downes BJ, Wolfenden B. Just add water: rapid assembly of new communities in previously dry riverbeds, and limited long-distance effects on existing communities. Oecologia 2020; 194:709-722. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04799-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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185
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Kavelaars MM, Baert JM, Stienen EWM, Shamoun-Baranes J, Lens L, Müller W. Breeding habitat loss reveals limited foraging flexibility and increases foraging effort in a colonial breeding seabird. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2020; 8:45. [PMID: 33292559 PMCID: PMC7653720 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-020-00231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Habitat loss can force animals to relocate to new areas, where they would need to adjust to an unfamiliar resource landscape and find new breeding sites. Relocation may be costly and could compromise reproduction. METHODS Here, we explored how the Lesser black-backed gull (Larus fuscus), a colonial breeding seabird species with a wide ecological niche, responds to the loss of its breeding habitat. We investigated how individuals adjusted their foraging behaviour after relocating to another colony due to breeding site destruction, and whether there were any reproductive consequences in the first years after relocation. To this end, we compared offspring growth between resident individuals and individuals that recently relocated to the same colony due to breeding habitat loss. Using GPS-tracking, we further investigated the foraging behaviour of resident individuals in both colonies, as well as that of relocated individuals, as enhanced foraging effort could represent a potential driver of reproductive costs. RESULTS We found negative consequences of relocation for offspring development, which were apparent when brood demand was experimentally increased. Recently relocated gulls travelled further distances for foraging than residents, as they often visited more distant foraging sites used by residents breeding in their natal colony as well as new areas outside the home range of the residents in the colony where they settled. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that relocated individuals did not yet optimally adapt to the new food landscape, which was unexpected, given the social information on foraging locations that may have been available from resident neighbours in their new breeding colony. Even though the short-term reproductive costs were comparatively low, we show that generalist species, such as the Lesser black-backed gull, may be more vulnerable to habitat loss than expected. Long term studies are needed to investigate how long individuals are affected by their relocation in order to better assess potential population effects of (breeding) habitat loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa M Kavelaars
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology (BECO) Researchgroup, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium.
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jan M Baert
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology (BECO) Researchgroup, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric W M Stienen
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Kliniekstraat 25, 1070, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Judy Shamoun-Baranes
- Computational Geo-Ecology, IBED, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Lens
- Terrestrial Ecology Unit (TEREC), Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wendt Müller
- Behavioural Ecology and Ecophysiology (BECO) Researchgroup, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium
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186
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Cruzan MB, Hendrickson EC. Landscape Genetics of Plants: Challenges and Opportunities. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 1:100100. [PMID: 33367263 PMCID: PMC7748010 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Dispersal is one of the most important but least understood processes in plant ecology and evolutionary biology. Dispersal of seeds maintains and establishes populations, and pollen and seed dispersal are responsible for gene flow within and among populations. Traditional views of dispersal and gene flow assume models that are governed solely by geographic distance and do not account for variation in dispersal vector behavior in response to heterogenous landscapes. Landscape genetics integrates population genetics with Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to evaluate the effects of landscape features on gene flow patterns (effective dispersal). Surprisingly, relatively few landscape genetic studies have been conducted on plants. Plants present advantages because their populations are stationary, allowing more reliable estimates of the effects of landscape features on effective dispersal rates. On the other hand, plant dispersal is intrinsically complex because it depends on the habitat preferences of the plant and its pollen and seed dispersal vectors. We discuss strategies to assess the separate contributions of pollen and seed movement to effective dispersal and to delineate the effects of plant habitat quality from those of landscape features that affect vector behavior. Preliminary analyses of seed dispersal for three species indicate that isolation by landscape resistance is a better predictor of the rates and patterns of dispersal than geographic distance. Rates of effective dispersal are lower in areas of high plant habitat quality, which may be due to the effects of the shape of the dispersal kernel or to movement behaviors of biotic vectors. Landscape genetic studies in plants have the potential to provide novel insights into the process of gene flow among populations and to improve our understanding of the behavior of biotic and abiotic dispersal vectors in response to heterogeneous landscapes.
