151
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Ames SK, Gardner SN, Marti JM, Slezak TR, Gokhale MB, Allen JE. Using populations of human and microbial genomes for organism detection in metagenomes. Genome Res 2015; 25:1056-67. [PMID: 25926546 PMCID: PMC4484388 DOI: 10.1101/gr.184879.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Identifying causative disease agents in human patients from shotgun metagenomic sequencing (SMS) presents a powerful tool to apply when other targeted diagnostics fail. Numerous technical challenges remain, however, before SMS can move beyond the role of research tool. Accurately separating the known and unknown organism content remains difficult, particularly when SMS is applied as a last resort. The true amount of human DNA that remains in a sample after screening against the human reference genome and filtering nonbiological components left from library preparation has previously been underreported. In this study, we create the most comprehensive collection of microbial and reference-free human genetic variation available in a database optimized for efficient metagenomic search by extracting sequences from GenBank and the 1000 Genomes Project. The results reveal new human sequences found in individual Human Microbiome Project (HMP) samples. Individual samples contain up to 95% human sequence, and 4% of the individual HMP samples contain 10% or more human reads. Left unidentified, human reads can complicate and slow down further analysis and lead to inaccurately labeled microbial taxa and ultimately lead to privacy concerns as more human genome data is collected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha K Ames
- Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Shea N Gardner
- Global Security Computer Applications Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | | | - Tom R Slezak
- Global Security Computer Applications Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Maya B Gokhale
- Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - Jonathan E Allen
- Global Security Computer Applications Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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152
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No viral association found in a set of differentiated vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia cases by human papillomavirus and pan-viral microarray testing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125292. [PMID: 25894343 PMCID: PMC4404153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VIN) is the precursor lesion of Vulvar Squamous Cell Carcinoma (VSCC), and the differentiated type (dVIN) is more frequently observed in relation to VSCC. In contrast to usual-type VIN (uVIN), which is related to infection by human papillomavirus (HPV), a germline mutation in the p53 gene is thought to be associated with ~90% of dVIN cases. To date, no infectious agent has been identified in association with dVIN, and studies investigating this possibility have been hindered by the difficulty in accurately diagnosing dVIN from small biopsies. Here, we used immunostaining for p16ink4a), a biomarker for HPV infection, to study 14 uVIN high-grade VIN and 14 dVIN cases, and to select 10 dVIN cases to broadly screen for all kn(own viruses using a pan-viral microarray platform (ViroChip). All of the uVIN tissue samples, including 8 warty and 6 basaloid cases, showed positivity with the p16(ink4a) immunostain. The staining pattern was full-thickness for all except two cases in which positive staining was localized in the lower 1/3 of the epidermis. In contrast, immunostaining for p16(ink4a) was negative in all dVIN cases. ViroChip analysis of 10 pure dVIN samples confirmed the absence of human papillomavirus subtypes or any other virus with the exception of a single sample that showed a weak microarray signature to a porcine herpesvirus. Follow-up PCR testing of the sample was negative for herpesvirus, and in-depth metagenomic next-generation sequencing revealed only sequences corresponding to non-pathogenic viral flora and bacterial contamination. In this study, we demonstrated lack of a virus association in 10 dVIN cases. Alternative pathways for carcinogenesis such as the p53 mutation should be considered for investigation of potential treatment options in dVIN.
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153
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Stramer SL, Dodd RY, Chiu CY. Advances in testing technology to ensure transfusion safety - NAT and beyond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/voxs.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Stramer
- American Red Cross Biomedical Services; Gaithersburg MD USA
| | - R. Y. Dodd
- Research and Development; American Red Cross Biomedical Services; Rockville MD USA
| | - C. Y. Chiu
- Laboratory Medicine and Medicine/Infectious Diseases; UCSF School of Medicine; San Francisco CA USA
- UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center; UCSF School of Medicine; San Francisco CA USA
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154
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Krupovic M, Zhi N, Li J, Hu G, Koonin EV, Wong S, Shevchenko S, Zhao K, Young NS. Multiple layers of chimerism in a single-stranded DNA virus discovered by deep sequencing. Genome Biol Evol 2015; 7:993-1001. [PMID: 25840414 PMCID: PMC4419787 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses with single-stranded (ss) DNA genomes infect hosts in all three domains of life and include many medically, ecologically, and economically important pathogens. Recently, a new group of ssDNA viruses with chimeric genomes has been discovered through viral metagenomics. These chimeric viruses combine capsid protein genes and replicative protein genes that, respectively, appear to have been inherited from viruses with positive-strand RNA genomes, such as tombusviruses, and ssDNA genomes, such as circoviruses, nanoviruses or geminiviruses. Here, we describe the genome sequence of a new representative of this virus group and reveal an additional layer of chimerism among ssDNA viruses. We show that not only do these viruses encompass genes for capsid proteins and replicative proteins that have distinct evolutionary histories, but also the replicative genes themselves are chimeras of functional domains inherited from viruses of different families. Our results underscore the importance of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of ssDNA viruses and the role of genetic recombination in the emergence of novel virus groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mart Krupovic
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ning Zhi
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jungang Li
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gangqing Hu
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan Wong
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sofiya Shevchenko
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Keji Zhao
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Neal S Young
- Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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155
