151
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Lubes G, Goodarzi M. GC-MS based metabolomics used for the identification of cancer volatile organic compounds as biomarkers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:313-322. [PMID: 28750734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A biomarker can be a metabolite, coming from a metabolic pathway or cell process, which might be employed in the diagnostic of diseases, predict patient response towards chemical therapies and/or monitor disease recurrences. Biomarkers, e.g. aldehydes or hydrocarbons, are often identified from different body fluids such as blood, urine, serum, saliva or from various tissues samples, and their concentration can vary from one sample to the other. However, the detection and the action of these biomarkers for diseases is a complicated process. Cancer is one of the main cause of death worldwide. The main characteristic of cancerous tumor is the uncontrolled growing of cells inside the organism. Likely, these uncontrolled growths are as consequence changes in the metabolism that could be analytically monitored. Depending on where the cancer cells are located, they provide different characteristics profiles. These profiles as fingerprints are used for differentiation in a comparison to normal cells. This critical study aimed at highlighting the latest progress in this area, especially in the employment of gas chromatography for the monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the identification of possible molecules used as biomarkers for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lubes
- Laboratorio de Equilibrios en Solución, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Venezuela
| | - Mohammad Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, United States.
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152
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153
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Balsalobre-Arenas L, Alarcón-Cavero T. Rapid diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract infections due to parasites, viruses, and bacteria. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2017; 35:367-376. [PMID: 28238506 PMCID: PMC7103346 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic techniques are valuable tools in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections, especially for the detection of some microorganisms and in certain groups of patients. While antigen detection techniques are widely used in Clinical Microbiology laboratories, for the diagnosis of viruses, some parasites and some bacteria, molecular techniques are routinely used only for some pathogens (such as Clostridium difficile). However, molecular techniques are constantly evolving, and they allow a rapid diagnosis for an increasing number of pathogens, with high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, they are also able to detect virulence factors or resistance mechanisms. Syndromic surveillance systems, which detect different pathogens simultaneously, are very promising because they enable the most frequent pathogens to be diagnosed in a few hours and they can be very useful in certain patients. For the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection, molecular techniques are able to detect bacteria and its resistance to clarithromycin and levofloxacin, allowing the most appropriate treatment to be selected for each patient when bacterial culture is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz Balsalobre-Arenas
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, España
| | - Teresa Alarcón-Cavero
- Servicio de Microbiología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa, Madrid, España; Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Salud Publica y Microbiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España.
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154
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Balsalobre-Arenas L, Alarcón-Cavero T. Rapid diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract infections due to parasites, viruses, and bacteria. ENFERMEDADES INFECCIOSAS Y MICROBIOLOGIA CLINICA (ENGLISH ED.) 2017. [PMCID: PMC7172322 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2017.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid diagnostic techniques are valuable tools in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal infections, especially for the detection of some microorganisms and in certain groups of patients. While antigen detection techniques are widely used in Clinical Microbiology laboratories, for the diagnosis of viruses, some parasites and some bacteria, molecular techniques are routinely used only for some pathogens (such as Clostridium difficile). However, molecular techniques are constantly evolving, and they allow a rapid diagnosis for an increasing number of pathogens, with high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, they are also able to detect virulence factors or resistance mechanisms. Syndromic surveillance systems, which detect different pathogens simultaneously, are very promising because they enable the most frequent pathogens to be diagnosed in a few hours and they can be very useful in certain patients. For the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection, molecular techniques are able to detect bacteria and its resistance to clarithromycin and levofloxacin, allowing the most appropriate treatment to be selected for each patient when bacterial culture is not possible.
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155
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Opota O, Greub G. Mentor-mentee relationship in clinical microbiology. Clin Microbiol Infect 2017; 23:448-453. [PMID: 28478239 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2017.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical microbiology is a field in constant evolution, with increasing technological opportunities and a growing emphasis on human and social issues. Maintaining knowledge and skills and anticipating future changes is challenging both for laboratory managers and for all the co-workers. Training and succession preparation represents a unique opportunity to adapt/prepare future generations according to the evolutions of the field. AIMS The aim of this review is to provide to clinical microbiologists a reflection on ongoing technological and social changes in their field and a deepening of the central role of preparing future generations to these changes through a fruitful mentor-mentee relationship. SOURCES This narrative review relies on selected publications addressing mentor-mentee interactions in various academic fields, on interview with our colleagues and pairs, as well as on our personal experience. CONTENT From the qualities and aspects that emerged as necessary for a productive mentor-mentee interaction, we selected and discuss five of them for the mentor: the role and responsibility, the positioning, the vision, the scientific credibility, and the moral credibility, as well as five for the mentee: creativity, flexibility, energy, responsibility, and self evaluation. IMPLICATIONS This review emphasizes the importance of both the scientific and the ethical credibility of the mentor and the mentee as well as the importance of human and social values such as solidarity, equality, equity, respectfulness, and empathy, and might support mentor and mentee in the field of clinical microbiology and also in the field of infectious disease in their intent for a fruitful interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Opota
- Institute of Microbiology University of Lausanne and University Hospital Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - G Greub
- Institute of Microbiology University of Lausanne and University Hospital Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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156
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Horváth I, Barnes PJ, Loukides S, Sterk PJ, Högman M, Olin AC, Amann A, Antus B, Baraldi E, Bikov A, Boots AW, Bos LD, Brinkman P, Bucca C, Carpagnano GE, Corradi M, Cristescu S, de Jongste JC, Dinh-Xuan AT, Dompeling E, Fens N, Fowler S, Hohlfeld JM, Holz O, Jöbsis Q, Van De Kant K, Knobel HH, Kostikas K, Lehtimäki L, Lundberg J, Montuschi P, Van Muylem A, Pennazza G, Reinhold P, Ricciardolo FLM, Rosias P, Santonico M, van der Schee MP, van Schooten FJ, Spanevello A, Tonia T, Vink TJ. A European Respiratory Society technical standard: exhaled biomarkers in lung disease. Eur Respir J 2017; 49:49/4/1600965. [PMID: 28446552 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00965-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Breath tests cover the fraction of nitric oxide in expired gas (FeNO), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), variables in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and other measurements. For EBC and for FeNO, official recommendations for standardised procedures are more than 10 years old and there is none for exhaled VOCs and particles. The aim of this document is to provide technical standards and recommendations for sample collection and analytic approaches and to highlight future research priorities in the field. For EBC and FeNO, new developments and advances in technology have been evaluated in the current document. This report is not intended to provide clinical guidance on disease diagnosis and management.Clinicians and researchers with expertise in exhaled biomarkers were invited to participate. Published studies regarding methodology of breath tests were selected, discussed and evaluated in a consensus-based manner by the Task Force members.Recommendations for standardisation of sampling, analysing and reporting of data and suggestions for research to cover gaps in the evidence have been created and summarised.Application of breath biomarker measurement in a standardised manner will provide comparable results, thereby facilitating the potential use of these biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Horváth
- Dept of Pulmonology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter J Barnes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Peter J Sterk
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marieann Högman
- Centre for Research & Development, Uppsala University/Gävleborg County Council, Gävle, Sweden
| | - Anna-Carin Olin
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy and University Hospital, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anton Amann
- Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Balazs Antus
- Dept of Pathophysiology, National Korányi Institute of Pulmonology, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Andras Bikov
- Dept of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes W Boots
- Dept of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe D Bos
- Intensive Care, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Caterina Bucca
- Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Universita' di Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | - Simona Cristescu
