151
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Cheng Z, She Y. The effects of autobiographical memory and visual perspective on working memory. Memory 2018; 26:913-921. [PMID: 29575976 DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2018.1455874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The present research aims to explore whether recalling and writing about autobiographical memory from different perspectives (first-person perspective vs. third-person perspective) could affect cognitive function. The participants first performed a working memory task to evaluate their working memory capacity as a baseline and then were instructed to recall (Study 1) or write about (Study 2) personal events (failures vs. successes) from the first-person perspective or the third-person perspective. Finally, they performed the working memory task again. The results suggested that autobiographical memory and perspective influence working memory interactively. When recalling a success, the participants who recalled from the third-person perspective performed better than those who recalled from the first-person perspective on the working memory capacity task; when recalling a failure, the opposite was true.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghu Cheng
- a Department of Psychology , Zhenjiang College , Zhenjiang , People's Republic of China
| | - Yugui She
- b Department of Psychology , Jiangxi Vocational College of Mechanical & Electrical Technology , Nanchang , People's Republic of China
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152
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Dufner M, Gebauer JE, Sedikides C, Denissen JJA. Self-Enhancement and Psychological Adjustment: A Meta-Analytic Review. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2018. [PMID: 29534642 DOI: 10.1177/1088868318756467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article advances the debate about costs and benefits of self-enhancement (the tendency to maintain unrealistically positive self-views) with a comprehensive meta-analytic review (299 samples, N = 126,916). The review considers relations between self-enhancement and personal adjustment (life satisfaction, positive affect, negative affect, depression), and between self-enhancement and interpersonal adjustment (informant reports of domain-general social valuation, agency, communion). Self-enhancement was positively related to personal adjustment, and this relation was robust across sex, age, cohort, and culture. Important from a causal perspective, self-enhancement had a positive longitudinal effect on personal adjustment. The relation between self-enhancement and interpersonal adjustment was nuanced. Self-enhancement was positively related to domain-general social valuation at 0, but not long, acquaintance. Communal self-enhancement was positively linked to informant judgments of communion, whereas agentic self-enhancement was linked positively to agency but negatively to communion. Overall, the results suggest that self-enhancement is beneficial for personal adjustment but a mixed blessing for interpersonal adjustment.
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153
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McKee RA, Lee YT, Atwater L, Antonakis J. Effects of personality and gender on self-other agreement in ratings of leadership. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/joop.12209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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154
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Discrepancies in Leader and Follower Ratings of Transformational Leadership: Relationship with Organizational Culture in Mental Health. ADMINISTRATION AND POLICY IN MENTAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2018; 44:480-491. [PMID: 26164567 DOI: 10.1007/s10488-015-0672-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The role of leadership in the management and delivery of health and allied health services is often discussed but lacks empirical research. Discrepancies are often found between leaders' self-ratings and followers' ratings of the leader. To our knowledge no research has examined leader-follower discrepancies and their association with organizational culture in mental health clinics. The current study examines congruence, discrepancy, and directionality of discrepancy in relation to organizational culture in 38 mental health teams (N = 276). Supervisors and providers completed surveys including ratings of the supervisor transformational leadership and organizational culture. Polynomial regression and response surface analysis models were computed examining the associations of leadership discrepancy and defensive organizational culture and its subscales. Discrepancies between supervisor and provider reports of transformational leadership were associated with a more negative organizational culture. Culture suffered more where supervisors rated themselves more positively than providers, in contrast to supervisors rating themselves lower than the provider ratings of the supervisor. Leadership and leader discrepancy should be a consideration in improving organizational culture and for strategic initiatives such as quality of care and the implementation and sustainment of evidence-based practice.
