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Chen HM, Lee YH, Wang YJ. ROS-triggered signaling pathways involved in the cytotoxicity and tumor promotion effects of pentachlorophenol and tetrachlorohydroquinone. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:339-50. [PMID: 25608107 DOI: 10.1021/tx500487w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Free radical-triggered tissue damage is believed to play an essential role in a variety of human diseases. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is applied as a pesticide worldwide in both industries and homes. It is used extensively as a biocide and wood preservative. Tetrachlorohydroquinone (TCHQ) was proved as a major toxic metabolite of PCP, contributing the release of free radicals during PCP metabolism. PCP has been proposed as a tumor promoter; however, only limited knowledge is available regarding the mechanisms of tumor promotion induced by PCP and its metabolite, TCHQ. A growing amount of literature suggests that a link between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tumor promotion could exist. Herein, we summarize the findings regarding the ROS-triggered signaling pathways involved in the cytotoxicity and tumor promotion effects of PCP and TCHQ. Some of the notable findings demonstrated that TCHQ can induce DNA lesions and glutathione depletion in mammalian cells; meanwhile, oxidative stress and apoptosis/necrosis can be found both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, PCP and TCHQ were proved as mild tumor promoters in two-stage tumorigenesis models, in which the possible mechanism could be through ROS generation and changed Bcl-2 gene expression. We also found significant effects of antioxidants in attenuating the oxidative stress, cyto- and genotoxicity, and apoptosis/necrosis induced by PCP and/or TCHQ. In addition, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation is involved in PCP/TCHQ-triggered cytotoxicity, as evidenced by the finding that higher doses of TCHQ could lead to necrosis of freshly isolated splenocytes through the production of a large amount of ROS and sustained ERK activation. These results could explain partly the underlying molecular mechanisms contributing to the tumorigenesis induced by PCP. However, the detailed mechanisms of free radicals in triggering PCP/TCHQ-mediated tumor promotion and toxicity are still not completely resolved and need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Min Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University , Tainan, Taiwan
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152
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Kim HS, Lee JH, Park HS, Lee GS, Kim HW, Ha KT, Kim BJ. Schizandra chinensis extracts induce apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells via JNK/p38 MAPK activation and the ROS-mediated/mitochondria-dependent pathway. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:212-219. [PMID: 25243868 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.913297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Schizandra chinensis Baill (Magnoliaceae) fruit extract (SCE) is considered a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment and alleviation of various diseases. Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and the first most common in Korea. OBJECTIVES This study investigates the mechanism of SCE-induced apoptosis in AGS human gastric cancer cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS SCE concentrations from 100 to 400 µg/ml were used. Cell viabilities were determined using MTT assay. Members of the Bcl-2 family and Bax were detected by Western blotting. RT-PCR was performed to measure the expression level of the Fas/FasL pro-apoptotic genes. RESULTS SCE inhibited the proliferation AGS cells for 24 or 72 h (inhibition by 3.1% ± 5.2% at 100 µg/ml and 87.3% ± 7.6% at 400 µg/ml at 24 h and by 40.2% ± 5.3% 100 µg/ml and 95.3% ± 1.3% 400 µg/ml at 72 h) and increased the sub-G1 phase (25.3% ± 5.2% at 100 µg/ml and 370.2% ± 7.2% at 400 µg/ml) and the mitochondrial membrane depolarization (11.2% ± 2.1% at 100 µg/ml and 311.5% ± 6.1% at 400 µg/ml). The SCE-induced apoptotic cell death showed the down-regulation of Bcl-2, but up-regulation of Bax. Subsequently, SCE increased the expression level of Fas/FasL, activated caspase-9 and -3, and increased reactive oxygen species generation. Also, JNK II inhibitor or a p38 MAPK inhibitor inhibited SCE-induced cell death. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results indicate that SCE might be an effective chemotherapeutic for the treatment of human gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Sul Kim
- Division of Longevity and Biofunctional Medicine, Pusan National University School of Korean Medicine , Yangsan , Republic of Korea
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153
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Kuo KL, Ho IL, Shi CS, Wu JT, Lin WC, Tsai YC, Chang HC, Chou CT, Hsu CH, Hsieh JT, Chang SC, Pu YS, Huang KH. MLN4924, a novel protein neddylation inhibitor, suppresses proliferation and migration of human urothelial carcinoma: In vitro and in vivo studies. Cancer Lett 2015; 363:127-36. [PMID: 25615422 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MLN4924, a small molecule inhibitor of NEDD8 activating enzyme (NAE), has been reported to elicit an anti-tumor effect on various malignancies. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of MLN4924 in human urothelial carcinoma (UC) in vitro and in vivo by using three human UC cell lines of various grading (T24, NTUB1 and RT4). The impact of MLN4924 on UC cells was determined by measuring viability (MTT), proliferation (BrdU incorporation), cell cycle progression (flow cytometry with propidium iodide staining) and apoptosis (flow cytometry with annexin V-FITC labeling). The cell cycle regulatory molecules, apoptosis-related molecules, and cell stress-related proteins were examined by Western blotting. The influence of tumor cell migration and invasion was analyzed by Transwell and wound healing assays. We also evaluated the effects of MLN4924 on tumor growth by a SCID xenograft mouse model. The data show that MLN4924 induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity, anti-proliferation, anti-migration, anti-invasion and apoptosis in human UC cells, accompanied by activations of Bad, phospho-histone H2A.X, caspase-3, 7 and PARP, decreased level of phospho-Bcl2, and caused cell cycle retardation at the G2M phase. Moreover, MLN4924 activated endoplasmic reticulum stress-related molecules (caspase-4, phospho-eIF2α, ATF-4 and CHOP) and other stress responses (JNK and c-Jun activations). Finally, we confirmed MLN4924 inhibited tumor growth in a UC xenograft mouse model with minimal general toxicity. We concluded that MLN4924 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest, as well as activation of cell stress responses in human UC. These findings imply MLN4924 provides a novel strategy for the treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Lin Kuo
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I Lin Ho
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung Sheng Shi
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - June Tai Wu
- Graduate Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei Chou Lin
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu Chieh Tsai
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong Chiang Chang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien Tso Chou
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen Hsun Hsu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju Ton Hsieh
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih Chen Chang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yeong Shiau Pu
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuo How Huang
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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154
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Wang L, Gai P, Xu R, Zheng Y, Lv S, Li Y, Liu S. Shikonin protects chondrocytes from interleukin-1beta-induced apoptosis by regulating PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:298-308. [PMID: 25755716 PMCID: PMC4348881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis is mostly responsible for the development and progression of osteoarthritis. IL-1β is generally served as an agent that induces chondrocyte apoptosis. Shikonin exerts its anti-inflammatory effect on cartilage protection in vivo. We aimed to explore the protective effect of shikonin on interleukin-1beta (IL-1β)-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and the potential molecular mechanisms. Chondrocytes were isolated from the joints of newborn Sprague-Dawley rats. The MTT assay and LDH cell death assay were used to determine the cell viability and chondrocyte apoptosis was detected by Annexin-V/PI staining and nucleosomal degradation. The contents of phosphorylated-PI3K (p-PI3k), phosphorylated-Akt (p-Akt), Bcl-2, Bax, and cytochrome c were detected by Western blotting. A quantitative colorimetric assay was used to detect the caspase-3 activity. Our results showed that pretreatment with shikonin (4 μM) inhibited cytotoxicity and apoptosis induced by IL-1β (10 ng/ml) in chondrocytes. Shikonin pretreatment also decreased the activity of IL-1β that decreased Bcl-2 expression and levels of p-PI3K and p-Akt, and increased Bax expression, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3 activation. It also reversed the activity of IL-1β that promoted the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase-13 and inhibited the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression, with the net effect of suppressing extracellular matrix degradation. These data suggested that shikonin may protect chondrocytes from apoptosis induced by IL-1β through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, by deactivating caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leisheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan HospitalYantai 264000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengzhou Gai
- Department of Joint Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding HospitalYantai 264000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renguo Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantai Economic and Technology Development Area HospitalYantai 264006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanpin Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong UniversityJinan 250000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqiao Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan HospitalYantai 264000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan HospitalYantai 264000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoxian Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Yantaishan HospitalYantai 264000, People’s Republic of China
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155
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Alani B, Salehi R, Sadeghi P, Khodagholi F, Digaleh H, Jabbarzadeh-Tabrizi S, Zare M, Korbekandi H. Silencing of Hsp70 intensifies 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis and Hsp90 upregulation in PC12 cells. J Mol Neurosci 2015; 55:174-183. [PMID: 24729093 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-014-0298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