- Dept of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan C de Jongste
- Dept of Pediatrics/Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus MC-Sophia Childrens' Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edward Dompeling
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Niki Fens
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen Fowler
- Respiratory Research Group, University of Manchester Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Jens M Hohlfeld
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany.,Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Olaf Holz
- Clinical Airway Research, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - Quirijn Jöbsis
- Department of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Centre (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Van De Kant
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo H Knobel
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jon Lundberg
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paolo Montuschi
- Pharmacology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Alain Van Muylem
- Hopital Erasme Cliniques Universitaires de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giorgio Pennazza
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Petra Reinhold
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Jena, Germany
| | - Fabio L M Ricciardolo
- Clinic of Respiratory Disease, Dept of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Philippe Rosias
- Dept of Paediatrics/Family Medicine Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Dept of Pediatrics, Maasland Hospital, Sittard, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Santonico
- Faculty of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico, Rome, Italy
| | - Marc P van der Schee
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Thomy Tonia
- European Respiratory Society, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Teunis J Vink
- Philips Research, High Tech Campus 11, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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157
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Moore JE, Mastoridis P. Clinical implications of Pseudomonas aeruginosa location in the lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. J Clin Pharm Ther 2017; 42:259-267. [PMID: 28374433 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the leading cause of lung infection in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Antibiotics are regarded as the foundational pharmacological treatment for the suppressive management of chronic P. aeruginosa infections and to eradicate the first infection by P. aeruginosa. Inhalation remains a preferred route for drug administration, providing direct access to the site of infection while minimizing systemic side effects. Effective suppressive management of P. aeruginosa infections, however, requires an understanding of the location of the bacteria in the lungs and consideration of the factors that could limit access of the inhaled antibiotic to the infected area. This review provides a systematic assessment of the scientific literature to gain insight into the location of P. aeruginosa in the lungs of patients with CF and its clinical implications. The characteristics of antibiotic inhalation systems are also discussed in this context. METHODS We reviewed evidence-based literature from both human and animal studies in which P. aeruginosa lung location was reported. Relevant publications were identified through a screening strategy and summarized by reported P. aeruginosa location. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Most areas of the conductive and respiratory zones of the lungs are susceptible to P. aeruginosa colonization. Deposition of an inhaled antibiotic is dependent on the device and formulation characteristics, as well as the ability of the patient to generate sufficient inhaled volume. As patients with CF often experience a decline in lung function, the challenge is to ensure that the inhaled antibiotic can be delivered throughout the bronchial tree. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION An effective drug delivery system that can target P. aeruginosa in both the respiratory and conductive zones is required. The chosen inhalation device should also offer a drug formulation that can be quickly and effectively delivered to specific lung locations, with minimal inspiratory effort from the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Moore
- Northern Ireland Public Health Laboratory, Department of Bacteriology, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - P Mastoridis
- Respiratory Department, Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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158
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Shokry E, de Oliveira AE, Avelino MAG, de Deus MM, Filho NRA. Earwax: A neglected body secretion or a step ahead in clinical diagnosis? A pilot study. J Proteomics 2017; 159:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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159
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Lubes G, Goodarzi M. Analysis of Volatile Compounds by Advanced Analytical Techniques and Multivariate Chemometrics. Chem Rev 2017; 117:6399-6422. [PMID: 28306239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Smelling is one of the five senses, which plays an important role in our everyday lives. Volatile compounds are, for example, characteristics of food where some of them can be perceivable by humans because of their aroma. They have a great influence on the decision making of consumers when they choose to use a product or not. In the case where a product has an offensive and strong aroma, many consumers might not appreciate it. On the contrary, soft and fresh natural aromas definitely increase the acceptance of a given product. These properties can drastically influence the economy; thus, it has been of great importance to manufacturers that the aroma of their food product is characterized by analytical means to provide a basis for further optimization processes. A lot of research has been devoted to this domain in order to link the quality of, e.g., a food to its aroma. By knowing the aromatic profile of a food, one can understand the nature of a given product leading to developing new products, which are more acceptable by consumers. There are two ways to analyze volatiles: one is to use human senses and/or sensory instruments, and the other is based on advanced analytical techniques. This work focuses on the latter. Although requirements are simple, low-cost technology is an attractive research target in this domain; most of the data are generated with very high-resolution analytical instruments. Such data gathered based on different analytical instruments normally have broad, overlapping sensitivity profiles and require substantial data analysis. In this review, we have addressed not only the question of the application of chemometrics for aroma analysis but also of the use of different analytical instruments in this field, highlighting the research needed for future focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Lubes
- Laboratorio de Química en Solución. Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB) , Apartado 89000, Caracas 1080 A, Venezuela
| | - Mohammad Goodarzi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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160
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Trivedi DK, Hollywood KA, Goodacre R. Metabolomics for the masses: The future of metabolomics in a personalized world. NEW HORIZONS IN TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2017; 3:294-305. [PMID: 29094062 PMCID: PMC5653644 DOI: 10.1016/j.nhtm.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current clinical practices focus on a small number of biochemical directly related to the pathophysiology with patients and thus only describe a very limited metabolome of a patient and fail to consider the interations of these small molecules. This lack of extended information may prevent clinicians from making the best possible therapeutic interventions in sufficient time to improve patient care. Various post-genomics '('omic)' approaches have been used for therapeutic interventions previously. Metabolomics now a well-established'omics approach, has been widely adopted as a novel approach for biomarker discovery and in tandem with genomics (especially SNPs and GWAS) has the potential for providing systemic understanding of the underlying causes of pathology. In this review, we discuss the relevance of metabolomics approaches in clinical sciences and its potential for biomarker discovery which may help guide clinical interventions. Although a powerful and potentially high throughput approach for biomarker discovery at the molecular level, true translation of metabolomics into clinics is an extremely slow process. Quicker adaptation of biomarkers discovered using metabolomics can be possible with novel portable and wearable technologies aided by clever data mining, as well as deep learning and artificial intelligence; we shall also discuss this with an eye to the future of precision medicine where metabolomics can be delivered to the masses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Royston Goodacre
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
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161
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Rees CA, Franchina FA, Nordick KV, Kim PJ, Hill JE. Expanding the Klebsiella pneumoniae volatile metabolome using advanced analytical instrumentation for the detection of novel metabolites. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:785-795. [PMID: 27930839 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The purpose of this study was to identify the volatile molecules produced by the pathogenic Gram-negative bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae (ATCC 13883) during in vitro growth using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). METHODS AND RESULTS Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883 was incubated in lysogeny broth to mid-exponential and stationary growth phases. Headspace volatile molecules from culture supernatants were concentrated using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and analysed via GC×GC-TOFMS. Ninety-two K. pneumoniae-associated volatile molecules were detected, of which 78 (85%) were detected at both phases of growth and 14 (15%) were detected at either mid-exponential or stationary growth phases. CONCLUSIONS This study has increased the total number of reported K. pneumoniae-associated volatile molecules from 77 to 150, demonstrating the sensitivity and resolution achieved by employing GC×GC-TOFMS for the analysis of bacterial headspace volatiles. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study represents an early-stage comprehensive volatile metabolomic analysis of an opportunistic bacterial pathogen. Characterizing the volatile molecules produced by K. pneumoniae during in vitro growth could provide us with a better understanding of this organisms' metabolism, an area that has not been extensively studied to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Rees