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187
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Dahirel M, Menut L, Ansart A. Increased population density depresses activity but does not influence emigration in the snail
Pomatias elegans. J Zool (1987) 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Dahirel
- Univ Rennes CNRSECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
- INRAE Université Côte d'AzurCNRSISA Sophia‐Antipolis France
| | - L. Menut
- Univ Rennes CNRSECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
| | - A. Ansart
- Univ Rennes CNRSECOBIO (Ecosystèmes, biodiversité, évolution) ‐ UMR 6553 Rennes France
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188
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Liparoto A, Canestrelli D, Bisconti R, Carere C, Costantini D. Biogeographic history moulds population differentiation in ageing of oxidative status in an amphibian. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb235002. [PMID: 32978316 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.235002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of oxidative status plays a substantial role in physiological ageing. However, we know little about age-related changes of oxidative status in wild animals, and even less about the role of population history in moulding ageing rates. We addressed these questions by means of a common garden experiment, using the Tyrrhenian tree frog Hyla sarda as the study species. This species underwent a range expansion from northern Sardinia (source) up to Corsica (newly founded) during the Late Pleistocene, and then the two populations became geographically isolated. We found that, at the beginning of the experiment, Sardinian and Corsican frogs had similar concentrations of all oxidative status markers analysed. One year later, Corsican frogs had higher oxidative stress and suffered higher mortality than Sardinian frogs. Our results suggest the intriguing scenario that population differentiation in rates of physiological ageing owing to oxidative stress might be an overlooked legacy of past biogeographic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Liparoto
- Department of Ecological and Biological Science, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Unité Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation (PhyMA), UMR7221 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP32, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Daniele Canestrelli
- Department of Ecological and Biological Science, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Roberta Bisconti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Science, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Claudio Carere
- Department of Ecological and Biological Science, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università s.n.c., 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - David Costantini
- Unité Physiologie Moléculaire et Adaptation (PhyMA), UMR7221 Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, CP32, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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189
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Deshpande JN, Kaltz O, Fronhofer EA. Host–parasite dynamics set the ecological theatre for the evolution of state‐ and context‐dependent dispersal in hosts. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jhelam N. Deshpande
- ISEM, Univ. de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD Montpellier France
- Indian Inst. of Science Education and Research (IISER) Pune Pune Maharashtra India
| | - Oliver Kaltz
- ISEM, Univ. de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD Montpellier France
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190
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Arruda AJ, Junqueira PA, Rodrigues HTS, Yvanez F, Poschlod P, Silveira FAO, Buisson E. Limited seed dispersability in a megadiverse OCBIL grassland. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Species from OCBILs (old, climatically buffered, infertile landscapes) are expected to exhibit reduced dispersability, linked to long-term stable environmental conditions. We tested the prediction of limited dispersability in plant communities in campo rupestre, a megadiverse OCBIL grassland. In a field experiment, we sampled sticky and funnel traps for 12 months along paired preserved and disturbed plots to estimate and compare annual seed density and richness. Our community-level seed rain assessment suggested widespread seed limitation in both preserved and disturbed areas, expressed by the low seed density in traps (average of 2.6 seeds/m2/day) and remarkably low seed density found for 90% of the morphospecies. Although seed density in campo rupestre was much lower than for other grasslands, species richness (92 seed morphospecies) was the highest reported in the literature. Higher seed density and species richness were captured in funnel traps, especially during the rainy season. Approximately 32% of morphospecies were registered exclusively in disturbed plots and 25% exclusively in preserved plots. This limited seed dispersability is of particular relevance for a better understanding of seed ecology and resilience in campo rupestre and may partially explain the poor recovery of these disturbed areas after soil removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre J Arruda
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, IUT d’Avignon, AGROPARC, France
| | - Patricia A Junqueira
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Hanna T S Rodrigues
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Florian Yvanez