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155
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Özbek M, Bohn A, Berntsen D. Why do I think and talk about it? Perceived functions and phenomenology of episodic counterfactual thinking compared with remembering and future thinking. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2018; 71:2101-2114. [DOI: 10.1177/1747021817738731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
People revisit situations from their past and imagine what could have happened had the situation played out differently. This form of hypothetical thinking is known as episodic counterfactual thinking. The reasons why people engage in episodic counterfactual thinking have not been examined in the same context with remembering the past and imagining the future. We addressed this gap, by focusing on the perceived functions and phenomenological characteristics of the most important episodic counterfactuals compared with episodic memories and future projections in younger adults. We base our analyses on four categories of functions previously identified for past events: reflective, social, generative, and ruminative. The reflective and social functions dominated across all events, with the reflective function being most pronounced for future projections, potentially suggesting a close connection between future projections and self-regulation and/or identity formation. Counter to predictions, the ruminative function was not rated higher for episodic counterfactuals than for other events; however, ratings of ruminative function showed unique correlations with the emotional intensity and involuntary remembering for episodic counterfactuals. Overall, these results suggest that episodic counterfactuals are used for self-reflection and social sharing more than they are used for rumination and generative concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müge Özbek
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Annette Bohn
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Berntsen
- Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
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156
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157
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Green JD, Sedikides C, Van Tongeren DR, Behler AMC, Barber JM. Self-enhancement, righteous anger, and moral grandiosity. SELF AND IDENTITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2017.1419504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D. Green
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | | | - Anna M. C. Behler
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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158
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Moore JSB, Smith M. Children’s levels of contingent self-esteem and social and emotional outcomes. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY IN PRACTICE 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/02667363.2017.1411786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marjorie Smith
- UCL Institute of Education, Thomas Coram Research Unit, London, UK
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159
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Elvers P, Steffens J. The Sound of Success: Investigating Cognitive and Behavioral Effects of Motivational Music in Sports. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2026. [PMID: 29209257 PMCID: PMC5702473 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Listening to music before, during, or after sports is a common phenomenon, yet its functions and effects on performance, cognition, and behavior remain to be investigated. In this study we present a novel approach to the role of music in sports and exercise that focuses on the notion of musical self-enhancement (Elvers, 2016). We derived the following hypotheses from this framework: listening to motivational music will (i) enhance self-evaluative cognition, (ii) improve performance in a ball game, and (iii) evoke greater risk-taking behavior. To evaluate the hypotheses, we conducted a between-groups experiment (N = 150) testing the effectiveness of both an experimenter playlist and a participant-selected playlist in comparison to a no-music control condition. All participants performed a ball-throwing task developed by Decharms and Davé (1965), consisting of two parts: First, participants threw the ball from fixed distances into a funnel basket. During this task, performance was measured. In the second part, the participants themselves chose distances from the basket, which allowed their risk-taking behavior to be assessed. The results indicate that listening to motivational music led to greater risk taking but did not improve ball-throwing performance. This effect was more pronounced in male participants and among those who listened to their own playlists. Furthermore, self-selected music enhanced state self-esteem in participants who were performing well but not in those who were performing poorly. We also discuss further implications for the notion of musical self-enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Elvers
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Steffens
- Audio Communication Group, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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160
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Veneziani CA, Fuochi G, Voci A. Self-compassion as a healthy attitude toward the self: Factorial and construct validity in an Italian sample. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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161
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Smith EB, Chae H. The Effect of Organizational Atypicality on Reference Group Selection and Performance Evaluation. ORGANIZATION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1287/orsc.2017.1154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Bishop Smith
- Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Heewon Chae
- W. P. Carey School of Business, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281
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162
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Flagan T, Mumford JA, Beer JS. How Do You See Me? The Neural Basis of Motivated Meta-perception. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:1908-1917. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We cannot see the minds of others, yet people often spontaneously interpret how they are viewed by other people (i.e., meta-perceptions) and often in a self-flattering manner. Very little is known about the neural associations of meta-perceptions, but a likely candidate is the ventromedial pFC (VMPFC). VMPFC has been associated with both self- and other-perception as well as motivated self-perception. Does this function extend to meta-perceptions? The current study examined neural activity while participants made meta-perceptive interpretations in various social scenarios. A drift-diffusion model was used to test whether the VMPFC is associated with two processes involved in interpreting meta-perceptions in a self-flattering manner: the extent to which the interpretation process involves the preferential accumulation of evidence in favor of a self-flattering interpretation versus the extent to which the interpretation process begins with an expectation that favors a self-flattering outcome. Increased VMPFC activity was associated with the extent to which people preferentially accumulate information when interpreting meta-perceptions under ambiguous conditions and marginally associated with self-flattering meta-perceptions. Together, the present findings illuminate the neural underpinnings of a social cognitive process that has received little attention to date: how we make meaning of others' minds when we think those minds are pointed at us.