By the current study, we tried to find out the interactive mechanisms enrolled by Hsp70 and Hsp90 following the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced oxidative stress. Of heat shock protein (Hsp) family, we have previously evaluated the effects of Hsp90 gene silencing on in vitro model of Parkinson's disease and its influence on controlling the mechanisms of cell survival. Here, we extended our study to Hsp70 silencing short interfering RNA (siRNA) oligonucleotides, transfected into Pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells with/without exposure to 6-OHDA stress. In order to determine the probable effects of Hsp70 silencing on apoptotic factors, we assessed Bcl2/Bax ratio, nuclear level of PARP, and cleavage of caspase-3 under 6-OHDA stress condition. The results showed deteriorated effect of Hsp70 siRNA on apoptosis in cells exposed to only 6-OHDA. This is, at least in part, in consequence of upregulation of Hsp90, both at messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels. These data highlight the critical role of Hsp70 for cell survival under 6-OHDA stress condition. It could be a suggestive issue for supervision of caspase cascades by survival roles of Hsps as Hsp70 silencing resulted in apoptosis phenomenon. Convergence of Hsp70 anti-apoptotic and 6-OHDA pro-apoptotic pathways may explain intensified apoptosis following Hsp70 silencing. In addition, nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a transcription factor, has been previously studied in detoxification of oxidative stress. For this issue, we tried to elucidate Hsp70 silencing impact on Nrf2, which has been shown to regulate the transcription of Hsp70, unspecifically. Besides, our investigations revealed that Hsp70 siRNA did not affect the level of Nrf2 during 6-OHDA exposure. But, it is still a dealing question and other investigations are needed to have a comprehensive perception of Hsp family signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behrang Alani
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Department of Applied Cell Science, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Rasoul Salehi
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Payam Sadeghi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Digaleh
- NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Jabbarzadeh-Tabrizi
- Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research, Department of Medicine and Biosystemic Science and Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mohammad Zare
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hassan Korbekandi
- Department of Genetic and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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156
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Selemetjev SA, Savin SB, Paunovic IR, Tatic SB, Cvejic D. Changes in the expression pattern of apoptotic molecules (galectin-3, Bcl-2, Bax, survivin) during progression of thyroid malignancy and their clinical significance. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2014; 127:337-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00508-014-0674-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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157
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Zhang Y, Xie RF, Xiao QG, Li R, Shen XL, Zhu XG. Hedyotis diffusa Willd extract inhibits the growth of human glioblastoma cells by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis via AKT/ERK pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 158 Pt A:404-411. [PMID: 25456437 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Hedyotis diffusa Willd (Rubiaceae) (HDW) has been widely applied for the treatment of tumors, inflammation and toxication in traditional Chinese medicine. The antitumor effect of HDW on glioblastoma has been rarely reported. We aim to evaluate the activity of this extract and explore the underlying mechanism in U87 human glioblastoma cell line. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity of HDW extract on U87 cells was measured by MTT assay. Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse induced by HDW extract were determined by flow cytometry. Caspase activity was analyzed based on colorimetric assay with a microplate spectrophotometer. Protein expression was examined by Western blot. RESULTS HDW extract suppressed U87 cells growth in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometry showed that HDW extract induced significant apoptosis, S/G2-M phase arrest and MMP collapse in U87 cells. Furthermore, dose-dependent activation of caspase-3, Bcl-2, Bax and ERK was observed with HDW extract treatment. Decreased Bcl-2/Bax ratio and Akt suppression were readily found as well. CONCLUSIONS Induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis played an essential role in antitumor activity of HDW extract in U87 cells, in which ERKs and Akt signaling proteins were also involved. These findings contributed to the feasibility of using HDW extract in glioblastoma treatment and the understanding of the molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Rui-Fan Xie
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qun-Gen Xiao
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ran Li
- Sino-German Neuro-Oncology Molecular Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Xin-Gen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China.
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158
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Wang XW, Yu Y, Gu L. Dehydroabietic acid reverses TNF-α-induced the activation of FOXO1 and suppression of TGF-β1/Smad signaling in human adult dermal fibroblasts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:8616-8626. [PMID: 25674226 PMCID: PMC4314026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing impairment is a well-documented phenomenon in clinical and experimental diabetes, and in diabetic wound healing impaired fibroblast has been linked to increased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). A number of signaling pathways including TNF-α/forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)/Smads in fibroblasts appear to play a cardinal role in diabetic wound healing. Dehydroabietic acid (DAA) is obtained from Commiphora oppbalsamum and inhibits the production of TNF-α in macrophages and adipocytes, decreases the level of TNF-α in obese diabetic KK-Ay mice, but its effect on diabetic wound healing is unknown. This study was to investigate the effect of DAA on TNF-α-stimulated human adult dermal fibroblasts. On the one hand, TNF-α significantly decreased the fibroblast proliferation and the expression of PCNA, Ki67 and cyclin D1, increased the fibroblast apoptosis, caspase-8/3 activity, expressions of cleaved caspase-8 and caspase-3, decreased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio and increased activation of the pro-apoptotic transcription factor FOXO1. All the above-mentioned cell responses were remarkably reversed by DAA. On the other hand, TNF-α also inhibited TGF-β1-induced the Smad3 signaling pathway what is closely related to the fibroblast migration and the differentiation of myofibroblasts. However, DAA significantly promoted the migration and increased the expression of α-smooth muscle actin and fibronectin under the stimulus of a combination of TNF-α and TGF-β1. In conclusion, DAA could reverse several cell responses stimulated by TNF-α, including the activation of FOXO1 and the TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling pathway. These results suggested that DAA could be useful in improving the diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Wei Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan UniversityShanghai 201707, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Disease Ministry of Public Health, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan UniversityShanghai 20032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Gu
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tongji HospitalShanghai 200065, People’s Republic of China
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159
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He B, Tao H, Liu S, Wei A. Protective effect of carboxymethylated chitosan on hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in nucleus pulposus cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1629-38. [PMID: 25394560 PMCID: PMC4270326 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the etiology of intervertebral disc degeneration is poorly understood, one approach to prevent this process may be to inhibit apoptosis. In the current study, the anti-apoptotic effects of carboxymethylated chitosan (CMCS) in nucleus pulposus (NP) cells were investigated with the aim to enhance disc cell survival. Rat NP cells were isolated and cultured in vitro, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to build the NP cell apoptosis model. Cell viability was assessed with a cell counting kit-8 assay. The ratio of apoptotic cells was surveyed by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and propidium iodide (PI) double staining analysis, and the morphology was observed by Hoechst 33342 staining. The mitochondrial membrane potential of NP cells was evaluated by rhodamine 123 fluorescence staining. Reverse transcription (RT)-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed to measure mRNA levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2, type II collagen and aggrecan. Western blot analysis was performed to detect protein levels of iNOS and Bcl-2. The annexin V-FITC/PI and Hoechst 33342 staining results indicated that CMCS was able to prevent NP cells from apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Rhodamine 123 staining clarified that CMCS reduced the impairment of the mitochondrial membrane potential in H2O2-treated NP cells. Reduced caspase-3 and increased Bcl-2 activity were detected in CMCS-treated NP cells by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. CMCS also promoted the proliferation and secretion of type II collagen and aggrecan in H2O2-treated NP cells. CMCS was indicated to be effective in preventing apoptotic cell death in vitro, demonstrating the potential advantages of this therapeutic approach in regulating disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin He
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Haiying Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Shiqing Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ailin Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
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160
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Bcl-2 family in inter-organelle modulation of calcium signaling; roles in bioenergetics and cell survival. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 46:1-15. [PMID: 24078116 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-013-9527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bcl-2 family proteins, known for their apoptosis functioning at the mitochondria, have been shown to localize to other cellular compartments to mediate calcium (Ca2+) signals. Since the proper supply of Ca2+ in cells serves as an important mechanism for cellular survival and bioenergetics, we propose an integrating role for Bcl-2 family proteins in modulating Ca2+ signaling. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the main Ca2+ storage for the cell and Bcl-2 family proteins competitively regulate its Ca2+ concentration. Bcl-2 family proteins also regulate the flux of Ca2+ from the ER by physically interacting with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) to mediate their opening. Type 1 IP3Rs reside at the bulk ER to coordinate cytosolic Ca2+ signals, while type 3 IP3Rs reside at mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) to facilitate mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake. In healthy cells, mitochondrial Ca2+ drives pyruvate into the citric acid (TCA) cycle to facilitate ATP production, while a continuous accumulation of Ca2+ can trigger the release of cytochrome c, thus initiating apoptosis. Since multiple organelles and Bcl-2 family proteins are involved in Ca2+ signaling, we aim to clarify the role that Bcl-2 family proteins play in facilitating Ca2+ signaling and how mitochondrial Ca2+ is relevant in both bioenergetics and apoptosis. We also explore how these insights could be useful in controlling bioenergetics in apoptosis-resistant cell lines.