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - F A Franchina
- Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
| | | | - P J Kim
- Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - J E Hill
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.,Thayer School of Engineering at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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162
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Rees CA, Nordick KV, Franchina FA, Lewis AE, Hirsch EB, Hill JE. Volatile metabolic diversity of Klebsiella pneumoniae in nutrient-replete conditions. Metabolomics 2017; 13:18. [PMID: 30464740 PMCID: PMC6241307 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-016-1161-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microorganisms catabolize carbon-containing compounds in their environment during growth, releasing a subset of metabolic byproducts as volatile compounds. However, the relationship between growth media and the production of volatile compounds has been largely unexplored to-date. OBJECTIVES To assess the core and media-specific components of the Klebsiella pneumoniae volatile metabolome via growth in four in vitro culture media. METHODS Headspace volatiles produced by cultures of K. pneumoniae after growth to stationary phase in four rich media (brain heart infusion broth, lysogeny broth, Mueller-Hinton broth, and tryptic soy broth) were analyzed using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS). Differences in the composition of headspace volatiles as a function of growth media was assessed using hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA). RESULTS A total of 365 volatile compounds were associated with the growth of K. pneumoniae across all media, of which 36 (10 %) were common to all growth media, and 148 (41 %) were specific to a single medium. In addition, utilizing all K. pneumoniae-associated volatile compounds, strains clustered as a function of growth media, demonstrating the importance of media in determining the metabolic profile of this organism. CONCLUSION K. pneumoniae produces a core suite of volatile compounds across all growth media studied, although the volatile metabolic signature of this organism is fundamentally media-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiaan A. Rees
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | | | | | | | - Elizabeth B. Hirsch
- Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jane E. Hill
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
- Corresponding author ()
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163
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Milanowski M, Pomastowski P, Ligor T, Buszewski B. Saliva – Volatile Biomarkers and Profiles. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:251-266. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1266925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Milanowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ligor
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
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164
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Hang Y, Chingin K, Liang J, Wang X, Hu L. Fast detection of volatile organic compounds from Staphylococcal blood cultures by CDI-MS. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01815k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid recognition of Staphylococcal bacteremia in humans is a serious challenge in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Hang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- P. R. China
| | - Konstantin Chingin
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation
- East China Institute of Technology
- Nanchang 330013
- P. R. China
| | - Juchao Liang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Mass Spectrometry and Instrumentation
- East China Institute of Technology
- Nanchang 330013
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaozhong Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- P. R. China
| | - Longhua Hu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University
- Nanchang 330006
- P. R. China
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165
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Bhatter P, Raman K, Janakiraman V. Elucidating the biosynthetic pathways of volatile organic compounds in Mycobacterium tuberculosis through a computational approach. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 13:750-755. [DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00796a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A first report on the biosynthetic origin ofMycobacterium tuberculosisspecific small volatile molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Purva Bhatter
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai – 600 036
- India
| | - Karthik Raman
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai – 600 036
- India
| | - Vani Janakiraman
- Department of Biotechnology
- Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Madras
- Chennai – 600 036
- India
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166
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Airoldi C, Ciaramelli C, Fumagalli M, Bussei R, Mazzoni V, Viglio S, Iadarola P, Stolk J. 1H NMR To Explore the Metabolome of Exhaled Breath Condensate in α1-Antitrypsin Deficient Patients: A Pilot Study. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4569-4578. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Airoldi
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ciaramelli
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Rita Bussei
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Mazzoni
- Department
of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Jan Stolk
- Department
of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 Leiden, The Netherlands
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167
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Tan JL, Yong ZX, Liam CK. Using a chemiresistor-based alkane sensor to distinguish exhaled breaths of lung cancer patients from subjects with no lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2016; 8:2772-2783. [PMID: 27867553 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2016.10.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breath alkanes are reported to be able to discriminate lung cancer patients from healthy people. A simple chemiresistor-based sensor was designed to respond to alkanes by a change in resistance measured by a digital multimeter connected to the sensor. In preclinical experiments, the sensor response was found to have a strong positive linear relationship with alkane compounds and not responsive to water. This study aimed to determine the ability of the alkane sensor to distinguish the exhaled breaths of lung cancer patients from that of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients and control subjects without lung cancer. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 12 treatment-naive patients with lung cancer, 12 ex- or current smokers with COPD and 13 never-smokers without lung disease were asked to exhale through a drinking straw into a prototype breath-in apparatus made from an empty 125 mL Vitagen® bottle with the chemiresistor sensor attached at its inside bottom to measure the sensor peak output (percentage change of baseline resistance measured before exhalation to peak resistance) and the time taken for the baseline resistance to reach peak resistance. RESULTS Analysis of multivariate variance and post-hoc Tukey test revealed that the peak output and the time to peak values for the lung cancer patients were statistically different from that for both the COPD patients and the controls without lung disease, Pillai's Trace =0.393, F=3.909, df = (4, 64), P=0.007. A 2.20% sensor peak output and a 90-s time to peak gave 83.3% sensitivity and 88% specificity in diagnosing lung cancer. Tobacco smoking did not affect the diagnostic accuracy of the sensor. CONCLUSIONS The alkane sensor could discriminate patients with lung cancer from COPD patients and people without lung disease. Its potential utility as a simple, cheap and non-invasive test for early lung cancer detection needs further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Liang Tan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Chong-Kin Liam
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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168
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Pleil JD. Breath biomarkers in toxicology. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2669-2682. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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169
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Dryahina K, Sovová K, Nemec A, Španěl P. Differentiation of pulmonary bacterial pathogens in cystic fibrosis by volatile metabolites emitted by their in vitro cultures: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and the Burkholderia cepacia complex. J Breath Res 2016; 10:037102. [PMID: 27506232 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/3/037102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
As a contribution to the continuing search for breath biomarkers of lung and airways infection in patients with cystic fibrosis, CF, we have analysed the volatile metabolites released in vitro by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other bacteria involved in respiratory infections in these patients, i.e. those belonging to the Burkholderia cepacia complex, Staphylococcus aureus or Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. These opportunistic pathogens are generally harmless to healthy people but they may cause serious infections in patients with severe underlying disease or impaired immunity such as CF patients. Volatile organic compounds emitted from the cultures of strains belonging to the above-mentioned four taxa were analysed by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry. In order to minimize the effect of differences in media composition all strains were cultured in three different liquid media. Multivariate statistical analysis reveals that the four taxa can be well discriminated by the differences in the headspace VOC concentration profiles. The compounds that should be targeted in breath as potential biomarkers of airway infection were identified for each of these taxa of CF pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kseniya Dryahina
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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170
