151
|
Mannering SI, Bhattacharjee P. Insulin's other life: an autoantigen in type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:448-460. [PMID: 33524197 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
One hundred years ago, Frederick Banting, John Macleod, Charles Best and James Collip, and their collaborators, discovered insulin. This discovery paved the way to saving countless lives and ushered in the "Insulin Era." Since the discovery of insulin, we have made enormous strides in understanding its role in metabolism and diabetes. Insulin has played a dramatic role in the treatment of people with diabetes; particularly type 1 diabetes (T1D). Insulin replacement is a life-saving therapy for people with T1D and some with type 2 diabetes. T1D is an autoimmune disease caused by the T-cell-mediated destruction of the pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells that leads to a primary insulin deficiency. It has become increasingly clear that insulin, and its precursors preproinsulin (PPI) and proinsulin (PI), can play another role-not as a hormone but as an autoantigen in T1D. Here we review the role played by the products of the INS gene as autoantigens in people with T1D. From many elegant animal studies, it is clear that T-cell responses to insulin, PPI and PI are essential for T1D to develop. Here we review the evidence that autoimmune responses to insulin and PPI arise in people with T1D and discuss the recently described neoepitopes derived from the products of the insulin gene. Finally, we look forward to new approaches to deliver epitopes derived from PPI, PI and insulin that may allow immune tolerance to pancreatic beta cells to be restored in people with, or at risk of, T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| | - Pushpak Bhattacharjee
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
152
|
Ke Q, Kroger CJ, Clark M, Tisch RM. Evolving Antibody Therapies for the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:624568. [PMID: 33679717 PMCID: PMC7930374 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.624568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is widely considered to be a T cell driven autoimmune disease resulting in reduced insulin production due to dysfunction/destruction of pancreatic β cells. Currently, there continues to be a need for immunotherapies that selectively reestablish persistent β cell-specific self-tolerance for the prevention and remission of T1D in the clinic. The utilization of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) is one strategy to target specific immune cell populations inducing autoimmune-driven pathology. Several mAb have proven to be clinically safe and exhibit varying degrees of efficacy in modulating autoimmunity, including T1D. Traditionally, mAb therapies have been used to deplete a targeted cell population regardless of antigenic specificity. However, this treatment strategy can prove detrimental resulting in the loss of acquired protective immunity. Nondepleting mAb have also been applied to modulate the function of immune effector cells. Recent studies have begun to define novel mechanisms associated with mAb-based immunotherapy that alter the function of targeted effector cell pools. These results suggest short course mAb therapies may have persistent effects for regaining and maintaining self-tolerance. Furthermore, the flexibility to manipulate mAb properties permits the development of novel strategies to target multiple antigens and/or deliver therapeutic drugs by a single mAb molecule. Here, we discuss current and potential future therapeutic mAb treatment strategies for T1D, and T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Non-Genetically Encoded Epitopes Are Relevant Targets in Autoimmune Diabetes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020202. [PMID: 33671312 PMCID: PMC7922826 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet antigen reactive T cells play a key role in promoting beta cell destruction in type 1 diabetes (T1D). Self-reactive T cells are typically deleted through negative selection in the thymus or deviated to a regulatory phenotype. Nevertheless, those processes are imperfect such that even healthy individuals have a reservoir of potentially autoreactive T cells. What remains less clear is how tolerance is lost to insulin and other beta cell specific antigens. Islet autoantibodies, the best predictor of disease risk, are known to recognize classical antigens such as proinsulin, GAD65, IA-2, and ZnT8. These antibodies are thought to be supported by the expansion of autoreactive CD4+ T cells that recognize these same antigenic targets. However, recent studies have identified new classes of non-genetically encoded epitopes that may reflect crucial gaps in central and peripheral tolerance. Notably, some of these specificities, including epitopes from enzymatically post-translationally modified antigens and hybrid insulin peptides, are present at relatively high frequencies in the peripheral blood of patients with T1D. We conclude that CD4+ T cells that recognize non-genetically encoded epitopes are likely to make an important contribution to the progression of islet autoimmunity in T1D. We further propose that these classes of neo-epitopes should be considered as possible targets for strategies to induce antigen specific tolerance.
Collapse
|
154
|
Rodriguez-Fernandez S, Almenara-Fuentes L, Perna-Barrull D, Barneda B, Vives-Pi M. A century later, still fighting back: antigen-specific immunotherapies for type 1 diabetes. Immunol Cell Biol 2021; 99:461-474. [PMID: 33483995 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic metabolic disease caused by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. Ever since the 1920s, the fate of patients suffering from T1D was dramatically improved owing to the isolation and production of insulin, and the scientific field has largely progressed as a result of the evidence gathered about its underpinnings and mechanisms. The last years have seen this knowledge transformed into actual antigen-specific immunotherapies with potential to restore selectively the breach of tolerance to β-cell autoantigens and halt the autoimmune aggression. However, so far, the results of both prevention and reversion trials in T1D have been rather discouraging, so there is still an urgent need to optimize those immunotherapies and their associated factors, for example, posology and administration patterns, route and timing. In this review, we look back on what has been achieved in the last century and identify the main autoantigens driving the autoimmune attack in T1D. Then, we take a deep dive into the numerous antigen-specific immunotherapies trialed and the ones still at a preclinical phase, ranging from peptides, proteins and agent combinations to gene transfer, nanoparticles, cell-based strategies and novel approaches exploiting naturally occurring tolerogenic processes. Finally, we provide insight into the several features to be considered in a T1D clinical trial, the ideal time point for intervention and the biomarkers needed for monitoring the successful regulatory effect of the antigen-specific immunotherapy. Although further research and optimization remain imperative, the development of a therapeutic armamentarium against T1D autoimmunity is certainly advancing with a confident step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Almenara-Fuentes
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Perna-Barrull
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Marta Vives-Pi
- Immunology Section, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Ahead Therapeutics SL, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Finotti P, Pagetta A. A mutant α1antitrypsin in complex with heat shock proteins as the primary antigen in type 1 diabetes in silico investigation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3002. [PMID: 33542414 PMCID: PMC7862655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82730-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on previous results demonstrating that complexes of a mutant α1-antitrypsin with the heat shock proteins (HSP)70 and glucose-regulated protein94 (Grp94) circulate in the blood of patients with type 1 diabetes, we raised the hypothesis that these complexes could represent the primary antigen capable of triggering the autoimmune reactions leading to overt diabetes. As a first approach to this issue, we searched whether A1AT and HSPs had a sequence similarity to major islet antigen proteins so as to identify among the similar sequences those with potential relevance for the pathogenesis of diabetes. A thorough in silico analysis was performed to establish the score of similarity of the human proteins: A1AT, pro-insulin (INS), GAD65, IAPP, IA-2, ICA69, Grp94, HSP70 and HSP60. The sequences of A1AT and HSPs with the highest score of similarity to the islet peptides reported in the literature as the main autoantigens in human diabetes were recorded. At variance with other HSPs, also including HSP90 and Grp78, Grp94 contained the highest number and the longest sequences with structural similarity to A1AT and to well-known immunogenic peptides/epitopes of INS, GAD65, and IA-2. The similarity of A1AT with Grp94 and that of Grp94 with INS also suggested a functional relationship among the proteins. Specific sequences were identified in A1AT, Grp94 and HSP70, with the highest score of cross-similarity to a pattern of eight different islet protein epitopes. The similarity also involved recently discovered autoantigens in type 1 diabetes such as a hybrid peptides of insulin and the defective ribosomal insulin gene product. The significant similarity displayed by specific sequences of Grp94 and A1AT to the islet peptides considered main antigens in human diabetes, is a strong indication for testing these sequences as new peptides of immunogenic relevance in diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Finotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Building "C", Largo E. Meneghetti, 2, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Andrea Pagetta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padua, Building "C", Largo E. Meneghetti, 2, 35131, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Clark M, Kroger CJ, Ke Q, Tisch RM. The Role of T Cell Receptor Signaling in the Development of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2021; 11:615371. [PMID: 33603744 PMCID: PMC7884625 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.615371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling influences multiple aspects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immunobiology including thymic development, peripheral homeostasis, effector subset differentiation/function, and memory formation. Additional T cell signaling cues triggered by co-stimulatory molecules and cytokines also affect TCR signaling duration, as well as accessory pathways that further shape a T cell response. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-driven autoimmune disease targeting the insulin producing β cells in the pancreas. Evidence indicates that dysregulated TCR signaling events in T1D impact the efficacy of central and peripheral tolerance-inducing mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss how the strength and nature of TCR signaling events influence the development of self-reactive T cells and drive the progression of T1D through effects on T cell gene expression, lineage commitment, and maintenance of pathogenic anti-self T cell effector function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Singh RK, Malosse C, Davies J, Malissen B, Kochba E, Levin Y, Birchall JC, Coulman SA, Mous J, McAteer MA, Dayan CM, Henri S, Wong FS. Using gold nanoparticles for enhanced intradermal delivery of poorly soluble auto-antigenic peptides. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2021; 32:102321. [PMID: 33184020 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ultra-small 1-2 nm gold nanoparticles (NP) were conjugated with a poorly-soluble peptide auto-antigen, associated with type 1 diabetes, to modify the peptide pharmacokinetics, following its intradermal delivery. Peptide distribution was characterized, in vivo, after delivery using either conventional intradermal injection or a hollow microneedle device. The poorly-soluble peptide was effectively presented in distant lymph nodes (LN), spleen and draining LN when conjugated to the nanoparticles, whereas peptide alone was only presented in the draining LN. By contrast, nanoparticle conjugation to a highly-soluble peptide did not enhance in vivo distribution. Transfer of both free peptide and peptide-NPs from the skin to LN was reduced in mice lacking lymphoid homing receptor CCR7, suggesting that both are actively transported by migrating dendritic cells to LN. Collectively, these data demonstrate that intradermally administered ultra-small gold nanoparticles can widen the distribution of poorly-soluble auto-antigenic peptides to multiple lymphoid organs, thus enhancing their use as potential therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravinder K Singh
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Camille Malosse
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - Joanne Davies
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| | - Bernard Malissen
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France; Centre d'Immunophénomique, Aix Marseille Université, INSERM, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | | | - Yotam Levin
- NanoPass Technologies Ltd., Nes Ziona, Israel
| | - James C Birchall
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Sion A Coulman
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Jan Mous
- Midatech Pharma PLC, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Colin M Dayan
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Sandrine Henri
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CNRS, Marseille, France
| | - F Susan Wong
- Division of Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK
| |
Collapse
|
158
|
Droplet-based mRNA sequencing of fixed and permeabilized cells by CLInt-seq allows for antigen-specific TCR cloning. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2021190118. [PMID: 33431692 PMCID: PMC7826406 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2021190118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell receptors (TCRs) surveil cellular environment by recognizing peptides presented by the major histocompatibility complex. TCR sequencing allows for understanding the scope of T cell reactivity in health and disease. Specific TCR clones can be used as therapeutics in cancer and autoimmune disease. We present a technique that allows for TCR sequencing based on intracellular signaling molecules, such as cytokines and transcription factors. The core concept is highly generalizable and should be applicable to global gene expression analysis where intracellular marker-based cell isolation is required. T cell receptors (TCRs) are generated by somatic recombination of V/D/J segments to produce up to 1015 unique sequences. Highly sensitive and specific techniques are required to isolate and identify the rare TCR sequences that respond to antigens of interest. Here, we describe the use of mRNA sequencing via cross-linker regulated intracellular phenotype (CLInt-Seq) for efficient recovery of antigen-specific TCRs in cells stained for combinations of intracellular proteins such as cytokines or transcription factors. This method enables high-throughput identification and isolation of low-frequency TCRs specific for any antigen. As a proof of principle, intracellular staining for TNFα and IFNγ identified cytomegalovirus (CMV)- and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-reactive TCRs with efficiencies similar to state-of-the-art peptide-MHC multimer methodology. In a separate experiment, regulatory T cells were profiled based on intracellular FOXP3 staining, demonstrating the ability to examine phenotypes based on transcription factors. We further optimized the intracellular staining conditions to use a chemically cleavable primary amine cross-linker compatible with current single-cell sequencing technology. CLInt-Seq for TNFα and IFNγ performed similarly to isolation with multimer staining for EBV-reactive TCRs. We anticipate CLInt-Seq will enable droplet-based single-cell mRNA analysis from any tissue where minor populations need to be isolated by intracellular markers.
Collapse
|
159
|
Zirpel H, Roep BO. Islet-Resident Dendritic Cells and Macrophages in Type 1 Diabetes: In Search of Bigfoot's Print. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:666795. [PMID: 33912139 PMCID: PMC8072455 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.666795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The classical view of type 1 diabetes assumes that the autoimmune mediated targeting of insulin producing ß-cells is caused by an error of the immune system. Malfunction and stress of beta cells added the target tissue at the center of action. The innate immune system, and in particular islet-resident cells of the myeloid lineage, could function as a link between stressed ß-cells and activation and recognition by the adaptive immune system. We survey the role of islet-resident macrophages and dendritic cells in healthy islet homeostasis and pathophysiology of T1D. Knowledge of islet-resident antigen presenting cells in rodents is substantial, but quite scarce in humans, in particular regarding dendritic cells. Differences in blood between healthy and diseased individuals were reported, but it remains elusive to what extend these contribute to T1D onset. Increasing our understanding of the interaction between ß-cells and innate immune cells may provide new insights into disease initiation and development that could ultimately point to future treatment options. Here we review current knowledge of islet-resident macrophages and dendritic cells, place these in context of current clinical trials, and guide future research.
Collapse
|
160
|
Carré A, Richardson SJ, Larger E, Mallone R. Presumption of guilt for T cells in type 1 diabetes: lead culprits or partners in crime depending on age of onset? Diabetologia 2021; 64:15-25. [PMID: 33084970 PMCID: PMC7717061 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Available evidence provides arguments both for and against a primary pathogenic role for T cells in human type 1 diabetes. Genetic susceptibility linked to HLA Class II lends strong support. Histopathology documents HLA Class I hyperexpression and islet infiltrates dominated by CD8+ T cells. While both hallmarks are near absent in autoantibody-positive donors, the variable insulitis and residual beta cells of recent-onset donors suggests the existence of a younger-onset endotype with more aggressive autoimmunity and an older-onset endotype with more vulnerable beta cells. Functional arguments from ex vivo and in vitro human studies and in vivo 'humanised' mouse models are instead neutral or against a T cell role. Clinical support is provided by the appearance of islet autoantibodies before disease onset. The faster C-peptide loss and superior benefits of immunotherapies in individuals with younger-onset type 1 diabetes reinforce the view of age-related endotypes. Clarifying the relative role of T cells will require technical advances in the identification of their target antigens, in their detection and phenotyping in the blood and pancreas, and in the study of the T cell/beta cell crosstalk. Critical steps toward this goal include the understanding of the link with environmental triggers, the description of T cell changes along the natural history of disease, and their relationship with age and the 'benign' islet autoimmunity of healthy individuals. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Carré
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK.
| | - Etienne Larger
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France.
