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Raugh A, Jing Y, Bettini ML, Bettini M. The amphiregulin/EGFR axis has limited contribution in controlling autoimmune diabetes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18653. [PMID: 37903947 PMCID: PMC10616065 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional immunosuppressive functions of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis have been well described, but whether Tregs have additional non-immunological functions supporting tissue homeostasis in pancreatic islets is unknown. Within the last decade novel tissue repair functions have been ascribed to Tregs. One function is production of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand, amphiregulin, which promotes tissue repair in response to inflammatory or mechanical tissue injury. However, whether such pathways are engaged during autoimmune diabetes and promote tissue repair is undetermined. Previously, we observed that upregulation of amphiregulin at the transcriptional level was associated with functional Treg populations in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D. From this we postulated that amphiregulin promoted islet tissue repair and slowed the progression of diabetes in NOD mice. Here, we report that islet-infiltrating Tregs have increased capacity to produce amphiregulin, and that both Tregs and beta cells express EGFR. Moreover, we show that amphiregulin can directly modulate mediators of endoplasmic reticulum stress in beta cells. Despite this, NOD amphiregulin deficient mice showed no acceleration of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Taken together, the data suggest that the ability for amphiregulin to affect the progression of autoimmune diabetes is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Raugh
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Yi Jing
- Microbiology and Immunology Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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Raugh A, Jing Y, Bettini ML, Bettini M. The Amphiregulin/EGFR axis has limited contribution in controlling autoimmune diabetes. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3204139. [PMID: 37577652 PMCID: PMC10418547 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3204139/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Conventional immunosuppressive functions of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis have been well described, but whether Tregs have additional non-immunological functions supporting tissue homeostasis in pancreatic islets is unknown. Within the last decade novel tissue repair functions have been ascribed to Tregs. One function is production of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligand, amphiregulin, which promotes tissue repair in response to inflammatory or mechanical tissue injury. Whether such pathways are engaged during autoimmune diabetes and promote tissue repair is undetermined. Previously, we observed upregulation of amphiregulin at the transcriptional level was associated with functional Treg populations in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D. We postulated that amphiregulin promoted islet tissue repair and slowed the progression of diabetes in NOD mice. Here, we report that islet-infiltrating Tregs have increased capacity to produce amphiregulin and both Tregs and beta cells express EGFR. Moreover, we show that amphiregulin can directly modulate mediators of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in beta cells. Despite this, NOD amphiregulin deficient mice showed no acceleration of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. Taken together, the data suggest that the ability for amphiregulin to affect the progression of autoimmune diabetes is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Raugh
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Yi Jing
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, 77030, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
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3
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Abratenko P, Aduszkiewicz A, Akbar F, Pons MA, Asaadi J, Aslin M, Babicz M, Badgett WF, Bagby LF, Baibussinov B, Behera B, Bellini V, Beltramello O, Benocci R, Berger J, Berkman S, Bertolucci S, Bertoni R, Betancourt M, Bettini M, Biagi S, Biery K, Bitter O, Bonesini M, Boone T, Bottino B, Braggiotti A, Brailsford D, Bremer J, Brice SJ, Brio V, Brizzolari C, Brown J, Budd HS, Calaon F, Campani A, Carber D, Carneiro M, Terrazas IC, Carranza H, Casazza D, Castellani L, Castro A, Centro S, Cerati G, Chalifour M, Chambouvet P, Chatterjee A, Cherdack D, Cherubini S, Chithirasreemadam N, Cicerchia M, Cicero V, Coan T, Cocco AG, Convery MR, Copello S, Cristaldo E, Dange AA, de Icaza Astiz I, De Roeck A, Di Domizio S, Di Noto L, Di Stefano C, Di Ferdinando D, Diwan M, Dolan S, Domine L, Donati S, Doubnik R, Drielsma F, Dyer J, Dytman S, Fabre C, Fabris F, Falcone A, Farnese C, Fava A, Ferguson H, Ferrari A, Ferraro F, Gallice N, Garcia FG, Geynisman M, Giarin M, Gibin D, Gigli SG, Gioiosa A, Gu W, Guerzoni M, Guglielmi A, Gurung G, Hahn S, Hardin K, Hausner H, Heggestuen A, Hilgenberg C, Hogan M, Howard B, Howell R, Hrivnak J, Iliescu M, Ingratta G, James C, Jang W, Jung M, Jwa YJ, Kashur L, Ketchum W, Kim JS, Koh DH, Kose U, Larkin J, Laurenti G, Lukhanin G, Marchini S, Marshall CM, Martynenko S, Mauri N, Mazzacane A, McFarland KS, Méndez DP, Menegolli A, Meng G, Miranda OG, Mladenov D, Mogan A, Moggi N, Montagna E, Montanari C, Montanari A, Mooney M, Moreno-Granados G, Mueller J, Naples D, Nebot-Guinot M, Nessi M, Nichols T, Nicoletto M, Norris B, Palestini S, Pallavicini M, Paolone V, Papaleo R, Pasqualini L, Patrizii L, Peghin R, Petrillo G, Petta C, Pia V, Pietropaolo F, Poirot J, Poppi F, Pozzato M, Prata MC, Prosser A, Putnam G, Qian X, Rampazzo G, Rappoldi A, Raselli GL, Rechenmacher R, Resnati F, Ricci AM, Riccobene G, Rice L, Richards E, Rigamonti A, Rosenberg M, Rossella M, Rubbia C, Sala P, Sapienza P, Savage G, Scaramelli A, Scarpelli A, Schmitz D, Schukraft A, Sergiampietri F, Sirri G, Smedley JS, Soha AK, Spanu M, Stanco L, Stewart J, Suarez NB, Sutera C, Tanaka HA, Tenti M, Terao K, Terranova F, Togo V, Torretta D, Torti M, Tortorici F, Tosi N, Tsai YT, Tufanli S, Turcato M, Usher T, Varanini F, Ventura S, Vercellati F, Vicenzi M, Vignoli C, Viren B, Warner D, Williams Z, Wilson RJ, Wilson P, Wolfs J, Wongjirad T, Wood A, Worcester E, Worcester M, Wospakrik M, Yu H, Yu J, Zani A, Zatti PG, Zennamo J, Zettlemoyer JC, Zhang C, Zucchelli S, Zuckerbrot M. ICARUS at the Fermilab Short-Baseline Neutrino program: initial operation. Eur Phys J C Part Fields 2023; 83:467. [PMID: 37303462 PMCID: PMC10239613 DOI: 10.1140/epjc/s10052-023-11610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ICARUS collaboration employed the 760-ton T600 detector in a successful 3-year physics run at the underground LNGS laboratory, performing a sensitive search for LSND-like anomalous ν e appearance in the CERN Neutrino to Gran Sasso beam, which contributed to the constraints on the allowed neutrino oscillation parameters to a narrow region around 1 eV2 . After a significant overhaul at CERN, the T600 detector has been installed at Fermilab. In 2020 the cryogenic commissioning began with detector cool down, liquid argon filling and recirculation. ICARUS then started its operations collecting the first neutrino events from the booster neutrino beam (BNB) and the Neutrinos at the Main Injector (NuMI) beam off-axis, which were used to test the ICARUS event selection, reconstruction and analysis algorithms. ICARUS successfully completed its commissioning phase in June 2022. The first goal of the ICARUS data taking will be a study to either confirm or refute the claim by Neutrino-4 short-baseline reactor experiment. ICARUS will also perform measurement of neutrino cross sections with the NuMI beam and several Beyond Standard Model searches. After the first year of operations, ICARUS will search for evidence of sterile neutrinos jointly with the Short-Baseline Near Detector, within the Short-Baseline Neutrino program. In this paper, the main activities carried out during the overhauling and installation phases are highlighted. Preliminary technical results from the ICARUS commissioning data with the BNB and NuMI beams are presented both in terms of performance of all ICARUS subsystems and of capability to select and reconstruct neutrino events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - F. Akbar
- University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - M. Artero Pons
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - J. Asaadi
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - M. Aslin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
- Present Address: University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA
| | - M. Babicz
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- INP-Polish Acad. Sci, Kraków, Poland
- Present Address: University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - W. F. Badgett
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - L. F. Bagby
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - B. Baibussinov
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - B. Behera
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - V. Bellini
- INFN Sezione di Catania and University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - O. Beltramello
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - R. Benocci
- INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - J. Berger
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - S. Berkman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - S. Bertolucci
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - R. Bertoni
- INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - M. Betancourt
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - M. Bettini
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - K. Biery
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - O. Bitter
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
- Present Address: Northwestern University, Evanston, USA
| | - M. Bonesini
- INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - T. Boone
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - B. Bottino
- INFN Sezione di Genova and University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - A. Braggiotti
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
- Istituto di Neuroscienze, CNR, Padua, Italy
| | - D. Brailsford
- SBND Collaboration, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - J. Bremer
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - S. J. Brice
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - V. Brio
- INFN Sezione di Catania and University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - C. Brizzolari
- INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - J. Brown
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - H. S. Budd
- University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - F. Calaon
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A. Campani
- INFN Sezione di Genova and University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - D. Carber
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - M. Carneiro
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | | | - H. Carranza
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - D. Casazza
- INFN Sezione di Genova and University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - L. Castellani
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A. Castro
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - S. Centro
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - G. Cerati
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - M. Chalifour
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - P. Chambouvet
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | | | - D. Cherdack
- University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | | | | | - M. Cicerchia
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - V. Cicero
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - T. Coan
- Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX 75275 USA
| | | | - M. R. Convery
- SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - S. Copello
- INFN Sezione di Pavia and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - E. Cristaldo
- SBND Collaboration, Universidad Nacional de Asuncion, San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - A. A. Dange
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | | | - A. De Roeck
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - S. Di Domizio
- INFN Sezione di Genova and University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - L. Di Noto
- INFN Sezione di Genova and University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - D. Di Ferdinando
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Diwan
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - S. Dolan
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - L. Domine
- SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | | | - R. Doubnik
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - F. Drielsma
- SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - J. Dyer
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - S. Dytman
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - C. Fabre
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - F. Fabris
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A. Falcone
- INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - C. Farnese
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A. Fava
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - H. Ferguson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | | | - F. Ferraro
- INFN Sezione di Genova and University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - F. G. Garcia
- SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - M. Geynisman
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - M. Giarin
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - D. Gibin
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - S. G. Gigli
- INFN Sezione di Pavia and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - W. Gu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - M. Guerzoni
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Guglielmi
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - G. Gurung
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - S. Hahn
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - K. Hardin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - H. Hausner
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - A. Heggestuen
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - C. Hilgenberg
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
- Present Address: University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - M. Hogan
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - B. Howard
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - R. Howell
- University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - J. Hrivnak
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - M. Iliescu
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Present Address: INFN-LNF, Frascati, Italy
| | - G. Ingratta
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C. James
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - W. Jang
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - M. Jung
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
- SBND Collaboration, Batavia, USA
| | - Y.-J. Jwa
- SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - L. Kashur
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - W. Ketchum
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - J. S. Kim
- University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | - D.-H. Koh
- SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - U. Kose
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- Present Address: ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J. Larkin
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - G. Laurenti
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - G. Lukhanin
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - S. Marchini
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | | | - N. Mauri
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - A. Mazzacane
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | | | - D. P. Méndez
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - A. Menegolli
- INFN Sezione di Pavia and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - G. Meng
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - O. G. Miranda
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - D. Mladenov
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - A. Mogan
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - N. Moggi
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - E. Montagna
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - C. Montanari
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
- On leave of absence from INFN Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A. Montanari
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Mooney
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - G. Moreno-Granados
- Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J. Mueller
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - D. Naples
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | | | - M. Nessi
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - T. Nichols
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - M. Nicoletto
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - B. Norris
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - S. Palestini
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - M. Pallavicini
- INFN Sezione di Genova and University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - V. Paolone
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | | | - L. Pasqualini
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - L. Patrizii
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - R. Peghin
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - G. Petrillo
- SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - C. Petta
- INFN Sezione di Catania and University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - V. Pia
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Pietropaolo
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- On leave of absence from INFN Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - J. Poirot
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - F. Poppi
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Pozzato
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M. C. Prata
- INFN Sezione di Pavia and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A. Prosser
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - G. Putnam
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - X. Qian
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - G. Rampazzo
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - A. Rappoldi
- INFN Sezione di Pavia and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - G. L. Raselli
- INFN Sezione di Pavia and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - R. Rechenmacher
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - F. Resnati
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | | | | | - L. Rice
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - E. Richards
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - A. Rigamonti
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | | | - M. Rossella
- INFN Sezione di Pavia and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - P. Sala
- INFN Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | | | - G. Savage
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - A. Scaramelli
- INFN Sezione di Pavia and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A. Scarpelli
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - D. Schmitz
- University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - A. Schukraft
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - F. Sergiampietri
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
- Present Address: IPSI-INAF Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - G. Sirri
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - A. K. Soha
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - M. Spanu
- INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - L. Stanco
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - J. Stewart
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - N. B. Suarez
- University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - C. Sutera
- INFN Sezione di Catania and University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - H. A. Tanaka
- SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - M. Tenti
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - K. Terao
- SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - F. Terranova
- INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - V. Togo
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - D. Torretta
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - M. Torti
- INFN Sezione di Milano Bicocca and University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - F. Tortorici
- INFN Sezione di Catania and University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - N. Tosi
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Y.-T. Tsai
- SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - S. Tufanli
- CERN, European Organization for Nuclear Research, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
| | - M. Turcato
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - T. Usher
- SLAC National Acceleratory Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025 USA
| | - F. Varanini
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - S. Ventura
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - F. Vercellati
- INFN Sezione di Pavia and University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - M. Vicenzi
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | | | - B. Viren
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - D. Warner
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Z. Williams
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - R. J. Wilson
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - P. Wilson
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - J. Wolfs
- University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 USA
| | | | - A. Wood
- University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204 USA
| | - E. Worcester
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - M. Worcester
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - M. Wospakrik
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | - H. Yu
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - J. Yu
- University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019 USA
| | - A. Zani
- INFN Sezione di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - P. G. Zatti
- INFN Sezione di Padova and University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - J. Zennamo
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
| | | | - C. Zhang
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973 USA
| | - S. Zucchelli
- INFN Sezione di Bologna and University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Zuckerbrot
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, IL 60510 USA
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4
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Nguyen NX, Richens AW, Sircy LM, Allard DE, Kolawole EM, Evavold BD, Bettini M, Hale JS. Immunogen-Specific Strengths and Limitations of the Activation-Induced Marker Assay for Assessing Murine Antigen-Specific CD4+ T Cell Responses. J Immunol 2023; 210:916-925. [PMID: 36883856 PMCID: PMC10038905 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
The activation-induced marker (AIM) assay is a cytokine-independent technique to identify Ag-specific T cells based on the upregulated expression of activation markers after Ag restimulation. The method offers an alternative to intracellular cytokine staining in immunological studies, in which limited cytokine production makes the cell subsets of interest difficult to detect. Studies of lymphocytes in human and nonhuman primates have used the AIM assay to detect Ag-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. However, there is a lack of validation of the strengths and limitations of the assay in murine (Mus musculus) models of infection and vaccination. In this study, we analyzed immune responses of TCR-transgenic CD4+ T cells, including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific SMARTA, OVA-specific OT-II, and diabetogenic BDC2.5-transgenic T cells, and measured the ability of the AIM assay to effectively identify these cells to upregulate AIM markers OX40 and CD25 following culture with cognate Ag. Our findings indicate that the AIM assay is effective for identifying the relative frequency of protein immunization-induced effector and memory CD4+ T cells, whereas the AIM assay had reduced ability to identify specific cells induced by viral infection, particularly during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection. Evaluation of polyclonal CD4+ T cell responses to acute viral infection demonstrated that the AIM assay can detect a proportion of both high- and low-affinity cells. Together, our findings indicate that the AIM assay can be an effective tool for relative quantification of murine Ag-specific CD4+ T cells to protein vaccination, while demonstrating its limitations during conditions of acute and chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen X Nguyen
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Andrew W Richens
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Linda M Sircy
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Denise E Allard
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - J Scott Hale
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT
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5
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Jing Y, Kong Y, Allard D, Liu B, Kolawole E, Sprouse M, Evavold B, Bettini M, Bettini M. Increased TCR signaling in regulatory T cells is disengaged from TCR affinity. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.17.523999. [PMID: 36711832 PMCID: PMC9882247 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.523999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) are capable suppressors of aberrant self-reactivity. However, TCR affinity and specificities that support Treg function, and how these compare to autoimmune T cells remain unresolved. In this study, we used antigen agnostic and epitope-focused analyses to compare TCR repertoires of regulatory and effector T cells that spontaneously infiltrate pancreatic islets of non-obese diabetic mice. We show that effector and regulatory T cell-derived TCRs possess similar wide-ranging reactivity for self-antigen. Treg-derived TCRs varied in their capacity to confer optimal protective function, and Treg suppressive capacity was in part determined by effector TCR affinity. Interestingly, when expressing the same TCR, Tregs showed higher Nur77-GFP expression than Teffs, suggesting Treg-intrinsic ability to compete for antigen. Our findings provide a new insight into TCR-dependent and independent mechanisms that regulate Treg function and indicate a TCR-intrinsic insufficiency in tissue-specific Tregs that may contribute to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes.