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de Heer K, Vonk SI, Kok M, Kolader M, Zwinderman AH, van Oers MHJ, Sterk PJ, Visser CE. eNose technology can detect and classify human pathogenic molds in vitro: a proof-of-concept study of Aspergillus fumigatus and Rhizopus oryzae. J Breath Res 2016; 10:036008. [PMID: 27447026 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/3/036008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary mold disease (IPMD) is often fatal in neutropenic patients. This is because IPMD is difficult to diagnose timely, especially when non-Aspergillus molds are the causative agent, as they are usually not associated with a positive galactomannan assay. In 2013 we showed that exhaled breath analysis might be used to diagnose invasive aspergillosis through profiling of patterns in exhaled volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by electronic nose (eNose) technology. The current study aimed to determine (1) whether molds can be discriminated from other microorganisms (using two mold species: Aspergillus fumigatus and a pathogenic mold not associated with a positive galactomannan assay, i.c. Rhizopus oryzae) and (2) whether both molds can be discriminated from each other. First, we cultured strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, A. fumigatus and R. oryzae in separate airtight bottles. We examined whether an eNose (Cyranose 320) could discriminate the headspaces of bottles with molds from those with bacteria/yeasts. Second, we examined whether an eNose could discriminate A. fumigatus and R. oryzae. Diagnostic algorithms were created using canonical discriminant analysis after principle component analysis. Primary outcome parameter was the validated accuracy. The eNose discriminated A. fumigatus from bacteria/yeasts with a cross-validated accuracy of 92.9% (sensitivity 95.2%, specificity 91.9%). The eNose had an accuracy (validated using split-half analysis) of 100% in discriminating A. fumigatus from R. oryzae. Our study suggests that an eNose can identify and classify molds in vitro. This warrants prospective in vivo studies aimed at detecting and classifying IPMD using exhaled breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- K de Heer
- Department of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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171
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Jin H, Huynh TP, Haick H. Self-Healable Sensors Based Nanoparticles for Detecting Physiological Markers via Skin and Breath: Toward Disease Prevention via Wearable Devices. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4194-202. [PMID: 27328179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Flexible and wearable electronic sensors are useful for the early diagnosis and monitoring of an individual's health state. Sampling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) derived from human breath/skin or monitoring abrupt changes in heart-beat/breath rate should allow noninvasive monitoring of disease states at an early stage. Nevertheless, for many reported wearable sensing devices, interaction with the human body leads incidentally to unavoidable scratches and/or mechanical cuts and bring about malfunction of these devices. We now offer proof-of-concept of nanoparticle-based flexible sensor arrays with fascinating self-healing abilities. By integrating a self-healable polymer substrate with 5 kinds of functionalized gold nanoparticle films, a sensor array gives a fast self-healing (<3 h) and attractive healing efficiency in both the substrate and sensing films. The proposed platform was used in sensing pressure variation and 11 kinds of VOCs. The sensor array had satisfactory sensitivity, a low detection limit, and promising discrimination features in monitoring both of VOCs and pressure variation, even after full healing. These results presage a new type of smart sensing device, with a desirable performance in the possible detection and/or clinical application for a number of different purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Jin
- The Faculty of Information Science and Engineering, Ningbo University , Ningbo 315211, P. R. China
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172
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Boots AW, Bos LD, van der Schee MP, van Schooten FJ, Sterk PJ. Exhaled Molecular Fingerprinting in Diagnosis and Monitoring: Validating Volatile Promises. Trends Mol Med 2016; 21:633-644. [PMID: 26432020 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Medical diagnosis and phenotyping increasingly incorporate information from complex biological samples. This has promoted the development and clinical application of non-invasive metabolomics in exhaled air (breathomics). In respiratory medicine, expired volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are associated with inflammatory, oxidative, microbial, and neoplastic processes. After recent proof of concept studies demonstrating moderate to good diagnostic accuracies, the latest efforts in breathomics are focused on optimization of sensor technologies and analytical algorithms, as well as on independent validation of clinical classification and prediction. Current research strategies are revealing the underlying pathophysiological pathways as well as clinically-acceptable levels of diagnostic accuracy. Implementing recent guidelines on validating molecular signatures in medicine will enhance the clinical potential of breathomics and the development of point-of-care technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes W Boots
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lieuwe D Bos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Medical Centre Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marc P van der Schee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Medical Centre Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Emma's Children's Hospital, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Toxicology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Medical Centre Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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173
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Kim JH, Wu P, Kim HW, Kim SS. Highly Selective Sensing of CO, C6H6, and C7H8 Gases by Catalytic Functionalization with Metal Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:7173-83. [PMID: 26947256 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b01116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We have fabricated multiple networked SnO2 nanowires and subsequently decorated them with uniformly distributed metal nanoparticles (NPs). The sensing tests indicated that the Pt-, Pd-, and Au-decorated SnO2 nanowires exhibited excellent sensing behavior, specifically for C7H8, C6H6, and CO gases, respectively. We discussed the associated sensing mechanisms in regard to the selective catalytic effects of metal NPs. In addition, by means of d-band theory, we explained the catalytic capabilities of each metal and proposed design principles for exploring new catalytic metals. The present study will pave the way for further development of high-selectivity sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hun Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University , Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Ping Wu
- Entropic Interface Group, Singapore University of Technology & Design , Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Hyoun Woo Kim
- Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Hanyang University , Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University , Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
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174
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Brekelmans MP, Fens N, Brinkman P, Bos LD, Sterk PJ, Tak PP, Gerlag DM. Smelling the Diagnosis: The Electronic Nose as Diagnostic Tool in Inflammatory Arthritis. A Case-Reference Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151715. [PMID: 26982569 PMCID: PMC4794231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate whether exhaled breath analysis using an electronic nose can identify differences between inflammatory joint diseases and healthy controls. Methods In a cross-sectional study, the exhaled breath of 21 rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and 18 psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients with active disease was compared to 21 healthy controls using an electronic nose (Cyranose 320; Smiths Detection, Pasadena, CA, USA). Breathprints were analyzed with principal component analysis, discriminant analysis, and area under curve (AUC) of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and relationships between breathprints and markers of disease activity were explored. Results Breathprints of RA patients could be distinguished from controls with an accuracy of 71% (AUC 0.75, 95% CI 0.60–0.90, sensitivity 76%, specificity 67%). Breathprints from PsA patients were separated from controls with 69% accuracy (AUC 0.77, 95% CI 0.61–0.92, sensitivity 72%, specificity 71%). Distinction between exhaled breath of RA and PsA patients exhibited an accuracy of 69% (AUC 0.72, 95% CI 0.55–0.89, sensitivity 71%, specificity 72%). There was a positive correlation in RA patients of exhaled breathprints with disease activity score (DAS28) and number of painful joints. GC-MS identified seven key VOCs that significantly differed between the groups. Conclusions Exhaled breath analysis by an electronic nose may play a role in differential diagnosis of inflammatory joint diseases. Data from this study warrant external validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolein P. Brekelmans
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (PPT); (MPB)
| | - Niki Fens
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lieuwe D. Bos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J. Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul P. Tak
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (PPT); (MPB)
| | - Daniëlle M. Gerlag
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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175
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Techniques and issues in breath and clinical sample headspace analysis for disease diagnosis. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:677-90. [PMID: 26978667 DOI: 10.4155/bio.16.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from breath or clinical samples for disease diagnosis is an attractive proposition because it is noninvasive and rapid. There are numerous studies showing its potential, yet there are barriers to its development. Sampling and sample handling is difficult, and when coupled with a variety of analytical instrumentation, the same samples can give different results. Background air and the environment a person has been exposed to can greatly affect the VOCs emitted by the body; however, this is not an easy problem to solve. This review investigates the use of VOCs in disease diagnosis, the analytical techniques employed and the problems associated with sample handling and standardization. It then suggests the barriers to future development.