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Musthaffa Y, Nel HJ, Ramnoruth N, Patel S, Hamilton-Williams EE, Harris M, Thomas R. Optimization of a Method to Detect Autoantigen-Specific T-Cell Responses in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:587469. [PMID: 33424839 PMCID: PMC7793893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.587469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of tolerizing therapies aiming to inactivate autoreactive effector T-cells is a promising therapeutic approach to control undesired autoimmune responses in human diseases such as Type 1 Diabetes (T1D). A critical issue is a lack of sensitive and reproducible methods to analyze antigen-specific T-cell responses, despite various attempts. We refined a proliferation assay using the fluorescent dye 5,6-carboxylfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester (CFSE) to detect responding T-cells, highlighting the fundamental issues to be taken into consideration to monitor antigen-specific responses in patients with T1D. The critical elements that maximize detection of antigen-specific responses in T1D are reduction of blood storage time, standardization of gating parameters, titration of CFSE concentration, selecting the optimal CFSE staining duration and the duration of T-cell stimulation, and freezing in medium containing human serum. Optimization of these elements enables robust, reproducible application to longitudinal cohort studies or clinical trial samples in which antigen-specific T-cell responses are relevant, and adaptation to other autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yassmin Musthaffa
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hendrik J Nel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nishta Ramnoruth
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Swati Patel
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Harris
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Queensland Children's Hospital, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Liu Y, Wang X, Zhu Y, Zhang M, Nasri U, Sun SS, Forman SJ, Riggs AD, Zhang X, Zeng D. Haploidentical mixed chimerism cures autoimmunity in established type 1 diabetic mice. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6457-6476. [PMID: 32817590 DOI: 10.1172/jci131799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials are currently testing whether induction of haploidentical mixed chimerism (Haplo-MC) induces organ transplantation tolerance. Whether Haplo-MC can be used to treat established autoimmune diseases remains unknown. Here, we show that established autoimmunity in euthymic and adult-thymectomized NOD (H-2g7) mice was cured by induction of Haplo-MC under a non-myeloablative anti-thymocyte globulin-based conditioning regimen and infusion of CD4+ T cell-depleted hematopoietic graft from H-2b/g7 F1 donors that expressed autoimmune-resistant H-2b or from H-2s/g7 F1 donors that expressed autoimmune-susceptible H-2s. The cure was associated with enhanced thymic negative selection, increased thymic Treg (tTreg) production, and anergy or exhaustion of residual host-type autoreactive T cells in the periphery. The peripheral tolerance was accompanied by expansion of donor- and host-type CD62L-Helios+ tTregs as well as host-type Helios-Nrp1+ peripheral Tregs (pTregs) and PD-L1hi plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). Depletion of donor- or host-type Tregs led to reduction of host-type PD-L1hi pDCs and recurrence of autoimmunity, whereas PD-L1 deficiency in host-type DCs led to reduction of host-type pDCs and Helios-Nrp1+ pTregs. Thus, induction of Haplo-MC reestablished both central and peripheral tolerance through mechanisms that depend on allo-MHC+ donor-type DCs, PD-L1hi host-type DCs, and the generation and persistence of donor- and host-type tTregs and pTregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Liu
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, and.,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA.,Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqi Wang
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, and.,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA.,Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongping Zhu
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, and.,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mingfeng Zhang
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, and.,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Ubaydah Nasri
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, and.,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Sharne S Sun
- Eugene and Ruth Roberts Summer Student Academy of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| | | | - Xi Zhang
- Medical Center of Hematology, Xinqiao Hospital of Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Defu Zeng
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, and.,Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Roep BO. There Is Something About Insulin Granules. Diabetes 2020; 69:2575-2577. [PMID: 33219101 PMCID: PMC7679780 DOI: 10.2337/dbi20-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Roep
- Department of Diabetes Immunology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute at the Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| |
Collapse
|
164
|
Matsumoto Y, Kishida K, Matsumoto M, Matsuoka S, Kohyama M, Suenaga T, Arase H. A TCR-like antibody against a proinsulin-containing fusion peptide ameliorates type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 534:680-686. [PMID: 33208230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease caused by destruction of insulin-producing β cells. The response of autoreactive T cells to β cell antigens plays a central role in the development of T1D. Recently, fusion peptides composed by insulin C-peptide fragments and other proteins were reported as β cell target antigens for diabetogenic CD4+ T cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. In this study, we generated a T cell-receptor (TCR)-like monoclonal antibody (mAb) against a fusion peptide bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II component to elucidate the function of the fusion peptides in T1D. In addition, we developed a novel NFAT-GFP TCR reporter system to evaluate the TCR-like mAb. The NFAT-GFP reporter T cells expressing the diabetogenic TCR were specifically activated by the fusion peptide presented on the MHC class II molecules. By using the NFAT-GFP reporter T cells, we showed that the TCR-like mAb blocks the diabetogenic T cell response against the fusion peptide presented on the MHC class II molecules. Furthermore, the development of T1D was ameliorated when pre-diabetic NOD mice were treated with this mAb. These findings suggest that NFAT-GFP reporter T cells are useful to assess the function of specific TCR and the recognition of fusion peptides by T cells is crucial for the pathogenesis of T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Matsumoto
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kishida
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Maki Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sumiko Matsuoka
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masako Kohyama
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Suenaga
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisashi Arase
- Department of Immunochemistry, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan; Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
165
|
Loaiza Naranjo JD, Bergot AS, Buckle I, Hamilton-Williams EE. A Question of Tolerance-Antigen-Specific Immunotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2020; 20:70. [PMID: 33169191 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-020-01363-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Antigen-specific immunotherapy (ASI) is a long sought-after goal for type 1 diabetes (T1D), with the potential of greater long-term safety than non-specific immunotherapy. We review the most recent advances in identification of target islet epitopes, delivery platforms and the ongoing challenges. RECENT FINDINGS It is now recognised that human proinsulin contains a hotspot of epitopes targeted in people with T1D. Beta-cell neoantigens are also under investigation as ASI target epitopes. Consideration of the predicted HLA-specificity of the target antigen for subject selection is now being incorporated into trial design. Cell-free ASI approaches delivering antigen with or without additional immunomodulatory agents can induce antigen-specific regulatory T cell responses, including in patients and many novel nanoparticle-based platforms are under development. ASI for T1D is rapidly advancing with a number of modalities currently being trialled in patients and many more under development in preclinical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeniffer D Loaiza Naranjo
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Bergot
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Irina Buckle
- Mater Research Institute UQ, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Emma E Hamilton-Williams
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
166
|
A biomimetic five-module chimeric antigen receptor ( 5MCAR) designed to target and eliminate antigen-specific T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28950-28959. [PMID: 33139567 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012495117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells express clonotypic T cell receptors (TCRs) that recognize peptide antigens in the context of class I or II MHC molecules (pMHCI/II). These receptor modules associate with three signaling modules (CD3γε, δε, and ζζ) and work in concert with a coreceptor module (either CD8 or CD4) to drive T cell activation in response to pMHCI/II. Here, we describe a first-generation biomimetic five-module chimeric antigen receptor (5MCAR). We show that 1) chimeric receptor modules built with the ectodomains of pMHCII assemble with CD3 signaling modules into complexes that redirect cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) specificity and function in response to the clonotypic TCRs of pMHCII-specific CD4+ T cells, and 2) surrogate coreceptor modules enhance the function of these complexes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that adoptively transferred 5MCAR-CTLs can mitigate type I diabetes by targeting autoimmune CD4+ T cells in NOD mice. This work provides a framework for the construction of biomimetic 5MCARs that can be used as tools to study the impact of particular antigen-specific T cells in immune responses, and may hold potential for ameliorating diseases mediated by pathogenic T cells.
Collapse
|
167
|
Kalita B, Bano S, Vavachan VM, Taunk K, Seshadri V, Rapole S. Application of mass spectrometry based proteomics to understand diabetes: A special focus on interactomics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
168
|
Mallone R, Eizirik DL. Presumption of innocence for beta cells: why are they vulnerable autoimmune targets in type 1 diabetes? Diabetologia 2020; 63:1999-2006. [PMID: 32894310 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-020-05176-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly appreciated that the pathogenic mechanisms of type 1 diabetes involve both the autoimmune aggressors and their beta cell targets, which engage in a conflicting dialogue within and possibly outside the pancreas. Indeed, autoimmune CD8+ T cells, which are the final mediators of beta cell destruction, circulate at similar frequencies in type 1 diabetic and healthy individuals. Hence a universal state of 'benign' islet autoimmunity exists, and we hypothesise that its progression to type 1 diabetes may at least partially rely on a higher vulnerability of beta cells, which play a key, active role in disease development and/or amplification. We posit that this autoimmune vulnerability is rooted in some features of beta cell biology: the stress imposed by the high rate of production of insulin and other granule proteins, their dense vascularisation and the secretion of their products directly into the bloodstream. Gene variants that may predispose individuals to this vulnerability have been identified, e.g. MDA5, TYK2, PTPN2. They interact with environmental cues, such as viral infections, that may drive this genetic potential towards exacerbated local inflammation and progressive beta cell loss. On top of this, beta cells set up compensatory responses, such as the unfolded protein response, that become deleterious in the long term. The relative contribution of immune and beta cell drivers may vary and phenotypic subtypes (endotypes) are likely to exist. This dual view argues for the use of circulating biomarkers of both autoimmunity and beta cell stress for disease staging, and for the implementation of both immunomodulatory and beta cell-protective therapeutic strategies. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, G.H. Cochin-Port Royal, Cassini building, 123 boulevard de Port Royal, 75014, Paris, France.