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Houldcroft CJ, Breuer J. Tales from the crypt and coral reef: the successes and challenges of identifying new herpesviruses using metagenomics. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:188. [PMID: 25821447 PMCID: PMC4358218 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses are ubiquitous double-stranded DNA viruses infecting many animals, with the capacity to cause disease in both immunocompetent and immunocompromised hosts. Different herpesviruses have different cell tropisms, and have been detected in a diverse range of tissues and sample types. Metagenomics—encompassing viromics—analyses the nucleic acid of a tissue or other sample in an unbiased manner, making few or no prior assumptions about which viruses may be present in a sample. This approach has successfully discovered a number of novel herpesviruses. Furthermore, metagenomic analysis can identify herpesviruses with high degrees of sequence divergence from known herpesviruses and does not rely upon culturing large quantities of viral material. Metagenomics has had success in two areas of herpesvirus sequencing: firstly, the discovery of novel exogenous and endogenous herpesviruses in primates, bats and cnidarians; and secondly, in characterizing large areas of the genomes of herpesviruses previously only known from small fragments, revealing unexpected diversity. This review will discuss the successes and challenges of using metagenomics to identify novel herpesviruses, and future directions within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte J Houldcroft
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology, Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, UK
| | - Judith Breuer
- Infection, Inflammation and Rheumatology, Institute of Child Health, University College London , London, UK ; Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London, UK
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156
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Dayaram A, Potter KA, Pailes R, Marinov M, Rosenstein DD, Varsani A. Identification of diverse circular single-stranded DNA viruses in adult dragonflies and damselflies (Insecta: Odonata) of Arizona and Oklahoma, USA. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 30:278-287. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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157
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Zoll J, Rahamat-Langendoen J, Ahout I, de Jonge MI, Jans J, Huijnen MA, Ferwerda G, Warris A, Melchers WJG. Direct multiplexed whole genome sequencing of respiratory tract samples reveals full viral genomic information. J Clin Virol 2015; 66:6-11. [PMID: 25866327 PMCID: PMC7185507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
WGS was used on clinical samples as proof of principle for use in viral diagnosis. Viral infections detected by routine diagnostic methods were confirmed by WGS. Viral pathogens can be detected and characterized in a single NGS run. NGS can provide information for clinical assessment and epidemiological studies.
Background Acute respiratory tract infections (RTI) cause substantial morbidity during childhood, and are responsible for the majority of pediatric infectious diseases. Although most acute RTI are thought to be of viral origin, viral etiology is still unknown in a significant number of cases. Objectives Multiplexed whole genome sequencing (WGS) was used for virome determination directly on clinical samples as proof of principle for the use of deep sequencing techniques in clinical diagnosis of viral infections. Study design WGS was performed with nucleic acids from sputum and nasopharyngeal aspirates from four pediatric patients with known respiratory tract infections (two patients with human rhinovirus, one patient with human metapneumovirus and one patient with respiratory syncytial virus), and from four pediatric patients with PCR-negative RTI, and two control samples. Results Viral infections detected by routine molecular diagnostic methods were confirmed by WGS; in addition, typing information of the different viruses was generated. In three out of four samples from pediatric patients with PCR-negative respiratory tract infections and the two control samples, no causative viral pathogens could be detected. In one sample from a patient with PCR-negative RTI, rhinovirus type-C was detected. Almost complete viral genomes could be assembled and in all cases virus species could be determined. Conclusions Our study shows that, in a single run, viral pathogens can be detected and characterized, providing information for clinical assessment and epidemiological studies. We conclude that WGS is a powerful tool in clinical virology that delivers comprehensive information on the viral content of clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zoll
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Inge Ahout
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marien I de Jonge
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jop Jans
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Huijnen
- Center for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben Ferwerda
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Adilia Warris
- Laboratory of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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158
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Traces of ATCV-1 associated with laboratory component contamination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E925-6. [PMID: 25654983 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1423756112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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159
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Phan TG, Desnues C, Switzer WM, Djoko CF, Schneider BS, Deng X, Delwart E. Absence of giant blood Marseille-like virus DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction in plasma from healthy US blood donors and serum from multiply transfused patients from Cameroon. Transfusion 2015; 55:1256-62. [PMID: 25645088 DOI: 10.1111/trf.12997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A new Marseilleviridae virus family member, giant blood Marseille-like (GBM) virus, was recently reported in persons from France in the serum of an infant with adenitis, in the blood of 4% of healthy blood donors, and in 9% of multiply transfused thalassemia patients. These results suggested the presence of a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus potentially transmissible by blood product transfusion. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To investigate this possibility we tested the plasma from 113 US blood donors and 74 multiply transfused Cameroon patients for GBM viral DNA using highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. RESULTS GBM DNA was not detected by nested PCR in any of these 187 human specimens. CONCLUSIONS Further testing is required to confirm the occurrence of human GBM virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Gia Phan
- Blood Systems Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Christelle Desnues
- Aix Marseille Université, URMITE, UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, Inserm 1095, Marseille, France
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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160
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Frey KG, Bishop-Lilly KA. Next-Generation Sequencing for Pathogen Detection and Identification. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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161
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Sajantila A. Editors' Pick: Contamination has always been the issue! INVESTIGATIVE GENETICS 2014; 5:106. [PMID: 25551017 PMCID: PMC4279886 DOI: 10.1186/s13323-014-0017-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antti Sajantila
- University of Helsinki, Department of Forensic Medicine, P.O.Box 40, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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162
