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Hussain M, Galvin HD, Haw TY, Nutsford AN, Husain M. Drug resistance in influenza A virus: the epidemiology and management. Infect Drug Resist 2017; 10:121-134. [PMID: 28458567 PMCID: PMC5404498 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s105473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is the sole cause of the unpredictable influenza pandemics and deadly zoonotic outbreaks and constitutes at least half of the cause of regular annual influenza epidemics in humans. Two classes of anti-IAV drugs, adamantanes and neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NAIs) targeting the viral components M2 ion channel and NA, respectively, have been approved to treat IAV infections. However, IAV rapidly acquired resistance against both classes of drugs by mutating these viral components. The adamantane-resistant IAV has established itself in nature, and a majority of the IAV subtypes, especially the most common H1N1 and H3N2, circulating globally are resistant to adamantanes. Consequently, adamantanes have become practically obsolete as anti-IAV drugs. Similarly, up to 100% of the globally circulating IAV H1N1 subtypes were resistant to oseltamivir, the most commonly used NAI, until 2009. However, the 2009 pandemic IAV H1N1 subtype, which was sensitive to NAIs and has now become one of the dominant seasonal influenza virus strains, has replaced the pre-2009 oseltamivir-resistant H1N1 variants. This review traces the epidemiology of both adamantane- and NAI-resistant IAV subtypes since the approval of these drugs and highlights the susceptibility status of currently circulating IAV subtypes to NAIs. Further, it provides an overview of currently and soon to be available control measures to manage current and emerging drug-resistant IAV. Finally, this review outlines the research directions that should be undertaken to manage the circulation of IAV in intermediate hosts and develop effective and alternative anti-IAV therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazhar Hussain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Henry D Galvin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Tatt Y Haw
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Ashley N Nutsford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Matloob Husain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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152
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Pathogenicity and transmission of a swine influenza A(H6N6) virus. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e17. [PMID: 28400591 PMCID: PMC5457681 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Subtype H6 influenza A viruses (IAVs) are commonly detected in wild birds and domestic poultry and can infect humans. In 2010, a H6N6 virus emerged in southern China, and since then, it has caused sporadic infections among swine. We show that this virus binds to α2,6-linked and α2,3-linked sialic acids. Mutations at residues 222 (alanine to valine) and 228 (glycine to serine) of the virus hemagglutinin (HA) affected its receptor-binding properties. Experiments showed that the virus has limited transmissibility between ferrets through direct contact or through inhalation of infectious aerosolized droplets. The internal genes of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, which is prevalent in swine worldwide, increases the replication efficiency of H6N6 IAV in the lower respiratory tract of ferrets but not its transmissibility between ferrets. These findings suggest H6N6 swine IAV (SIV) currently poses a moderate risk to public health, but its evolution and spread should be closely monitored.
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153
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Jordan I, John K, Höwing K, Lohr V, Penzes Z, Gubucz-Sombor E, Fu Y, Gao P, Harder T, Zádori Z, Sandig V. Continuous cell lines from the Muscovy duck as potential replacement for primary cells in the production of avian vaccines. Avian Pathol 2017; 45:137-55. [PMID: 26814192 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2016.1138280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Veterinary vaccines contribute to food security, interrupt zoonotic transmissions, and help to maintain overall health in livestock. Although vaccines are usually cost-effective, their adoption depends on a multitude of factors. Because poultry vaccines are usually given to birds with a short life span, very low production cost per dose is one important challenge. Other hurdles are to ensure a consistent and reliable supply of very large number of doses, and to have flexible production processes to accommodate a range of different pathogens and dosage requirements. Most poultry vaccines are currently being produced on primary avian cells derived from chicken or waterfowl embryos. This production system is associated with high costs, logistic complexities, rigid intervals between harvest and production, and supply limitations. We investigated whether the continuous cell lines Cairina retina and CR.pIX may provide a substrate independent of primary cell cultures or embryonated eggs. Viruses examined for replication in these cell lines are strains associated with, or contained in vaccines against egg drop syndrome, Marek's disease, Newcastle disease, avian influenza, infectious bursal disease and Derzsy's disease. Each of the tested viruses required the development of unique conditions for replication that are described here and can be used to generate material for in vivo efficacy studies and to accelerate transfer of the processes to larger production volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zoltán Penzes