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Cochin Hospital, Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, 75014, Paris, France.
| | - Decio L Eizirik
- ULB Center for Diabetes Research and WELBIO, Medical Faculty, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- Indiana Biosciences Research Institute, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Wiles TA, Saba LM, Delong T. Peptide-Spectrum Match Validation with Internal Standards (P-VIS): Internally-Controlled Validation of Mass Spectrometry-Based Peptide Identifications. J Proteome Res 2020; 20:236-249. [PMID: 32924495 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry is an increasingly powerful tool for studying proteins in the context of disease. As technological advances in instrumentation and data analysis have enabled deeper profiling of proteomes and peptidomes, the need for a rigorous, standardized approach to validate individual peptide-spectrum matches (PSMs) has emerged. To address this need, we developed a novel and broadly applicable workflow: PSM validation with internal standards (P-VIS). In this approach, the fragmentation spectrum and chromatographic retention time of a peptide within a biological sample are compared with those of a synthetic version of the putative peptide sequence match. Similarity measurements obtained for a panel of internal standard peptides are then used to calculate a prediction interval for valid matches. If the observed degree of similarity between the biological and the synthetic peptide falls within this prediction interval, then the match is considered valid. P-VIS enables systematic and objective assessment of the validity of individual PSMs, providing a measurable degree of confidence when identifying peptides by mass spectrometry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Aaron Wiles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045-0508, United States States
| | - Laura M Saba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045-0508, United States States
| | - Thomas Delong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045-0508, United States States
| |
Collapse
|
170
|
Passerini L, Gregori S. Induction of Antigen-Specific Tolerance in T Cell Mediated Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2194. [PMID: 33133064 PMCID: PMC7550404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel approaches to control unwanted immune responses represents an ambitious goal in the management of a number of clinical conditions, including autoimmunity, autoinflammatory diseases, allergies and replacement therapies, in which the T cell response to self or non-harmful antigens threatens the physiological function of tissues and organs. Current treatments for these conditions rely on the use of non-specific immunosuppressive agents and supportive therapies, which may efficiently dampen inflammation and compensate for organ dysfunction, but they require lifelong treatments not devoid of side effects. These limitations induced researchers to undertake the development of definitive and specific solutions to these disorders: the underlying principle of the novel approaches relies on the idea that empowering the tolerogenic arm of the immune system would restore the immune homeostasis and control the disease. Researchers effort resulted in the development of cell-free strategies, including gene vaccination, protein-based approaches and nanoparticles, and an increasing number of clinical trials tested the ability of adoptive transfer of regulatory cells, including T and myeloid cells. Here we will provide an overview of the most promising approaches currently under development, and we will discuss their potential advantages and limitations. The field is teaching us that the success of these strategies depends primarily on our ability to dampen antigen-specific responses without impairing protective immunity, and to manipulate directly or indirectly the immunomodulatory properties of antigen presenting cells, the ultimate in vivo mediators of tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Passerini
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Paes W, Leonov G, Partridge T, Nicastri A, Ternette N, Borrow P. Elucidation of the Signatures of Proteasome-Catalyzed Peptide Splicing. Front Immunol 2020; 11:563800. [PMID: 33072102 PMCID: PMC7541919 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.563800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteasomes catalyze the degradation of endogenous proteins into oligopeptides, but can concurrently create spliced oligopeptides through ligation of previously non-contiguous peptide fragments. Recent studies have uncovered a formerly unappreciated role for proteasome-catalyzed peptide splicing (PCPS) in the generation of non-genomically templated human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I)-bound cis-spliced peptides that can be targeted by CD8+ T cells in cancer and infection. However, the mechanisms defining PCPS reactions are poorly understood. Here, we experimentally define the biochemical constraints of proteasome-catalyzed cis-splicing reactions by examination of in vitro proteasomal digests of a panel of viral- and self-derived polypeptide substrates using a tailored mass-spectrometry-based de novo sequencing workflow. We show that forward and reverse PCPS reactions display unique splicing signatures, defined by preferential fusion of distinct amino acid residues with stringent peptide length distributions, suggesting sequence- and size-dependent accessibility of splice reactants for proteasomal substrate binding pockets. Our data provide the basis for a more informed mechanistic understanding of PCPS that will facilitate future prediction of spliced peptides from protein sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne Paes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - German Leonov
- York Cross-Disciplinary Center for Systems Analysis, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Partridge
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Nicastri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Ternette
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Ma H, Jeppesen JF, Jaenisch R. Human T Cells Expressing a CD19 CAR-T Receptor Provide Insights into Mechanisms of Human CD19-Positive β Cell Destruction. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2020; 1:100097. [PMID: 33205073 PMCID: PMC7659530 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2020.100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells underlies type 1 diabetes (T1D). To understand T cell-mediated immune effects on human pancreatic β cells, we combine β cell-specific expression of a model antigen, CD19, and anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells. Coculturing CD19-expressing β-like cells and CD19 CAR-T cells results in T cell-mediated β-like cell death with release of activated T cell cytokines. Transcriptome analysis of β-like cells and human islets treated with conditioned medium of the immune reaction identifies upregulation of immune reaction genes and the pyroptosis mediator GSDMD as well as its activator CASP4. Caspase-4-mediated cleaved GSDMD is detected in β-like cells under inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress conditions. Among immune-regulatory genes, PDL1 is one of the most upregulated, and PDL1 overexpression partially protects human β-like cells transplanted into mice. This experimental platform identifies potential mechanisms of β cell destruction and may allow testing of therapeutic strategies. CD19-expressing β-like cells differentiated from human ES cells are functional Tractable in vitro and in vivo killing of CD19-expressing β-like cells by CAR-T cells Upregulation of pyroptosis factors GSDMD and CAPS4 during β-like cell inflammation PDL1-overexpressing in β-like cells partially protects against reactive T cells
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiting Ma
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jacob F Jeppesen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Global Drug Discovery, Novo Nordisk, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Racine JJ, Chapman HD, Doty R, Cairns BM, Hines TJ, Tadenev ALD, Anderson LC, Green T, Dyer ME, Wotton JM, Bichler Z, White JK, Ettinger R, Burgess RW, Serreze DV. T Cells from NOD- PerIg Mice Target Both Pancreatic and Neuronal Tissue. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2026-2038. [PMID: 32938729 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
It has become increasingly appreciated that autoimmune responses against neuronal components play an important role in type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. In fact, a large proportion of islet-infiltrating B lymphocytes in the NOD mouse model of T1D produce Abs directed against the neuronal type III intermediate filament protein peripherin. NOD-PerIg mice are a previously developed BCR-transgenic model in which virtually all B lymphocytes express the H and L chain Ig molecules from the intra-islet-derived anti-peripherin-reactive hybridoma H280. NOD-PerIg mice have accelerated T1D development, and PerIg B lymphocytes actively proliferate within islets and expand cognitively interactive pathogenic T cells from a pool of naive precursors. We now report adoptively transferred T cells or whole splenocytes from NOD-PerIg mice expectedly induce T1D in NOD.scid recipients but, depending on the kinetics of disease development, can also elicit a peripheral neuritis (with secondary myositis). This neuritis was predominantly composed of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Ab depletion studies showed neuritis still developed in the absence of NOD-PerIg CD8+ T cells but required CD4+ T cells. Surprisingly, sciatic nerve-infiltrating CD4+ cells had an expansion of IFN-γ- and TNF-α- double-negative cells compared with those within both islets and spleen. Nerve and islet-infiltrating CD4+ T cells also differed by expression patterns of CD95, PD-1, and Tim-3. Further studies found transitory early B lymphocyte depletion delayed T1D onset in a portion of NOD-PerIg mice, allowing them to survive long enough to develop neuritis outside of the transfer setting. Together, this study presents a new model of peripherin-reactive B lymphocyte-dependent autoimmune neuritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zoë Bichler
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609
| | | | - Rachel Ettinger
- Viela Bio, Gaithersburg, MD 20878; and.,Respiratory, Inflammation, and Autoimmunity, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD 20878
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
174
|
Akhbari P, Richardson SJ, Morgan NG. Type 1 Diabetes: Interferons and the Aftermath of Pancreatic Beta-Cell Enteroviral Infection. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091419. [PMID: 32942706 PMCID: PMC7565444 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteroviruses (EVs) have long been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D), and accumulating evidence has associated virus-induced autoimmunity with the loss of pancreatic beta cells in T1D. Inflammatory cytokines including interferons (IFN) form a primary line of defence against viral infections, and their chronic elevation is a hallmark feature of many autoimmune diseases. IFNs play a key role in activating and regulating innate and adaptive immune responses, and to do so they modulate the expression of networks of genes and transcription factors known generically as IFN stimulated genes (ISGs). ISGs in turn modulate critical cellular processes ranging from cellular metabolism and growth regulation to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. More recent studies have revealed that IFNs also modulate gene expression at an epigenetic as well as post-transcriptional and post-translational levels. As such, IFNs form a key link connecting the various genetic, environmental and immunological factors involved in the initiation and progression of T1D. Therefore, gaining an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which IFNs modulate beta cell function and survival is crucial in explaining the pathogenesis of virally-induced T1D. This should provide the means to prevent, decelerate or even reverse beta cell impairment.