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Li L, Deng X, Mee ET, Collot-Teixeira S, Anderson R, Schepelmann S, Minor PD, Delwart E. Comparing viral metagenomics methods using a highly multiplexed human viral pathogens reagent. J Virol Methods 2014; 213:139-46. [PMID: 25497414 PMCID: PMC4344864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Unbiased metagenomic sequencing holds significant potential as a diagnostic tool for the simultaneous detection of any previously genetically described viral nucleic acids in clinical samples. Viral genome sequences can also inform on likely phenotypes including drug susceptibility or neutralization serotypes. In this study, different variables of the laboratory methods often used to generate viral metagenomics libraries were compared for their abilities to detect multiple viruses and generate full genome coverage. A biological reagent consisting of 25 different human RNA and DNA viral pathogens was used to estimate the effect of filtration and nuclease digestion, DNA/RNA extraction methods, pre-amplification and the use of different library preparation kits on the detection of viral nucleic acids. Filtration and nuclease treatment led to slight decreases in the percentage of viral sequence reads and number of viruses detected. For nucleic acid extractions silica spin columns improved viral sequence recovery relative to magnetic beads and Trizol extraction. Pre-amplification using random RT-PCR while generating more viral sequence reads resulted in detection of fewer viruses, more overlapping sequences, and lower genome coverage. The ScriptSeq library preparation method retrieved more viruses and a greater fraction of their genomes than the TruSeq and Nextera methods. Viral metagenomics sequencing was able to simultaneously detect up to 22 different viruses in the biological reagent analyzed including all those detected by qPCR. Further optimization will be required for the detection of viruses in biologically more complex samples such as tissues, blood, or feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Li
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Edward T Mee
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Reagents and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Sophie Collot-Teixeira
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Reagents and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Rob Anderson
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Reagents and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Silke Schepelmann
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Reagents and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Philip D Minor
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Reagents and Control, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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163
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Farsani SMJ, Deijs M, Dijkman R, Molenkamp R, Jeeninga RE, Ieven M, Goossens H, van der Hoek L. Culturing of respiratory viruses in well-differentiated pseudostratified human airway epithelium as a tool to detect unknown viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2014; 9:51-7. [PMID: 25482367 PMCID: PMC4280819 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, virus discovery is mainly based on molecular techniques. Here, we propose a method that relies on virus culturing combined with state-of-the-art sequencing techniques. The most natural ex vivo culture system was used to enable replication of respiratory viruses. Method Three respiratory clinical samples were tested on well-differentiated pseudostratified tracheobronchial human airway epithelial (HAE) cultures grown at an air–liquid interface, which resemble the airway epithelium. Cells were stained with convalescent serum of the patients to identify infected cells and apical washes were analyzed by VIDISCA-454, a next-generation sequencing virus discovery technique. Results Infected cells were observed for all three samples. Sequencing subsequently indicated that the cells were infected by either human coronavirus OC43, influenzavirus B, or influenzavirus A. The sequence reads covered a large part of the genome (52%, 82%, and 57%, respectively). Conclusion We present here a new method for virus discovery that requires a virus culture on primary cells and an antibody detection. The virus in the harvest can be used to characterize the viral genome sequence and cell tropism, but also provides progeny virus to initiate experiments to fulfill the Koch's postulates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Jazaeri Farsani
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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164
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Canuti M, van der Hoek L. Virus discovery: are we scientists or genome collectors? Trends Microbiol 2014; 22:229-31. [PMID: 24786864 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Some scientists now proclaim that future pandemics can be successfully forecasted, allowing the planning of useful intervention strategies for pandemic preparedness. We underline the fundamental importance of performing dedicated investigations when viruses are discovered, to guarantee public health authorities the availability of nonerroneous information about potential upcoming threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity (CINIMA), Academic Medical Center (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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165
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McClenahan SD, Uhlenhaut C, Krause PR. Evaluation of cells and biological reagents for adventitious agents using degenerate primer PCR and massively parallel sequencing. Vaccine 2014; 32:7115-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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166
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Ng TFF, Chen LF, Zhou Y, Shapiro B, Stiller M, Heintzman PD, Varsani A, Kondov NO, Wong W, Deng X, Andrews TD, Moorman BJ, Meulendyk T, MacKay G, Gilbertson RL, Delwart E. Preservation of viral genomes in 700-y-old caribou feces from a subarctic ice patch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:16842-7. [PMID: 25349412 PMCID: PMC4250163 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1410429111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses preserved in ancient materials provide snapshots of past viral diversity and a means to trace viral evolution through time. Here, we use a metagenomics approach to identify filterable and nuclease-resistant nucleic acids preserved in 700-y-old caribou feces frozen in a permanent ice patch. We were able to recover and characterize two viruses in replicated experiments performed in two different laboratories: a small circular DNA viral genome (ancient caribou feces associated virus, or aCFV) and a partial RNA viral genome (Ancient Northwest Territories cripavirus, or aNCV). Phylogenetic analysis identifies aCFV as distantly related to the plant-infecting geminiviruses and the fungi-infecting Sclerotinia sclerotiorum hypovirulence-associated DNA virus 1 and aNCV as within the insect-infecting Cripavirus genus. We hypothesize that these viruses originate from plant material ingested by caribou or from flying insects and that their preservation can be attributed to protection within viral capsids maintained at cold temperatures. To investigate the tropism of aCFV, we used the geminiviral reverse genetic system and introduced a multimeric clone into the laboratory model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. Evidence for infectivity came from the detection of viral DNA in newly emerged leaves and the precise excision of the viral genome from the multimeric clones in inoculated leaves. Our findings indicate that viral genomes may in some circumstances be protected from degradation for centuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Fei Fan Ng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Li-Fang Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Yanchen Zhou
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Beth Shapiro
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Mathias Stiller
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Peter D Heintzman
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
| | - Arvind Varsani