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, IUT d’Avignon, AGROPARC, France
| | - Peter Poschlod
- Faculty of Biology and Preclinical Medicine, Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Fernando A O Silveira
- Department of Botany, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Elise Buisson
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d’Ecologie, Avignon Université, CNRS, IRD, Aix Marseille Université, IUT d’Avignon, AGROPARC, France
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191
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How Important Are Resistance, Dispersal Ability, Population Density and Mortality in Temporally Dynamic Simulations of Population Connectivity? A Case Study of Tigers in Southeast Asia. LAND 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/land9110415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Development of landscape connectivity and spatial population models is challenging, given the uncertainty of parameters and the sensitivity of models to factors and their interactions over time. Using spatially and temporally explicit simulations, we evaluate the sensitivity of population distribution, abundance and connectivity of tigers in Southeast Asia to variations of resistance surface, dispersal ability, population density and mortality. Utilizing a temporally dynamic cumulative resistant kernel approach, we tested (1) effects and interactions of parameters on predicted population size, distribution and connectivity, and (2) displacement and divergence in scenarios across timesteps. We evaluated the effect of varying levels of factors on simulated population, cumulative resistance kernel extent, and kernel sum across nine timesteps, producing 24,300 simulations. We demonstrate that predicted population, range shifts, and landscape connectivity are highly sensitive to parameter values with significant interactions and relative strength of effects varying by timestep. Dispersal ability, mortality risk and their interaction dominated predictions. Further, population density had intermediate effects, landscape resistance had relatively low impacts, and mitigation of linear barriers (highways) via lowered resistance had little relative effect. Results are relevant to regional, long-term tiger population management, providing insight into potential population growth and range expansion across a landscape of global conservation priority.
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192
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Barbraud C, Delord K. Selection against immigrants in wild seabird populations. Ecol Lett 2020; 24:84-93. [PMID: 33058398 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immigration is a major demographic parameter shaping population dynamics and is an important driver of eco-evolutionary patterns, but the fitness consequences for individuals following their settlement to a new population (immigrants) remain poorly tested in wild animal populations, particularly among long-lived species. Here we show that immigrants have a lower fitness than residents in three wild seabird populations (wandering albatross Diomedea exulans, southern fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides, snow petrel Pagodroma nivea). Across all species and during a 32-year period, immigrants made on average -9 to 29% fewer breeding attempts, had 5-31% fewer fledglings, had 2-16% lower breeding success and produced 6-46% fewer recruits. Female immigration and male residency were also favored through differences in breeding performance. We provide evidence for selection against immigrants in wild populations of long-lived species and our results are consistent with female-biased dispersal in birds being driven by asymmetric limiting resources and the competitive ability of dispersers vs. non-dispersers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Barbraud
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers en Bois, 79360, France
| | - Karine Delord
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé, CNRS UMR7372, Villiers en Bois, 79360, France
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193
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Macfarlan SJ, Schacht R, Schniter E, Garcia JJ, Guevara Beltran D, Lerback J. The role of dispersal and school attendance on reproductive dynamics in small, dispersed populations: Choyeros of Baja California Sur, Mexico. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239523. [PMID: 33027256 PMCID: PMC7540897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals from small populations face challenges to initiating reproduction because stochastic demographic processes create local mate scarcity. In response, flexible dispersal patterns that facilitate the movement of individuals across groups have been argued to reduce mate search costs and inbreeding depression. Furthermore, factors that aggregate dispersed peoples, such as rural schools, could lower mate search costs through expansion of mating markets. However, research suggests that dispersal and school attendance are costly to fertility, causing individuals to delay marriage and reproduction. Here, we investigate the role of dispersal and school attendance on marriage and reproductive outcomes using a sample of 54 married couples from four small, dispersed ranching communities in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Our analyses yield three sets of results that challenge conventional expectations. First, we find no evidence that dispersal is associated with later age at marriage or first reproduction for women. For men, dispersal is associated with younger ages of marriage than those who stay in their natal area. Second, in contrast