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163
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Hughes BL, Zaki J, Ambady N. Motivation alters impression formation and related neural systems. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2017; 12:49-60. [PMID: 27798250 PMCID: PMC5390749 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Observers frequently form impressions of other people based on complex or conflicting information. Rather than being objective, these impressions are often biased by observers’ motives. For instance, observers often downplay negative information they learn about ingroup members. Here, we characterize the neural systems associated with biased impression formation. Participants learned positive and negative information about ingroup and outgroup social targets. Following this information, participants worsened their impressions of outgroup, but not ingroup, targets. This tendency was associated with a failure to engage neural structures including lateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, temporoparietal junction, Insula and Precuneus when processing negative information about ingroup (but not outgroup) targets. To the extent that participants engaged these regions while learning negative information about ingroup members, they exhibited less ingroup bias in their impressions. These data are consistent with a model of ‘effortless bias’, under which perceivers fail to process goal-inconsistent information in order to maintain desired conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent L Hughes
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA and.,Department of Psychology, University of California Riverside, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jamil Zaki
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA and
| | - Nalini Ambady
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA and
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164
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Abstract
The present study investigates functions of personal and vicarious life stories focusing on identity and empathy. Two-hundred-and-forty Danish high school students completed two life story questionnaires: one for their personal life story and one for a close other's life story. In both questionnaires, they identified up to 10 chapters and self-rated the chapters on valence and valence of causal connections. In addition, they completed measures of identity disturbance and empathy. More positive personal life stories were related to lower identity disturbance and higher empathy. Vicarious life stories showed a similar pattern with respect to identity but surprisingly were unrelated to empathy. In addition, we found positive correlations between personal and vicarious life stories for number of chapters, chapter valence, and valence of causal connections. The study indicates that both personal and vicarious life stories may contribute to identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majse Lind
- a Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
| | - Dorthe Kirkegaard Thomsen
- a Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences , Center on Autobiographical Memory Research (CON AMORE), Aarhus University , Aarhus , Denmark
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165
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Zhang T, Xi S, Jin Y, Wu Y. Self-Construal Priming Modulates Self-Evaluation under Social Threat. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1759. [PMID: 29081755 PMCID: PMC5645819 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Westerners evaluate themselves in an especially flattering way when faced with a social-evaluative threat. The current study first investigated whether East Asians also have a similar pattern by recruiting Chinese participants and using social-evaluative threat manipulations in which participants perform self-evaluation tasks while adopting different social-evaluative feedbacks (Experiment 1). Then further examined whether the different response patterns can be modulated by different types of self-construal by using social-evaluative threat manipulations in conjunction with a self-construal priming task (Experiment 2). The results showed that, as opposed to Westerners' pattern, Chinese participants rated themselves as having significantly greater above-average effect only when faced with the nonthreatening feedback but not the social-evaluative threat. More importantly, we found that self-construal modulated the self-evaluation under social-evaluative threat: following independent self-construal priming, participants tended to show a greater above-average effect when faced with a social-evaluative threat. However, this pattern in conjunction with a social threat disappeared after participants received interdependent self-construal priming or neutral priming. These findings suggest that the effects of social-evaluative threat on self-evaluation are not culturally universal and is strongly modulated by self-construal priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyang Zhang
- School of Public Health and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sisi Xi
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Jin
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhong Wu
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,MOE Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, Peking University, Beijing, China
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166
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Xiao Q, Yue C, He W, Yu JY. The Mindful Self: A Mindfulness-Enlightened Self-view. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1752. [PMID: 29081754 PMCID: PMC5645519 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper analyzes studies of mindfulness and the self, with the aim of deepening our understanding of the potential benefits of mindfulness and meditation for mental health and well-being. Our review of empirical research reveals that positive changes in attitudes toward the self and others as a result of mindfulness-enabled practices can play an important role in modulating many mental and physical health problems. Accordingly, we introduce a new concept-the "mindful self"-and compare it with related psychological constructs to describe the positive changes in self-attitude associated with mindfulness meditation practices or interventions. The mindful self is conceptualized as a mindfulness-enlightened self-view and attitude developed by internalizing and integrating the essence of Buddhist psychology into one's self-system. We further posit that the mindful self will be an important intermediary between mindfulness intervention and mental health problems, and an important moderator in promoting well-being. More generally, we suggest that the mindful self may also be an applicable concept with which to describe and predict the higher level of self-development of those who grow up in the culture of Buddhism or regularly engage in meditation over a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianguo Xiao
- Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
- School of Education, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Caizhen Yue
- Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Weijie He
- Laboratory of Emotion and Mental Health, Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-yuan Yu
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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167
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Holm T, Thomsen DK. Self-Event Connections in Life Stories, Self-Concept Clarity, and Dissociation: Examining Their Relations with Symptoms of Psychopathology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0276236617733839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Constructing a coherent life story through the formation of self-event connections may help maintain unity in the self. We examined how positive and negative self-event connections were related to symptoms of psychopathology when controlling for two other measures of self-unity: self-concept clarity and dissociation. While most studies of life stories use content coding, we used a self-report method and hence provide a rationale for this method. One hundred five young adults identified life story chapters and rated them on self-event connections, including questions of positive or negative self-change and self-stability connections. They also completed scales measuring self-concept clarity, dissociation, and symptoms. Higher ratings of positive and lower ratings of negative self-event connections in life stories were related to fewer symptoms of psychopathology. Positive self-change was related to fewer symptoms when controlling for self-concept clarity and dissociation. The results suggest that positive and negative self-event connections are differentially related to symptoms of psychopathology. In addition, the results indicate that self-report measures of life stories may be a useful supplement to coding of narratives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Holm
- Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark
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168
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Schmader T, Sedikides C. State Authenticity as Fit to Environment: The Implications of Social Identity for Fit, Authenticity, and Self-Segregation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2017; 22:228-259. [PMID: 28975851 DOI: 10.1177/1088868317734080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
People seek out situations that "fit," but the concept of fit is not well understood. We introduce State Authenticity as Fit to the Environment (SAFE), a conceptual framework for understanding how social identities motivate the situations that people approach or avoid. Drawing from but expanding the authenticity literature, we first outline three types of person-environment fit: self-concept fit, goal fit, and social fit. Each type of fit, we argue, facilitates cognitive fluency, motivational fluency, and social fluency that promote state authenticity and drive approach or avoidance behaviors. Using this model, we assert that contexts subtly signal social identities in ways that implicate each type of fit, eliciting state authenticity for advantaged groups but state inauthenticity for disadvantaged groups. Given that people strive to be authentic, these processes cascade down to self-segregation among social groups, reinforcing social inequalities. We conclude by mapping out directions for research on relevant mechanisms and boundary conditions.