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6
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Abstract
The importance of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in preventing autoimmunity has been well established; however, the precise alterations in Treg function in autoimmune individuals and how underlying genetic associations impact the development and function of Tregs is still not well understood. Polygenetic susceptibly is a key driving factor in the development of autoimmunity, and many of the pathways implicated in genetic association studies point to a potential alteration or defect in regulatory T cell function. In this review transcriptomic control of Treg development and function is highlighted with a focus on how these pathways are altered during autoimmunity. In combination, observations from autoimmune mouse models and human patients now provide insights into epigenetic control of Treg function and stability. How tissue microenvironment influences Treg function, lineage stability, and functional plasticity is also explored. In conclusion, the current efficacy and future direction of Treg-based therapies for Type 1 Diabetes and other autoimmune diseases is discussed. In total, this review examines Treg function with focuses on genetic, epigenetic, and environmental mechanisms and how Treg functions are altered within the context of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle Raugh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Denise Allard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Maria Bettini,
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7
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Lin Y, Perovanovic J, Kong Y, Igyarto BZ, Zurawski S, Tantin D, Zurawski G, Bettini M, Bettini ML. Antibody-Mediated Targeting of a Hybrid Insulin Peptide Toward Neonatal Thymic Langerin-Positive Cells Enhances T-Cell Central Tolerance and Delays Autoimmune Diabetes. Diabetes 2022; 71:1735-1745. [PMID: 35622068 PMCID: PMC9490359 DOI: 10.2337/db21-1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Thymic presentation of self-antigens is critical for establishing a functional yet self-tolerant T-cell population. Hybrid peptides formed through transpeptidation within pancreatic β-cell lysosomes have been proposed as a new class of autoantigens in type 1 diabetes (T1D). While the production of hybrid peptides in the thymus has not been explored, due to the nature of their generation, it is thought to be highly unlikely. Therefore, hybrid peptide-reactive thymocytes may preferentially escape thymic selection and contribute significantly to T1D progression. Using an antibody-peptide conjugation system, we targeted the hybrid insulin peptide (HIP) 2.5HIP toward thymic resident Langerin-positive dendritic cells to enhance thymic presentation during the early neonatal period. Our results indicated that anti-Langerin-2.5HIP delivery can enhance T-cell central tolerance toward cognate thymocytes in NOD.BDC2.5 mice. Strikingly, a single dose treatment with anti-Langerin-2.5HIP during the neonatal period delayed diabetes onset in NOD mice, indicating the potential of antibody-mediated delivery of autoimmune neoantigens during early stages of life as a therapeutic option in the prevention of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | | | | | - Botond Z. Igyarto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Sandra Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | - Dean Tantin
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Baylor Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, TX
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Corresponding author: Matthew L. Bettini,
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8
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Jing Y, Kong Y, Trout D, Bettini ML, Bettini M. Insulin specific TCR repertoire analysis reveals functional diversity of Treg TCRs. The Journal of Immunology 2022. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.208.supp.104.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical in preventing autoimmunity and express a unique TCR repertoire with high affinity to self-antigens. However, whether Treg and effector T cell (Teff) TCR repertoires are similarly divergent in the context of autoimmunity, and whether Tregs are able to maintain TCR affinity advantage has not been clearly defined. Insulin tetramer positive Tregs isolated from pancreatic islets of NOD mice showed a higher level of self-reactivity (CD5) and TCR signaling (Nur77-GFP) than Teffs specific to the same epitope. We isolated and sequenced insulin tetramer+ Teffs and Tregs from islets of NOD mice expressing a fixed TCRα of an insulin specific TCR. Surprisingly, significant overlap was identified between Treg and Teff TCR repertoires, suggesting that similar TCRs can support autoimmune Treg and Teff development and recruitment into the autoimmune response. Both Tregs and Teffs exhibited TCRs with a broad range of reactivity to insulin epitope and Treg TCRs did not show increased reactivity. The disconnect between Nur77-GFP and TCR functional affinity suggests a Treg cell-intrinsic capacity to compete for antigen or to enhance downstream signaling. When re-expressed in vivo using the TCR retrogenic method, Treg derived TCRs showed lower Treg generation and collectively higher diabetogenicity. With comparable Treg generation, low affinity Treg TCR showed significantly lower protection against diabetes than high affinity Treg TCR. These findings indicate that in tissue specific autoimmunity Tregs can express a TCR repertoire with a broad range of functionality and have significant overlap with Teffs of the same specificity, which might negatively affect their suppressive capacity.
This work was supported by the NIH (AI125301-01A1) and The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jing
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine
- 2Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Univ. of Utah
| | - Yuelin Kong
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Denise Trout
- 2Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Univ. of Utah
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- 2Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Univ. of Utah
| | - Maria Bettini
- 2Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Univ. of Utah
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9
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Jing Y, Kong Y, McGinty J, Blahnik-Fagan G, Lee T, Orozco-Figueroa S, Bettini ML, James EA, Bettini M. T-Cell Receptor/HLA Humanized Mice Reveal Reduced Tolerance and Increased Immunogenicity of Posttranslationally Modified GAD65 Epitope. Diabetes 2022; 71:1012-1022. [PMID: 35179565 PMCID: PMC9044133 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports a critical role for posttranslationally modified (PTM) islet neoantigens in type 1 diabetes. However, our understanding regarding thymic development and peripheral activation of PTM autoantigen-reactive T cells is still limited. Using HLA-DR4 humanized mice, we observed that deamidation of GAD65115-127 generates a more immunogenic epitope that recruits T cells with promiscuous recognition of both the deamidated and native epitopes and reduced frequency of regulatory T cells. Using humanized HLA/T-cell receptor (TCR) mice, we observed that TCRs reactive to the native or deamidated GAD65115-127 led to efficient development of CD4+ effector T cells; however, regulatory T-cell development was reduced in mice expressing the PTM-reactive TCR, which was partially restored with exogenous PTM peptide. Upon priming, both the native-specific and the deamidated-specific T cells accumulated in pancreatic islets, suggesting that both specificities can recognize endogenous GAD65 and contribute to anti-β-cell responses. Collectively, our observations in polyclonal and single TCR systems suggest that while effector T-cell responses can exhibit cross-reactivity between native and deamidated GAD65 epitopes, regulatory T-cell development is reduced in response to the deamidated epitope, pointing to regulatory T-cell development as a key mechanism for loss of tolerance to PTM antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jing
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Yuelin Kong
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - John McGinty
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Stephanie Orozco-Figueroa
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Eddie A. James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX
- Corresponding author: Maria Bettini,
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10
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Kong Y, Jing Y, Allard D, Scavuzzo MA, Sprouse ML, Borowiak M, Bettini ML, Bettini M. A dormant T cell population with autoimmune potential exhibits low self-reactivity and infiltrates islets in type 1 diabetes. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1158-1170. [PMID: 35389516 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The contribution of low affinity T cells to autoimmunity in the context of polyclonal T cell responses is understudied due to the limitations in their capture by tetrameric reagents and low level of activation in response to antigenic stimulation. As a result, low affinity T cells are often disregarded as non-antigen specific cells irrelevant to the immune response. Our study aimed to assess how the level of self-antigen reactivity shapes T cell lineage and effector responses in the context of spontaneous tissue specific autoimmunity observed in NOD mice. Using multi-color flow cytometry in combination with Nur77GFP reporter of TCR signaling we identified a dormant population of T cells that infiltrated the pancreatic islets of pre-diabetic NOD mice, which exhibited reduced level of self-tissue reactivity based on expression of CD5 and Nur77GFP . We showed that these CD5low T cells had a unique TCR repertoire, exhibited low activation and minimal effector function; however, induced rapid diabetes upon transfer. The CD4+ CD5low T cell population displayed transcriptional signature of central memory T cells, consistent with the ability to acquire effector function post-transfer. Transcriptional profile of CD5low T cells was similar to T cells expressing a low affinity TCR, indicating TCR affinity to be the important factor in shaping CD5low T cell phenotype and function at the tissue site. Overall, our study suggests that autoimmune tissue can maintain a reservoir of undifferentiated central memory-like autoreactive T cells with pathogenic effector potential that might be an important source for effector T cells during long-term chronic autoimmunity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Kong
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Yi Jing
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112
| | - Denise Allard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112
| | - Marissa A Scavuzzo
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Maran L Sprouse
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030.,McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112.,McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, 77030
| | - Maria Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112.,McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, 77030
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11
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Abstract
Critical insights into the etiology of type 1 diabetes (T1D) came from genome-wide association studies that unequivocally connected genetic susceptibility to immune cell function. At the top of the susceptibility are genes involved in regulatory T-cell (Treg) function and development. The advances in epigenetic and transcriptional analyses have provided increasing evidence for Treg dysfunction in T1D. These are well supported by functional studies in mouse models and analysis of peripheral blood during T1D. For these reasons, Treg-based therapies are at the forefront of research and development and have a tangible probability to deliver a long-sought-after successful immune-targeted treatment for T1D. The current challenge in the field is whether we can directly assess Treg function at the tissue site or make informative interpretations based on peripheral data. Future studies focused on Treg function in pancreatic lymph nodes and pancreas could provide key insight into the ultimate mechanisms underlying Treg failure in T1D. In this Perspective we will provide an overview of current literature regarding Treg development and function in T1D and how this knowledge has been applied to Treg therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity/physiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/therapy
- Endocrinology/methods
- Endocrinology/trends
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/physiology
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/trends
- Mice
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/trends
- Pancreas/immunology
- Pancreas/metabolism
- Pancreas/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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12
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Lin Y, Kong Y, Igyarto BZ, Zurawski G, Zurawski S, Bettini M, Bettini M. Contribution of a Hybrid Insulin Peptide-reactive T cell to Diabetes progression in the NOD mouse. The Journal of Immunology 2021. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.206.supp.51.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by the immune destruction of pancreatic β cells. The search for natural equivalents to the mimetopes that can stimulate diabetogenic T cell clones from the Non-Obese Diabetic (NOD) mouse model of T1D led to the realization that hybrid peptides (HP) formed by the joining of β cell granule protein-derived peptide fragments are highly stimulatory to some clones. These hybrid peptides were later identified in vivo and proposed as a new class of post-translationally modified autoantigens mediating this disease. Recent data suggest high concentrations of these proteins in β cell lysosomes during granule turnover can lead to the hybridization of peptide fragments which may then be presented on MHC molecules. In the thymus, medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) mediate T cell tolerance through promiscuous gene expression, but may not mediate HP-reactive T cell tolerance. We hypothesize that HP-reactive T cells preferentially escape the thymus and contribute significantly to T1D progression. We attempted to enhance T cell central tolerance to 2.5HIP, a hybrid insulin peptide formed from Proinsulin and Chromogranin A, the only two antigens known to be critical for T1D progression in the NOD mice, to better understand its impact on T1D incidence. Using an antibody-peptide conjugation system, we targeted 2.5HIP to a subset of thymic resident DCs to enhance presentation of 2.5HIP in early neonatal thymus. In neonatal BDC2.5 TCR-transgenic mice we found that a single dose of antibody-2.5HIP enhanced antigen-specific thymocyte apoptosis and regulatory T cell development. Importantly, a single dose in wild-type neonates resulted in a significant delay of diabetes onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- 1Baylor College of Medicine
- 2University of Utah, Department of Pathology
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13
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Boddul SV, Sharma RK, Dubnovitsky A, Raposo B, Gerstner C, Shen Y, Iyer VS, Kasza Z, Kwok WW, Winkler AR, Klareskog L, Malmström V, Bettini M, Wermeling F. In vitro and ex vitro functional characterization of human HLA-DRB1∗04 restricted T cell receptors. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100087. [PMID: 33768201 PMCID: PMC7980064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in single-cell sequencing technologies enable the generation of large-scale data sets of paired TCR sequences from patients with autoimmune disease. Methods to validate and characterize patient-derived TCR data are needed, as well as relevant model systems that can support the development of antigen-specific tolerance inducing drugs. We have generated a pipeline to allow streamlined generation of 'artificial' T cells in a robust and reasonably high throughput manner for in vitro and in vivo studies of antigen-specific and patient-derived immune responses. Hereby chimeric (mouse-human) TCR alpha and beta constructs are re-expressed in three different formats for further studies: (i) transiently in HEK cells for peptide-HLA tetramer validation experiments, (ii) stably in the TCR-negative 58 T cell line for functional readouts such as IL-2 production and NFAT-signaling, and lastly (iii) in human HLA-transgenic mice for studies of autoimmune disease and therapeutic interventions. As a proof of concept, we have used human HLA-DRB1∗04:01 restricted TCR sequences specific for a type I diabetes-associated GAD peptide, and an influenza-derived HA peptide. We show that the same chimeric TCR constructs can be used in each of the described assays facilitating sequential validation and prioritization steps leading to humanized animal models.