to research suggesting that dispersal decreases inbreeding, we find that female dispersal is associated with an increase in genetic relatedness among marriage partners. This finding suggests that human dispersal promotes female social support from genetic kin in novel locales for raising offspring. Third, counter to typical results on the role of education on reproductive timing, school attendance is associated with younger age at marriage for men and younger age at first birth for women. While we temper causal interpretations and claims of generalizability beyond our study site given our small sample sizes (a feature of small populations), we nonetheless argue that factors like dispersal and school attendance, which are typically associated with delayed reproduction in large population, may actually lower mate search costs in small, dispersed populations with minimal access to labor markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane J. Macfarlan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Center for Latin American Studies, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
- Global Change and Sustainability Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Ryan Schacht
- Department of Anthropology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| | - Eric Schniter
- Economic Science Institute, Chapman University, Orange, CA, United States of America
- School of Humanities & Social Science, Salt Lake Community College, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
| | - Juan José Garcia
- Department of Anthropology, California State University Fullerton, Fullerton, CA, United States of America
| | - Diego Guevara Beltran
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States of America
| | - Jory Lerback
- Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States of America
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194
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Holyoak M, Caspi T, Redosh LW. Integrating Disturbance, Seasonality, Multi-Year Temporal Dynamics, and Dormancy Into the Dynamics and Conservation of Metacommunities. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.571130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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195
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De Kort H, Baguette M, Lenoir J, Stevens VM. Toward reliable habitat suitability and accessibility models in an era of multiple environmental stressors. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:10937-10952. [PMID: 33144939 PMCID: PMC7593202 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Global biodiversity declines, largely driven by climate and land-use changes, urge the development of transparent guidelines for effective conservation strategies. Species distribution modeling (SDM) is a widely used approach for predicting potential shifts in species distributions, which can in turn support ecological conservation where environmental change is expected to impact population and community dynamics. Improvements in SDM accuracy through incorporating intra- and interspecific processes have boosted the SDM field forward, but simultaneously urge harmonizing the vast array of SDM approaches into an overarching, widely adoptable, and scientifically justified SDM framework. In this review, we first discuss how climate warming and land-use change interact to govern population dynamics and species' distributions, depending on species' dispersal and evolutionary abilities. We particularly emphasize that both land-use and climate change can reduce the accessibility to suitable habitat for many species, rendering the ability of species to colonize new habitat and to exchange genetic variation a crucial yet poorly implemented component of SDM. We then unite existing methodological SDM practices that aim to increase model accuracy through accounting for multiple global change stressors, dispersal, or evolution, while shifting our focus to model feasibility. We finally propose a roadmap harmonizing model accuracy and feasibility, applicable to both common and rare species, particularly those with poor dispersal abilities. This roadmap (a) paves the way for an overarching SDM framework allowing comparison and synthesis of different SDM studies and (b) could advance SDM to a level that allows systematic integration of SDM outcomes into effective conservation plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne De Kort
- Plant Conservation and Population BiologyBiology DepartmentUniversity of LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
| | - Michel Baguette
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UMR 5321 SETE)National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)Université Toulouse III – Paul SabatierMoulisFrance
- Institut de Systématique, Evolution, Biodiversité (UMR 7205)Muséum National d’Histoire NaturelleParisFrance
| | - Jonathan Lenoir
- UR “Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés” (EDYSANUMR 7058 CNRS‐UPJV)Université de Picardie Jules VerneAmiens Cedex 1France
| | - Virginie M. Stevens
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale (UMR 5321 SETE)National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)Université Toulouse III – Paul SabatierMoulisFrance
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196