- School of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Plant Pathology and Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611; Electron Microscope Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | | | - Walt Wong
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Thomas D Andrews
- Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A2L9
| | - Brian J Moorman
- Department of Geography, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N1N4; and
| | - Thomas Meulendyk
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M1C1A4
| | - Glen MacKay
- Prince of Wales Northern Heritage Centre, Government of the Northwest Territories, Yellowknife, NT, Canada X1A2L9
| | | | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94118;
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167
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Strong MJ, Xu G, Morici L, Splinter Bon-Durant S, Baddoo M, Lin Z, Fewell C, Taylor CM, Flemington EK. Microbial contamination in next generation sequencing: implications for sequence-based analysis of clinical samples. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004437. [PMID: 25412476 PMCID: PMC4239086 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The high level of accuracy and sensitivity of next generation sequencing for quantifying genetic material across organismal boundaries gives it tremendous potential for pathogen discovery and diagnosis in human disease. Despite this promise, substantial bacterial contamination is routinely found in existing human-derived RNA-seq datasets that likely arises from environmental sources. This raises the need for stringent sequencing and analysis protocols for studies investigating sequence-based microbial signatures in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Strong
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Guorong Xu
- Department of Genomic Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Morici
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Sandra Splinter Bon-Durant
- University of Wisconsin Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Melody Baddoo
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Zhen Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Claire Fewell
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Taylor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Research Institute for Children, Children's Hospital of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Erik K. Flemington
- Department of Pathology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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168
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Dumarest M, Muth E, Cheval J, Gratigny M, Hébert C, Gagnieur L, Eloit M. Viral diversity in swine intestinal mucus used for the manufacture of heparin as analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Biologicals 2014; 43:31-6. [PMID: 25466699 PMCID: PMC7172073 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin is one of the main pharmaceutical products manufactured from raw animal material. In order to describe the viral burden associated with this raw material, we performed high-throughput sequencing (HTS) on mucus samples destined for heparin manufacturing, which were collected from European pigs. We identified Circoviridae and Parvoviridae members as the most prevalent contaminating viruses, together with viruses from the Picornaviridae, Astroviridae, Reoviridae, Caliciviridae, Adenoviridae, Birnaviridae, and Anelloviridae families. Putative new viral species were also identified. The load of several known or novel small non-enveloped viruses, which are particularly difficult to inactivate or eliminate during heparin processing, was quantified by qPCR. Analysis of the combined HTS and specific qPCR results will influence the refining and validation of inactivation procedures, as well as aiding in risk analysis of viral heparin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Dumarest
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Erika Muth
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Justine Cheval
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marlène Gratigny
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Charles Hébert
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Léa Gagnieur
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France; PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ENVA, INRA, ANSES, 7 Avenue Général de Gaulle, F-94704 Maisons Alfort, France.
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169
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Expanding the conversation on high-throughput virome sequencing standards to include consideration of microbial contamination sources. mBio 2014; 5:e01989. [PMID: 25352620 PMCID: PMC4217176 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01989-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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170
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Sauvage V, Livartowski A, Boizeau L, Servant-Delmas A, Lionnet F, Lefrere JJ, Laperche S. No Evidence of Marseillevirus-like Virus Presence in Blood Donors and Recipients of Multiple Blood Transfusions. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:2017-8. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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171
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Bhatt AS, Manzo VE, Pedamallu CS, Duke F, Cai D, Bienfang DC, Padera RF, Meyerson M, Docken WP. In search of a candidate pathogen for giant cell arteritis: sequencing-based characterization of the giant cell arteritis microbiome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:1939-44. [PMID: 24644069 DOI: 10.1002/art.38631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the microbiome of the temporal artery in patients with giant cell arteritis (GCA), and to apply an unbiased and comprehensive shotgun sequencing-based approach to determine whether there is an enrichment of candidate pathogens in the affected tissue. METHODS Temporal artery biopsy specimens were collected from patients at a single institution over a period of 4 years, and unbiased DNA sequencing was performed on 17 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. Twelve of the 17 patients fulfilled the clinical and histopathologic criteria for GCA, and the other 5 patients served as controls. Using PathSeq software, human DNA sequences were computationally subtracted, and the remaining non-human DNA sequences were taxonomically classified using a comprehensive microbial sequence database. The relative abundance of microbes was inferred based on read counts assigned to each organism. Comparison of the microbial diversity between GCA cases and controls was carried out using hierarchical clustering and linear discriminant analysis of effect size. RESULTS Propionibacterium acnes and Escherichia coli were the most abundant microorganisms in 16 of the 17 samples, and Moraxella catarrhalis was the most abundant organism in 1 control sample. Pathogens previously described to be correlated with GCA were not differentially abundant in cases compared to controls. There was not a significant burden of likely pathogenic viruses. CONCLUSION DNA sequencing of temporal artery biopsy specimens from GCA cases, in comparison with non-GCA controls, showed no evidence of previously identified candidate GCA pathogens. A single pathogen was not clearly and consistently associated with GCA in this case series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami S Bhatt
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, and Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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172