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176
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Corrie SR, Coffey JW, Islam J, Markey KA, Kendall MAF. Blood, sweat, and tears: developing clinically relevant protein biosensors for integrated body fluid analysis. Analyst 2016; 140:4350-64. [PMID: 25909342 DOI: 10.1039/c5an00464k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are being developed to provide rapid, quantitative, diagnostic information to clinicians in order to help guide patient treatment, without the need for centralised laboratory assays. The success of glucose monitoring is a key example of where technology innovation has met a clinical need at multiple levels – from the pathology laboratory all the way to the patient's home. However, few other biosensor devices are currently in routine use. Here we review the challenges and opportunities regarding the integration of biosensor techniques into body fluid sampling approaches, with emphasis on the point-of-care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Corrie
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Delivery of Drugs and Genes Group (D2G2), St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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177
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Aggio RBM, de Lacy Costello B, White P, Khalid T, Ratcliffe NM, Persad R, Probert CSJ. The use of a gas chromatography-sensor system combined with advanced statistical methods, towards the diagnosis of urological malignancies. J Breath Res 2016; 10:017106. [PMID: 26865331 PMCID: PMC4876927 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/017106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers. Serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is used to aid the selection of men undergoing biopsies. Its use remains controversial. We propose a GC-sensor algorithm system for classifying urine samples from patients with urological symptoms. This pilot study includes 155 men presenting to urology clinics, 58 were diagnosed with prostate cancer, 24 with bladder cancer and 73 with haematuria and or poor stream, without cancer. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to assess the discrimination achieved, while linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and support vector machine (SVM) were used as statistical models for sample classification. Leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV), repeated 10-fold cross-validation (10FoldCV), repeated double cross-validation (DoubleCV) and Monte Carlo permutations were applied to assess performance. Significant separation was found between prostate cancer and control samples, bladder cancer and controls and between bladder and prostate cancer samples. For prostate cancer diagnosis, the GC/SVM system classified samples with 95% sensitivity and 96% specificity after LOOCV. For bladder cancer diagnosis, the SVM reported 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity after LOOCV, while the DoubleCV reported 87% sensitivity and 99% specificity, with SVM showing 78% and 98% sensitivity between prostate and bladder cancer samples. Evaluation of the results of the Monte Carlo permutation of class labels obtained chance-like accuracy values around 50% suggesting the observed results for bladder cancer and prostate cancer detection are not due to over fitting. The results of the pilot study presented here indicate that the GC system is able to successfully identify patterns that allow classification of urine samples from patients with urological cancers. An accurate diagnosis based on urine samples would reduce the number of negative prostate biopsies performed, and the frequency of surveillance cystoscopy for bladder cancer patients. Larger cohort studies are planned to investigate the potential of this system. Future work may lead to non-invasive breath analyses for diagnosing urological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael B. M. Aggio
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ben de Lacy Costello
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul White
- Department of Engineering, Design and Mathematics, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tanzeela Khalid
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norman M. Ratcliffe
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Raj Persad
- Institute of Biosensor Technology, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Chris S. J. Probert
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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178
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Zeng Q, Li P, Cai Y, Zhou W, Wang H, Luo J, Ding J, Chen H. Detection of creatinine in exhaled breath of humans with chronic kidney disease by extractive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Breath Res 2016; 10:016008. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/016008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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179
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Pabary R, Huang J, Kumar S, Alton EWFW, Bush A, Hanna GB, Davies JC. Does mass spectrometric breath analysis detect Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis? Eur Respir J 2016; 47:994-7. [PMID: 26846826 DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00944-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rishi Pabary
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK Dept of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - Juzheng Huang
- Dept of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Sacheen Kumar
- Dept of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | - Andrew Bush
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK Dept of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
| | - George B Hanna
- Dept of Surgery and Cancer, St Mary's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jane C Davies
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, UK Dept of Paediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, UK
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180
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Neerincx AH, Geurts BP, Habets MFJ, Booij JA, van Loon J, Jansen JJ, Buydens LMC, van Ingen J, Mouton JW, Harren FJM, Wevers RA, Merkus PJFM, Cristescu SM, Kluijtmans LAJ. Identification of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Aspergillus fumigatus
mono- and co-cultures based on volatile biomarker combinations. J Breath Res 2016; 10:016002. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/016002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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181
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Chan DK, Leggett CL, Wang KK. Diagnosing gastrointestinal illnesses using fecal headspace volatile organic compounds. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:1639-1649. [PMID: 26819529 PMCID: PMC4721995 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from stool are the components of the smell of stool representing the end products of microbial activity and metabolism that can be used to diagnose disease. Despite the abundance of hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane that have already been identified in human flatus, the small portion of trace gases making up the VOCs emitted from stool include organic acids, alcohols, esters, heterocyclic compounds, aldehydes, ketones, and alkanes, among others. These are the gases that vary among individuals in sickness and in health, in dietary changes, and in gut microbial activity. Electronic nose devices are analytical and pattern recognition platforms that can utilize mass spectrometry or electrochemical sensors to detect these VOCs in gas samples. When paired with machine-learning and pattern recognition algorithms, this can identify patterns of VOCs, and thus patterns of smell, that can be used to identify disease states. In this review, we provide a clinical background of VOC identification, electronic nose development, and review gastroenterology applications toward diagnosing disease by the volatile headspace analysis of stool.
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182
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Angle TC, Passler T, Waggoner PL, Fischer TD, Rogers B, Galik PK, Maxwell HS. Real-Time Detection of a Virus Using Detection Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2016; 2:79. [PMID: 26779494 PMCID: PMC4705269 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are ubiquitous in humans, animals, and plants. Real-time methods to identify viral infections are limited and do not exist for use in harsh or resource-constrained environments. Previous research identified that tissues produce unique volatile organic compounds (VOC) and demonstrated that VOC concentrations change during pathologic states, including infection, neoplasia, or metabolic disease. Patterns of VOC expression may be pathogen specific and may be associated with an odor that could be used for disease detection. We investigated the ability of two trained dogs to detect cell cultures infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and to discriminate BVDV-infected cell cultures from uninfected cell cultures and from cell cultures infected with bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV 1) and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV 3). Dogs were trained to recognize cell cultures infected with two different biotypes of BVDV propagated in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells using one of three culture media. For detection trials, one target and seven distractors were presented on a scent wheel by a dog handler unaware of the location of targets and distractors. Detection of BVDV-infected cell cultures by Dog 1 had a diagnostic sensitivity of 0.850 (95% CI: 0.701-0.942), which was lower than Dog 2 (0.967, 95% CI: 0.837-0.994). Both dogs exhibited very high diagnostic specificity (0.981, 95% CI: 0.960-0.993) and (0.993, 95% CI: 0.975-0.999), respectively. These findings demonstrate that trained dogs can differentiate between cultured cells infected with BVDV, BHV1, and BPIV3 and are a realistic real-time mobile pathogen sensing technology for viral pathogens. The ability to discriminate between target and distractor samples plausibly results from expression of unique VOC patterns in virus-infected and -uninfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Craig Angle
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Paul L Waggoner
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Terrence D Fischer
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Bart Rogers
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | | | - Herris S Maxwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
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183