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Vitt S, Hiller J, Thünken T. Intrasexual selection: Kin competition increases male-male territorial aggression in a monogamous cichlid fish. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:11183-11191. [PMID: 33144958 PMCID: PMC7593200 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During intrasexual competition, individuals of the same sex compete for access to breeding sites and mating partners, often accompanied by aggressive behavior. Kin selection theory predicts different kin-directed social interactions ranging from cooperation to aggression depending on the context and the resource in question. Kin competition reducing indirect fitness might be avoided by actively expelling relatives from territories and by showing higher aggression against kin. The West-African cichlid Pelvicachromis taeniatus is a monogamous cave breeder with males occupying and defending breeding sites against rivals. This species is capable of kin recognition and shows kin-preference during juvenile shoaling and mate choice. However, subadults of P. taeniatus seem to avoid the proximity of same-sex kin. In the present study, we examined territorial aggression of territory holders against intruding related and unrelated males as well as intruder's behavior. We observed higher aggression among related competitors suggesting that related males are less tolerated as neighbors. Avoidance of intrasexual competition with relatives might increase indirect fitness of males in monogamous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Vitt
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and EcologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Jenny Hiller
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and EcologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Timo Thünken
- Institute for Evolutionary Biology and EcologyUniversity of BonnBonnGermany
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197
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Rödel HG, Oppelt C, Starkloff A, Prager N, Long E, Rüdiger AT, Seltmann MW, Monclús R, Hudson R, Poteaux C. Within-litter covariance of allele-specific MHC heterozygosity, coccidian endoparasite load and growth is modulated by sibling differences in starting mass. Oecologia 2020; 194:345-357. [PMID: 32980896 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although littermates in altricial mammals usually experience highly similar environmental conditions during early life, considerable differences in growth and health can emerge among them. In a study on subadults of a European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) population with low MHC polymorphism, we tested whether litter-sibling differences in endoparasitic coccidia load and body mass at the end of the vegetation period were associated with within-litter differences in starting body mass (measured around 2 weeks prior to weaning) and in immune-genetic (MHC class II DRB) constitution. We hypothesized that siblings with a lighter starting mass might be more susceptible to endoparasite infections and thus, negative effects of a more unfavourable MHC constitution might be particularly pronounced in such individuals. Within-litter comparisons revealed that animals with a lighter starting mass reached a relatively lower body mass in autumn. Furthermore, there were indications for an allele-specific heterozygote advantage, as animals with heterozygous combinations of the allele Orcu-DRB*4 had relatively lower hepatic coccidia loads than their littermates with certain homozygous allele combinations. Consistent with our hypothesis, significantly higher hepatic coccidia loads and tendentially lower autumn body masses in homozygous compared to heterozygous individuals for the allele Orcu-DRB*4 were evident in initially lighter but not in heavier siblings, suggesting synergistic effects between an unfavourable MHC constitution and a light starting mass. Taken together, these effects might lead to notable differences in fitness among litter siblings, as a low body mass and a high endoparasite burden are key factors limiting young rabbits' survival during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko G Rödel
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée UR 4443, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France. .,Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Claus Oppelt
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anett Starkloff
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Nelly Prager
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée UR 4443, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Emilie Long
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée UR 4443, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Anna-Theresa Rüdiger
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin W Seltmann
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Raquel Monclús
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée UR 4443, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
| | - Robyn Hudson
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Chantal Poteaux
- Laboratoire d'Ethologie Expérimentale et Comparée UR 4443, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 93430, Villetaneuse, France
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198
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Häussler J, Barabás G, Eklöf A. A Bayesian network approach to trophic metacommunities shows that habitat loss accelerates top species extinctions. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1849-1861. [PMID: 32981202 PMCID: PMC7702078 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We develop a novel approach to analyse trophic metacommunities, which allows us to explore how progressive habitat loss affects food webs. Our method combines classic metapopulation models on fragmented landscapes with a Bayesian network representation of trophic interactions for calculating local extinction rates. This means that we can repurpose known results from classic metapopulation theory for trophic metacommunities, such as ranking the habitat patches of the landscape with respect to their importance to the persistence of the metacommunity as a whole. We use this to study the effects of habitat loss, both on model communities and the plant‐mammal Serengeti food web dataset as a case study. Combining straightforward parameterisability with computational efficiency, our method permits the analysis of species‐rich food webs over large landscapes, with hundreds or even thousands of species and habitat patches, while still retaining much of the flexibility of explicit dynamical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Häussler