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169
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liz Redford
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida
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170
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Jeon HJ, Wang Q, Burrow AL, Ratner K. Perspectives of future health in self and others: The moderating role of culture. J Health Psychol 2017; 25:703-712. [PMID: 28929826 DOI: 10.1177/1359105317730897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People tend to perceive themselves more favourably than others, but the degree to which individuals exhibit this bias may be influenced by cultural upbringing. Korean (n = 271) and American (n = 503) participants were asked to evaluate current and future health expectations for themselves and others. Results showed that American participants rated their own future health more positively than others' future health, whereas Korean participants rated their own and others' future health similarly. Given its role in patient health behaviour, implications for creating context-sensitive interventions for future health expectations are discussed.
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171
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Grzyb T, Dolinski D. Beliefs about Obedience Levels in Studies Conducted within the Milgram Paradigm: Better than Average Effect and Comparisons of Typical Behaviors by Residents of Various Nations. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1632. [PMID: 28979232 PMCID: PMC5611685 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The article presents studies examining whether the better than average (BTA) effect appears in opinions regarding obedience of individuals participating in an experiment conducted in the Milgram paradigm. Participants are presented with a detailed description of the experiment, asked to declare at what moment an average participant would cease their participation in the study, and then asked to declare at what moment they themselves would quit the experiment. It turned out that the participants demonstrated a strong BTA effect. This effect also concerned those who had known the results of the Milgram experiment prior to the study. Interestingly, those individuals-in contrast to naive participants-judged that the average person would remain obedient for longer, but at the same time prior familiarity with the Milgram experiment did not impact convictions as to own obedience. By the same token, the BTA effect size was larger among those who had previously heard of the Milgram experiment than those who had not. Additionally, study participants were asked to estimate the behavior of the average resident of their country (Poland), as well as of average residents of several other European countries. It turned out that in participants' judgment the average Pole would withdraw from the experiment quicker than the average Russian and average German, but later than average residents of France and England.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Grzyb
- Faculty of Psychology in Wroclaw, SWPS University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsaw, Poland
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172
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Culcea IC, Freitas AL. Subjective Importance as a Cue for Self-Reference. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2017; 43:1100-1111. [PMID: 28903717 DOI: 10.1177/0146167217705111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether people's judgments of self-reference could be influenced by cues of importance. Our investigation builds on evidence that information related to the self is processed in specialized ways and that implicit attributions affect how stimuli are interpreted. We hypothesized that the more important a trait descriptor was, the more likely participants would be to misremember it as having been presented in a self-referential manner. This hypothesis was tested using a source-memory task; subjective ratings of importance served as predictors of accuracy. In two experiments, logistic multilevel analyses supported our predictions, indicating that people use cues of importance when deciding if stimuli are self-referential. The results show that people do not rely solely on valence when making self-referential judgments; importance also can bias self-referential attributions. These findings have implications for social and autobiographical memory, including how people may assign responsibility for jointly produced actions.