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161
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Liu Y, Zhang Z, Song T, Liang F, Xie M, Sheng H. Resistance to BH3 mimetic S1 in SCLC cells that up-regulate and phosphorylate Bcl-2 through ERK1/2. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1612-23. [PMID: 23651505 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) is a central regulator of cell survival that is overexpressed in the majority of small-cell lung cancers (SCLC) and contributes to both malignant transformation and therapeutic resistance. The purpose of this work was to study the key factors that determine the sensitivity of SCLC cells to Bcl-2 homology domain-3 (BH3) mimetic S1 and the mechanism underlying the resistance of BH3 mimetics. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES Western blot was used to evaluate the contribution of Bcl-2 family members to the cellular response of SCLC cell lines to S1. Acquired resistant cells were derived from initially sensitive H1688 cells. Quantitative PCR and gene silencing were performed to investigate Bcl-2 up-regulation. KEY RESULTS A progressive increase in the relative levels of Bcl-2 and phosphorylated Bcl-2 (pBcl-2) characterized the increased de novo and acquired resistance of SCLC cell lines. Furthermore, acute treatment of S1 induced Bcl-2 expression and phosphorylation. We showed that BH3 mimetics, including S1 and ABT-737, induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and then activated MAPK/ERK pathway. The dual function of MAPK/ERK pathway in defining BH3 mimetics was illustrated; ERK1/2 activation leaded to Bcl-2 transcriptional up-regulation and sustained phosphorylation in naïve and acquired resistant SCLC cells. pBcl-2 played a key role in creating resistance of S1 and ABT-737 not only by sequestrating pro-apoptotic proteins, but also sequestrating a positive feedback to promote ERK1/2 activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results provide significant novel insights into the molecular mechanisms for crosstalk between ER stress and endogenously apoptotic pathways in SCLC following BH3 mimetics treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
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162
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Xiang Q, Ma Y, Dong J, Shen R. Carnosic acid induces apoptosis associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and Akt inactivation in HepG2 cells. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2014; 66:76-84. [PMID: 25265205 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2014.953452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Carnosic acid (CA), a phenolic diterpene isolated from rosemary, shows potential benefits in health promotion and disease prevention. In the present study, the cytotoxic and apoptotic-inducing effects of CA on human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were investigated. The MTT assay results indicated that CA decreased cell viability in HepG2 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with CA caused a rapid Caspase-3 activation and subsequently proteolytic cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), both of which were markers of cells undergoing apoptosis. CA also dissipated mitochondrial membrane potential and decreased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax protein, which mediated cytosolic translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Furthermore, CA reduced the phosphorylation of Akt, which was partially inhibited by insulin, an activator of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signalling pathway. In conclusion, our data suggest that the mitochondrial dysfunction and deactivation of Akt may contribute to the apoptosis-inducing effects of CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qisen Xiang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry , Zhengzhou , China
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163
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Belmar J, Fesik SW. Small molecule Mcl-1 inhibitors for the treatment of cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2014; 145:76-84. [PMID: 25172548 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Bcl-2 family of proteins serves as primary regulators of apoptosis. Myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl-1), a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 family of proteins, is overexpressed and the Mcl-1 gene is amplified in many tumor types. Moreover, the overexpression of Mcl-1 is the cause of resistance to several chemotherapeutic agents. Thus, Mcl-1 is a promising cancer target. This review highlights the current progress on the discovery of small molecule Mcl-1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Belmar
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States
| | - Stephen W Fesik
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, 2215 Garland Avenue, 607 Light Hall, Nashville, TN 37232-0146, United States.
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164
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Wang XA, Xiang SS, Li HF, Wu XS, Li ML, Shu YJ, Zhang F, Cao Y, Ye YY, Bao RF, Weng H, Wu WG, Mu JS, Hu YP, Jiang L, Tan ZJ, Lu W, Wang P, Liu YB. Cordycepin induces S phase arrest and apoptosis in human gallbladder cancer cells. Molecules 2014; 19:11350-65. [PMID: 25090123 PMCID: PMC6271430 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190811350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the biliary tract, and this condition has a rather dismal prognosis, with an extremely low five-year survival rate. To improve the outcome of unresectable and recurrent gallbladder cancer, it is necessary to develop new effective treatments and drugs. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of cordycepin on human gallbladder cells and uncover the molecular mechanisms responsible for these effects. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and colony formation assays revealed that cordycepin affected the viability and proliferation of human gallbladder cancer cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis showed that cordycepin induced S phase arrest in human gallbladder cancer cell lines(NOZ and GBC-SD cells). Cordycepin-induced apoptosis was observed using an Annexin V/propidium iodide (PI) double-staining assay, and the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, western blot analysis revealed the upregulation of cleaved-caspase-3, cleaved-caspase-9, cleaved-PARP and Bax and the downregulation of Bcl-2, cyclin A and Cdk-2 in cordycepin-treated cells. Moreover, cordycepin inhibited tumor growth in nude mice bearing NOZ tumors. Our results indicate that this drug may represent an effective treatment for gallbladder carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-An Wang
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shan-Shan Xiang
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Huai-Feng Li
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiang-Song Wu
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mao-Lan Li
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-Jun Shu
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yang Cao
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Ye
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Run-Fa Bao
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hao Weng
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wen-Guang Wu
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Jia-Sheng Mu
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yun-Ping Hu
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lin Jiang
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhu-Jun Tan
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Wei Lu
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Hangzhou People's First Hospital, No.261 Huansha Road, Hangzhou 310009, China.
| | - Ying-Bin Liu
- Institute of Biliary Tract Disease, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 1665 Kongjiang Road, Shanghai 200092, China.
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165
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Safaeian L, Abed A, Vaseghi G. The role of Bcl-2 family proteins in pulmonary fibrosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 741:281-9. [PMID: 25058906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is characterized by epithelial injury, abnormal tissue repair, fibroproliferation and loss of pulmonary function as a result of a complex interaction of multiple cellular and molecular processes. There is accumulating evidence in support of a role for apoptosis in the pathogenesis of interstitial lung diseases. The Bcl-2 (B-cell lymphoma-2) family of proteins, which consists of antiapoptotic and pro-apoptotic members, is a critical regulator for apoptosis and development of pulmonary fibrosis. The association between Bcl-2 family members and various pathways and mediators has been also described in the pulmonary fibrosis. This article reviews the recent advances regarding the roles of Bcl-2 family as the apoptosis-regulatory factors in pulmonary fibrosis from human tissue studies, animal models, ex vivo and in vitro studies. Further understanding of apoptosis signaling regulation through Bcl-2 family proteins in the lung tissue may lead to better design of new therapeutic interventions for pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Safaeian
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jarib Avenue, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Alireza Abed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jarib Avenue, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Golnaz Vaseghi
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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166
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Huang X, Qin J, Lu S. Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate protects hepatic L02 cells from ischemia/reperfusion induced injury. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2014; 7:4755-4764. [PMID: 25197346 PMCID: PMC4152036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a common and major clinical problem complicating liver surgery and transplantation. The pathogenesis underlying IRI is complex, involving a series of signaling mediators and mechanisms. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Magnesium Isoglycyrrhizinate (MgIG) on the changes of oxidant stress and apoptosis induced by IRI in human hepatic L02 cells. L02 cells with IRI were treated with or without MgIG and mitoKATP (Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium) channel modulators. Cell viability was assessed using CCK-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was quantified by flow cytometry. The activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were measured. Effects of MgIG on the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, Caspase 3, PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase), Akt, and ERK in L02 cells with IRI were examined. Our results showed that MgIG treatment significantly reduced the population of apoptotic cells and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins in hepatic L02 cells with IRI. MgIG also counteract ischemia reperfusion induced oxidative challenge as it effectively reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the activities of SOD and GSH-Px. L02 cells treated with MgIG showed increased expression of p-Akt and p-ERK, indicating that the protective effect of MgIG might be associated with the activation of Akt and ERK pathways. Moreover, the addition of Diazoxide (DE), a mitoKATP channel opener, enhanced the cytoprotective activity of MgIG, while the mitoKATP blocker 5-hydroxydecanoate (5-HD) reduced the cytoprotective activity of MgIG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Huang
- Center of Liver Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Jianjie Qin
- Center of Liver Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Sen Lu
- Center of Liver Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, The Key Laboratory of Living Donor Liver Transplantation, Ministry of Health Nanjing 210029, China
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167
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Abstract
Although surfactin is able to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and to induce cancer cell apoptosis, the molecular mechanism responsible for this process remain elusive. In this study, the signaling network underlying the apoptosis of human hepatoma (HepG2) cells induced by surfactin was investigated. It is found that the reaction oxygen species (ROS) production and intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)]i) accumulation are both induced HepG2 cells apoptosis. The [Ca(2+)]i exaltation was partly depended on the Ca(2+) release from inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and ryanodine (Ry) receptors channels, which both triggered endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). The results showed that surfactin induced the ROS production and ROS production led to ERS. The occurrence of ERS increased the [Ca(2+)]i level and the processes associated with blocking extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. According to a comprehensive review of all the evidence, it is concluded that surfactin induces apoptosis of HepG2 cells through a ROS-ERS-Ca(2+) mediated ERK pathway.