Collapse
|
175
|
AlHaddad J, Melhem G, Allos H, Azzi J. Regulatory T Cells: Promises and Challenges. CURRENT TRANSPLANTATION REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40472-020-00292-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
176
|
Sun W, Ren Y, Lu Z, Zhao X. The potential roles of exosomes in pancreatic cancer initiation and metastasis. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:135. [PMID: 32878635 PMCID: PMC7466807 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-01255-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is an insidious and highly metastatic malignancy, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. So far, the pathogenesis and progression mechanisms of PaCa have been poorly characterized. Exosomes correspond to a class of extracellular nanovesicles, produced by a broad range of human somatic and cancerous cells. These particular nanovesicles are mainly composed by proteins, genetic substances and lipids, which mediate signal transduction and material transport. A large number of studies have indicated that exosomes may play decisive roles in the occurrence and metastatic progression of PaCa. This article summarizes the specific functions of exosomes and their underlying molecular mechanisms in mediating the initiation and metastatic capability of PaCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Ren
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Zaiming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiangxuan Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 Sanhao Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110004, Liaoning, China.
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of T cells specific for islet autoantigens is proven in pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Recently, there has been rapid expansion in the number of T-cell subsets identified, this has coincided with an increase in the repertoire of reported islet antigens mainly through the discovery of novel epitopes. A discussion of how these marry together is now warranted and timely. RECENT FINDINGS In this review, we will discuss the autoreactivity against neo-epitopes. We then explore the growing array of T-cell subsets for both CD4 T cells, including follicular and peripheral T helper cells, and CD8 T cells, discussing evolution from naïve to exhausted phenotypes. Finally, we detail how subsets correlate with disease stage and loss of β-cell function and are impacted by immunotherapy. SUMMARY The expanding list of T-cell subsets may be potentially encouraging in terms of elucidating disease mechanisms and have a role as biomarkers for disease progression. Furthermore, T-cell subsets can be used in stratifying patients for clinical trials and for monitoring immunotherapy outcomes. However, the definition of subsets needs to be refined in order to ensure that there is a uniform approach in designating T-cell subset attributes that is globally applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sefina Arif
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London
- Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' Hospitals and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Eichmann
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London
- Current address: Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, UK
| |
Collapse
|
178
|
Mishto M. What We See, What We Do Not See, and What We Do Not Want to See in HLA Class I Immunopeptidomes. Proteomics 2020; 20:e2000112. [PMID: 32533627 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The identification of peptides bound to human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules-that is, the HLA-I immunopeptidome-is a useful tool in the hunt for epitopes suitable for vaccinations and immunotherapies. These peptides are mainly generated by proteasomes through peptide hydrolysis and peptide splicing. In this issue, Nicastri and colleagues compared different methods for the elution of HLA class I-associated peptides. It is demonstrated that the choice of HLA-associated peptide enrichment and purification strategy affects peptide yields and creates a bias in detected sequence repertoire. The author carried out this technical brief through the analysis of canonical non-spliced peptides. However, their study left out any analysis of post-translationally spliced peptides, thereby missing an opportunity to shed light on the persistent debate of the frequency of these unconventional peptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Mishto
- Centre for Inflammation Biology and Cancer Immunology (CIBCI) & Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
179
|
Neutrophil elastase triggers the development of autoimmune diabetes by exacerbating innate immune responses in pancreatic islets of non-obese diabetic mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:1679-1696. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20200021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease resulted from self-destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic β cells. However, the pathological pathways that trigger the autoimmune destruction remain poorly understood. Clinical studies have demonstrated close associations of neutrophils and neutrophil elastase (NE) with β-cell autoimmunity in patients with Type 1 diabetes. The present study aims to investigate the impact of NE inhibition on development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. NE pharmacological inhibitor (sivelestat) or biological inhibitor (elafin) was supplemented into NOD mice to evaluate their effects on islet inflammation and diabetogenesis. The impact of NE inhibition on innate and adaptive immune cells was measured with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. A significant but transient increase in neutrophil infiltration accompanied with elevated NE activity was observed in the neonatal period of NOD mice. Treatment of NOD mice with sivelestat or elafin at the early age led to a marked reduction in spontaneous development of insulitis and autoimmune diabetes. Mechanistically, inhibition of NE significantly attenuated infiltration of macrophages and islet inflammation, thus ameliorating cytotoxic T cell-mediated autoimmune attack of pancreatic β cells. In vitro studies showed that NE directly induced inflammatory responses in both min6 β cells and RAW264.7 macrophages, and promoted macrophage migration. These findings support an important role of NE in triggering the onset and progression of β-cell autoimmunity, and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of NE may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for treatment of autoimmune diabetes.
Collapse
|
180
|
James EA, Mallone R, Kent SC, DiLorenzo TP. T-Cell Epitopes and Neo-epitopes in Type 1 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Update and Reappraisal. Diabetes 2020; 69:1311-1335. [PMID: 32561620 PMCID: PMC7306130 DOI: 10.2337/dbi19-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune disease type 1 diabetes is characterized by effector T-cell responses to pancreatic β-cell-derived peptides presented by HLA class I and class II molecules, leading ultimately to β-cell demise and insulin insufficiency. Although a given HLA molecule presents a vast array of peptides, only those recognized by T cells are designated as epitopes. Given their intimate link to etiology, the discovery and characterization of T-cell epitopes is a critical aspect of type 1 diabetes research. Understanding epitope recognition is also crucial for the pursuit of antigen-specific immunotherapies and implementation of strategies for T-cell monitoring. For these reasons, a cataloging and appraisal of the T-cell epitopes targeted in type 1 diabetes was completed over a decade ago, providing an important resource for both the research and the clinical communities. Here we present a much needed update and reappraisal of this earlier work and include online supplementary material where we cross-index each epitope with its primary references and Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) identifier. Our analysis includes a grading scale to score the degree of evidence available for each epitope, which conveys our perspective on several useful criteria for epitope evaluation. While providing an efficient summary of the arguably impressive current state of knowledge, this work also brings to light several deficiencies. These include the need for improved epitope validation, as few epitopes score highly by the criteria employed, and the dearth of investigations of the epitopes recognized in the context of several understudied type 1 diabetes-associated HLA molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eddie A James
- Department of Translational Research, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Roberto Mallone
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
- Service de Diabétologie et Immunologie Clinique, Cochin Hospital, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Paris Centre-Université de Paris, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Sally C Kent
- Diabetes Center of Excellence, Division of Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Teresa P DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
- The Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| |
Collapse
|
181
|
Arribas-Layton D, Guyer P, Delong T, Dang M, Chow IT, Speake C, Greenbaum CJ, Kwok WW, Baker RL, Haskins K, James EA. Hybrid Insulin Peptides Are Recognized by Human T Cells in the Context of DRB1*04:01. Diabetes 2020; 69:1492-1502. [PMID: 32291282 PMCID: PMC7306133 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
T cells isolated from the pancreatic infiltrates of nonobese diabetic mice have been shown to recognize epitopes formed by the covalent cross-linking of proinsulin and secretory granule peptides. Formation of such hybrid insulin peptides (HIPs) was confirmed through mass spectrometry, and responses to HIPs were observed among the islet-infiltrating T cells of pancreatic organ donors and in the peripheral blood of individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, questions remain about the prevalence of HIP-specific T cells in humans, the sequences they recognize, and their role in disease. We identified six novel HIPs that are recognized in the context of DRB1*04:01, discovered by using a library of theoretical HIP sequences derived from insulin fragments covalently linked to one another or to fragments of secretory granule proteins or other islet-derived proteins. We demonstrate that T cells that recognize these HIPs are detectable in the peripheral blood of subjects with T1D and exhibit an effector memory phenotype. HIP-reactive T-cell clones produced Th1-associated cytokines and proliferated in response to human islet preparations. These results support the relevance of HIPs in human disease, further establishing a novel posttranslational modification that may contribute to the loss of peripheral tolerance in T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Perrin Guyer
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Thomas Delong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO
| | - Mylinh Dang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Pharmacy, Denver, CO
| | - I-Ting Chow
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Cate Speake
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Carla J Greenbaum
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Rocky L Baker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
| | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Balakrishnan S, Kumar P, Prabhakar BS. Post-translational modifications contribute to neoepitopes in Type-1 diabetes: Challenges for inducing antigen-specific tolerance. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140478. [PMID: 32599298 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type-1 Diabetes (T1D) is the major autoimmune disease affecting the juvenile population in which insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells are destroyed by self-reactive T-cells and B-cells. Emerging studies have identified the presence of autoantibodies and altered T-cell reactivity against several autoantigens in individuals who are at risk of developing T1D even before the clinical onset of diabetes. Whilst these findings could lead to the development of predictive biomarkers for early diagnosis, growing evidence on the generation of neoepitopes, epitope spreading and diverse antigen repertoire in T1D poses a major challenge for developing approaches to induce antigen-specific tolerance. Mechanisms of neoepitope generation include post-translational modifications of existing epitopes, aberrant translational products, peptide fusion, and differences in MHC binding registers. Here, we focus our discussion on how post-translational modifications can give rise to immunogenic neoepitopes in T1D and present our perspective on how it could affect the development of therapeutic approaches to induce antigen-specific tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sivasangari Balakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| | - Prabhakaran Kumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| | - Bellur S Prabhakar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois-College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Dai YD, Dias P, Margosiak A, Marquardt K, Bashratyan R, Hu WY, Haskins K, Evans LH. Endogenous retrovirus Gag antigen and its gene variants are unique autoantigens expressed in the pancreatic islets of non-obese diabetic mice. Immunol Lett 2020; 223:62-70. [PMID: 32335144 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous retrovirus (ERV) are remnants of ancient retroviruses that have been incorporated into the genome and evidence suggests that they may play a role in the etiology of T1D. We previously identified a murine leukemia retrovirus-like ERV whose Env and Gag antigens are involved in autoimmune responses in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. In this study, we show that the Gag antigen is present in the islet stromal cells. Although Gag gene transcripts were present, Gag protein was not detected in diabetes-resistant mice. Cloning and sequencing analysis of individual Gag genes revealed that NOD islets express Gag gene variants with complete open-reading frames (ORFs), in contrast to the diabetes-resistant mice, whose islet Gag gene transcripts are mostly non-ORFs. Importantly, the ORFs obtained from the NOD islets are extremely heterogenous, coding for various mutants that are absence in the genome. We further show that Gag antigens are stimulatory for autoreactive T cells and identified one islet-expressing Gag variant that contains an altered peptide ligand capable of inducing IFN-gamma release by the T cells. The data highlight a unique retrovirus-like factor in the islets of the NOD mouse strain, which may participate in key events triggering autoimmunity and T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang D Dai
- Biomedical Research Institute of Southern California, Oceanside, CA, USA; Department of Immunology, Scripps Research, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Peter Dias
- Biomedical Research Institute of Southern California, Oceanside, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Margosiak
- Biomedical Research Institute of Southern California, Oceanside, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kathryn Haskins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Leonard H Evans
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Hamilton, MT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Rajaei E, Jalali MT, Shahrabi S, Asnafi AA, Pezeshki SMS. HLAs in Autoimmune Diseases: Dependable Diagnostic Biomarkers? Curr Rheumatol Rev 2020; 15:269-276. [PMID: 30644346 DOI: 10.2174/1573397115666190115143226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The process of antigen presentation to immune cells is an undeniable contributor to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Different studies have indicated several factors that are related to autoimmunity. Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs) are among such factors, which have a key role in autoimmunity because of their involvement in antigen presentation process. METHODS Relevant English language literature was searched and retrieved from Google Scholar search engine and PubMed database (1996-2018). The following keywords were used: "Human leukocyte antigen", "Behcet's syndrome", "Rheumatoid arthritis", "Systemic lupus erythematosus", "Type 1 diabetes", "Celiac Disease" and "Autoimmunity". RESULTS There is a strong association between HLA alleles and autoimmune diseases. For instance, HLA-B alleles and Behcet's syndrome are strongly correlated, and systemic lupus erythematosus and Type 1 diabetes are related to HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1, respectively. CONCLUSION Association between numerous HLA alleles and autoimmune diseases may justify and rationalize their use as biomarkers as well as possible diagnostic laboratory parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Rajaei
- Golestan Hospital Clinical Research Development Unit, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taha Jalali
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeid Shahrabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Ali Amin Asnafi
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research center, Health research institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Sadegh Pezeshki
- Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy Research center, Health research institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
185
|
The MHC-II peptidome of pancreatic islets identifies key features of autoimmune peptides. Nat Immunol 2020; 21:455-463. [PMID: 32152506 PMCID: PMC7117798 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-0623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The nature of autoantigens that trigger autoimmune diseases has been much discussed, but direct biochemical identification is lacking for most. Addressing this question demands unbiased examination of the self-peptides displayed by a defined autoimmune major histocompatibility complex class II (MHCII) molecule. Here we examined the immunopeptidome of the pancreatic islets in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, which spontaneously develop autoimmune diabetes based on the I-Ag7 variant of MHCII. The relevant peptides that induced pathogenic CD4+ T cells at the initiation of diabetes derived from proinsulin. These peptides were also found in the MHCII peptidome of the pancreatic lymph nodes and spleen. The proinsulin-derived peptides followed a trajectory from their generation and exocytosis in β cells, to uptake and presentation in islets and peripheral sites. Such a pathway generated conventional epitopes but also resulted in the presentation of post-translationally modified peptides, including deamidated sequences. These analyses reveal the key features of a restricted component in the self-MHCII peptidome that caused autoreactivity.
Collapse
|
186
|
Liu B, Hood JD, Kolawole EM, Woodruff DM, Vignali DA, Bettini M, Evavold BD. A Hybrid Insulin Epitope Maintains High 2D Affinity for Diabetogenic T Cells in the Periphery. Diabetes 2020; 69:381-391. [PMID: 31806623 PMCID: PMC7034185 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Cell antigen recognition by autoreactive T cells is essential in type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. Recently, insulin hybrid peptides (HIPs) were identified as strong agonists for CD4 diabetogenic T cells. Here, using BDC2.5 transgenic and NOD mice, we investigated T-cell recognition of the HIP2.5 epitope, which is a fusion of insulin C-peptide and chromogranin A (ChgA) fragments, and compared it with the WE14 and ChgA29 -42 epitopes. We measured in situ two-dimensional affinity on individual live T cells from thymus, spleen, pancreatic lymph nodes, and islets before and after diabetes. Although preselection BDC2.5 thymocytes possess higher affinity than splenic BDC2.5 T cells for all three epitopes, peripheral splenic T cells maintained high affinity only to the HIP2.5 epitope. In polyclonal NOD mice, a high frequency (∼40%) of HIP2.5-specific islet T cells were identified at both prediabetic and diabetic stages comprising two distinct high- and low-affinity populations that differed in affinity by 100-fold. This high frequency of high- and low-affinity HIP2.5 T cells in the islets potentially represents a major risk factor in diabetes pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Liu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jennifer D Hood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Dario A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Ludvigsson J. Autoantigen Treatment in Type 1 Diabetes: Unsolved Questions on How to Select Autoantigen and Administration Route. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1598. [PMID: 32111075 PMCID: PMC7084272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoantigen treatment has been tried for the prevention of type 1 diabetes (T1D) and to preserve residual beta-cell function in patients with a recent onset of the disease. In experimental animal models, efficacy was good, but was insufficient in human subjects. Besides the possible minor efficacy of peroral insulin in high-risk individuals to prevent T1D, autoantigen prevention trials have failed. Other studies on autoantigen prevention and intervention at diagnosis are ongoing. One problem is to select autoantigen/s; others are dose and route. Oral administration may be improved by using different vehicles. Proinsulin peptide therapy in patients with T1D has shown possible minor efficacy. In patients with newly diagnosed T1D, subcutaneous injection of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) bound to alum hydroxide (GAD-alum) can likely preserve beta-cell function, but the therapeutic effect needs to be improved. Intra-lymphatic administration may be a better alternative than subcutaneous administration, and combination therapy might improve efficacy. This review elucidates some actual problems of autoantigen therapy in the prevention and/or early intervention of type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Ludvigsson
- Crown Princess Victoria Children´s Hospital and Div of Pediatrics, Dept of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Lnköping university, SE 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
188
|
Dedrick S, Sundaresh B, Huang Q, Brady C, Yoo T, Cronin C, Rudnicki C, Flood M, Momeni B, Ludvigsson J, Altindis E. The Role of Gut Microbiota and Environmental Factors in Type 1 Diabetes Pathogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:78. [PMID: 32174888 PMCID: PMC7057241 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is regarded as an autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency resulting from destruction of pancreatic β-cells. The incidence rates of T1D have increased worldwide. Over the past decades, progress has been made in understanding the complexity of the immune response and its role in T1D pathogenesis, however, the trigger of T1D autoimmunity remains unclear. The increasing incidence rates, immigrant studies, and twin studies suggest that environmental factors play an important role and the trigger cannot simply be explained by genetic predisposition. Several research initiatives have identified environmental factors that potentially contribute to the onset of T1D autoimmunity and the progression of disease in children/young adults. More recently, the interplay between gut microbiota and the immune system has been implicated as an important factor in T1D pathogenesis. Although results often vary between studies, broad compositional and diversity patterns have emerged from both longitudinal and cross-sectional human studies. T1D patients have a less diverse gut microbiota, an increased prevalence of Bacteriodetes taxa and an aberrant metabolomic profile compared to healthy controls. In this comprehensive review, we present the data obtained from both animal and human studies focusing on the large longitudinal human studies. These studies are particularly valuable in elucidating the environmental factors that lead to aberrant gut microbiota composition and potentially contribute to T1D. We also discuss how environmental factors, such as birth mode, diet, and antibiotic use modulate gut microbiota and how this potentially contributes to T1D. In the final section, we focus on existing recent literature on microbiota-produced metabolites, proteins, and gut virome function as potential protectants or triggers of T1D onset. Overall, current results indicate that higher levels of diversity along with the presence of beneficial microbes and the resulting microbial-produced metabolites can act as protectors against T1D onset. However, the specifics of the interplay between host and microbes are yet to be discovered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Dedrick
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | | | - Qian Huang
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Claudia Brady
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Tessa Yoo
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Catherine Cronin
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Caitlin Rudnicki
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Michael Flood
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Babak Momeni
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Johnny Ludvigsson
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Emrah Altindis