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Wang Y, Wang H, Xu K, Ni P, Zhang H, Ma J, Yang H, Xu F. A survey of overlooked viral infections in biological experiment systems. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105348. [PMID: 25144530 PMCID: PMC4140767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that there are many unknown viruses on the planet. For the known viruses, do we know their prevalence, even in our experimental systems? Here we report a virus survey using recently published small (s)RNA sequencing datasets. The sRNA reads were assembled and contigs were screened for virus homologues against the NCBI nucleotide (nt) database using the BLASTn program. To our surprise, approximately 30% (28 out of 94) of publications had highly scored viral sequences in their datasets. Among them, only two publications reported virus infections. Though viral vectors were used in some of the publications, virus sequences without any identifiable source appeared in more than 20 publications. By determining the distributions of viral reads and the antiviral RNA interference (RNAi) pathways using the sRNA profiles, we showed evidence that many of the viruses identified were indeed infecting and generated host RNAi responses. As virus infections affect many aspects of host molecular biology and metabolism, the presence and impact of viruses needs to be actively investigated in experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Wang
- College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Wang
- NERC/Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Beijing Genome Institute (BGI), Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kunhan Xu
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Peixiang Ni
- BGI-Tianjin, Airport Economic Area, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinmin Ma
- Beijing Genome Institute (BGI), Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- Beijing Genome Institute (BGI), Yantian District, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Prince Aljawhra Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Science, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Pharmacy, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biotechnology and Medicine, Tianjin, China
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173
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Cunha MV, Inácio J, Freimanis G, Fusaro A, Granberg F, Höper D, King DP, Monne I, Orton R, Rosseel T. Next-generation sequencing in veterinary medicine: how can the massive amount of information arising from high-throughput technologies improve diagnosis, control, and management of infectious diseases? Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1247:415-36. [PMID: 25399113 PMCID: PMC7123048 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2004-4_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of high-throughput molecular technologies and associated bioinformatics has dramatically changed the capacities of scientists to produce, handle, and analyze large amounts of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic data. A clear example of this step-change is represented by the amount of DNA sequence data that can be now produced using next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms. Similarly, recent improvements in protein and peptide separation efficiencies and highly accurate mass spectrometry have promoted the identification and quantification of proteins in a given sample. These advancements in biotechnology have increasingly been applied to the study of animal infectious diseases and are beginning to revolutionize the way that biological and evolutionary processes can be studied at the molecular level. Studies have demonstrated the value of NGS technologies for molecular characterization, ranging from metagenomic characterization of unknown pathogens or microbial communities to molecular epidemiology and evolution of viral quasispecies. Moreover, high-throughput technologies now allow detailed studies of host-pathogen interactions at the level of their genomes (genomics), transcriptomes (transcriptomics), or proteomes (proteomics). Ultimately, the interaction between pathogen and host biological networks can be questioned by analytically integrating these levels (integrative OMICS and systems biology). The application of high-throughput biotechnology platforms in these fields and their typical low-cost per information content has revolutionized the resolution with which these processes can now be studied. The aim of this chapter is to provide a current and prospective view on the opportunities and challenges associated with the application of massive parallel sequencing technologies to veterinary medicine, with particular focus on applications that have a potential impact on disease control and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica V. Cunha
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, IP and Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João Inácio
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, IP, Lisboa, Portugal and School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
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174
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Parvovirus-derived endogenous viral elements in two South American rodent genomes. J Virol 2014; 88:12158-62. [PMID: 25078696 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01173-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe endogenous viral elements (EVEs) derived from parvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) in the genomes of the long-tailed chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera) and the degu (Octodon degus). The novel EVEs include dependovirus-related elements and representatives of a clearly distinct parvovirus lineage that also has endogenous representatives in marsupial genomes. In the degu, one dependovirus-derived EVE was found to carry an intact reading frame and was differentially expressed in vivo, with increased expression in the liver.
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175
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Comprehensive human virus screening using high-throughput sequencing with a user-friendly representation of bioinformatics analysis: a pilot study. J Clin Microbiol 2014; 52:3351-61. [PMID: 25009045 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01389-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput sequencing (HTS) provides the means to analyze clinical specimens in unprecedented molecular detail. While this technology has been successfully applied to virus discovery and other related areas of research, HTS methodology has yet to be exploited for use in a clinical setting for routine diagnostics. Here, a bioinformatics pipeline (ezVIR) was designed to process HTS data from any of the standard platforms and to evaluate the entire spectrum of known human viruses at once, providing results that are easy to interpret and customizable. The pipeline works by identifying the most likely viruses present in the specimen given the sequencing data. Additionally, ezVIR can generate optional reports for strain typing, can create genome coverage histograms, and can perform cross-contamination analysis for specimens prepared in series. In this pilot study, the pipeline was challenged using HTS data from 20 clinical specimens representative of those most often collected and analyzed in daily practice. The specimens (5 cerebrospinal fluid, 7 bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, 5 plasma, 2 serum, and 1 nasopharyngeal aspirate) were originally found to be positive for a diverse range of DNA or RNA viruses by routine molecular diagnostics. The ezVIR pipeline correctly identified 14 of 14 specimens containing viruses with genomes of <40,000 bp, and 4 of 6 specimens positive for large-genome viruses. Although further validation is needed to evaluate sensitivity and to define detection cutoffs, results obtained in this pilot study indicate that the overall detection success rate, coupled with the ease of interpreting the analysis reports, makes it worth considering using HTS for clinical diagnostics.