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168
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Safa M, Mousavizadeh K, Noori S, Pourfathollah A, Zand H. cAMP protects acute promyelocytic leukemia cells from arsenic trioxide-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 736:115-23. [PMID: 24815320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
More recently, arsenic trioxide (ATO), was integrated into acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) treatment, showing high efficacy and tolerability in patients with both ATRA-sensitive and ATRA-resistant APL. ATO could induce apoptosis at relatively high concentrations (0.5 to 2.0 micromol/L) and partial differentiation at low concentrations (0.1 to 0.5 micromol/L) in leukemic promyelocytes. It is known that cAMP agonists enhance low-dose ATO-induced APL cells differentiation. Less well appreciated was the possible interaction between relatively high-doses of ATO and enhanced levels of cAMP in APL cells. Here, we show that elevation of cAMP levels by forskolin inhibited ATO-mediated apoptosis in APL-derived NB4 cells, and this inhibition could be averted by cell permeable cAMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (14-22) amide. Inactivating phosphorylation of the proapoptotic protein Bad at Ser118 and phosphorylation of the CREB proto-oncogene at Ser133 were observed upon elevation of cAMP levels in NB4 cells. Phosphorylation of these PKA target proteins is known to promote cell survival in AML cells. The ability of cAMP to endow the APL cells with survival advantage is of particular importance when cAMP agonists may be considered as adjuncts to APL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Safa
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Hematology, Faculty of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Kazem Mousavizadeh
- Oncopathology Research Center, and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shekoofeh Noori
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arefeh Pourfathollah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Zand
- National Institute and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Department of Molecular Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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169
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Claro S, Oshiro MEM, Mortara RA, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Pereira GJS, Smaili SS, Ferreira AT. γ-Rays-generated ROS induce apoptosis via mitochondrial and cell cycle alteration in smooth muscle cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2014; 90:914-27. [DOI: 10.3109/09553002.2014.911988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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170
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Yao M, Yang J, Cao L, Zhang L, Qu S, Gao H. Saikosaponin‑d inhibits proliferation of DU145 human prostate cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and arresting the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:365-72. [PMID: 24736800 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Saikosaponin‑d (SSd), a triterpene saponin compound derived from Bupleurum radix, has been shown to have a cytotoxic effect on various cancer cell lines. However, its effect on prostate cancer cells has remained unexplored. The present study reports the apoptosis‑inducing effect of SSd on the DU145 human prostate carcinoma cell line. Treatment with SSd inhibited DU145 cell proliferation in a concentration‑dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis showed that SSd inhibited the proliferation of DU145 cells by induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Further mechanistic experiments demonstrated that SSd arrested the cell cycle at G0/G1 phase via upregulation of p53 and p21 and induced apoptosis by modulating B‑cell lymphoma 2 family proteins, dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c into the cytosol and activation of caspase‑3. In conclusion the present study indicated that SSd induced apoptosis in DU145 cells by the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Therefore, SSd may become a leading candidate drug for the therapy of prostate carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yao
- Department of Pathology, Jilin University Bethune Second Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Yang
- Department of Pathology, Jilin University Bethune Second Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Lanqing Cao
- Department of Pathology, Jilin University Bethune Second Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Lian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Jilin University Bethune Second Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Shanshan Qu
- Department of Pathology, Jilin University Bethune Second Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
| | - Hongwen Gao
- Department of Pathology, Jilin University Bethune Second Hospital, Changchun, Jilin 130041, P.R. China
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171
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Chen L, Gong MW, Peng ZF, Zhou T, Ying MG, Zheng QH, Liu QY, Zhang QQ. The marine fungal metabolite, dicitrinone B, induces A375 cell apoptosis through the ROS-related caspase pathway. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:1939-58. [PMID: 24699111 PMCID: PMC4012433 DOI: 10.3390/md12041939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicitrinone B, a rare carbon-bridged citrinin dimer, was isolated from the marine-derived fungus, Penicillium citrinum. It was reported to have antitumor effects on tumor cells previously; however, the details of the mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we found that dicitrinone B inhibited the proliferation of multiple tumor types. Among them, the human malignant melanoma cell, A375, was confirmed to be the most sensitive. Morphologic evaluation, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis rate analysis results showed that dicitrinone B significantly induced A375 cell apoptosis. Subsequent observation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) reduction revealed that the apoptosis induced by dicitrinone B may be triggered by over-producing ROS. Further studies indicated that the apoptosis was associated with both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways under the regulation of Bcl-2 family proteins. Caspase-9, caspase-8 and caspase-3 were activated during the process, leading to PARP cleavage. The pan-caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD-FMK, could reverse dicitrinone B-induced apoptosis, suggesting that it is a caspase-dependent pathway. Our data for the first time showed that dicitrinone B inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells by inducing cell apoptosis. Moreover, compared with the first-line chemotherapy drug, 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu), dicitrinone B showed much more potent anticancer efficacy, suggesting that it might serve as a potential antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chen
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Mei-Wei Gong
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhen-Fei Peng
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Tong Zhou
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Min-Gang Ying
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China.
| | - Qiu-Hong Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China.
| | - Qin-Ying Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biotherapy, Fujian Provincial Tumor Hospital, Fuzhou 350014, China.
| | - Qi-Qing Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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172
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Protection of ginsenoside Rg1 on chondrocyte from IL-1β-induced mitochondria-activated apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:249-57. [PMID: 24671491 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis is closely related to the development and progression of osteoarthritis. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects cells by antagonizing apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Rg1 on interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Chondrocytes were harvested from the joints of 1-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. After treated with 10 μg/mL Rg1 for 2 h, the chondrocytes were cultured with 10 ng/mL IL-1β to induce cytotoxicity. Cell viability was assessed with MTT assays. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling were used to detect chondrocyte apoptosis. The contents of total Akt, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), Bcl-2, Bax, and cytochrome C (Cyt c) were determined by Western blotting assay. A quantitative colorimetric assay was used to determine caspase-3 activity. Our present findings have shown that pre-treatment of chondrocytes with Rg1 reduces IL-1β induced cytotoxicity/apoptosis. Rg1 pretreatment also decreases the activity of IL-1β that reduces expression of Bcl-2 and level of p-Akt, and increases Bax activity, Cyt c release, and caspase-3 activation. It also reverses the activity of IL-1β that reduces the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression and increased the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase-13, with the net effect of inhibiting extracellular matrix degradation. These results indicate that Rg1 may protect chondrocytes from IL-1β-induced apoptosis via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway, through preventing caspase-3 release.
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173
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Guha P, Bandyopadhyaya G, Polumuri SK, Chumsri S, Gade P, Kalvakolanu DV, Ahmed H. Nicotine promotes apoptosis resistance of breast cancer cells and enrichment of side population cells with cancer stem cell-like properties via a signaling cascade involving galectin-3, α9 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and STAT3. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2014; 145:5-22. [PMID: 24668500 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-014-2912-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine, a main addictive compound in tobacco smoke, has been linked to promotion and progression of lung, head and neck, pancreatic, and breast cancers, but the detailed mechanisms of cancer progression remain elusive. Here, we show that nicotine induces the expression of galectin-3 (an anti-apoptotic β-galactoside-binding lectin) in breast cancer cell line and in primary tumors from breast cancer patients. Nicotine-induced up regulation of galectin-3 is due to an increased expression of α9 isoform of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α9nAChR), which activates transcription factor STAT3 that in turn, physically binds to galectin-3 (LGALS3) promoter and induces transcription of galectin-3. Intracellular galectin-3 increased mitochondrial integrity and suppressed chemotherapeutic-induced apoptosis of breast cancer cell. Moreover, nicotine-induced enrichment of side population cells with cancer stem cell-like properties was modulated by galectin-3 expression and could be significantly reduced by transient knock down of LGALS3 and its upstream signaling molecules STAT3 and α9nAChR. Thus, galectin-3 or its upstream signaling molecule STAT3 or α9nAChR could be a potential target to prevent nicotine-induced chemoresistance in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasun Guha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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174
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Protection of human podocytes from shiga toxin 2-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and apoptosis by human serum amyloid P component. Infect Immun 2014; 82:1872-9. [PMID: 24566618 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01591-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is mainly induced by Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2)-producing Escherichia coli. Proteinuria can occur in the early phase of the disease, and its persistence determines the renal prognosis. Stx2 may injure podocytes and induce proteinuria. Human serum amyloid P component (SAP), a member of the pentraxin family, has been shown to protect against Stx2-induced lethality in mice in vivo, presumably by specific binding to the toxin. We therefore tested the hypothesis that SAP can protect against Stx2-induced injury of human podocytes. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying podocyte injury in HUS-associated proteinuria, we assessed Stx2-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and apoptosis in immortalized human podocytes and evaluated the impact of SAP on Stx2-induced damage. Human podocytes express Stx2-binding globotriaosylceramide 3. Stx2 applied to cultured podocytes was internalized and then activated p38α MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), important signaling steps in cell differentiation and apoptosis. Stx2 also activated caspase 3, resulting in an increased level of apoptosis. Coincubation of podocytes with SAP and Stx2 mitigated the effects of Stx2 and induced upregulation of antiapoptotic Bcl2. These data suggest that podocytes are a target of Stx2 and that SAP protects podocytes against Stx2-induced injury. SAP may therefore be a useful therapeutic option.