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Key Words
- APC, antigen presenting cells
- BM, bone marrow
- Ca2+, calcium
- Cell lines
- GAD, glutamic acid decarboxylase
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GWAS, Genome-wide association studies
- HA, Influenza hemagglutinin
- HLA
- HLA, Human leukocyte antigen
- HSCs, hematopoietic stem cells
- Humanized animal models
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- NFAT, Nuclear factor of activated T-cells
- RA, Rheumatoid arthritis
- RAG, Recombination-activating genes
- T1D, Type-1 diabetes
- TCR
- TCR, T cell receptor
- TCRa, TCR alpha
- TCRb, TCR beta
- TMR, HLA tetramer
- Tolerance
- hCD4, human CD4
- hTCR, human TCR
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjaykumar V Boddul
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ravi Kumar Sharma
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anatoly Dubnovitsky
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bruno Raposo
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Gerstner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunbing Shen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaishnavi Srinivasan Iyer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Zsolt Kasza
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William W Kwok
- Translational Research Program, BRI at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Aaron R Winkler
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Bettini
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital and Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Majumdar S, Ruiz DZ, Wu WJ, Orozco S, Bettini M, Diehl G, Bettini ML. Regulation of thymic T-cell development by intestinal microbiota. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.84.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Host commensal microbiota plays an important role in the development and functioning of a healthy immune system. Early life interference with commensal colonization is associated with immune disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. One important aspect of microbiota mediated immune regulation is its impact on T-cell differentiation and function. Although most studies show that microbial regulation of T-cells is limited to the periphery, some studies have suggested that the microbiota might impact antigen specific T-cell development in the thymus. However, there has been insufficient data. Interestingly, we are able to detect bacterial signatures by 16s sequencing within mouse and human thymus. Additionally, we observed development of antigen specific thymocytes in SFB colonized 7B8 TCR transgenic mice and in wildtype mice through SFB tetramer staining. We therefore, hypothesize that antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from the gut sample local microbial antigens and migrate to the thymus to present them to the developing thymocytes and influence selection. To test this hypothesis, we tracked the migration of intestinal APCs to the thymus using mice that express the photoconvertible Kikume protein. We performed targeted photo-conversion of the cecum through live surgery and discovered photoconverted APCs in the thymus 48 hours later. These observations open up the possibility that intestinal APCs migrate to the thymus early in life to shape the microbiota specific TCR repertoire.
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15
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Yu H, Bettini M, Ellis G, Riley JL, Collins J, Preston-Hurlburt P, Korah M, Mallone R, Deng S, Wang X, Fremont DH, Spiegel D, Cresswell P, Herold KC. Use of CART cells to selectively target autoantigen-specific T cells for the treatment of autoimmune diabetes. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.238.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous clinical trials using biologics-based broad-spectrum T cell- and B cell-depleting molecules for the treatment of autoimmune diabetes have shown promising, yet mixed, results. Their varied extent of success may be due to their non-specific action and failure to permanently and completely remove the pathogenic subpopulations. As CD8+ T cells, the most dominant cell type in human insulitis, are thought to be the primary mediator of β-cells damage, we thus designed a strategy by adapting chimeric antigen receptor engineered T (CART) technology to directly target these pathogenic T cells.
The newly generated CAR construct maintains original transmembrane and intracellular components, while the extracellular scFv antigen-binding domain was replaced with HLA-A2/β2-microglobulin (B2M) complex that is linked with either diabetes-associated immunodominant peptide zinc transporter 8(ZnT8)186–194 or negative control peptide HIV Gag77–85. We have shown that HLA-A2/B2M complexes were correctly folded and presenting right peptide epitopes on CART cells. The CAR signaling was also sustained, as the expression levels of CD25 and CD69 were significantly elevated only on CAR-transduced Jurkat cells presenting ZnT8186–194 peptide co-cultured with a T-cell line that expresses TCRs recognizing the same peptide. To determine the killing ability of CART cells, we further engineered primary human T cells to express our CAR construct and demonstrated that CART cells can selectively deplete human antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro. Therefore, our results have provided proof-of-principle for the development of a novel immunotherapy for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | - Gavin Ellis
- 3Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - James L Riley
- 3Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Jesse Collins
- 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | - Maria Korah
- 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | | | - Songyan Deng
- 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- 5Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis
| | - Daved H. Fremont
- 5Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis
| | | | - Peter Cresswell
- 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine
| | - Kevan C Herold
- 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine
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16
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Bettini M, Scavuzzo MA, Liu B, Kolawole E, Guo L, Evavold BD, Borowiak M, Bettini ML. A Critical Insulin TCR Contact Residue Selects High-Affinity and Pathogenic Insulin-Specific T Cells. Diabetes 2020; 69:392-400. [PMID: 31836691 PMCID: PMC7034183 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune-mediated disease that culminates in the targeted destruction of insulin-producing β-cells. CD4 responses in NOD mice are dominated by insulin epitope B:9-23 (InsB9-23) specificity, and mutation of the key T-cell receptor (TCR) contact residue within the epitope prevents diabetes development. However, it is not clear how insulin self-antigen controls the selection of autoimmune and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Here we demonstrate that mutation of insulin epitope results in escape of highly pathogenic T cells. We observe an increase in antigen reactivity, clonality, and pathogenicity of insulin-specific T cells that develop in the absence of cognate antigen. Using a single TCR system, we demonstrate that Treg development is greatly diminished in mice with the Y16A mutant epitope. Collectively, these results suggest that the tyrosine residue at position 16 is necessary to constrain TCR reactivity for InsB9-23 by both limiting the development of pathogenic T cells and supporting the selection of Tregs.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mutation
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- McNair Medical Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Marissa A Scavuzzo
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Baoyu Liu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Elizabeth Kolawole
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- McNair Medical Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- McNair Medical Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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17
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Liu B, Hood JD, Kolawole EM, Woodruff DM, Vignali DA, Bettini M, Evavold BD. A Hybrid Insulin Epitope Maintains High 2D Affinity for Diabetogenic T Cells in the Periphery. Diabetes 2020; 69:381-391. [PMID: 31806623 PMCID: PMC7034185 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
β-Cell antigen recognition by autoreactive T cells is essential in type 1 diabetes (T1D) pathogenesis. Recently, insulin hybrid peptides (HIPs) were identified as strong agonists for CD4 diabetogenic T cells. Here, using BDC2.5 transgenic and NOD mice, we investigated T-cell recognition of the HIP2.5 epitope, which is a fusion of insulin C-peptide and chromogranin A (ChgA) fragments, and compared it with the WE14 and ChgA29 -42 epitopes. We measured in situ two-dimensional affinity on individual live T cells from thymus, spleen, pancreatic lymph nodes, and islets before and after diabetes. Although preselection BDC2.5 thymocytes possess higher affinity than splenic BDC2.5 T cells for all three epitopes, peripheral splenic T cells maintained high affinity only to the HIP2.5 epitope. In polyclonal NOD mice, a high frequency (∼40%) of HIP2.5-specific islet T cells were identified at both prediabetic and diabetic stages comprising two distinct high- and low-affinity populations that differed in affinity by 100-fold. This high frequency of high- and low-affinity HIP2.5 T cells in the islets potentially represents a major risk factor in diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyu Liu
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Jennifer D Hood
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Elizabeth M Kolawole
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | - Dario A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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18
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Palma S, Roversi MF, Bettini M, Mazzoni S, Pietrosemoli P, Lucaccioni L, Berardi A, Genovese E. Hearing loss in children with congenital cytomegalovirus infection: an 11-year retrospective study based on laboratory database of a tertiary paediatric hospital. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 39:40-45. [PMID: 30936577 PMCID: PMC6444162 DOI: 10.14639/0392-100x-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Congenital cytomegalovirus infection is considered the main cause of infantile non-genetic neurosensory hearing loss. Although this correlation was described more than 50 years ago, the natural history of internal ear involvement has not yet been fully defined. Hearing loss is the most frequent sequela and is seen in a variable percentage up to 30%; the hearing threshold is characterised by fluctuations or progressive deterioration. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hearing loss in cases of congenital CMV infection from Modena county, starting from the database of the microbiology and virology reference laboratory. All children undergoing urine testing for suspected CMV infection or viral DNA testing on Guthrie Card in the period between January 2004 and December 2014 were enrolled in the study. Family paediatricians were contacted and asked about clinical information on the possible presence at birth or subsequent occurrence of hearing loss, excluding cases where this was not possible. The results showed an annual prevalence of congenital cytomegalovirus infection among suspected cases that was stable over time despite the progressive increase in subjects tested. The prevalence of hearing loss was in line with the literature, whereas in long-term follow-up cases of moderate, medium-to-severe hearing loss with late onset were not detected. The introduction of newborn hearing screening in the county has allowed early diagnosis of hearing loss at birth as non-TEOAE-born births underwent a urine virus test. Moreover, despite all the limitations of the study, we can conclude that European epidemiological studies are needed to better define the relationship between congenital CMV infection and internal ear disease as the impact of environmental and genetic factors is still not entirely clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Palma
- Audiology, Primary Care Unit, Modena, Italy
| | - M F Roversi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Mother, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - M Bettini
- Head and Neck Department, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - S Mazzoni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Mother, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - P Pietrosemoli