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176
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Canuti M, Deijs M, Jazaeri Farsani SM, Holwerda M, Jebbink MF, de Vries M, van Vugt S, Brugman C, Verheij T, Lammens C, Goossens H, Loens K, Ieven M, van der Hoek L. Metagenomic analysis of a sample from a patient with respiratory tract infection reveals the presence of a γ-papillomavirus. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:347. [PMID: 25071755 PMCID: PMC4086198 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously unknown or unexpected pathogens may be responsible for that proportion of respiratory diseases in which a causative agent cannot be identified. The application of broad-spectrum, sequence independent virus discovery techniques may be useful to reduce this proportion and widen our knowledge about respiratory pathogens. Thanks to the availability of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology, it became today possible to detect viruses which are present at a very low load, but the clinical relevance of those viruses must be investigated. In this study we used VIDISCA-454, a restriction enzyme based virus discovery method that utilizes Roche 454 HTS system, on a nasal swab collected from a subject with respiratory complaints. A γ-papillomavirus was detected (complete genome: 7142 bp) and its role in disease was investigated. Respiratory samples collected both during the acute phase of the illness and 2 weeks after full recovery contained the virus. The patient presented antibodies directed against the virus but there was no difference between IgG levels in blood samples collected during the acute phase and 2 weeks after full recovery. We therefore concluded that the detected γ-papillomavirus is unlikely to be the causative agent of the respiratory complaints and its presence in the nose of the patient is not related to the disease. Although HTS based virus discovery techniques proved their great potential as a tool to clarify the etiology of some infectious diseases, the obtained information must be subjected to cautious interpretations. This study underlines the crucial importance of performing careful investigations on viruses identified when applying sensitive virus discovery techniques, since the mere identification of a virus and its presence in a clinical sample are not satisfactory proofs to establish a causative link with a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Canuti
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin Deijs
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Seyed M Jazaeri Farsani
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Melle Holwerda
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maarten F Jebbink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Michel de Vries
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Saskia van Vugt
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Curt Brugman
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Theo Verheij
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Christine Lammens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen-University Hospital Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen-University Hospital Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Katherine Loens
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen-University Hospital Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Margareta Ieven
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, Universiteit Antwerpen-University Hospital Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands
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177
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Wilson MR, Naccache SN, Samayoa E, Biagtan M, Bashir H, Yu G, Salamat SM, Somasekar S, Federman S, Miller S, Sokolic R, Garabedian E, Candotti F, Buckley RH, Reed KD, Meyer TL, Seroogy CM, Galloway R, Henderson SL, Gern JE, DeRisi JL, Chiu CY. Actionable diagnosis of neuroleptospirosis by next-generation sequencing. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:2408-17. [PMID: 24896819 PMCID: PMC4134948 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1401268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 612] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A 14-year-old boy with severe combined immunodeficiency presented three times to a medical facility over a period of 4 months with fever and headache that progressed to hydrocephalus and status epilepticus necessitating a medically induced coma. Diagnostic workup including brain biopsy was unrevealing. Unbiased next-generation sequencing of the cerebrospinal fluid identified 475 of 3,063,784 sequence reads (0.016%) corresponding to leptospira infection. Clinical assays for leptospirosis were negative. Targeted antimicrobial agents were administered, and the patient was discharged home 32 days later with a status close to his premorbid condition. Polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) and serologic testing at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) subsequently confirmed evidence of Leptospira santarosai infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wilson
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics (M.R.W., J.L.D.), Neurology (M.R.W.), and Laboratory Medicine (S.N.N., E.S., G.Y., S.S., S.F., S.M., C.Y.C.), and the Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases (C.Y.C.), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), and UCSF-Abbott Viral Diagnostics and Discovery Center (S.N.N., E.S., G.Y., S.S., S.F., S.M., C.Y.C.) - both in San Francisco; the Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Immunology (M.B., H.B., J.E.G.), and the Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (S.M.S., K.D.R.) and Pediatrics (T.L.M., C.M.S., S.L.H., J.E.G.), University of Wisconsin, Madison; the Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (R.S., E.G., F.C.); the Departments of Pediatrics and Immunology, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Duke University, Durham, NC (R.H.B.); and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (R.G.)