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173
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Nørby
- Danish School of Education, Aarhus University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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174
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Lachowicz-Tabaczek K, Bajcar B. Future self-appraisals and global self-esteem: Who benefits more from thinking about the future, and why? SELF AND IDENTITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1270850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Beata Bajcar
- Department of Management Systems, Psychology and Ergonomics Group, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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175
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Hitchcock C, Rees C, Dalgleish T. The devil's in the detail: Accessibility of specific personal memories supports rose-tinted self-generalizations in mental health and toxic self-generalizations in clinical depression. J Exp Psychol Gen 2017; 146:1286-1295. [PMID: 28661167 PMCID: PMC6600872 DOI: 10.1037/xge0000343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Models of memory propose that separate systems underpin the storage and recollection of specific events from our past (e.g., the first day at school), and of the generic structure of our experiences (e.g., how lonely I am), and that interplay between these systems serves to optimize everyday cognition. Specifically, it is proposed that memories of discrete events help define the circumstances (boundary conditions) in which our generalized knowledge applies, thereby enhancing accuracy of memory-dependent cognitive processes. However, in the domain of self-judgment, cognition is systematically biased, with a robust self-enhancement bias characterizing healthy individuals and a negativity bias characterizing the clinically depressed. We hypothesized that self-enhancement effects in the mentally healthy may partly rest on an impaired ability for specific memories to set appropriate boundary conditions on positive self-generalizations, while the opposite may be true for self-referred negative traits in the depressed. To assess this, we asked healthy and depressed individuals to think about the applicability of a trait to themselves, then to recall a specific memory that was inconsistent with that trait which would therefore index a boundary condition for its applicability. Healthy individuals showed faster recall only for specific positive memories following negative trait evaluations, while depressed individuals demonstrated faster recall only of specific negative memories following positive trait evaluations—the pattern expected given the respective self-enhancement and negativity biases. Results suggest that specific memories may serve to delimit self-generalizations in biased ways, and thus support systemic biases in trait judgments characteristic of healthy and depressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Catrin Rees
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
| | - Tim Dalgleish
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit
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176
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Steinmetz J, Sezer O, Sedikides C. Impression mismanagement: People as inept self-presenters. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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177
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Shi Y, Sedikides C, Cai H, Liu Y, Yang Z. Disowning the Self: The Cultural Value of Modesty can Attenuate Self-Positivity. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2017; 70:1023-1032. [DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2015.1099711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Western participants endorse a higher number of positive traits as self-descriptive, but endorse a lower number of negative traits as self-descriptive. They also respond quicker to categorize positive traits as self-descriptive, but respond slower to categorize negative traits as self-descriptive. Is this self-positivity bias qualified by the cultural value of modesty? We induced modesty (vs. punctuality) and assessed self-descriptiveness judgments and response times among Chinese participants. We replicated the self-positivity bias in regards to both self-descriptiveness judgments and response times. In the case of self-descriptiveness judgments, however, the bias was partially qualified by modesty. Relative to control participants, those in the modesty condition endorsed fewer positive traits as self-descriptive and manifested a tendency toward endorsing more negative traits as self-descriptive. In the case of response times, the self-positivity bias was unqualified by modesty. Within both conditions, participants were quicker to categorize positive traits as self-descriptive and were slower to categorize negative traits as self-descriptive. The results speak to the relation between the self-positivity bias and the self-reference effect and illustrate the malleability of self-processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Shi
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Huajian Cai
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyan Yang
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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178
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Beekman JB, Stock ML, Howe GW. Stomaching rejection: Self-compassion and self-esteem moderate the impact of daily social rejection on restrictive eating behaviours among college women. Psychol Health 2017; 32:1348-1370. [PMID: 28475370 DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2017.1324972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examined whether having high self-esteem or a self-compassionate perspective help mitigate the impact of daily social rejection on negative affect and restrictive eating behaviours. DESIGN Following a baseline survey assessing self-esteem and self-compassion, 121 college women completed online daily diaries for one week. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Negative affect and restrictive eating behaviours. RESULTS On days when women reported more rejection, they also reported higher restrictive eating behaviours and greater negative affect. Effects were moderated by self-esteem and self-compassion, such that the lower participants were in self-esteem or self-compassion, the stronger the positive relation between rejection and negative affect and restrictive eating. However, only the common humanity/isolation dimension of self-compassion significantly moderated daily effects of rejection when controlling for self-esteem. Mediated moderation results reveal different mechanisms by which self-esteem and self-compassion buffer against rejections' effects on affect and restrictive eating. CONCLUSION Self-compassion and self-esteem influence the complex impact that social rejection has on affect and restrictive eating. More than other dimensions of self-compassion or self-esteem, remembering one's common humanity can result in a healthier response to social rejection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine B Beekman
- a Department of Psychology , The George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Michelle L Stock
- a Department of Psychology , The George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - George W Howe
- a Department of Psychology , The George Washington University , Washington , DC , USA
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179
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The hubris hypothesis: The downside of comparative optimism displays. Conscious Cogn 2017; 50:45-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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180
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Beer JS. Current Emotion Research in Social Neuroscience: How does emotion influence social cognition? EMOTION REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073916650492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroscience investigations of emotional influences on social cognition have been dominated by the somatic marker hypothesis and dual-process theories. Taken together, these lines of inquiry have not provided strong evidence that emotional influences on social cognition rely on neural systems which code for bodily signals of arousal nor distinguish emotional reasoning from other modes of reasoning. Recent findings raise the possibility that emotionally influenced social cognition relies on two stages of neural changes: once when emotion is elicited and a different set of changes at the time of social cognitive judgment. These findings suggest that affect infusion models may be a fruitful framework for bridging neuroscience and psychological understanding of the role of emotion in social cognition.