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175
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Tsibouris P, Vlachou E, Isaacs PET. Role of chemoprophylaxis with either NSAIDs or statins in patients with Barrett's esophagus. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 2014; 5:27-39. [PMID: 24605249 PMCID: PMC3944467 DOI: 10.4292/wjgpt.v5.i1.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma, a poor prognosis neoplasia, has risen dramatically in recent decades. Barrett's esophagus represents the best-known risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma development. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs through cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition and prostaglandin metabolism regulation could control cell proliferation, increase cell apoptosis and regulate the expression of growth and angiogenic factors. Statins can achieve equivalent effects through prenylation and subsequently control of cellular signaling cascades. At present, epidemiological studies are small and underpowered. Their data could not justify either medication as a chemo-preventive agent. Population based studies have shown a 43% reduction of the odds of developing an esophageal adenocarcinoma, leaving out or stating a 25% reduction in patients consuming non-aspirin nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and a 50% reduction in those patients consuming aspirin. They have also stated a 19% reduction of esophageal cancer incidence when statins have been used. Observational studies have shown that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs could reduce the adenocarcinoma incidence in patients with Barrett's esophagus by 41%, while statins could reduce the risk by 43%. The cancer preventive effect has been enhanced in those patients taking a combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and statins (a 74% decrease). Observational data are equivocal concerning the efficacy of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug subclasses. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs clearly have substantial potential for toxicity, while statins are rather safe drugs. In conclusion, both non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and statins are promising chemopreventive agents and deserve further exploration with interventional studies. In the meanwhile, their use is justified only in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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176
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Jie L, Du H, Huang Q, Wei S, Huang R, Sun W. Tanshinone IIA Induces Apoptosis in Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes in Rheumatoid Arthritis via Blockade of the Cell Cycle in the G2/M Phase and a Mitochondrial Pathway. Biol Pharm Bull 2014; 37:1366-72. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Jie
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Command
- HuaBo Bio-Pharmaceutic Institute of Guangzhou
| | - Hongyan Du
- School of Biotechnology, Southern Medical University
| | - Qingchun Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)
| | - Song Wei
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Command
| | - Runyue Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine (Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine)
| | - Weifeng Sun
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Command
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177
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Yuan X, Li T, Xiao E, Zhao H, Li Y, Fu S, Gan L, Wang Z, Zheng Q, Wang Z. Licochalcone B inhibits growth of bladder cancer cells by arresting cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 65:242-51. [PMID: 24384411 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To examine the mechanisms by which licochalcone B (LCB) inhibits the proliferation of human malignant bladder cancer cell lines (T24 and EJ) in vitro and antitumor activity in vivo in MB49 (murine bladder cancer cell line) tumor model. Exposure of T24 or EJ cells to LCB significantly inhibited cell lines proliferation in a concentration-dependent and time-dependent manner, and resulted in S phase arrest in T24 or EJ cells, respectively. LCB treatment decreased the expression of cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1 and CDK2) mRNA, cell division cycle 25 (Cdc25A and Cdc25B) protein. In addition, LCB treatment down-regulated Bcl-2 and survivin expression, enhanced Bax expression, activated caspase-3 and cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein. Consistently, the tumorigenicity of LCB-treated MB49 cells was limited significantly by using the colony formation assay in vitro and the MB49 tumor model performed in C57BL/6 mice in vivo. These findings provide support for the use of LCB in chemoprevention and bladder cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Yuan
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Li
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China
| | - Erlong Xiao
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, 832002 Shihezi, China
| | - Yongqian Li
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China
| | - Shengjun Fu
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China
| | - Lu Gan
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 730000 Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Life Science School, Yantai University, 264000 Yantai, China
| | - Qiusheng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic Phytomedicine Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, 832002 Shihezi, China; Life Science School, Yantai University, 264000 Yantai, China.
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Institute of Urology, Second Hospital, Lanzhou University, 730030 Lanzhou, China.
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178
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Bradley A, Zheng H, Ziebarth A, Sakati W, Branham-O'Connor M, Blumer JB, Liu Y, Kistner-Griffin E, Rodriguez-Aguayo C, Lopez-Berestein G, Sood AK, Landen CN, Eblen ST. EDD enhances cell survival and cisplatin resistance and is a therapeutic target for epithelial ovarian cancer. Carcinogenesis 2013; 35:1100-9. [PMID: 24379240 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase EDD is overexpressed in recurrent, platinum-resistant ovarian cancers, suggesting a role in tumor survival and/or platinum resistance. EDD knockdown by small interfering RNA (siRNA) induced apoptosis in A2780ip2, OVCAR5 and ES-2 ovarian cancer cells, correlating with loss of the prosurvival protein myeloid cell leukemia sequence 1 (Mcl-1) through a glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta-independent mechanism. SiRNA to EDD or Mcl-1 induced comparable levels of apoptosis in A2780ip2 and ES-2 cells. Stable overexpression of Mcl-1 protected cells from apoptosis following EDD knockdown, accompanied by a loss of endogenous, but not exogenous, Mcl-1 protein, suggesting that EDD regulated Mcl-1 synthesis. Indeed, EDD knockdown induced a 1.87-fold decrease in Mcl-1 messenger RNA and EDD transfection enhanced murine Mcl-1 promoter-driven luciferase expression 5-fold. To separate EDD survival and potential cisplatin resistance functions, we generated EDD shRNA stable cell lines that could survive initial EDD knockdown and showed that these cells were 4- to 21-fold more sensitive to cisplatin. Moreover, transient EDD overexpression in COS-7 cells was sufficient to promote cisplatin resistance 2.4-fold, dependent upon its E3 ligase activity. In vivo, mouse intraperitoneal ES-2 and A2780ip2 xenograft experiments showed that mice treated with EDD siRNA by nanoliposomal delivery [1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phophatidylcholine (DOPC)] and cisplatin had significantly less tumor burden than those treated with control siRNA/DOPC alone (ES-2, 77.9% reduction, P = 0.004; A2780ip2, 75.9% reduction, P = 0.042) or control siRNA/DOPC with cisplatin in ES-2 (64.4% reduction, P = 0.035), with a trend in A2780ip2 (60.3% reduction, P = 0.168). These results identify EDD as a dual regulator of cell survival and cisplatin resistance and suggest that EDD is a therapeutic target for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Bradley
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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179
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Zhang Y, Dou H, Li H, He Z, Wu H. The citrus flavonoid nobiletin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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180
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Different susceptibility of colon cancer DLD-1 and LOVO cell lines to apoptosis induced by DMU-212, a synthetic resveratrol analogue. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:2127-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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181
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Wang W, Yan C, Zhang J, Lin R, Lin Q, Yang L, Ren F, Zhang J, Ji M, Li Y. SIRT1 inhibits TNF-α-induced apoptosis of vascular adventitial fibroblasts partly through the deacetylation of FoxO1. Apoptosis 2013; 18:689-701. [PMID: 23479127 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a NAD(+)-dependent class III histone deacetylase, participates in regulating cellular apoptosis, senescence and metabolism by deacetylating histones and multiple transcription factors. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of SIRT1 on the apoptosis of vascular adventitial fibroblasts (VAFs) and related signaling pathways. SIRT1 was found in the nucleus of VAFs and translocated into the cytoplasm in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Moreover, SIRT1 protein expression was reduced in VAFs stimulated with TNF-α. In addition, TNF-α increased the apoptosis of VAFs. Activation of SIRT1 by resveratrol (RSV) or overexpression of SIRT1 attenuated TNF-α-induced VAF apoptosis by decreasing the percentage of apoptotic cells and cleaved caspase-3 protein expression and increasing the Bcl-2/Bax ratio. In contrast, inhibition of SIRT1 by sirtinol/nicotinamide or knockdown of SIRT1 enhanced apoptosis of VAFs. On the other hand, knockdown of FoxO1 reduced TNF-α-induced VAF apoptosis. SIRT1 interacted with FoxO1 in VAFs by the co-immunoprecipitation assay. Further study showed that RSV or SIRT1 overexpression decreased acetylated-FoxO1 (Ac-FoxO1) protein expression in VAFs stimulated with TNF-α. Knockdown of SIRT1 resulted in an increase in Ac-FoxO1 protein expression. Taken together, these findings indicate that SIRT1 inhibits the apoptosis of VAFs, whereas FoxO1 promotes VAF apoptosis. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of SIRT1 on VAF apoptosis is partly mediated by the deacetylation of FoxO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weirong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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182
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Thompson MR, Xu D, Williams BR. Activating Transcription Factor 3 Contributes to Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Macrophage Survival via Repression ofBaxandBak. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2013; 33:682-93. [DOI: 10.1089/jir.2013.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Thompson