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178
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Rosseel T, Pardon B, De Clercq K, Ozhelvaci O, Van Borm S. False-positive results in metagenomic virus discovery: a strong case for follow-up diagnosis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2014; 61:293-9. [PMID: 24912559 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A viral metagenomic approach using virion enrichment, random amplification and next-generation sequencing was used to investigate an undiagnosed cluster of dairy cattle presenting with high persistent fever, unresponsive to anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory treatment, diarrhoea and redness of nose and teat. Serum and whole blood samples were taken in the predicted hyperviraemic state of an animal that a few days later presented with these clinical signs. Bioinformatics analysis of the resulting data from the DNA virus identification workflow (a total of 32 757 sequences with average read length 335 bases) initially demonstrated the presence of parvovirus-like sequences in the tested blood sample. Thorough follow-up using specific real-time RT-PCR assays targeting the detected sequence fragments confirmed the presence of these sequences in the original sample as well as in a sample of an additional animal, but a contamination with an identical genetic signature in negative extraction controls was demonstrated. Further investigation using an alternative extraction method identified a contamination of the originally used Qiagen extraction columns with parvovirus-like nucleic acids or virus particles. Although we did not find any relevant virus that could be associated with the disease, these observations clearly illustrate the importance of using a proper control strategy and follow-up diagnostic tests in any viral metagenomic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rosseel
- Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Department of Virology, Molecular Platform Unit, Ukkel, Belgium
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179
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Motley ST, Picuri JM, Crowder CD, Minich JJ, Hofstadler SA, Eshoo MW. Improved multiple displacement amplification (iMDA) and ultraclean reagents. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:443. [PMID: 24906487 PMCID: PMC4061449 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Next-generation sequencing sample preparation requires nanogram to microgram quantities of DNA; however, many relevant samples are comprised of only a few cells. Genomic analysis of these samples requires a whole genome amplification method that is unbiased and free of exogenous DNA contamination. To address these challenges we have developed protocols for the production of DNA-free consumables including reagents and have improved upon multiple displacement amplification (iMDA). RESULTS A specialized ethylene oxide treatment was developed that renders free DNA and DNA present within Gram positive bacterial cells undetectable by qPCR. To reduce DNA contamination in amplification reagents, a combination of ion exchange chromatography, filtration, and lot testing protocols were developed. Our multiple displacement amplification protocol employs a second strand-displacing DNA polymerase, improved buffers, improved reaction conditions and DNA free reagents. The iMDA protocol, when used in combination with DNA-free laboratory consumables and reagents, significantly improved efficiency and accuracy of amplification and sequencing of specimens with moderate to low levels of DNA. The sensitivity and specificity of sequencing of amplified DNA prepared using iMDA was compared to that of DNA obtained with two commercial whole genome amplification kits using 10 fg (~1-2 bacterial cells worth) of bacterial genomic DNA as a template. Analysis showed >99% of the iMDA reads mapped to the template organism whereas only 0.02% of the reads from the commercial kits mapped to the template. To assess the ability of iMDA to achieve balanced genomic coverage, a non-stochastic amount of bacterial genomic DNA (1 pg) was amplified and sequenced, and data obtained were compared to sequencing data obtained directly from genomic DNA. The iMDA DNA and genomic DNA sequencing had comparable coverage 99.98% of the reference genome at ≥1X coverage and 99.9% at ≥5X coverage while maintaining both balance and representation of the genome. CONCLUSIONS The iMDA protocol in combination with DNA-free laboratory consumables, significantly improved the ability to sequence specimens with low levels of DNA. iMDA has broad utility in metagenomics, diagnostics, ancient DNA analysis, pre-implantation embryo screening, single-cell genomics, whole genome sequencing of unculturable organisms, and forensic applications for both human and microbial targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark W Eshoo
- Ibis Biosciences an Abbott Company, 2251 Faraday Ave, Suite 150, Carlsbad, CA 92008, USA.
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180
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Pible O, Hartmann EM, Imbert G, Armengaud J. The importance of recognizing and reporting sequence database contamination for proteomics. EUPA OPEN PROTEOMICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.euprot.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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181
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Reply to Naccache et al: Viral sequences of NIH-CQV virus, a contamination of DNA extraction method. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E977. [PMID: 24829942 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318965111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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182
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Diverse small circular single-stranded DNA viruses identified in a freshwater pond on the McMurdo Ice Shelf (Antarctica). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 26:132-8. [PMID: 24859088 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Antarctica has some of the harshest environmental conditions for existence of life on Earth. In this pilot study we recovered eight diverse circular single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) viral genome sequences (1904-3120 nts) from benthic mats dominated by filamentous cyanobacteria in a freshwater pond on the McMurdo Ice Shelf sampled in 1988. All genomes contain two to three major open reading frames (ORFs) that are uni- or bi-directionally transcribed and all have an ORF encoding a replication-associated protein (Rep). In one genome, the second ORF has similarity to a capsid protein (CP) of Nepavirus which is most closely related to geminiviruses. Additionally, all genomes have two intergenic regions that contain putative stem loop structures, six genomes have NANTATTAC as the nonanucleotide motif, while one has CCTTATTAC, and another has a non-canonical stem loop. In the large intergenic region, we identified iterative sequences flanking the putative stem-loop elements which are a hallmark of most circular ssDNA viruses encoding rolling circle replication (RCR) initiators of the HUH endonuclease superfamily. The Reps encoded by ssDNA viral genomes recovered in this study shared <38% pairwise identity to all other Reps of known ssDNA viruses. A previous study on Lake Limnopolar (Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands), using next-generation sequencing identified circular ssDNA viruses and their putative Reps share <35% pairwise identity to those from the viral genomes removed in this study. It is evident from our pilot study that the global diversity of ssDNA viruses is grossly underestimated and there is limited knowledge on ssDNA viruses in Antarctica.