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181
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Abstract
Most people strongly believe they are just, virtuous, and moral; yet regard the average person as distinctly less so. This invites accusations of irrationality in moral judgment and perception—but direct evidence of irrationality is absent. Here, we quantify this irrationality and compare it against the irrationality in other domains of positive self-evaluation. Participants (N = 270) judged themselves and the average person on traits reflecting the core dimensions of social perception: morality, agency, and sociability. Adapting new methods, we reveal that virtually all individuals irrationally inflated their moral qualities, and the absolute and relative magnitude of this irrationality was greater than that in the other domains of positive self-evaluation. Inconsistent with prevailing theories of overly positive self-belief, irrational moral superiority was not associated with self-esteem. Taken together, these findings suggest that moral superiority is a uniquely strong and prevalent form of “positive illusion,” but the underlying function remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben M Tappin
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan T McKay
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and Its Disorders, Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
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182
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Weidmann R, Ledermann T, Grob A. The Interdependence of Personality and Satisfaction in Couples. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Personality has been found to play an important role in predicting satisfaction in couples. This review presents dyadic research on the association between Big Five traits and both life and relationship satisfaction in couples focusing on self-reported personality, partner-perceived personality (how the partner rates one’s own personality), and personality similarity. Furthermore, special attention is given to possible gender effects. The findings indicate the importance of self-reported as well as partner-perceived reported personality for the satisfaction of both partners. Specifically, the majority of studies found intrapersonal and interpersonal effects for neuroticism, agreeableness, and conscientiousness on life or relationship satisfaction. For the partner-perceived personality, intrapersonal and interpersonal effects were present for all Big Five traits. Partners’ similarity in personality traits seems not to be related with their satisfaction when controlling for partners’ personality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexander Grob
- Department of Psychology, University of Basel, Switzerland
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183
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Faupel S, Otto K, Krug H, Kottwitz MU. Stress at School? A Qualitative Study on Illegitimate Tasks during Teacher Training. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1410. [PMID: 27683572 PMCID: PMC5021698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
What do I expect when stating that "I am going to be a teacher"? Social roles, including professional roles, often become part of people's identity and thus, of the self. As people typically strive for maintaining a positive sense of self, threats to one's role identity are likely to induce stress. In line with these considerations, Semmer et al. recently (e.g., Semmer et al., 2007, 2015) introduced "illegitimate tasks" as a new concept of stressors. Illegitimate tasks, which are defined as unnecessary or unreasonable tasks, threaten the self because they signal a lack of appreciation regarding one's professional role. Teacher training is a phase of role transition in which the occurrence of illegitimate tasks becomes likely. A holistic understanding of these tasks, however, has been missing up to now. Is there already a professional role identity during teacher training that is vulnerable to threats like the illegitimacy of tasks? What are typical illegitimate tasks in the context of teacher training? In order to close this research gap, 39 situations taken from 16 interviews with teaching trainees were analyzed in the present study on the basis of qualitative content analysis. Seminars and standing in to hold lessons for other teachers were identified as most prevalent illegitimate tasks. More specifically, unnecessary tasks could be classified as sub challenging, inefficient and lacking in organization (e.g., writing reports about workshops no one will ever read). Unreasonable tasks appeared overextending, fell outside responsibility, and lacked supervisory support. Training interventions focusing upon task design and supervisory behavior are suggested for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Faupel
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipp University of Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Kathleen Otto
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipp University of Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Henning Krug
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipp University of Marburg Marburg, Germany
| | - Maria U Kottwitz
- Work and Organizational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Philipp University of Marburg Marburg, Germany
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184
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Sedikides C, Luke MA, Hepper EG. Enhancing feedback and improving feedback: subjective perceptions, psychological consequences, behavioral outcomes. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Michelle A. Luke
- School of Business, Management and Economics; University of Sussex
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185
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George LS, Park CL. Meaning in Life as Comprehension, Purpose, and Mattering: Toward Integration and New Research Questions. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
To advance meaning in life (MIL) research, it is crucial to integrate it with the broader meaning literature, which includes important additional concepts (e.g., meaning frameworks) and principles (e.g., terror management). A tripartite view, which conceptualizes MIL as consisting of 3 subconstructs—comprehension, purpose, and mattering—may facilitate such integration. Here, we outline how a tripartite view may relate to key concepts from within MIL research (e.g., MIL judgments and feelings) and within the broader meaning research (e.g., meaning frameworks, meaning making). On the basis of this framework, we review the broader meaning literature to derive a theoretical context within which to understand and conduct further research on comprehension, purpose, and mattering. We highlight how future research may examine the interrelationships among the 3 MIL subconstructs, MIL judgments and feelings, and meaning frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Login S. George
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut
| | - Crystal L. Park
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut
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186
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Allé MC, d'Argembeau A, Schneider P, Potheegadoo J, Coutelle R, Danion JM, Berna F. Self-continuity across time in schizophrenia: An exploration of phenomenological and narrative continuity in the past and future. Compr Psychiatry 2016; 69:53-61. [PMID: 27423345 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disorders of the self, such as a reduced sense of personal continuity in time, are a core symptom of schizophrenia, but one that is still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated two complementary aspects of self-continuity, namely phenomenological and narrative continuity, in 27 patients with schizophrenia, and compared them with 27 control participants. METHODS Participants were asked to identify important past events and to narrate a story from their life that included these events. They were also asked to imagine important events that might happen in their personal future and to build a narrative of their future life. The vividness of these important life events and the proportion of self-event connections in the narratives were used as a measure of phenomenological and narrative continuity, respectively. RESULTS Our study showed patients with schizophrenia experienced less vivid representations of personally significant events (p = .02) for both temporal directions (past and future) (p < .001). In addition, their ability to make explicit connections between personal events and self-attributes in life narratives was also impaired (p = .03), but only in the case of past narratives (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS These results shed new light on the cognitive mechanisms underlying self-disorders in schizophrenia. The clinical and therapeutic implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Allé
- INSERM U-1114, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Clinique Psychiatrique, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; FMTS: Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - A d'Argembeau
- Department of Psychology - Cognition and Behavior, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - P Schneider
- Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - J Potheegadoo
- INSERM U-1114, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Clinique Psychiatrique, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; FMTS: Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - R Coutelle
- INSERM U-1114, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Clinique Psychiatrique, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; FMTS: Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - J-M Danion
- INSERM U-1114, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Clinique Psychiatrique, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; FMTS: Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - F Berna
- INSERM U-1114, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Clinique Psychiatrique, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; FMTS: Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France; Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 place de l'Hôpital, Strasbourg Cedex, France; Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France.