- Microbiology and Virology Department, University Medical Hospital, Modena
| | - L Lucaccioni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Mother, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - A Berardi
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of the Mother, Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - E Genovese
- Audiology, Department of Diagnostic, Clinical and Public Health University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy
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19
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Gu BH, Sprouse ML, Madison MC, Hong MJ, Yuan X, Tung HY, Landers CT, Song LZ, Corry DB, Bettini M, Kheradmand F. A Novel Animal Model of Emphysema Induced by Anti-Elastin Autoimmunity. J Immunol 2019; 203:349-359. [PMID: 31182478 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Loss of immune tolerance to self-antigens can promote chronic inflammation and disrupt the normal function of multiple organs, including the lungs. Degradation of elastin, a highly insoluble protein and a significant component of the lung structural matrix, generates proinflammatory molecules. Elastin fragments (EFs) have been detected in the serum of smokers with emphysema, and elastin-specific T cells have also been detected in the peripheral blood of smokers with emphysema. However, an animal model that could recapitulate T cell-specific autoimmune responses by initiating and sustaining inflammation in the lungs is lacking. In this study, we report an animal model of autoimmune emphysema mediated by the loss of tolerance to elastin. Mice immunized with a combination of human EFs plus rat EFs but not mouse EFs showed increased infiltration of innate and adaptive immune cells to the lungs and developed emphysema. We cloned and expanded mouse elastin-specific CD4+ T cells from the lung and spleen of immunized mice. Finally, we identified TCR sequences from the autoreactive T cell clones, suggesting possible pathogenic TCRs that can cause loss of immune tolerance against elastin. This new autoimmune model of emphysema provides a useful tool to examine the immunological factors that promote loss of immune tolerance to self.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Hee Gu
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Maran L Sprouse
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Matthew C Madison
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Monica J Hong
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xiaoyi Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Hui-Ying Tung
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Cameron T Landers
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Li-Zhen Song
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - David B Corry
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.,Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and.,Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Maria Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and.,Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; .,Center for Translational Research in Inflammatory Diseases, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030; and.,Biology of Inflammation Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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20
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Abstract
The ability to express and study a single T cell receptor (TCR) in vivo is an important aspect of both basic and translational immunological research. Traditionally, this was achieved by using TCR transgenic mice. In the past decade, a more efficient approach for single TCR expression was developed. This relatively rapid and accessible method utilizes retrovirus-mediated stem cell-based gene transfer and is commonly referred to as the TCR retrogenic approach. In this approach, hematopoietic bone marrow precursors are transduced with retroviral vector carrying both alpha and beta chains of a T cell receptor. After successful transduction, bone marrow is injected into recipient mice, in which T cell development is driven by expression of the vector-encoded TCR. This article details the materials and methods required to generate TCR retrogenic mice. It is divided into three sections and provides detailed methods for generation of stable retroviral producer cell lines, isolation and optimal transduction of hematopoietic bone marrow cells, and subsequent analysis of TCR retrogenic T cells. A detailed example of such analysis is provided. The current protocol is a culmination of many years of optimization and is the most efficient approach to date. Bone marrow transduction and transfer into recipient mice can now be achieved in a short period of four days. The protocol can be followed in most laboratories with standard biomedical equipment, and is supported by a troubleshooting guide that covers potential pitfalls and unexpected results. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yi Jing
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,McNair Medical Institute, Houston, Texas
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21
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Rugiero M, Bettini M, Silveira F, Sosa Albacete F, Christiansen S. CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES AND MYASTHENIA. Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Rugiero M, Salutto V, Alvarez V, Bettini M, Genco N, Mazia C. CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES AND MYASTHENIA. Neuromuscul Disord 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2018.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cell is well known for its anti-inflammatory function in a variety of tissues in health and disease. Accordingly, Treg cells that reside in adipose tissue exhibit specific phenotypes. Their numbers are regulated by age, gender and environmental factors, such as diet and cold stimulation. Adipose-resident Treg cells have been suggested to be critical regulators of immune and metabolic microenvironment in adipose tissue, as well as involved in pathogenesis of obesity-related metabolic disorders. This review surveys existing information on adipose-resident Treg cells. We first describe the origin, phenotype and function of adipose-resident Treg cells. We then describe the major regulators of adipose-resident Treg cells, and discuss how the adipose-resident Treg cells are regulated in lean and obese conditions, especially in humans. Finally, we highlight their therapeutic potential in obesity-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zeng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Sun
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Liuling Xiao
- Center for Bioenergetics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Zhiguo Xie
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Maria Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, McNair Medical Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tuo Deng
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Central South University, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China.,Center for Bioenergetics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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24
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Scavuzzo MA, Hill MC, Chmielowiec J, Yang D, Teaw J, Sheng K, Kong Y, Bettini M, Zong C, Martin JF, Borowiak M. Endocrine lineage biases arise in temporally distinct endocrine progenitors during pancreatic morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3356. [PMID: 30135482 PMCID: PMC6105717 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05740-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decoding the molecular composition of individual Ngn3 + endocrine progenitors (EPs) during pancreatic morphogenesis could provide insight into the mechanisms regulating hormonal cell fate. Here, we identify population markers and extensive cellular diversity including four EP subtypes reflecting EP maturation using high-resolution single-cell RNA-sequencing of the e14.5 and e16.5 mouse pancreas. While e14.5 and e16.5 EPs are constantly born and share select genes, these EPs are overall transcriptionally distinct concomitant with changes in the underlying epithelium. As a consequence, e16.5 EPs are not the same as e14.5 EPs: e16.5 EPs have a higher propensity to form beta cells. Analysis of e14.5 and e16.5 EP chromatin states reveals temporal shifts, with enrichment of beta cell motifs in accessible regions at later stages. Finally, we provide transcriptional maps outlining the route progenitors take as they make cell fate decisions, which can be applied to advance the in vitro generation of beta cells. Endocrine progenitors form early in pancreatic development but the diversity of this cell population is unclear. Here, the authors use single cell RNA sequencing of the mouse pancreas at e14.5 and e16.5 to show that endocrine progenitors are temporally distinct and those formed later are more likely to become beta cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Scavuzzo
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Matthew C Hill
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Diane Yang
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jessica Teaw
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kuanwei Sheng
- Integrative Molecular and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yuelin Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Chenghang Zong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital, and Houston Methodist Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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25
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Kong Y, Sprouse M, Jing Y, Bettini ML, Bettini M. Level of self-reactivity modulates functional potential of effector T cells in autoimmune diabetes. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.163.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
T cell infiltration and accumulation in pancreatic islets during autoimmune diabetes is largely dependent on TCR specificity for beta cell antigens. However, it is not fully clear whether the level of self-reactivity is an important determinant of T cell function in autoimmunity. We observed that CD5 expression is proportional to the level of self-reactivity based on Nur77-GFP reporter of TCR signaling and insulin tetramer staining of islet infiltrating T cells. Using RNAseq profiling, TCR sequencing, and cell transfer diabetes model we show that CD5 segregates functionally and transcriptionally distinct effector T cells. Transfer of CD5hi islet infiltrating T cells resulted in accelerated diabetes development compared to CD5lo cells (8 weeks vs. 11 weeks post transfer), suggesting that both T cell populations are able to re-infiltrate the pancreas and cause beta cell destruction, but CD5hi T cells exhibit increased pathogenicity. RNAseq analysis showed an increase in expression of Lag3 and FR4 in CD5hi cells, consistent with their increased activation and subsequent induction of regulatory and tolerogenic pathways. However, cell intrinsic negative regulators did not suppress IFNg production in CD5hi T cells, which was significantly higher compared to CD5lo cells. Our findings show that the strength of TCR reactivity to beta cell antigens is an important determinant of T cell pathogenicity in autoimmune diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuelin Kong
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Maran Sprouse
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Yi Jing
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- 2Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, Texas, USA 77030
- 3McNair Medical Institute, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Maria Bettini
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
- 3McNair Medical Institute, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
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26