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Sun X, Shao K, Wang T. Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from exhaled breath as noninvasive methods for cancer diagnosis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:2759-80. [PMID: 26677028 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9200-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The detection of cancer at an early stage is often significant in the successful treatment of the disease. Tumor cells have been reported to generate unique cancer volatile organic compound (VOC) profiles which can reflect the disease conditions. The detection and analysis of VOC biomarkers from exhaled breath has been recognized as a new frontier in cancer diagnostics and health inspections owing to its potential in developing rapid, noninvasive, and inexpensive cancer screening tools. To detect specific VOCs of low concentrations from exhaled breath, and to enhance the accuracy of early diagnosis, many breath collection and analysis approaches have been developed. This paper will summarize and critically review the exhaled-breath VOC-related sampling, collection, detection, and analytical methods, especially the recent development in VOC sensors. VOC sensors are commonly inexpensive, portable, programmable, easy to use, and can obtain data in real time with high sensitivities. Therefore, many sensor-based VOC detection techniques have huge potential in clinical point-of-care use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Sun
- Institute of New Energy, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing, 102249, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Kang Shao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Cancer Hospital & Institute, CAMS & PUMC, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Tie Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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184
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Kim JH, Katoch A, Kim SH, Kim SS. Chemiresistive sensing behavior of SnO2 (n)-Cu2O (p) core-shell nanowires. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:15351-8. [PMID: 26120780 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of SnO2-Cu2O n-p core-shell nanowires (C-S NWs) and their use as chemiresistive sensors for detecting trace amounts of gas. The n-p C-S NWs were synthesized by a two-step process, in which the core SnO2 nanowires were prepared by the vapor growth technique and subsequently the Cu2O shell layers were deposited by atomic layer deposition. A systematic investigation of the sensing capabilities of the n-p C-S NWs, particularly as a function of shell thickness, revealed the underlying sensing mechanism. The radial modulation of the hole-accumulation layer is intensified under shells thinner than the Debye length. On the other hand, the contribution of volume fraction to resistance modulation is weakened. By the combination of these two effects, an optimal sensing performance for reducing gases is obtained for a critical p-shell thickness. In contrast, the formation of p-shell layers deteriorates the NO2-sensing performance by blocking the expansion of the hole-accumulation layer due to the presence of p-n heterointerface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hun Kim
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Akash Katoch
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- ‡School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-do 712-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Sub Kim
- †Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 402-751, Republic of Korea
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185
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Abd El Qader A, Lieberman D, Shemer Avni Y, Svobodin N, Lazarovitch T, Sagi O, Zeiri Y. Volatile organic compounds generated by cultures of bacteria and viruses associated with respiratory infections. Biomed Chromatogr 2015; 29:1783-90. [PMID: 26033043 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory infections (RI) can be viral or bacterial in origin. In either case, the invasion of the pathogen results in production and release of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The present study examines the VOCs released from cultures of five viruses (influenza A, influenza B, adenovirus, respiratory syncitial virus and parainfluenza 1 virus), three bacteria (Moraxella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae and Legionella pneumophila) and Mycoplasma pneumoniae isolated colonies. Our results demonstrate the involvement of inflammation-induced VOCs. Two significant VOCs were identified as associated with infectious bacterial activity, heptane and methylcyclohexane. These two VOCs have been linked in previous studies to oxidative stress effects. In order to distinguish between bacterial and viral positive cultures, we performed principal component analysis including peak identity (retention time) and VOC concentration (i.e. area under the peak) revealing 1-hexanol and 1-heptadecene to be good predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abd El Qader
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - David Lieberman
- Pulmonary Unit, Soroka University Medical Center and the Faculty of Health, Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonat Shemer Avni
- The Laboratory of Viral Diagnostics, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Natali Svobodin
- The Laboratory of Viral Diagnostics, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Tsilia Lazarovitch
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel
| | - Orli Sagi
- Parasitology Laboratory, Soroka University Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yehuda Zeiri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Division of Chemistry, Nuclear Research Center, Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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186
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van der Schee MP, Paff T, Brinkman P, van Aalderen WMC, Haarman EG, Sterk PJ. Breathomics in lung disease. Chest 2015; 147:224-231. [PMID: 25560860 DOI: 10.1378/chest.14-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are produced by virtually all metabolic processes of the body. As such, they have potential to serve as noninvasive metabolic biomarkers. Since exhaled VOCs are either derived from the respiratory tract itself or have passed the lungs from the circulation, they are candidate biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of pulmonary diseases in particular. Good examples of the possibilities of exhaled volatiles in pulmonary medicine are provided by the potential use of VOCs to discriminate between patients with lung cancer and healthy control subjects and to noninvasively diagnose infectious diseases and the association between VOCs and markers of disease activity that has been established in obstructive lung diseases. Several steps are, however, required prior to implementation of breath-based diagnostics in daily clinical practice. First, VOCs should be studied in the intention-to-diagnose population, because biomarkers are likely to be affected by multiple (comorbid) conditions. Second, breath collection and analysis procedures need to be standardized to allow pooling of data. Finally, apart from probabilistic analysis for diagnostic purposes, detailed examination of the nature of volatile biomarkers not only will improve our understanding of the pathophysiologic origins of these markers and the nature of potential confounders but also can enable the development of sensors that exhibit maximum sensitivity and specificity toward specific applications. By adhering to such an approach, exhaled biomarkers can be validated in the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of patients in pulmonary medicine and contribute to the development of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Philippe van der Schee
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Emma's Children Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam; Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Emma's Children Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam; Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Tamara Paff
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The Department of Pulmonary Diseases, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.; Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Emma's Children Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam
| | | | - Eric Gerardus Haarman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Jan Sterk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Emma's Children Hospital, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam
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187
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Weidemaier K, Carrino J, Curry A, Connor JH, Liebmann-Vinson A. Advancing rapid point-of-care viral diagnostics to a clinical setting. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.14.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT We discuss here critical factors in ensuring the success of a viral diagnostic at the point of care. Molecular and immunoassay approaches are reviewed with a focus on their ability to meet the infrastructure and workflow limitations in clinical settings in both the developed and developing world. In addition to being low cost, easy-to-use, accurate and adapted for the intended laboratory and healthcare environment, viral diagnostics must also provide information that appropriately directs clinical treatment decisions. We discuss the challenges and implications of linking diagnostics to clinical decision-making at the point of care using three examples: respiratory viruses in the developed world, differential fever diagnosis in the developing world and HPV detection in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Weidemaier
- Diagnostic Sciences Department, BD Technologies, 21 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - John Carrino
- BD Diagnostics, 10865 Road to the Cure, Suite 200, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Adam Curry
- Diagnostic Sciences Department, BD Technologies, 21 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - John H Connor
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 620 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Andrea Liebmann-Vinson
- Diagnostic Sciences Department, BD Technologies, 21 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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188