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187
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Luo YLL, Liu Y, Cai H, Wildschut T, Sedikides C. Nostalgia and Self-Enhancement. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550616660158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We addressed phenotypic and genetic research questions regarding nostalgia and self-enhancement. At the phenotypic level (178 university students; Study 1), we found that nostalgia was moderately associated with self-enhancement. At the genotypic level (232 twin pairs; Study 2), we found that nostalgia, self-enhancement, and their relation were largely heritable. Our findings shed light on two heavily investigated traits and open up exciting research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu L. L. Luo
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huajian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Psychology Department, Center for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Psychology Department, Center for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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188
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Heidemeier H. Are economic conditions related to nonnormative life satisfaction development? Evaluating the relative impact of economic conditions, personality, and subjective health. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Heike Heidemeier
- Institute for Psychology; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
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189
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Deffler SA, Leary MR, Hoyle RH. Knowing what you know: Intellectual humility and judgments of recognition memory. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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190
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Kotlewska I, Nowicka A. Present-self, past-self and the close-other: neural correlates of assigning trait adjectives to oneself and others. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2064-71. [PMID: 27285486 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Information regarding the past-self may be viewed as information referring to other people. However, evidence supporting this notion at the neural level is rather sparse and it remains unclear whether the past-self is processed like any 'other' or like the close-other only. The aim of this event-related potential study was to investigate this issue. A reflection task requiring evaluation of positive and negative trait adjectives with respect to present- and past-self, a close-other and a famous person was applied. We hypothesized that the past-self and close-other conditions would share their neural underpinnings. The process of reflection on the past-self and close-other was indeed associated with similar mean amplitudes of the late positive component (LPC), whereas in the case of the past-self vs. famous person comparison LPC was significantly enhanced for the past-self. Analogous effects were observed when LPC was calculated for trials with traits judged as either suitable or unsuitable to describe a person who was the target of reflection. Thus, these findings suggest that the processing of information related to the past-self resembles processing of information related to a personally relevant other. Moreover, sex-differences were observed in reaction times and LPC amplitudes for responses reflecting the positivity bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kotlewska
- Department of Neurophysiology, Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Nowicka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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191
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Sedikides C, Green JD, Saunders J, Skowronski JJ, Zengel B. Mnemic neglect: Selective amnesia of one’s faults. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2016.1183913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constantine Sedikides
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, S017 1BJ, England, UK
| | - Jeffrey D. Green
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Jo Saunders
- School of Psychological Sciences & Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1QE, Scotland, UK
| | - John J. Skowronski
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2892, USA
| | - Bettina Zengel
- Department of Psychology, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL 60115-2892, USA
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192
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Cai H, Wu L, Shi Y, Gu R, Sedikides C. Self-enhancement among Westerners and Easterners: a cultural neuroscience approach. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1569-78. [PMID: 27217110 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We adopted a cultural neuroscience approach to the investigation of self-enhancement. Western and Eastern participants made self-referent judgments on positive and negative traits while we recorded their electroencephalography signals. At the judgmental level, we assessed trait endorsement (judgments of traits self-descriptiveness) and reaction times (speed of such judgments). Participants endorsed more positive traits as self-descriptive and more negative traits as non-self-descriptive, although the magnitude of this effect (level of self-positivity) was higher in the Western than Eastern sample. Moreover, all participants responded faster to positive self-descriptive traits and to negative non-self-descriptive traits, indicating that the self-enhancement motive is equally potent across cultures. At the neurophysiological level, we assessed N170 and LPP. Negative traits elicited larger N170 among Easterners, indicating initial allocation of attentional resources to the processing of negative information. However, negative compared to positive self-descriptive traits elicited a larger LPP, whereas negative and positive non-self-descriptive traits did not differ in the LPP they elicited. This pattern generalized across samples, pointing to a pancultural physiological correlate of the self-enhancement motive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huajian Cai
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Wu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Center for Research on Self and Identity, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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193