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183
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Laurence M, Hatzis C, Brash DE. Common contaminants in next-generation sequencing that hinder discovery of low-abundance microbes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97876. [PMID: 24837716 PMCID: PMC4023998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbiased high-throughput sequencing of whole metagenome shotgun DNA libraries is a promising new approach to identifying microbes in clinical specimens, which, unlike other techniques, is not limited to known sequences. Unlike most sequencing applications, it is highly sensitive to laboratory contaminants as these will appear to originate from the clinical specimens. To assess the extent and diversity of sequence contaminants, we aligned 57 "1000 Genomes Project" sequencing runs from six centers against the four largest NCBI BLAST databases, detecting reads of diverse contaminant species in all runs and identifying the most common of these contaminant genera (Bradyrhizobium) in assembled genomes from the NCBI Genome database. Many of these microorganisms have been reported as contaminants of ultrapure water systems. Studies aiming to identify novel microbes in clinical specimens will greatly benefit from not only preventive measures such as extensive UV irradiation of water and cross-validation using independent techniques, but also a concerted effort to sequence the complete genomes of common contaminants so that they may be subtracted computationally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christos Hatzis
- Yale Comprehensive Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Douglas E. Brash
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
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184
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Gagnieur L, Cheval J, Gratigny M, Hébert C, Muth E, Dumarest M, Eloit M. Unbiased analysis by high throughput sequencing of the viral diversity in fetal bovine serum and trypsin used in cell culture. Biologicals 2014; 42:145-52. [PMID: 24661556 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) and trypsin are reagents used in cell culture and have been the source of viral contamination of pharmaceutical products. We performed high throughput sequencing (HTS) of two pools of commercial batches of FBS and three commercial batches of trypsin. Taxonomies were assigned by comparing sequences of contigs and singletons to the entire NCBI nucleic acid and protein databases. The same major viral species were evidenced between batches of a given reagent but the proportion of viral reads among total reads varied markedly between samples (from 0.002% to 22.7%). In FBS, the sequences found were mainly from bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) 1 to 3 and bovine parvovirus 3 (BPV3). The BVDV sequences derived from FBS showed only minor discrepancies with primers generally used for the screening of BVDV. Viral sequences in trypsin were mainly from porcine circovirus type 2. Other known viral sequences at lower read counts and potential new viral species (bovine parvovirus and bovine pegivirus) were evidenced. The load of some known and new viruses detected by HTS could be quantified by qPCR. Results of HTS provide a framework for evaluating the pertinence of control measures including the design of PCRs, bioassays and inactivation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Gagnieur
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Justine Cheval
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marlène Gratigny
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Charles Hébert
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Erika Muth
- PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Marine Dumarest
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France
| | - Marc Eloit
- Institut Pasteur, Laboratory of Pathogen Discovery, Department of Virology, 28 rue du Docteur Roux, F-75724 Paris, France; PathoQuest, Bâtiment François Jacob, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, UMR 1161 Virologie ENVA, INRA, ANSES, 7 avenue Général de Gaulle, F-94704 Maisons Alfort, France.
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185
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Concerns over the origin of NIH-CQV, a novel virus discovered in Chinese patients with seronegative hepatitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E976. [PMID: 24572576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1317064111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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186
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Witwer KW, Hirschi KD. Transfer and functional consequences of dietary microRNAs in vertebrates: concepts in search of corroboration: negative results challenge the hypothesis that dietary xenomiRs cross the gut and regulate genes in ingesting vertebrates, but important questions persist. Bioessays 2014; 36:394-406. [PMID: 24436255 PMCID: PMC4109825 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201300150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
If validated, diet-derived foreign microRNA absorption and function in consuming vertebrates would drastically alter our understanding of nutrition and ecology. RNA interference (RNAi) mechanisms of Caenorhabditis elegans are enhanced by uptake of environmental RNA and amplification and systemic distribution of RNAi effectors. Therapeutic exploitation of RNAi in treating human disease is difficult because these accessory processes are absent or diminished in most animals. A recent report challenged multiple paradigms, suggesting that ingested microRNAs (miRNAs) are transferred to blood, accumulate in tissues, and exert canonical regulation of endogenous transcripts. Independent replication of these findings has been elusive, and multiple disconfirmatory findings have been published. In the face of mounting negative results, any additional positive reports must provide the proverbial “extraordinary proof” to support such claims. In this article, we review the evidence for and against a significant role for dietary miRNAs in influencing gene expression, and make recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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187
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Abstract
A virus with a circular Rep-encoding single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) (CRESS-DNA) genome (PmCV-1) was isolated from Penaeus monodon shrimps in Vietnam. The gene structure of the 1,777-nucleotide (nt) genome was similar to that of circoviruses and cycloviruses, but the nucleic acid and protein sequence identities to these viruses were very low.
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188
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Novel hybrid parvovirus-like virus, NIH-CQV/PHV, contaminants in silica column-based nucleic acid extraction kits. J Virol 2013; 88:1398. [PMID: 24335290 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03206-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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