- Biology Department, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Matsumoto M, Tsuneyama K, Morimoto J, Hosomichi K, Matsumoto M, Nishijima H. Tissue-specific autoimmunity controlled by Aire in thymic and peripheral tolerance mechanisms. Int Immunol 2020; 32:117-131. [PMID: 31586207 PMCID: PMC7005526 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxz066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific autoimmune diseases are assumed to arise through malfunction of two checkpoints for immune tolerance: defective elimination of autoreactive T cells in the thymus and activation of these T cells by corresponding autoantigens in the periphery. However, evidence for this model and the outcome of such alterations in each or both of the tolerance mechanisms have not been sufficiently investigated. We studied these issues by expressing human AIRE (huAIRE) as a modifier of tolerance function in NOD mice wherein the defects of thymic and peripheral tolerance together cause type I diabetes (T1D). Additive huAIRE expression in the thymic stroma had no major impact on the production of diabetogenic T cells in the thymus. In contrast, huAIRE expression in peripheral antigen-presenting cells (APCs) rendered the mice resistant to T1D, while maintaining other tissue-specific autoimmune responses and antibody production against an exogenous protein antigen, because of the loss of Xcr1+ dendritic cells, an essential component for activating diabetogenic T cells in the periphery. These results contrast with our recent demonstration that huAIRE expression in both the thymic stroma and peripheral APCs resulted in the paradoxical development of muscle-specific autoimmunity. Our results reveal that tissue-specific autoimmunity is differentially controlled by a combination of thymic function and peripheral tolerance, which can be manipulated by expression of huAIRE/Aire in each or both of the tolerance mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minoru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junko Morimoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Hosomichi
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Matsumoto
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Nishijima
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
190
|
Martinov T, Fife BT. Type 1 diabetes pathogenesis and the role of inhibitory receptors in islet tolerance. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1461:73-103. [PMID: 31025378 PMCID: PMC6994200 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) affects over a million Americans, and disease incidence is on the rise. Despite decades of research, there is still no cure for this disease. Exciting beta cell replacement strategies are being developed, but in order for such approaches to work, targeted immunotherapies must be designed. To selectively halt the autoimmune response, researchers must first understand how this response is regulated and which tolerance checkpoints fail during T1D development. Herein, we discuss the current understanding of T1D pathogenesis in humans, genetic and environmental risk factors, presumed roles of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells as well as B cells, and implicated autoantigens. We also highlight studies in non-obese diabetic mice that have demonstrated the requirement for CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and B cells in driving T1D pathology. We present an overview of central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms and comment on existing controversies in the field regarding central tolerance. Finally, we discuss T cell- and B cell-intrinsic tolerance mechanisms, with an emphasis on the roles of inhibitory receptors in maintaining islet tolerance in humans and in diabetes-prone mice, and strategies employed to date to harness inhibitory receptor signaling to prevent or reverse T1D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Abstract
T cells recognize and respond to self antigens in both cancer and autoimmunity. One strategy to influence this response is to incorporate amino acid substitutions into these T cell-specific epitopes. This strategy is being reconsidered now with the goal of increasing time to regression with checkpoint blockade therapies in cancer and antigen-specific immunotherapies in autoimmunity. We discuss how these amino acid substitutions change the interactions with the MHC class I or II molecule and the responding T cell repertoire. Amino acid substitutions in epitopes that are the most effective in therapies bind more strongly to T cell receptor and/or MHC molecules and cross-react with the same repertoire of T cells as the natural antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill E Slansky
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19thAvenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19thAvenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 1775 Aurora Court, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| |
Collapse
|
192
|
Cabello-Kindelan C, Mackey S, Sands A, Rodriguez J, Vazquez C, Pugliese A, Bayer AL. Immunomodulation Followed by Antigen-Specific T reg Infusion Controls Islet Autoimmunity. Diabetes 2020; 69:215-227. [PMID: 31712320 PMCID: PMC6971488 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Optimal immune-based therapies for type 1 diabetes (T1D) should restore self-tolerance without inducing chronic immunosuppression. CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a key cell population capable of facilitating durable immune tolerance. However, clinical trials with expanded Tregs in T1D and solid-organ transplant recipients are limited by poor Treg engraftment without host manipulation. We showed that Treg engraftment and therapeutic benefit in nonautoimmune models required ablative host conditioning. Here, we evaluated Treg engraftment and therapeutic efficacy in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune diabetes using nonablative, combinatorial regimens involving the anti-CD3 (αCD3), cyclophosphamide (CyP), and IAC (IL-2/JES6-1) antibody complex. We demonstrate that αCD3 alone induced substantial T-cell depletion, impacting both conventional T cells (Tconv) and Tregs, subsequently followed by more rapid rebound of Tregs Despite robust depletion of host Tconv and host Tregs, donor Tregs failed to engraft even with interleukin-2 (IL-2) support. A single dose of CyP after αCD3 depleted rebounding host Tregs and resulted in a 43-fold increase in donor Treg engraftment, yet polyclonal donor Tregs failed to reverse diabetes. However, infusion of autoantigen-specific Tregs after αCD3 alone resulted in robust Treg engraftment within the islets and induced remission in all mice. This novel combinatorial therapy promotes engraftment of autoantigen-specific donor Tregs and controls islet autoimmunity without long-term immunosuppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane Mackey
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alexander Sands
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jennifer Rodriguez
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Claudia Vazquez
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Alberto Pugliese
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Allison L Bayer
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| |
Collapse
|
193
|
Xian Y, Xu H, Gao Y, Yan J, Lv J, Ren W, Huang Q, Jiang Z, Xu F, Yao B, Weng J. A pilot study of preproinsulin peptides reactivity in Chinese patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2020; 36:e3228. [PMID: 31655017 PMCID: PMC7027544 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of our study is to investigate whether preproinsulin (PPI) could trigger a proinflammatory CD4+ T cell response in Chinese patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated by a pool of 13 PPI peptides. Additional five PPI peptides previously proved to be antigenic in other cohorts of patients with T1D were also used. PPI reactive T cell responses were measured by interferon (IFN)-γ ELISPOT assay. RESULTS Fifty-one Chinese patients with T1D were enrolled in this study and 72.34% of them were positive for at least one islet autoantibody. The stimulation index (SI) value of IFN-γ response to PPI peptide pool or peptides with dominant epitopes was below 3 in patients when SI≥3 was used as the positive cut-off value. Two peptides (B9-23 and C19-A3) restricted to DQ8 or DR4 molecule failed to induce positive IFN-γ response in patients with high-risk HLA-DQ8 or HLA-DR4/DR9 alleles. RNA-seq analysis of PPI specific CD4+ T cell lines further showed that most of the IFN-γ associated genes remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of CD4+ T cell epitope mapping of PPI in Chinese T1D. The lack of positive IFN-γ response to PPI peptides indicates that PPI might not be the principal antigenic candidate for autoreactive CD4+ T cells in Chinese T1D. Therefore, the efficacy of PPI-based immunotherapies in attenuating proinflammatory CD4+ T cell response requires further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Xian
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of DiabetologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of DiabetologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Yifang Gao
- Organ Transplant Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Organ Donation and Transplant ImmunologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jinhua Yan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of DiabetologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jing Lv
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of DiabetologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wenqian Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of DiabetologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qianwen Huang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of DiabetologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ziyu Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of DiabetologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Fen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of DiabetologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Bin Yao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of DiabetologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of DiabetologyThe Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐Sen UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Department of Endocrinology of the First Affiliated HospitalDivision of Life Sciences and Medicine of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiChina
| |
Collapse
|
194
|
Turk Wensveen T, Fučkar Čupić D, Jurišić Eržen D, Polić B, Wensveen FM. Severe Lipoatrophy in a Patient With Type 2 Diabetes in Response to Human Insulin Analogs Glargine and Degludec: Possible Involvement of CD4 T Cell-Mediated Tissue Remodeling. Diabetes Care 2020; 43:494-496. [PMID: 31806651 DOI: 10.2337/dc19-1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Turk Wensveen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dora Fučkar Čupić
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Dubravka Jurišić Eržen
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
195
|
Vojdani A, Gushgari LR, Vojdani E. Interaction between food antigens and the immune system: Association with autoimmune disorders. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102459. [PMID: 31917265 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been shown that environmental factors such as infections, chemicals, and diet play a major role in autoimmune diseases; however, relatively little attention has been given to food components as the most prevalent modifiers of these afflictions. This review summarizes the current body of knowledge related to different mechanisms and associations between food proteins/peptides and autoimmune disorders. The primary factor controlling food-related immune reactions is the oral tolerance mechanism. The failure of oral tolerance triggers immune reactivity against dietary antigens, which may initiate or exacerbate autoimmune disease when the food antigen shares homology with human tissue antigens. Because the conformational fit between food antigens and a host's self-determinants has been determined for only a few food proteins, we examined evidence related to the reaction of affinity-purified disease-specific antibody with different food antigens. We also studied the reaction of monoclonal or polyclonal tissue-specific antibodies with various food antigens and the reaction of food-specific antibodies with human tissue antigens. Examining the assembled information, we postulated that chemical modification of food proteins by different toxicants in food may result in immune reaction against modified food proteins that cross-react with tissue antigens, resulting in autoimmune reactivity. Because we are what our microbiome eats, food can change the gut commensals, and toxins can breach the gut barrier, penetrating into different organs where they can initiate autoimmune response. Conversely, there are also foods and supplements that help maintain oral tolerance and microbiome homeostasis. Understanding the potential link between specific food consumption and autoimmunity in humans may lay the foundation for further research about the proper diet in the prevention of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aristo Vojdani
- Immunosciences Lab, Inc., 822 S. Robertson Blvd, Ste. 312, Los Angeles, CA 90035, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Lydia R Gushgari
- Cyrex Laboratories, LLC. 2602 South 24(th) St., Phoenix, AZ 85034, USA.