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Jing Y, Kong Y, Bettini ML, Bettini M. Islet-infiltrating effector and regulatory T cells specific for a single epitope possess distinct, but overlapping TCR repertoires. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.163.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been shown to play a critical protective role in type 1 diabetes. However, TCR specificity of islet-infiltrating Tregs and its influence on T cell function during autoimmune diabetes is largely unknown. It has been shown that Tregs have a higher affinity for self and possess a unique TCR repertoire. Accordingly, we observed increased TCR signaling in islet-infiltrating insulin-tetramer labeled Tregs compared to effector T cells (Teffs), as measured by the Nur77-GFP reporter of TCR activation. In order to obtain the profile of Treg and Teff TCR repertoires specific for a single epitope, we isolated and sequenced insulin tetramer binding Teffs and Tregs from islets of NOD mice expressing a fixed alpha chain of an insulin specific TCR. Surprisingly, TCR sequence analysis showed relatively high similarity (Morisita-Horn index: 0.27) between Treg and Teff TCR repertoires, where a substantial portion (46.4%) of Tregs expressed shared TCRs. Collectively, our data suggest that Treg and Teff specific for a single epitope can express the same TCRs, which they exploit to exert different effector or suppressive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jing
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Yuelin Kong
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- 2Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, Texas, USA 77030
- 3McNair Medical Institute, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Maria Bettini
- 1Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
- 3McNair Medical Institute, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
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27
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Lin Y, Lee T, Zurawski G, Bettini M, Bettini ML. Thymic development of regulatory T cells by dendritic cells presenting modified peripheral beta cell antigens. The Journal of Immunology 2018. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.200.supp.101.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type I Diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that destroys insulin producing β cells found within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Insulin and Chromogranin A (ChgA) are the only currently known β cell antigens (βAg) necessary to initiate autoimmune diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice; however, expression of ChgA within medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) has not yet been detected. Therefore, tolerance to ChgA may be due in part to peripheral dendritic cells (DCs) presenting ChgA to developing thymocytes and naïve T cells. For example, post-translational modification (PTM) of ChgA by fusion with an insulin peptide increases epitope immunogenicity by forming the neo-antigen, insulin-ChgA fusion peptide (2.5HIP). Pathogenic T cells that are specific for 2.5HIP, which is uniquely expressed in the pancreas, may escape thymic selection due to immunologic ignorance. The relative contribution of thymic and peripheral derived Ag in the selection of βAg specific CD4+ T cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) remains unclear. To test the role of peripheral Ag exposure on thymic development of βAg specific Tregs, we generated a 50:50 mixed bone marrow chimera using NOD WT (CD45.2 × CD45.1) and BDC2.5 TCR Tg (CD45.1) bone marrow to study the role of peripheral DCs (CD45.2) on developing ChgA T cells. Next, we targeted thymic Langerin+ DCs with anti-Langerin linked to ChgA peptides in BDC2.5 TCR Tg mice. In both experiments, we found robust increase in the ratio and number of ChgA specific Tregs in the presence of the 2.5HIP, in adult and neonatal mice. The results suggest thymic exposure to PTM peptides by DCs enhances β cell specific Treg development and may alter T1D pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Lin
- 1Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Thomas Lee
- 1Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- 2Baylor Inst. for Immunology Res., Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Maria Bettini
- 1Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, Texas, USA 77030
- 3McNair Medical Institute, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
| | - Matthew L. Bettini
- 1Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, Texas, USA 77030
- 3McNair Medical Institute, Houston, Texas, USA 77030
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28
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Sprouse ML, Scavuzzo MA, Blum S, Shevchenko I, Lee T, Makedonas G, Borowiak M, Bettini ML, Bettini M. High self-reactivity drives T-bet and potentiates Treg function in tissue-specific autoimmunity. JCI Insight 2018; 3:97322. [PMID: 29367462 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.97322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) affinity is a critical factor of Treg lineage commitment, but whether self-reactivity is a determining factor in peripheral Treg function remains unknown. Here, we report that a high degree of self-reactivity is crucial for tissue-specific Treg function in autoimmunity. Based on high expression of CD5, we identified a subset of self-reactive Tregs expressing elevated levels of T-bet, GITR, CTLA-4, and ICOS, which imparted significant protection from autoimmune diabetes. We observed that T-bet expression in Tregs, necessary for control of Th1 autoimmunity, could be induced in an IFNγ-independent fashion and, unlike in conventional T cells (Tconv), was strongly correlated with the strength of TCR signaling. The level of CD5 similarly identified human Tregs with an increased functional profile, suggesting that CD5hi Tregs may constitute an efficacious subpopulation appropriate for use in adoptive Treg therapies for treatment of inflammatory conditions. Overall, this work establishes an instrumental role of high TCR self-reactivity in driving Treg function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maran L Sprouse
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology
| | | | - Samuel Blum
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology
| | - Ivan Shevchenko
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology
| | - Thomas Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology
| | | | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, and.,McNair Medical Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology.,McNair Medical Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology.,McNair Medical Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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29
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Sprouse ML, Shevchenko I, Scavuzzo MA, Joseph F, Lee T, Blum S, Borowiak M, Bettini ML, Bettini M. Cutting Edge: Low-Affinity TCRs Support Regulatory T Cell Function in Autoimmunity. J Immunol 2017; 200:909-914. [PMID: 29282307 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) use a distinct TCR repertoire and are more self-reactive compared with conventional T cells. However, the extent to which TCR affinity regulates the function of self-reactive Tregs is largely unknown. In this study, we used a two-TCR model to assess the role of TCR affinity in Treg function during autoimmunity. We observed that high- and low-affinity Tregs were recruited to the pancreas and contributed to protection from autoimmune diabetes. Interestingly, high-affinity cells preferentially upregulated the TCR-dependent Treg functional mediators IL-10, TIGIT, GITR, and CTLA4, whereas low-affinity cells displayed increased transcripts for Areg and Ebi3, suggesting distinct functional profiles. The results of this study suggest mechanistically distinct and potentially nonredundant roles for high- and low-affinity Tregs in controlling autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maran L Sprouse
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Ivan Shevchenko
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Marissa A Scavuzzo
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Faith Joseph
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Samuel Blum
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030.,Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and.,McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030.,McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Maria Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; .,McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030
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30
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Rugiero M, Gonorazky H, Bettini M, Saccoliti M, Lornage X, Böhm J, Laporte J, Romero N, Taratuto A. GFPT1-related limb-girdle myasthenia: First case reported in Argentina. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Rugiero M, Bettini M, Araoz M, Genco N, Chaves M, Christiansen S, Rassumoff A. Muscle magnetic resonance imaging in inclusion body myositis: presentation of 16 cases. Neuromuscul Disord 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2017.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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32
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Sprouse ML, Blahnik G, Lee T, Tully N, Benarjee P, James EA, Redondo MJ, Bettini ML, Bettini M. Streamlined Single Cell TCR Isolation and Generation of Retroviral Vectors for In Vitro and In Vivo Expression of Human TCRs. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28930975 DOI: 10.3791/55379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although, several methods for sequencing of paired T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chains from single T cells have been developed, none so far have been conducive to downstream in vivo functional analysis of TCR heterodimers. We have developed an improved protocol based on a two-step multiplex-nested PCR, which results in a PCR product that spans entire variable regions of a human TCR alpha and beta chains. By identifying unique restriction sites and incorporating them into the PCR primers, we have made the PCR product compatible with direct sub-cloning into the template retroviral vector. The resulting retroviral construct encodes a chimeric human/mouse TCR with a mouse intracellular domain, which is functional in mouse cells or in in vivo mouse models. Overall, the protocol described here combines human single cell paired TCR alpha and beta chain identification with streamlined generation of retroviral vectors readily adaptable for in vitro and in vivo TCR expression. The video and the accompanying material are designed to give a highly detailed description of the single cell PCR, so that the critical steps can be followed and potential pitfalls avoided. Additionally, we provide a detailed description of the cloning steps necessary to generate the expression vector. Once mastered, the whole procedure from single cell sorting to TCR expression could be performed in a short two-week period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maran L Sprouse
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital
| | | | - Thomas Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital
| | - Natalie Tully
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital
| | - Pinaki Benarjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital
| | | | - Maria J Redondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital;
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33
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Lee T, Sprouse ML, Banerjee P, Bettini M, Bettini ML. Ectopic Expression of Self-Antigen Drives Regulatory T Cell Development and Not Deletion of Autoimmune T Cells. J Immunol 2017; 199:2270-2278. [PMID: 28835461 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that is characterized by Ag-specific targeting and destruction of insulin-producing β cells. Although multiple studies have characterized the pathogenic potential of β cell-specific T cells, we have limited mechanistic insight into self-reactive autoimmune T cell development and their escape from negative selection in the thymus. In this study, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of insulin epitope B:9-23 (InsB9-23) by thymic APCs is insufficient to induce deletion of high- or low-affinity InsB9-23-reactive CD4+ T cells; however, we observe an increase in the proportion and number of thymic and peripheral Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. In contrast, the MHC stable insulin mimetope (InsB9-23 R22E) efficiently deletes insulin-specific T cells and prevents escape of high-affinity thymocytes. Collectively, these results suggest that Ag dose and peptide-MHC complex stability can lead to multiple fates of insulin-reactive CD4+ T cell development and autoimmune disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lee
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Maran L Sprouse
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Pinaki Banerjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Maria Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030; and
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34