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dakang Xu
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bryan R.G. Williams
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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183
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Yoon DH, Lim MH, Lee YR, Sung GH, Lee TH, Jeon BH, Cho JY, Song WO, Park H, Choi S, Kim TW. A novel synthetic analog of Militarin, MA-1 induces mitochondrial dependent apoptosis by ROS generation in human lung cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2013; 273:659-71. [PMID: 24161344 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2013.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic Militarin analog-1[(2R,3R,4R,5R)-1,6-bis(4-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)phenoxy) hexane-2,3,4,5-tetraol] is a novel derivative of constituents from Cordyceps militaris, which has been used to treat a variety of chronic diseases including inflammation, diabetes, hyperglycemia and cancers. Here, we report for the first time the synthesis of Militarin analog-1 (MA-1) and the apoptotic mechanism of MA-1 against human lung cancer cell lines. Treatment with MA-1 significantly inhibited the viability of 3 human lung cancer cell lines. The inhibition of viability and growth in MA-1-treated A549 cells with an IC50 of 5μM were mediated through apoptosis induction, as demonstrated by an increase in DNA fragmentation, sub-G0/G1-DNA fraction, nuclear condensation, and phosphatidylserine exposure. The apoptotic cell death caused mitochondrial membrane permeabilization through regulation of expression of the Bcl-2 family proteins, leading to cytochrome c release in a time-dependent manner. Subsequently, the final stage of apoptosis, activation of caspase-9/-3 and cleavage of poly (ADP ribose) polymerase, was induced. Furthermore, A549 lung cancer cells were more responsive to MA-1 than a bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B), involving the rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation. The pharmacological inhibition of ROS generation and JNK/p38 MAPK exhibited attenuated DNA fragmentation in MA-1-induced apoptosis. Oral administration of MA-1 also retarded growth of A549 orthotopic xenografts. In conclusion, the present study indicates that the new synthetic derivative MA-1 triggers mitochondrial apoptosis through ROS generation and regulation of MAPKs and may be a potent therapeutic agent against human lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok Hyo Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Republic of Korea
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184
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Su WT, Shih YA, Ko CS. Effect of chitosan conduit under a dynamic culture on the proliferation and neural differentiation of human exfoliated deciduous teeth stem cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2013; 10:507-17. [DOI: 10.1002/term.1783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ta Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yi-An Shih
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; National Taipei University of Technology; Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chih-Sheng Ko
- PhytoHealth Corporation; Maywufa Biopharma Group; Taipei Taiwan
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185
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Singh AK, Jiang Y, Gupta S, Younus M, Ramzan M. Anti-Inflammatory Potency of Nano-Formulated Puerarin and Curcumin in Rats Subjected to the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation. J Med Food 2013; 16:899-911. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K. Singh
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Yin Jiang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Shveta Gupta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Mohamod Younus
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
| | - Mohamod Ramzan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota
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186
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Induction of apoptosis in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells using 2′,4′-Dihydroxy-6′-methoxy-3′,5′-dimethylchalcone, a chalcone from buds of Cleistocalyx operculatus. Food Sci Biotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-013-0232-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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187
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Choi JK, Kim KH, Park SR, Choi BH. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor shows anti-apoptotic activity via the PI3K-NF-κB-HIF-1α-survivin pathway in mouse neural progenitor cells. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:724-33. [PMID: 24022164 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8550-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is a hematopoietic cytokine that plays a crucial role in regulating the proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic cells. Recent studies have shown that GM-CSF also has anti-apoptotic effects and regulates the expression of anti-apoptotic genes including Bcl-2 family proteins in neuronal cells in vitro and in vivo. However, the mechanism underlying the anti-apoptotic function of GM-CSF is not well understood. In the present work, we examined the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)-AKT signal pathway in the anti-apoptotic activity of GM-CSF in mouse neural progenitor cells (NPCs). In terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, the anti-apoptotic effect of GM-CSF (apoptotic population of approximately 8.17 %) on staurosporine-induced apoptosis of NPCs (31.09 %) was significantly blocked by LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K signal (24.04 %). We found that the PI3K-AKT signal pathway induced by GM-CSF treatment activated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and increased the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in normoxic conditions. Analyses using specific small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) showed that NF-κB was an upstream molecule of HIF-1α and activated its expression at the mRNA level. Further analyses using the siRNAs and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed that HIF-1α was responsible for the induced expression of survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Each of the specific siRNAs for NF-κB, HIF-1α, and survivin inhibited significantly the anti-apoptotic activity of GM-CSF on the staurosporine-induced apoptosis in NPCs in TUNEL assays. The results of this study showed the downstream signals and mechanism of PI3K/AKT-mediated anti-apoptotic activity of GM-CSF in NPCs, particularly revealing the role of the NF-κB-HIF-1α-survivin cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Kyoung Choi
- Department of Physiology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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188
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Li WY, Chan RYK, Yu PHF, Chan SW. Emodin induces cytotoxic effect in human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell through modulating the expression of apoptosis-related genes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:1175-1181. [PMID: 23763280 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.782322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The poor prognostic outcome of breast cancer is largely due to its resistance to cancer therapies. Development of therapeutic agents that can inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in breast cancer cells can help solve the problem. Emodin is an active anthraquinone that has been reported to have diverse biological effects. OBJECTIVE In this study, the anticancer effects of emodin on growth inhibition, apoptosis induction and the expression of apoptosis-related genes in MCF-7 cells were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Growth inhibition induced by emodin was investigated by the MTS assay and the colony formation assay; while emodin-induced apoptosis was determined by the COMET assay and DNA fragmentation detection. Emodin (35 μM)-induced alterations in the expression of apoptotic-related genes were detected by using real-time PCR. RESULTS Emodin had significant growth inhibitory effects on MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ = 7.22 µg/ml (∼30 μM). It also exerted a concentration-dependant inhibitory effect on the colony-forming ability of MCF-7 cells with IC₅₀ = 7.60 µg/ml (∼30 µM). Hallmarks of apoptosis, such as single-strand DNA breakage and DNA fragmentation, were observed in emodin-treated MCF-7 cells. The gene expression of Fas ligand (FASL) was up-regulated (p < 0.01) but those of MCL1, CCND1 and C-MYC were down-regulated (p < 0.05) in emodin-treated MCF-7 cells. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION This study indicated that emodin could induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in MCF-7 cells through the modulation of the expression of apoptosis-related genes. The growth inhibitory effects of emodin might involve both the intrinsic and the extrinsic apoptotic pathways and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing-Yan Li
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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189
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Raddeanin A induces human gastric cancer cells apoptosis and inhibits their invasion in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 439:196-202. [PMID: 23988447 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Raddeanin A is one of the triterpenoid saponins in herbal medicine Anemone raddeana Regel which was reported to suppress the growth of liver and lung cancer cells. However, little was known about its effect on gastric cancer (GC) cells. This study aimed to investigate its inhibitory effect on three kinds of different differentiation stage GC cells (BGC-823, SGC-7901 and MKN-28) in vitro and the possible mechanisms. Proliferation assay and flow cytometry demonstrated Raddeanin A's dose-dependent inhibitory effect and determined its induction of cells apoptosis, respectively. Transwell assay, wounding heal assay and cell matrix adhesion assay showed that Raddeanin A significantly inhibited the abilities of the invasion, migration and adhesion of the BGC-823 cells. Moreover, quantitative real time PCR and Western blot analysis found that Raddeanin A increased Bax expression while reduced Bcl-2, Bcl-xL and Survivin expressions and significantly activated caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9 and poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). Besides, Raddeanin A could also up-regulate the expression of reversion inducing cysteine rich protein with Kazal motifs (RECK), E-cadherin (E-cad) and down-regulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, MMP-14 and Rhoc. In conclusion, Raddeanin A inhibits proliferation of human GC cells, induces their apoptosis and inhibits the abilities of invasion, migration and adhesion, exhibiting potential to become antitumor drug.