| | - Elroy Vojdani
- Regenera Medical, 11860 Wilshire Blvd., Ste. 301, Los Angeles, CA 90025, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
196
|
Warshauer JT, Bluestone JA, Anderson MS. New Frontiers in the Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes. Cell Metab 2020; 31:46-61. [PMID: 31839487 PMCID: PMC6986815 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by the immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells that results in lifelong absolute insulin deficiency. For nearly a century, insulin replacement has been the only therapy for most people living with this disease. Recent advances in technology and our understanding of β cell development, glucose metabolism, and the underlying immune pathogenesis of the disease have led to innovative therapeutic and preventative approaches. A paradigm shift in immunotherapy development toward the targeting of islet-specific immune pathways involved in tolerance has driven the development of therapies that may allow for the prevention or reversal of this disease while avoiding toxicities associated with historical approaches that were broadly immunosuppressive. In this review, we discuss successes, failures, and emerging pharmacological therapies for type 1 diabetes that are changing how we approach this disease, from improving glycemic control to developing the "holy grail" of disease prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Warshauer
- Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
| | - Mark S Anderson
- Endocrine Division, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Haubrich S, Rabi DM. The Challenges of Identifying Environmental Determinants of Type 1 Diabetes: In Search of the Holy Grail. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2020; 13:4885-4895. [PMID: 33328748 PMCID: PMC7734044 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s275080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is the result of autoimmune-mediated destruction and inflammation of the insulin-producing β-cells of the pancreas. The excess morbidity and mortality from its complications coupled with its increasing incidence emphasize the importance to better understand the etiology of this condition. It has a strong genetic component, but a genetic predisposition is not the sole contributor to disease development as only 30% to 50% of identical twins both develop the disease. In addition, there are multiple lines of evidence to support that environmental factors contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Environmental risk factors that have been proposed include infections, dietary factors, air pollution, vaccines, location of residence, childhood obesity, family environment and stress. Researchers have conducted many observational studies to identify and characterize these potential environmental factors, but findings have been inconsistent or inconclusive. Many studies have had inherent methodological issues in recruitment, participation, defining cases and exposures, and/or data analysis which may limit the interpretability of findings. Identifying and addressing these limitations may allow for greatly needed advances in our understanding of type 1 diabetes. As such, the purpose of this article is to review and discuss the limitations of observational studies that aim to determine environmental risk factors for type 1 diabetes and propose recommendations to overcome them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Butalia
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Correspondence: Sonia ButaliaDivision of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Richmond Road Diagnostic and Treatment Centre, 1820 Richmond Road SW, Calgary, AlbertaT2T 5C7, CanadaTel +1 403-955-8327Fax +1 403-955-8249 Email
| | - Gilaad G Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Bushra Khokhar
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sydney Haubrich
- Ward of the 21st Century, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Doreen M Rabi
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
198
|
Sun L, Xi S, He G, Li Z, Gang X, Sun C, Guo W, Wang G. Two to Tango: Dialogue between Adaptive and Innate Immunity in Type 1 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:4106518. [PMID: 32802890 PMCID: PMC7415089 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4106518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a long-term and chronic autoimmune disorder, in which the immune system attacks the pancreatic β-cells. Both adaptive and innate immune systems are involved in T1DM development. Both B-cells and T-cells, including CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells, as well as other T-cell subsets, could affect onset of autoimmunity. Furthermore, cells involved in innate immunity, including the macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer (NK) cells, could also accelerate or decelerate T1DM development. In this review, the crosstalk and function of immune cells in the pathogenesis of T1DM, as well as the corresponding therapeutic interventions, are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Shugang Xi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Guangyu He
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Chenglin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Weiying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021 Jilin, China
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Piganelli JD, Mamula MJ, James EA. The Role of β Cell Stress and Neo-Epitopes in the Immunopathology of Type 1 Diabetes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:624590. [PMID: 33679609 PMCID: PMC7930070 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.624590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their secretory function, β cells are predisposed to higher levels of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and greater sensitivity to inflammation than other cell types. These stresses elicit changes in β cells that alter their function and immunogenicity, including defective ribosomal initiation, post-translational modifications (PTMs) of endogenous β cell proteins, and alternative splicing. Multiple published reports confirm the presence of not only CD8+ T cells, but also autoreactive CD4+ T cells within pancreatic islets. Although the specificities of T cells that infiltrate human islets are incompletely characterized, they have been confirmed to include neo-epitopes that are formed through stress-related enzymatic modifications of β cell proteins. This article summarizes emerging knowledge about stress-induced changes in β cells and data supporting a role for neo-antigen formation and cross-talk between immune cells and β cells that provokes autoimmune attack - leading to a breakdown in tissue-specific tolerance in subjects who develop type 1 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jon D. Piganelli
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Mark J. Mamula
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Eddie A. James
- Translational Research Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, United States
- *Correspondence: Eddie A. James,
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
Vizcaíno JA, Kubiniok P, Kovalchik KA, Ma Q, Duquette JD, Mongrain I, Deutsch EW, Peters B, Sette A, Sirois I, Caron E. The Human Immunopeptidome Project: A Roadmap to Predict and Treat Immune Diseases. Mol Cell Proteomics 2020; 19:31-49. [PMID: 31744855 PMCID: PMC6944237 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r119.001743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The science that investigates the ensembles of all peptides associated to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules is termed "immunopeptidomics" and is typically driven by mass spectrometry (MS) technologies. Recent advances in MS technologies, neoantigen discovery and cancer immunotherapy have catalyzed the launch of the Human Immunopeptidome Project (HIPP) with the goal of providing a complete map of the human immunopeptidome and making the technology so robust that it will be available in every clinic. Here, we provide a long-term perspective of the field and we use this framework to explore how we think the completion of the HIPP will truly impact the society in the future. In this context, we introduce the concept of immunopeptidome-wide association studies (IWAS). We highlight the importance of large cohort studies for the future and how applying quantitative immunopeptidomics at population scale may provide a new look at individual predisposition to common immune diseases as well as responsiveness to vaccines and immunotherapies. Through this vision, we aim to provide a fresh view of the field to stimulate new discussions within the community, and present what we see as the key challenges for the future for unlocking the full potential of immunopeptidomics in this era of precision medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Vizcaíno
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kubiniok
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | - Qing Ma
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | | | - Ian Mongrain
- Université de Montréal Beaulieu-Saucier Pharmacogenomics Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Eric W Deutsch
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington, 98109
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California, 92037
| | - Isabelle Sirois
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Etienne Caron
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada; Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|