- EcoNetLab, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Institute of Biodiversity, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, Jena, 07743, Germany
| | - György Barabás
- Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden.,MTA-ELTE Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Pázmány Péter sétány, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Anna Eklöf
- Linköping University, Linköping, SE-58183, Sweden
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199
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Search strategies in rural and urban environment during natal dispersal of the red squirrel. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-020-02907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Decisions made during natal dispersal highly influence the future fitness of the animal. The selection of future home range affects, for example, food supply and mating success. In order to select between potential sites, dispersing individuals may use different search strategies, and for example, aim to compare quality of different sites by revisiting them. Alternatively, dispersers visit new sites without comparison until a suitable site is located. By using radio telemetry, we studied search strategies during natal dispersal in both urban and rural environments. We examined what kind of sites juvenile red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) choose as their home range from all visited sites and whether they display revisit behavior during natal dispersal. We found that most of the dispersing individuals perform revisits while searching for the settlement site. In the rural study area, there were also individuals (mostly long-distance dispersers) that did not perform revisits and settled in the last visited area. The landscape characteristics did not explain the amount of revisits individuals made, but the amount of revisits declined with site’s distance to natal nest and dispersal distance of individuals. The effect of landscape characteristics on settlement decision was small, but surprisingly, juvenile red squirrels in the rural area settled in sites with more built area compared with sites only visited. However, the decision-making of red squirrels during natal dispersal seems to be driven mainly by other factors (potentially food availability and conspecific density) than landscape characteristics. We conclude that revisiting behavior is linked to dispersal strategy of red squirrels and can differ between the sexes and habitats of the species.
Significance statement
Animals often choose their habitat from among multiple alternative habitats and potential settlement sites, and the decisions made during dispersal highly influence the future fitness of the animal. We examined what kind of areas juvenile red squirrels choose as their home range in both urban and rural environments and whether they display revisit behavior when selecting their home range from many alternatives. We found that search strategies during natal dispersal can vary between individuals and habitats. Surprisingly, juvenile red squirrels in the rural area settled in sites with more built area compared with the sites only visited. However, for red squirrel, decisions made by juveniles during the search of a home range are mainly influenced by other factors than landscape composition.
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200
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Abstract
AbstractEvolution of adaptation requires predictability and recurrence of functional contexts. Yet organisms live in multifaceted environments that are dynamic and ever changing, making it difficult to understand how complex adaptations evolve. This problem is particularly apparent in the evolution of adaptive maternal effects, which are often assumed to require reliable and discrete cues that predict conditions in the offspring environment. One resolution to this problem is if adaptive maternal effects evolve through preexisting, generalized maternal pathways that respond to many cues and also influence offspring development. Here, we assess whether an adaptive maternal effect in western bluebirds is influenced by maternal stress pathways across multiple challenging environments. Combining 18 years of hormone sampling across diverse environmental contexts with an experimental manipulation of the competitive environment, we show that multiple environmental factors influenced maternal corticosterone levels, which, in turn, influenced a maternal effect on aggression of sons in adulthood. Together, these results support the idea that multiple stressors can induce a known maternal effect in this system. More generally, they suggest that activation of general pathways, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, may simplify and facilitate the evolution of adaptive maternal effects by integrating variable environmental conditions into preexisting maternal physiological systems.
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