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Zhang Q, Chikina M, Szymczak-Workman AL, Horne W, Kolls JK, Vignali KM, Normolle D, Bettini M, Workman CJ, Vignali DAA. LAG3 limits regulatory T cell proliferation and function in autoimmune diabetes. Sci Immunol 2017; 2:2/9/eaah4569. [PMID: 28783703 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aah4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory receptors (IRs) are pivotal in controlling T cell homeostasis because of their intrinsic regulation of conventional effector T (Tconv) cell proliferation, viability, and function. However, the role of IRs on regulatory T cells (Tregs) remains obscure because they could be required for suppressive activity and/or limit Treg function. We evaluated the role of lymphocyte activation gene 3 (LAG3; CD223) on Tregs by generating mice in which LAG3 is absent on the cell surface of Tregs in a murine model of type 1 diabetes. Unexpectedly, mice that lacked LAG3 expression on Tregs exhibited reduced autoimmune diabetes, consistent with enhanced Treg proliferation and function. Whereas the transcriptional landscape of peripheral wild-type (WT) and Lag3-deficient Tregs was largely comparable, substantial differences between intra-islet Tregs were evident and involved a subset of genes and pathways that promote Treg maintenance and function. Consistent with these observations, Lag3-deficient Tregs outcompeted WT Tregs in the islets but not in the periphery in cotransfer experiments because of enhanced interleukin-2-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 signaling and increased Eos expression. Our study suggests that LAG3 intrinsically limits Treg proliferation and function at inflammatory sites, promotes autoimmunity in a chronic autoimmune-prone environment, and may contribute to Treg insufficiency in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Maria Chikina
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Andrea L Szymczak-Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - William Horne
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Kate M Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Daniel Normolle
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Creg J Workman
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. .,Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.,Tumor Microenvironment Center, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
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35
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Abstract
The strongest susceptibility allele for Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is human leukocyte antigen (HLA), which supports a central role for T cells as the drivers of autoimmunity. However, the precise mechanisms that allow thymic escape and peripheral activation of beta cell antigen-specific T cells are still largely unknown. Studies performed with the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse have challenged several immunological dogmas, and have made the NOD mouse a key experimental system to study the steps of immunodysregulation that lead to autoimmune diabetes. The structural similarities between the NOD I-Ag7 and HLA-DQ8 have revealed the stability of the T cell receptor (TCR)/HLA/peptide tri-molecular complex as an important parameter in the development of autoimmune T cells, as well as afforded insights into the key antigens targeted in T1D. In this review, we will provide a summary of the current understanding with regard to autoimmune T cell development, the significance of the antigens targeted in T1D, and the relationship between TCR affinity and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Bettini
- Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew L. Bettini, ; Maria Bettini,
| | - Maria Bettini
- Pediatric Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children’s Hospital, McNair Medical Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew L. Bettini, ; Maria Bettini,
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36
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Sprouse ML, Blahnik G, Lee T, Tully N, Banerjee P, James EA, Redondo MJ, Bettini ML, Bettini M. Rapid identification and expression of human TCRs in retrogenic mice. J Immunol Methods 2016; 439:29-36. [PMID: 27589924 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Single-cell paired TCR identification is a powerful tool, but has been limited in its previous incompatibility with further functional analysis. The current protocol describes a method to clone and functionally evaluate in vivo TCRs derived from single antigen-responsive human T cells and monoclonal T cell lines. We have improved upon current PCR-based TCR sequencing protocols by developing primers that allow amplification of human TCRα and TCRβ variable regions, while incorporating specific restriction cut sites for direct subcloning into the template retroviral vector. This streamlined approach for generating human:mouse chimeric TCR vectors allows for rapid TCR expression in humanized-retrogenic (hu-Rg) mice through retroviral mediated stem cell gene transfer. Using widely available techniques and equipment, this method is easily adaptable by most laboratories. This is the first TCR identification protocol that is efficiently combined with subsequent in vivo TCR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maran L Sprouse
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Thomas Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Natalie Tully
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Pinaki Banerjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Eddie A James
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria J Redondo
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Diabetes and Endocrinology, McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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37
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Lee T, Shevchenko I, Sprouse ML, Bettini M, Bettini ML. Retroviral Transduction of Bone Marrow Progenitor Cells to Generate T-cell Receptor Retrogenic Mice. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27500835 DOI: 10.3791/54196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) signaling is essential in the development and differentiation of T cells in the thymus and periphery, respectively. The vast array of TCRs proves studying a specific antigenic response difficult. Therefore, TCR transgenic mice were made to study positive and negative selection in the thymus as well as peripheral T cell activation, proliferation and tolerance. However, relatively few TCR transgenic mice have been generated specific to any given antigen. Thus, studies involving TCRs of varying affinities for the same antigenic peptide have been lacking. The generation of a new TCR transgenic line can take six or more months. Additionally, any specific backcrosses can take an additional six months. In order to allow faster generation and screening of multiple TCRs, a protocol for retroviral transduction of bone marrow was established with stoichiometric expression of the TCRα and TCRβ chains and the generation of retrogenic mice. Each retrogenic mouse is essentially a founder, virtually negating a founder effect, while the length of time to generate a TCR retrogenic is cut from six months to approximately six weeks. Here we present a rapid and flexible alternative to TCR transgenic mice that can be expressed on any chosen background with any particular TCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | | | | | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine
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38
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Da Costa Martins PA, Vitale S, Arderiu G, Juni R, Duygu B, Bitsch N, De Windt LJ, Bettini M, Marchetti MC, Ciliberti G, Coiro S, Zuchi C, Migliorati G, Tritto I, Riccardi C, Ambrosio G, Espinosa S, Pena E, Crespo J, Bogdanov VY, Badimon L. Microvascular Angina: Diagnosis and Treatment Particularities61MicroRNA-216a: a cardiac-specific post-transcriptional regulator of capillary rarefaction associated with heart failure62Divergent effects of pre- and post-conditioning on microvascular function63Tissue factor variants induce monocyte mobilization and transdifferentiation into endothelial-like cells that promote angiogenesis. Cardiovasc Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvw131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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39
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Lee T, Tully N, Bettini M, Bettini M. Thymic development of insulin reactive T cells (BA11P.128). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.184.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that involves the destruction of insulin (Ins) producing β cells found within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. While multiple studies have characterized the pathogenicity and diabetogenic potential of β-cell specific T cells, we have limited mechanistic insight into autoimmune T cell development and their escape from thymic selection. Utilizing the retrogenic mouse technology, we show that ectopic expression of InsB9-23 or insulin agonist mimetope (R22E) in the thymus influences the onset of diabetes. Our results demonstrate that increasing InsB9-23 expression in the thymus is insufficient to induce insulin reactive CD4+ T cell deletion, and upon escape from thymic selection, these insulin reactive T cells infiltrate the pancreas of NOD mice. Interestingly, these pancreatic-residing autoreactive CD4+ T cells are no longer able to induce spontaneous diabetes development. In contrast, when R22E mimetope is expressed, thymocyte development is halted at the double positive stage and insulin reactive T cells undergo negative selection. As a result, thymic expression of R22E completely prevents autoreactive thymocytes selection and diabetes development. Collectively, these results suggest that antigen dose or peptide:MHC complex stability of self-antigen presentation in the thymus can lead to multiple fates of insulin reactive CD4+T cell development and autoimmune outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lee
- 1Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
- 2Pathology and Immunology, Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, TX
| | | | - Maria Bettini
- 1Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
- 2Pathology and Immunology, Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, TX
| | - Matthew Bettini
- 1Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
- 2Pathology and Immunology, Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, TX
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Sprouse M, Redondo M, Bettini M, Bettini M. Streamlined protocol for TCR sequencing, cloning, and in vivo functional analysis of islet antigen reactive human T cells (BA11P.131). The Journal of Immunology 2015. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.194.supp.184.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the selective destruction of insulin secreting beta cells present in the islets of Langerhans. A large body of evidence has implicated T cells as the predominant mediators of beta cell destruction leading to T1D development. The goal of our research is to develop a system for isolation and characterization of diabetogenic CD4+ T cells from the peripheral blood of early onset T1D patients. We were able to obtain a blood sample from a treatment-naïve T1D patient at the time of diagnosis. Through a novel multiplex-nest PCR protocol, we cloned corresponding alpha and beta TCR chains from individual islet antigen-specific T cells and tested them in vitro for antigenic specificity and HLA restriction. Utilizing a humanized TCR/HLA retrogenic mouse system, we are testing human islet antigen reactive TCRs for their in vivo functionality and diabetogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maran Sprouse
- 1Department of Pediatrics-Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, TX
| | - Maria Redondo
- 1Department of Pediatrics-Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Matthew Bettini
- 1Department of Pediatrics-Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, TX
| | - Maria Bettini
- 1Department of Pediatrics-Diabetes and Endocrinology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
- 2Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor Col. of Med., Houston, TX