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190
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Zhou L, Guo X, Chen M, Fu S, Zhou J, Ren G, Yang Z, Fan W. Inhibition of δ-opioid receptors induces brain glioma cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial and protein kinase C pathways. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:1351-1357. [PMID: 24179523 PMCID: PMC3813693 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain glioma is a malignant tumor with a high incidence rate and poor prognosis that has become a focus of studies of central nervous system diseases. Previous studies have suggested that δ-opioid receptors may affect the proliferation and apoptosis of numerous types of tumor cells. However, to date, their precise mechanism(s) of action have not been elucidated. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of inhibiting δ-opioid receptors in brain glioma cell proliferation and apoptosis and their relevant molecular mechanisms. Various doses of naltrindole were supplied to treat brain glioma cells using the MTT method to assess the proliferation index. Flow cytometry was used to investigate the changes in cell apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential. The expression levels of Bax, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cytochrome c, caspase-9, caspase-3 and protein kinase C (PKC) were measured using western blotting. Naltrindole was observed to inhibit brain glioma cell proliferation and promote apoptosis in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the addition of naltrindole lead to changes in the brain glioma cell membrane potential and regulated Bax translocation to the mitochondrial membrane, consequently promoting the release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm, followed by the activation of caspase-9 and -3, which caused cell apoptosis. In addition, naltrindole was able to regulate the expression levels of the cellular internal phosphorylated PKC proteins, which are closely associated with the inhibition of cell proliferation. In conclusion, the inhibition of δ-opioid receptors may inhibit brain glioma cell proliferation and lead to apoptosis, which is closely associated with the mitochondrial and PKC pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, P.R. China
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191
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Kuo KL, Lin WC, Ho IL, Chang HC, Lee PY, Chung YT, Hsieh JT, Pu YS, Shi CS, Huang KH. 2-methoxyestradiol induces mitotic arrest, apoptosis, and synergistic cytotoxicity with arsenic trioxide in human urothelial carcinoma cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68703. [PMID: 23967052 PMCID: PMC3742604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME), an endogenous derivative of 17β-estradiol, has been reported to elicit antiproliferative responses in various tumors. In this study, we investigated the effects of 2-ME on cell viability, proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis in human urothelial carcinoma (UC) cell lines. We used two high-grade human bladder UC cell lines (NTUB1 and T24). After treatment with 2-ME, the cell viability and apoptosis were measured by MTT assay and flow cytometry (fluorescence-activated cell sorting), with annexin V-FITC staining and propidium iodide (PI) labeling. DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. Flow cytometry with PI labeling was used for the cell cycle analyses. The protein levels of caspase activations, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage, phospho-histone H2A.X, phospho-Bad, and cell cycle regulatory molecules were measured by Western blot. The effects of the drug combinations were analyzed using the computer software, CalcuSyn. We demonstrated that 2-ME effectively induces dose-dependent cytotoxicity and apoptosis in human UC cells after 24 h exposure. DNA fragmentation, PARP cleavage, and caspase-3, 7, 8, 9 activations can be observed with 2-ME-induced apoptosis. The decreased phospho-Bad (Ser136 and Ser155) and mitotic arrest of the cell cycle in the process of apoptosis after 2-ME treatment was remarkable. In response to mitotic arrest, the mitotic forms of cdc25C, phospho-cdc2, cyclin B1, and phospho-histone H3 (Ser10) were activated. In combination with arsenic trioxide (As2O3), 2-ME elicited synergistic cytotoxicity (combination index <1) in UC cells. We concluded that 2-ME significantly induces apoptosis through decreased phospho-Bad and arrests bladder UC cells at the mitotic phase. The synergistic antitumor effect with As2O3 provides a novel implication in clinical treatment of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Lin Kuo
- Department of Urology, National Taiwan University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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192
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Tykwinska K, Lauster R, Knaus P, Rosowski M. Growth and differentiation factor 3 induces expression of genes related to differentiation in a model of cancer stem cells and protects them from retinoic acid-induced apoptosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70612. [PMID: 23950971 PMCID: PMC3741270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Misexpression of growth factors, particularly those related to stem cell-like phenotype, is often observed in several cancer types. It has been found to influence parameters of disease progression like cell proliferation, differentiation, maintenance of undifferentiated phenotype and modulation of the immune system. GDF3 is a TGFB family member associated with pluripotency and differentiation during embryonic development that has been previously reported to be re-expressed in a number of cancer types. However, its role in tumor development and progression has not been clarified yet. In this study we decipher the role of GDF3 in an in vitro model of cancer stem cells, NCCIT cells. By classical approach to study protein function combined with high-throughput technique for transcriptome analysis and differentiation assays we evaluated GDF3 as a potential therapeutic target. We observed that GDF3 robustly induces a panel of genes related to differentiation, including several potent tumor suppressors, without impacting the proliferative capacity. Moreover, we report for the first time the protective effect of GDF3 against retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in cells with stem cell-like properties. Our study implies that blocking of GDF3 combined with retinoic acid-treatment of solid cancers is a compelling direction for further investigations, which can lead to re-design of cancer differentiation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Tykwinska
- Institute of Medical Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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193
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Rasul A, Di J, Millimouno FM, Malhi M, Tsuji I, Ali M, Li J, Li X. Reactive oxygen species mediate isoalantolactone-induced apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells. Molecules 2013; 18:9382-96. [PMID: 23921797 PMCID: PMC6270412 DOI: 10.3390/molecules18089382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoalantolactone, a medicinal plant-derived natural compound, is known to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. However, its effect on apoptosis in prostate cancer cells has not been addressed. Thus, we examined the effects of isoalantolactone on prostate cancer cells. It was found that isoalantolactone inhibits growth of both androgen-sensitive (LNCaP) as well as androgen-independent (PC3 and DU-145) prostate cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, our results indicate that isoalantolactone-induced apoptosis in prostate cancer PC3 cells is associated with the generation of ROS and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm). In addition, isoalantolactone triggers apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via up-regulation of Bax, down-regulation of Bcl-2, survivin, and significant activation of caspase-3. Isoalantolactone-induced apoptosis is markedly abrogated when the cells were pretreated with N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a specific ROS inhibitor, suggesting that the apoptosis-inducing effect of isoalantolactone in prostate cancer cells is mediated by reactive oxygen species. These findings indicate that isoalantolactone induces reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via a novel mechanism involving inhibition of survivin and provide the rationale for further in vivo and preclinical investigation of isoalantolactone against human prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azhar Rasul
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
- Dental Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Jun Di
- Jilin Province People’s Hospital, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Faya Martin Millimouno
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Mahadev Malhi
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Ichiro Tsuji
- Department of Public Health, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8576, Japan
| | - Muhammad Ali
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Jiang Li
- Dental Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Epigenetics of MOE, Institute of Genetics and Cytology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
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194
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Peng Z, Liu M, Fang Z, Chen L, Wu J, Zhang Q. In vitro antiproliferative effect of a water-soluble Laminaria japonica polysaccharide on human melanoma cell line A375. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:56-60. [PMID: 23612001 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A water-soluble polysaccharide WPS-2-1, purified from Laminaria japonica, has been found to have antitumor activity. In this study, WPS-2-1 exhibited high anti-proliferative activity on A375 cells in a dosedependent manner. Further investigation indicated that WPS-2-1 induced A375 cells apoptosis. Moreover, WPS-2-1-induced apoptosis was associated with the alteration in expressions of Bcl-2 family proteins. Mitochonadrial apoptotic pathway was involved in WPS-2-1-induced apoptosis, which included the loss of mitochondrial membrane and activation of caspase-3/9. The results in this study suggested that WPS-2-1 could effectively inhibit proliferation of A375 cells in vitro and induce apoptosis via mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. It might serve as a potential antitumor agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Peng
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, China
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195
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Isoalantolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone, induces apoptosis in SGC-7901 cells via mitochondrial and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathways. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 36:1262-9. [PMID: 23881702 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Isoalantolactone, a sesquiterpene lactone, possesses anti-fungal as well as cytotoxic properties. In this study, the effects of Isoalantolactone on cell viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis were investigated in human gastric adenocarcinoma SGC-7901 cells. The results demonstrated that Isoalantolactone induced morphological changes and decreased cell viability. Subsequently, we found that Isoalantolactone induced G2/M and S phase arrest, which was associated with a decrease in the expression level of cyclin B1. Apoptosis triggered by Isoalantolactone was visualized using propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Isoalantolactone-induced apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells was associated with the dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m) that was due to the down-regulation of Bcl-2 and up-regulation of Bax that led to the cleavage of caspase-3. Additionally, it was found that Isoalantolactone was involved in the inhibition of phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt. Isoalantolactone-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis of SGC-7901 cells involve mitochondria-caspase and PI3K/Akt dependent pathways, which gives the rationale for in vivo studies on the utilization of Isoalantolactone as a potential cancer therapeutic compound.