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Audrain B, Farag MA, Ryu CM, Ghigo JM. Role of bacterial volatile compounds in bacterial biology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:222-33. [PMID: 25725014 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuu013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial interactions with neighboring microorganisms via production of small metabolites enable bacteria to respond and adapt to environmental changes. The study of intercellular interactions primarily focused on soluble metabolites, but bacteria also produce and release into their headspace a wide variety of volatile secondary metabolites, the ecological roles of which have generally been overlooked. However, bacterial volatile compounds are known to contribute to interkingdom interactions (plant, fungi and nematodes), and recent studies also identified their at-a-distance influence on bacterial behavior. The present review describes the biological roles of bacterial volatile compounds in inter- and intraspecies bacterial interactions, a new and yet unexplored research area, with potential clinical and industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Audrain
- Institut Pasteur, Genetics of Biofilms Unit, Department of Microbiology, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Cairo University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacognosy Department, Kasr El Aini Street, P.B. 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- KRIBB, Molecular Phytobacteriology Laboratory, Daejeon 305-806, South Korea
| | - Jean-Marc Ghigo
- Institut Pasteur, Genetics of Biofilms Unit, Department of Microbiology, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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189
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Kurada S, Alkhouri N, Fiocchi C, Dweik R, Rieder F. Review article: breath analysis in inflammatory bowel diseases. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2015; 41:329-41. [PMID: 25523187 DOI: 10.1111/apt.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need for cheap, reproducible, easy to perform and specific biomarkers for diagnosis, differentiation and stratification of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients. Technical advances allow for the determination of volatile organic compounds in the human breath to differentiate between health and disease. AIM Review and discuss medical literature on volatile organic compounds in exhaled human breath in GI disorders, focusing on diagnosis and differentiation of IBD. METHODS A systematic search in PubMed, Ovid Medline and Scopus was completed using appropriate keywords. In addition, a bibliography search of each article was performed. RESULTS Mean breath pentane, ethane, propane, 1-octene, 3-methylhexane, 1-decene and NO levels were elevated (P < 0.05 to P < 10(-7)) and mean breath 1-nonene, (E)-2-nonene, hydrogen sulphide and methane were decreased in IBD compared to healthy controls (P = 0.003 to P < 0.001). A combined panel of 3 volatile organic compounds (octene, (E)-2-nonene and decene) showed the best discrimination between paediatric IBD and controls (AUC 0.96). Breath condensate cytokines were higher in IBD compared to healthy individuals (P < 0.008). Breath pentane, ethane, propane, isoprene and NO levels correlated with disease activity in IBD patients. Breath condensate interleukin-1β showed an inverse relation with clinical disease activity. CONCLUSIONS Breath analysis in IBD is a promising approach that is not yet ready for routine clinical use, but data from other gastrointestinal diseases suggest the feasibility for use of this technology in clinical practice. Well-designed future trials, incorporating the latest breath detection techniques, need to determine the exact breath metabolome pattern linked to diagnosis and phenotype of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kurada
- Department of Hospital Medicine, Medicine Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
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190
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Pereira J, Porto-Figueira P, Cavaco C, Taunk K, Rapole S, Dhakne R, Nagarajaram H, Câmara JS. Breath analysis as a potential and non-invasive frontier in disease diagnosis: an overview. Metabolites 2015; 5:3-55. [PMID: 25584743 PMCID: PMC4381289 DOI: 10.3390/metabo5010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, a small number of diseases, particularly cardiovascular (CVDs), oncologic (ODs), neurodegenerative (NDDs), chronic respiratory diseases, as well as diabetes, form a severe burden to most of the countries worldwide. Hence, there is an urgent need for development of efficient diagnostic tools, particularly those enabling reliable detection of diseases, at their early stages, preferably using non-invasive approaches. Breath analysis is a non-invasive approach relying only on the characterisation of volatile composition of the exhaled breath (EB) that in turn reflects the volatile composition of the bloodstream and airways and therefore the status and condition of the whole organism metabolism. Advanced sampling procedures (solid-phase and needle traps microextraction) coupled with modern analytical technologies (proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry, ion mobility spectrometry, e-noses, etc.) allow the characterisation of EB composition to an unprecedented level. However, a key challenge in EB analysis is the proper statistical analysis and interpretation of the large and heterogeneous datasets obtained from EB research. There is no standard statistical framework/protocol yet available in literature that can be used for EB data analysis towards discovery of biomarkers for use in a typical clinical setup. Nevertheless, EB analysis has immense potential towards development of biomarkers for the early disease diagnosis of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pereira
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Priscilla Porto-Figueira
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Carina Cavaco
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
| | - Khushman Taunk
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Srikanth Rapole
- Proteomics Lab, National Centre for Cell Science, Ganeshkhind, Pune 411007, India.
| | - Rahul Dhakne
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 001, India.
| | - Hampapathalu Nagarajaram
- Laboratory of Computational Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh 500 001, India.
| | - José S Câmara
- CQM-Centro de Química da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus Universitário da Penteada, Funchal 9000-390, Portugal.
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191
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Covington JA, van. der Schee MP, Edge ASL, Boyle B, Savage RS, Arasaradnam RP. The application of FAIMS gas analysis in medical diagnostics. Analyst 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00868a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an ever increasing need to develop new tools to aid in the diagnosis and monitoring of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. P. van. der Schee
- Dept. of Pulmonary Medicine
- Academic Medical Centre
- University of Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | | | - B. Boyle
- Owlstone Ltd
- 127 Cambridge Science ParkMilton Road
- UK
| | - R. S. Savage
- Systems Biology Centre
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
- Warwick Medical School
| | - R. P. Arasaradnam
- Clinical Sciences Research Institute
- University Hospital Coventry & Warwick/University of Warwick CV2 2DX
- UK
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192
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Kramer R, Sauer-Heilborn A, Welte T, Guzman CA, Höfle MG, Abraham WR. A rapid method for breath analysis in cystic fibrosis patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 34:745-51. [PMID: 25431363 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-014-2286-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
For easy handling and speed of lung diseases diagnostics, approaches based on volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including those emitted by pathogenic microorganisms, are considered but currently require considerable sampling efforts. We tested whether easy-to-handle and fast detection of lung infections is possible using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) of 100 ml of exhaled breath. An analytical procedure for the detection of VOCs from the headspace of epithelial lung cells infected with four human pathogens was developed. The feasibility of this method was tested in a cystic fibrosis (CF) outpatient clinic in vivo. Exhaled breath was extracted by SPME and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The compositions of VOCs released in the infection model were characteristic for all individual pathogens tested. Exhaled breath of CF patients allowed clear distinction of CF patients and controls by their VOC compositions using multivariate analyses. Interestingly, the major specific VOCs detected in the exhaled breath of infected CF patients in vivo differed from those monitored during bacterial in vitro growth. SPME extraction of VOCs from 100 ml of human breath allowed the distinction between CF patients and healthy probands. Our results highlight the importance of assessing the entire pattern of VOCs instead of selected biomarkers for diagnostic purposes, as well as the need to use clinical samples to identify reliable biomarkers. This study provides the proof-of-concept for the approach using the composition of exhaled VOCs in human breath for the rapid identification of infectious agents in patients with lower respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kramer
- Research Group Chemical Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
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193
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Elkahoui S, Djébali N, Yaich N, Azaiez S, Hammami M, Essid R, Limam F. Antifungal activity of volatile compounds-producing Pseudomonas P2 strain against Rhizoctonia solani. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 31:175-85. [PMID: 25384611 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-014-1772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) producing endophyte bacteria were isolated from the leaves of olive trees and tested for their antifungal activity against several pathogenic fungi. An antagonistic strain called P2 showed 97 % of homology with Pseudomonas sp. strains on the basis of its 16S rDNA sequence and biochemical properties. P2 strain drastically inhibited the growth of Rhizoctonia solani mycelia (86 %) at 5 day-post-confrontation (dpc) and strongly reduced fungi infection on potato slices at 10(7) bacteria ml(-1) for 3 and 7 dpc. P2 strain was also positive for protease activity as well as siderophore production. Light microscopy analysis showed that treatment of R. solani mycelia with P2 strain induced thickening of the cell-wall, vesiculation of protoplasm and blockage of fungal hyphae branching. VOCs analysis using GC-MS allowed the detection of two major products with m/z of 93.9910 and 125.9630 corresponding to dimethyl disulfide and dimethyl trisulfide respectively. VOCs-producing P2 strain could be a promising agent in the protection of tuber crops against fungal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salem Elkahoui