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Bettini M, Blanchfield L, Castellaw A, Zhang Q, Nakayama M, Smeltzer MP, Zhang H, Hogquist KA, Evavold BD, Vignali DAA. TCR affinity and tolerance mechanisms converge to shape T cell diabetogenic potential. J Immunol 2014; 193:571-9. [PMID: 24943217 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoreactive T cells infiltrating the target organ can possess a broad TCR affinity range. However, the extent to which such biophysical parameters contribute to T cell pathogenic potential remains unclear. In this study, we selected eight InsB9-23-specific TCRs cloned from CD4(+) islet-infiltrating T cells that possessed a relatively broad range of TCR affinity to generate NOD TCR retrogenic mice. These TCRs exhibited a range of two-dimensional affinities (∼ 10(-4)-10(-3) μm(4)) that correlated with functional readouts and responsiveness to activation in vivo. Surprisingly, both higher and lower affinity TCRs could mediate potent insulitis and autoimmune diabetes, suggesting that TCR affinity does not exclusively dictate or correlate with diabetogenic potential. Both central and peripheral tolerance mechanisms selectively impinge on the diabetogenic potential of high-affinity TCRs, mitigating their pathogenicity. Thus, TCR affinity and multiple tolerance mechanisms converge to shape and broaden the diabetogenic T cell repertoire, potentially complicating efforts to induce broad, long-term tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Lori Blanchfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Ashley Castellaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Qianxia Zhang
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Maki Nakayama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Matthew P Smeltzer
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105; and
| | - Kristin A Hogquist
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Dario A A Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105;
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Blanchfield JL, Bettini M, Vignali D, Evavold B. Analyzing the contributions of TCR affinity to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (P4129). The Journal of Immunology 2013. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.190.supp.133.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) specific CD4+ T cell infiltrates from the central nervous system (CNS) have exhibited a range of affinities (low to high) for MOG peptide:MHC class II during peak EAE symptoms. Tetramer binding analyses and two-dimensional affinity assays have indicated that high affinity, MOG specific T cells comprise a rare yet significant population within the polyclonal repertoire; however, their functional contributions to the pathogenesis of chronic autoimmunity is not clear. Preliminary experiments suggested that a high precursor frequency (15 x 106) of polyclonal tetramer positive MOG specific T cells promotes early onset and greater disease severity when compared to tetramer negative T cells. Analysis of a high affinity MOG specific, CD4+ T cell (TCR Vα4β1) revealed a two dimensional affinity of 6.4x10-4 μm4 that was similar to the mean affinity (1.6x10-4 μm4) of pathogenic CD4+ T cells at peak LCMV Armstrong infection. Retrogenic models were used to assess the pathogenicity of TCR affinity in order to circumvent the limited number of endogenous high affinity T cells. The TCR Vα4β1 retrogenic mice developed spontaneous EAE even in the presence of FoxP3 positive (6%) T cells. T cells progressed though thymic selection without altering CD4 or TCR expression while maintaining their high two-dimensional affinity. Overall, MOG specific, high affinity CD4+ T cells are pathogenic and may predispose mice to a rapid progressive course of EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Bettini
- 2Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Dario Vignali
- 2Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Brian Evavold
- 1Microbiology and Immunology, Emory Univ., Atlanta, GA
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Abstract
The T-cell receptor (TCR) is unique in its complexity. It determines not only positive (life) and negative (death) selection in the thymus, but also mediates proliferation, anergy, differentiation, cytotoxicity and cytokine production in the periphery. Through its association with six CD3 signalling chains (εγ, δε and ζζ), the TCR is capable of recognizing an extensive variety of antigenic peptides, from both pathogens and self-antigens, and translating these interactions into multiple signalling pathways that mediate diverse T-cell developmental and functional responses. The analysis of TCR biology has been revolutionized by the development of TCR transgenic mice, which express a single clonotypic T-cell population, with diverse specificities and genetic backgrounds. However, they are time consuming to generate and characterize, limiting the analysis of large numbers of TCR over a short period of time in multiple genetic backgrounds. The recent development of TCR retrogenic technology resolves these limitations and could in time have a similarly important impact on our understanding of T-cell development and function. In this review, we will discuss the advantages and limitations of retrogenic technology compared with the generation and use of TCR transgenic mice for studying all aspects of T-cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-35 is a newly identified inhibitory cytokine used by T regulatory cells to control T cell-driven immune responses. However, the therapeutic potential of native, biologically active IL-35 has not been fully examined. Expression of the heterodimeric IL-35 cytokine was targeted to β-cells via the rat insulin promoter (RIP) II. Autoimmune diabetes, insulitis, and the infiltrating cellular populations were analyzed. Ectopic expression of IL-35 by pancreatic β-cells led to substantial, long-term protection against autoimmune diabetes, despite limited intraislet IL-35 secretion. Nonobese diabetic RIP-IL35 transgenic mice exhibited decreased islet infiltration with substantial reductions in the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, and frequency of glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit-related protein-specific CD8(+) T cells. Although there were limited alterations in cytokine expression, the reduced T-cell numbers observed coincided with diminished T-cell proliferation and G1 arrest, hallmarks of IL-35 biological activity. These data present a proof of principle that IL-35 could be used as a potent inhibitor of autoimmune diabetes and implicate its potential therapeutic utility in the treatment of type 1 diabetes.
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Bettini ML, Pan F, Bettini M, Finkelstein D, Rehg JE, Floess S, Bell BD, Ziegler SF, Huehn J, Pardoll DM, Vignali DA. Loss of epigenetic modification driven by the Foxp3 transcription factor leads to regulatory T cell insufficiency. Immunity 2012; 36:717-30. [PMID: 22579476 PMCID: PMC3361541 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2012.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells, driven by the Foxp3 transcription factor, are responsible for limiting autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. We showed that a well-characterized Foxp3(gfp) reporter mouse, which expresses an N-terminal GFP-Foxp3 fusion protein, is a hypomorph that causes profoundly accelerated autoimmune diabetes on a NOD background. Although natural Treg cell development and in vitro function are not markedly altered in Foxp3(gfp) NOD and C57BL/6 mice, Treg cell function in inflammatory environments was perturbed and TGF-β-induced Treg cell development was reduced. Foxp3(gfp) was unable to interact with the histone acetyltransferase Tip60, the histone deacetylase HDAC7, and the Ikaros family zinc finger 4, Eos, which led to reduced Foxp3 acetylation and enhanced K48-linked polyubiquitylation. Collectively this results in an altered transcriptional landscape and reduced Foxp3-mediated gene repression, notably at the hallmark IL-2 promoter. Loss of controlled Foxp3-driven epigenetic modification leads to Treg cell insufficiency that enables autoimmunity in susceptible environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew L. Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Fan Pan
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Maria Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - David Finkelstein
- Bioinformatics St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jerold E. Rehg
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Stefan Floess
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Jochen Huehn
- Experimental Immunology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Drew M. Pardoll
- Immunology and Hematopoiesis Division, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Dario A.A. Vignali
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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Bettini M, Bisonni A, Toral A, Miguez J, Rugiero M, Cristiano E. Guillain Barre Syndrome and Neoplastic Disease (P06.147). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p06.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Rugiero M, Bettini M, Salutto VL, Gomez H, Pirra L, Politei J, Dubrovsky A, Reisin R, Nogues M, Mazia C. Clinical and Demographical Findings of MuSK Myasthenia Gravis in Argentina (P05.175). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p05.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Bettini M, Rugiero M, Gonorazky H, Rey R, Cristiano E, Rodriguez G, Sica R. Survival in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients in Argentina (P01.099). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p01.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Gargiulo-Monachelli GM, Janota F, Bettini M, Shoesmith CL, Strong MJ, Sica REP. Regional spread pattern predicts survival in patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2012; 19:834-41. [PMID: 22248150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2011.03616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (sALS) is a disease with a focal clinical onset and contiguous spread. We examined patterns of disease spread following symptoms onset in sALS and whether the pattern of spread predicted survival. METHODS Review of medical records (2003-2009) at London Ontario and Buenos Aires clinic cohorts retrieved 318 patients with sporadic sALS. According to patient self-report, we determined eight spread patterns: rostro-caudal, caudo-rostral, crossed, circular, superior interposed, middle interposed, inferior interposed and isolated. The variables studied were as follows: age, gender, sALS phenotypes, time from onset to diagnosis and time and direction of the spreading to the first region. Survival from symptoms onset was analysed by Kaplan-Meier, Tarone-Ware and Cox proportional hazards methods. RESULTS The direction of first spread was horizontal in 33%, rostral to caudal in 32% and caudal to rostral in 21%, whereas spread to remote regions was observed in 14% of patients. Survival curves and 3- and 5-year survival rates favoured patients with an isolated and caudo-rostral pattern of spread compared to patients progressing to distant regions without involvement in the intervening region, or 'superior and inferior interposed patterns' (Tarone-Ware P = 0.001, χ(2) = 0.002 and χ(2) = 0.006, respectively). Factors affecting survival were gender, time to diagnosis, flail arm phenotype and age at diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS We have provided evidence that not all spread in ALS is contiguous and that the nature of symptom progression influences survival. Patients with sALS with 'interposed patterns' had a worse prognosis, whereas patients with caudo-rostral pattern fared better than the rest.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Gargiulo-Monachelli
- Department of Neurology, Ramos Mejia Hospital. School of Medicine, Buenos Aires University, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
The destruction of beta cells in type 1 diabetes in humans and in autoimmune diabetes in the NOD mouse model is a consequence of chronic islet inflammation in the pancreas. The T cell-driven autoimmune response is initiated by environmental triggers which are influenced by the state of intestinal homeostasis and the microbiota. The disease process can be separated into two phases: firstly, initiation of mild, controlled, long-term infiltration and secondly, propagation of invasive inflammation which quickly progresses to beta cell deletion and autoimmune diabetes. In this review, we will discuss the cellular and molecular triggers that might be required for these two phases in the context of other issues including the unique anatomical location of pancreas, the location of T cell priming, the requirements for islet entry, and the events that ultimately drive beta cell destruction and the onset of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bettini
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
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