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Bastian B, Loughnan S. Resolving the Meat-Paradox: A Motivational Account of Morally Troublesome Behavior and Its Maintenance. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 21:278-299. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868316647562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A majority of people the world over eat meat, yet many of these same people experience discomfort when the meat on their plate is linked to the death of animals. We draw on this common form of moral conflict—the meat-paradox—to develop insights into the ways in which morally troublesome behaviors vanish into the commonplace and every day. Drawing on a motivational analysis, we show how societies may be shaped by attempts to resolve dissonance, in turn protecting their citizens from discomfort associated with their own moral conflicts. To achieve this, we build links between dissonance reduction, habit formation, social influence, and the emergence of social norms and detail how our analysis has implications for understanding immoral behavior and motivations underpinning dehumanization and objectification. Finally, we draw from our motivational analysis to advance new insights into the origins of prejudice and pathways through which prejudice can be maintained and resolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brock Bastian
- The University of Melbourne, Australia
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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194
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Gregg AP, Mahadevan N, Sedikides C. Intellectual arrogance and intellectual humility: correlational evidence for an evolutionary-embodied-epistemological account. THE JOURNAL OF POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/17439760.2016.1167942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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195
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Rathbone CJ, Salgado S, Akan M, Havelka J, Berntsen D. Imagining the future: A cross-cultural perspective on possible selves. Conscious Cogn 2016; 42:113-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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196
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Thomsen DK, Pillemer DB. I Know My Story and I Know Your Story: Developing a Conceptual Framework for Vicarious Life Stories. J Pers 2016; 85:464-480. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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197
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Klein N, O'Brien E. The Tipping Point of Moral Change: When Do Good and Bad Acts Make Good and Bad Actors? SOCIAL COGNITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2016.34.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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198
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Mahadevan N, Gregg AP, Sedikides C, de Waal-Andrews WG. Winners, Losers, Insiders, and Outsiders: Comparing Hierometer and Sociometer Theories of Self-Regard. Front Psychol 2016; 7:334. [PMID: 27065896 PMCID: PMC4811877 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
What evolutionary function does self-regard serve? Hierometer theory, introduced here, provides one answer: it helps individuals navigate status hierarchies, which feature zero-sum contests that can be lost as well as won. In particular, self-regard tracks social status to regulate behavioral assertiveness, augmenting or diminishing it to optimize performance in such contests. Hierometer theory also offers a conceptual counterpoint that helps resolve ambiguities in sociometer theory, which offers a complementary account of self-regard’s evolutionary function. In two large-scale cross-sectional studies, we operationalized theoretically relevant variables at three distinct levels of analysis, namely, social (relations: status, inclusion), psychological (self-regard: self-esteem, narcissism), and behavioral (strategy: assertiveness, affiliativeness). Correlational and mediational analyses consistently supported hierometer theory, but offered only mixed support for sociometer theory, including when controlling for confounding constructs (anxiety, depression). We interpret our results in terms of a broader agency-communion framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhila Mahadevan
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton Southampton, UK
| | - Aiden P Gregg
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton Southampton, UK
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology, University of Southampton Southampton, UK
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199
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Dalal DK, Hakel MD. Experimental Comparisons of Methods for Reducing Deliberate Distortions to Self-Report Measures of Sensitive Constructs. ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH METHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1094428116639131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Sensitive constructs, such as counterproductive workplace behavior (CWB), are of interest to both basic and applied researchers; however, deliberate response distortions—active attempts on the part of respondents to be viewed more favorably—present a major difficulty with studying these topics. Although different methodologies purported to reduce distortions have been developed, they suffer from various limitations. For example, a notable limitation of what is currently considered best practice, randomized response techniques, is the inability to gather individual-level data. Across three experiments, we compare four different methods for obtaining self-reports of CWB that return individual-level data. Results suggest that whereas providing anonymity, counterbiasing, and implicit goal priming did not result in higher reporting of sensitive behaviors, the indirect questioning methodology did result in higher reporting. We also provide initial validity evidence for the indirect questioning scores and rule out some alternative explanations for the increased reporting of the indirect questioning method. Though more research is needed, these studies provide initial evidence regarding the potential utility of the indirect questioning method for increasing the reports on self-report measures of sensitive constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dev K. Dalal
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Milton D. Hakel
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA
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de la Sablonnière R, Amiot CE, Cárdenas D, Sadykova N, Gorborukova GL, Huberdeau ME. Testing the subtractive pattern of cultural identification. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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