- Laboratoire des Substances Bioactives, Centre de Biotechnologie de Borj-Cédria, BP-901, 2050, Hammam-Lif, Tunisia
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194
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Koo S, Thomas HR, Daniels SD, Lynch RC, Fortier SM, Shea MM, Rearden P, Comolli JC, Baden LR, Marty FM. A breath fungal secondary metabolite signature to diagnose invasive aspergillosis. Clin Infect Dis 2014; 59:1733-40. [PMID: 25342502 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive aspergillosis (IA) remains a leading cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients, in part due to the difficulty of diagnosing this infection. METHODS Using thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, we characterized the in vitro volatile metabolite profile of Aspergillus fumigatus, the most common cause of IA, and other pathogenic aspergilli. We prospectively collected breath samples from patients with suspected invasive fungal pneumonia from 2011 to 2013, and assessed whether we could discriminate patients with proven or probable IA from patients without aspergillosis, as determined by European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Mycoses Study Group consensus definitions, by direct detection of fungal volatile metabolites in these breath samples. RESULTS The monoterpenes camphene, α- and β-pinene, and limonene, and the sesquiterpene compounds α- and β-trans-bergamotene were distinctive volatile metabolites of A. fumigatus in vitro, distinguishing it from other pathogenic aspergilli. Of 64 patients with suspected invasive fungal pneumonia based on host risk factors, clinical symptoms, and radiologic findings, 34 were diagnosed with IA, whereas 30 were ultimately diagnosed with other causes of pneumonia, including other invasive mycoses. Detection of α-trans-bergamotene, β-trans-bergamotene, a β-vatirenene-like sesquiterpene, or trans-geranylacetone identified IA patients with 94% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI], 81%-98%) and 93% specificity (95% CI, 79%-98%). CONCLUSIONS In patients with suspected fungal pneumonia, an Aspergillus secondary metabolite signature in breath can identify individuals with IA. These results provide proof-of-concept that direct detection of exogenous fungal metabolites in breath can be used as a novel, noninvasive, pathogen-specific approach to identifying the precise microbial cause of pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Koo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Horatio R Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - S David Daniels
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Robert C Lynch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Sean M Fortier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | - Margaret M Shea
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital
| | | | | | - Lindsey R Baden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Francisco M Marty
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School, Boston
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195
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Abstract
The definition of the heterogeneous group of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) is still based on diagnostic procedures that fulfill the clinical need to differentiate between Staphylococcus aureus and those staphylococci classified historically as being less or nonpathogenic. Due to patient- and procedure-related changes, CoNS now represent one of the major nosocomial pathogens, with S. epidermidis and S. haemolyticus being the most significant species. They account substantially for foreign body-related infections and infections in preterm newborns. While S. saprophyticus has been associated with acute urethritis, S. lugdunensis has a unique status, in some aspects resembling S. aureus in causing infectious endocarditis. In addition to CoNS found as food-associated saprophytes, many other CoNS species colonize the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals and are less frequently involved in clinically manifested infections. This blurred gradation in terms of pathogenicity is reflected by species- and strain-specific virulence factors and the development of different host-defending strategies. Clearly, CoNS possess fewer virulence properties than S. aureus, with a respectively different disease spectrum. In this regard, host susceptibility is much more important. Therapeutically, CoNS are challenging due to the large proportion of methicillin-resistant strains and increasing numbers of isolates with less susceptibility to glycopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Heilmann
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Georg Peters
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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196
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SankarGanesh D, Ramachandran R, Muniasamy S, Saravanakumar VR, Suriyakalaa U, Kannan S, Archunan G, Achiraman S. A correlation of fecal volatiles and steroid hormone profiles with behavioral expression during estrous cycle of goat, Capra hircus. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2014; 206:178-83. [PMID: 25110070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chemical signals (both volatile and non-volatile) form the major communication channels in animals. These signals are transferred mainly through excretory sources to facilitate inter-individual communication. In particular, the reproductive cycle of female mammals, including goats, exhibits significant changes in the constituents of their excretory products, and female mammals also express different behavioral patterns. We propose that feces is one of the important sources of chemo-signals in goats. However, the behavioral patterns and analysis of excretory sources based on chemical communication have not yet been studied in the Indian goat, Capra hircus. To validate our hypothesis, we analyzed the behavioral patterns and the volatiles and steroid hormone profiles in the feces samples of female goats during the estrous cycle. Here, we synchronized the estrous cycle in six female goats and obtained feces samples. The samples were extracted with dichloromethane and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A portion of the sample was used for hormone assay to confirm the phases in the estrous cycle. Induction of she-goats into estrus was detected from the vaginal swelling, mucus discharge, restlessness, reduced milk secretion, bellowing, bleating, frequent urination, standing heat, allowing the male to mount, mounting on other females and teasing of males. The repeated male behaviors viz., flehmen, mounting, penile protrusion, body rubbing, dominance over other males and finally coitus with estrus female by male goats were observed. Analysis of volatiles revealed a total of twenty-four compounds combining all the phases in the estrous cycle. Among those, some of the volatile compounds and two antioxidants (ascorbic acid and vitamin E) were estrus-specific. Based on the fecal steroid analysis, higher level of estradiol during estrus and higher level of progesterone during post-estrus were observed. The behavioral patterns of female and male goats combined with qualitative differences in the volatile compounds and the two antioxidants rendered the estrus identifiable. Furthermore, the fecal steroid analysis also supported the detection of hormonal status during the estrous cycle. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report correlating the behavior with volatiles and hormones in the feces samples from female Indian goats. It is concluded that the volatile pattern and hormone profile in feces, supported by specific behavioral patterns, should be considered a better modality of non-invasive estrus detection in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj SankarGanesh
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Rajamanickam Ramachandran
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Samuthirapandi Muniasamy
- Center for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Veluchamy Ramesh Saravanakumar
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal 637 002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Udhayaraj Suriyakalaa
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Govindaraju Archunan
- Center for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Shanmugam Achiraman
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India; Center for Pheromone Technology, Department of Animal Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamilnadu, India.
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Krisher S, Riley A, Mehta K. Designing breathalyser technology for the developing world: how a single breath can fight the double disease burden. J Med Eng Technol 2014; 38:156-63. [PMID: 24625266 DOI: 10.3109/03091902.2014.890678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The meteoric rise in the prevalence of non-communicable diseases, alongside already high rates of infectious diseases, is exacerbating the 'double disease burden' in the developing world. There is a desperate need for affordable, accessible and ruggedized diagnostic tools that detect diseases early and direct patients to the correct channels. Breath analysis, the science of utilizing biomarkers in the breath for diagnostic measures, is growing rapidly, especially for use in clinical diagnostic settings. Breathalyser technologies are improving scientifically, but are not yet ready for productization and dissemination to address healthcare challenges. How does one ensure that these new biomedical devices will be suitable for use in developing communities? This article presents a comprehensive review of breath analysis technologies followed by a discussion on how such devices can be designed to conform with WHO's ASSURED criteria so as to reach and sustain in developing countries where they are needed the most.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Krisher
- Humanitarian Engineering and Social Entrepreneurship Program, The Pennsylvania State University , 213U Hammond Bldg, University Park, PA , USA
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Volatile organic compounds analyzed by gas chromatography-deep ultraviolet spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arthe.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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2-methylbutanal, a volatile biomarker, for non-invasive surveillance of Proteus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:445-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5393-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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