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196
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Wang A, Zhang B, Zhang J, Wu W, Wu W. Embelin-induced brain glioma cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via the mitochondrial pathway. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2473-8. [PMID: 23545899 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain glioma is the most common malignant intracranial tumor and has become the focus of research on diseases of the central nervous system due to its high incidence and poor prognosis. As a small‑molecule inhibitor of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), embelin has the ability to specifically inhibit XIAP to control and regulate the apoptosis of various types of tumor cells. However, to date, the mechanism of action for this effect is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the role that the mitochondrial pathway plays in embelin-induced brain glioma cell apoptosis and the effect of embelin on the cell cycle. Brain glioma cells were treated with different doses of embelin. The MTT method was used to determine cell proliferation, and flow cytometry was used to determine apoptosis, as well as changes in the cell cycle and cell mitochondrial membrane potential. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the expression levels of apoptosis‑associated proteins, Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bax and Bak as well as cytochrome c. We found that embelin induced a time‑ and dose‑dependent apoptosis of brain glioma cells, and that it could arrest the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. Embelin also caused changes in brain glioma cell mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, embelin regulated the shifting of Bax and Bcl-2 to promote the mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, thus activating the caspase proteins to cause apoptosis. Thus, embelin induces apoptosis in brain glioma cells which is closely associated with the mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Neurology, Central Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang 473009, PR China
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197
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Song J, Liu L, Li L, Liu J, Song E, Song Y. Protective effects of lipoic acid and mesna on cyclophosphamide-induced haemorrhagic cystitis in mice. Cell Biochem Funct 2013; 32:125-32. [PMID: 23650119 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The protective roles of lipoic acid (LA)/vitamin C (VC) and mesna on preventing cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced haemorrhagic cystitis (HC) were investigated. Swiss mice were divided into five groups randomly. HC was induced by a single dose of CYP injection (150-mg kg(-1) bodyweight). Group I was injected with saline (four times in total) throughout as control group. Group II received CYP and three equal doses of saline. Group III received CYP and three doses of mesna, whereas Group IV (or Group V) received CYP, mesna + two doses of VC (or LA). All injections were performed intraperitoneally. After 24 h of cystitis induction, the bladders were collected for all the experiments. Histological characterization showed that CYP injection resulted in severe HC. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances' levels were increased in CYP group. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, e.g. superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase, were inhibited significantly in CYP groups, respectively. In addition, activation of c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) may be involved in the mechanism of CYP-induced HC but not extracellular signal regulated kinases (ERK). Significant suppression of p38 phosphorylation on Group V suggests that LA and mesna may have synergistic beneficial effect. In Groups III-V, all the parameters of HC and oxidative stress were inhibited significantly. Taking together, we found that these results illustrated that ROS play an important role on CYP-induced HC and the administration of LA/VC with mesna may have therapeutic potential against CYP-induced bladder HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Song
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Real-Time Analysis, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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198
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Kalpana Deepa Priya D, Gayathri R, Gunassekaran GR, Murugan S, Sakthisekaran D. Apoptotic role of natural isothiocyanate from broccoli (Brassica oleracea italica) in experimental chemical lung carcinogenesis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:621-628. [PMID: 23373711 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2012.761242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sulforaphane (SFN) [1-isothiocyanato-4-(methylsulfinyl)butane] is a naturally occurring isothiocyanate found in cruciferous vegetables such as broccoli [Brassica oleracea L. var. italica Plenck. (Brassicaceae)]. Since it is among the most potent bioactive components with antioxidant and antitumor properties, it has received intense attention in the recent years for its chemopreventive properties. OBJECTIVE The present work determined the rehabilitating role in alleviating the oxidative damage caused by benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] to biomolecules and the apoptotic cascade mediated by orally administered isothiocyanate-SFN (9 µmol/mouse/day) against B(a)P (100 mg/kg body weight, i.p.) induced pulmonary carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oxidative damage was assessed by measuring lipid peroxidation, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, glycoprotein components, protein carbonyl levels and DNA-protein crosslinks. DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis and caspase-3 activity by ELISA proved apoptotic induction by SFN along with the protein expression of Bcl-2, Bax and Cyt c. RESULTS SFN treatment was found to decrease the H2O2 production (p < 0.001) in cancer induced animals, proving its antioxidant potential. Apoptosis was induced by increasing the release of Cyt c (p < 0.001) from mitochondria, decreasing and increasing the expression of Bcl-2 (p < 0.01) and Bax (p < 0.001), respectively. Caspase-3 activity was also enhanced (p < 0.001) which leads to DNA fragmentation in SFN treated groups. CONCLUSION Our results reflect the rehabilitating role of SFN in B(a)P induced lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kalpana Deepa Priya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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199
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Cardiomyocyte apoptosis in ischaemia-reperfusion due to the exogenous oxidants at the time of reperfusion. Cell Biol Int 2013; 36:1207-15. [PMID: 22994946 DOI: 10.1042/cbi20120080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Various studies performed on different models have demonstrated that apoptosis occurs in ischaemic-reperfused myocardium in vivo; however, the individual contribution of ischaemia and reperfusion to CMC (cardiomyocyte) apoptosis remains uncertain. We have determined the main inducer of CMC apoptosis in ischaemia-reperfusion by exposing CMCs to either 30 min ischaemia followed by reperfusion or to 25-OH-cholesterol (25-hydroxycholesterol) for 1-3 days. Both ischaemia-reperfusion and exogenous oxidants increased the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, a favourable effect for the apoptotic process. However, apoptosis was not observed in ischaemic CMCs in the absence of reperfusion. Moreover, reperfusion after 30 min ischaemia did not make an important contribution to CMC apoptosis in culture in terms of caspase 3 activation. In contrast, 25-OH-cholesterol promoted CMC apoptosis by a caspase 3-dependent mechanism that involved the transcriptional activation of the pro-apoptotic protein, Bax and post-translational degradation of the anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2. From these results, we conclude that CMC apoptosis is not induced by ischaemia per se, but by the oxidants from the surrounding environment at the time of reperfusion. These exogenous oxidants exacerbate the alterations induced by ischaemia and complete the apoptotic process at the time when ATP and glucose levels are restored.
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200
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Li ZL, Hu J, Li YL, Xue F, Zhang L, Xie JQ, Liu ZH, Li H, Yi DH, Liu JC, Wang SW. The effect of hyperoside on the functional recovery of the ischemic/reperfused isolated rat heart: potential involvement of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signaling pathway. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 57:132-40. [PMID: 23291593 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the leading causes of death in the world is ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-mediated acute myocardial infarction. There are a lot of Chinese traditional patent medicines, such as Xin'an capsules, Xin Xuening tablets, and so on, which have protective effects against myocardial I/R injury and have been routinely used in treating cardiac diseases for a long time in China. Hyperoside (Hyp) is the chief component of these medicines. This study investigated the action of Hyp in isolated myocardial I/R injury, as well as its possible mechanisms. Using the Langendorff model, isolated Sprague-Dawley rat hearts were subjected to 30 min of global ischemia and 50 min of reperfusion. Cardiac function was measured, and infarct size was evaluated by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at the end of the reperfusion. Coronary effluent was analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK). Myocardium was also measured for total superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) was analyzed by Western blotting. We report for the first time that administration of Hyp before/after I/R significantly improved heart contraction and limited the infarct size and CK and LDH leakage from the damaged myocardium after I/R. The activity of SOD and the MDA content remarkably changed in the presence of Hyp as well. Phosphorylation of ERK was significantly increased in Hyp-treated hearts compared to controls (p<0.01). Hyp-induced ERK phosphorylation was inhibited by PD98059. We therefore conclude that Hyp can protect cardiomyocytes from I/R-induced oxidative stress through the activation of ERK-dependent signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-lin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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