- b Ceva-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co. Ltd. , Budapest , Hungary
| | | | - Yan Fu
- c Ningbo Tech-Bank Co Ltd , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Gao
- c Ningbo Tech-Bank Co Ltd , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Timm Harder
- d Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald-Insel Riems , Germany
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- e Veterinary Medical Research, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Budapest , Hungary
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154
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Zhang S, Wang R, Su H, Wang B, Sizhu S, Lei Z, Jin M, Chen H, Cao J, Zhou H. Sus scrofa miR-204 and miR-4331 Negatively Regulate Swine H1N1/2009 Influenza A Virus Replication by Targeting Viral HA and NS, Respectively. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040749. [PMID: 28368362 PMCID: PMC5412334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of swine pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza A virus (SIV-H1N1/2009) in pigs has the potential to generate novel reassortant viruses, posing a great threat to human health. Cellular microRNAs (miRNAs) have been proven as promising small molecules for regulating influenza A virus replication by directly targeting viral genomic RNA. In this study, we predicted potential Sus scrofa (ssc-, swine) miRNAs targeting the genomic RNA of SIV-H1N1/2009 by RegRNA 2.0, and identified ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 to target viral HA and NS respectively through dual-luciferase reporter assays. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of viral HA and NS were significantly suppressed when newborn pig trachea (NPTr) cells respectively overexpressed ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 and were infected with SIV-H1N1/2009, whereas the suppression effect could be restored when respectively decreasing endogenous ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 with inhibitors. Because of the importance of viral HA and NS in the life cycle of influenza A virus, ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331 exhibited an inhibition effect on SIV-H1N1/2009 replication. The antiviral effect was sequence-specific of SIV-H1N1/2009, for the target sites in HA and NS of H5N1 or H9N2 influenza A virus were not conserved. Furthermore, SIV-H1N1/2009 infection reversely downregulated the expression of ssc-miR-204 and ssc-miR-4331, which might facilitate the virus replication in the host. In summary, this work will provide us some important clues for controlling the prevalence of SIV-H1N1/2009 in pig populations.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Cells, Cultured
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/physiology
- Luciferases/genetics
- Luciferases/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sus scrofa
- Trachea/cytology
- Trachea/metabolism
- Trachea/virology
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
- Virus Replication/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishuo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ruifang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huijuan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Biaoxiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Suolang Sizhu
- Department of Animal Science, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry College, Linzhi 860000, China.
| | - Zhixin Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Meilin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Huanchun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Jiyue Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Hongbo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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155
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Host-adaptive mechanism of H5N1 avian influenza virus hemagglutininn. Uirusu 2017; 65:187-198. [PMID: 27760917 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.65.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The H5N1 subtype is a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus currently circulating in birds in parts of Asia and northeast Africa, which has caused fatal human infections since 1997. Continuous circulation of the virus in endemic areas has allowed genetically diverse viruses to emerge, increasing the risk of H5N1 human infection. Although human infections with H5N1 have to date been limited, experimental evidence of the aerosol transmission of mutated viruses in a mammalian infection model has revealed the pandemic potential of H5N1 virus. One of the most important viral factors for host-adaptation of influenza virus is hemagglutinin (HA), which is the principal antigen on the viral surface and is responsible for viral binding to host receptors as well as endosomal membrane fusion. Our recent reports suggest that a fine balance of the HA properties, including receptor binding specificity and pH stability, is crucial for replication in human respiratory epithelia. This review provides an overview of current knowledge on the host-adaptive mechanism of H5N1 virus HA.
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156
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Mutations during the Adaptation of H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus to the Respiratory Epithelium of Pigs Enhance Sialic Acid Binding Activity and Virulence in Mice. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02125-16. [PMID: 28148793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02125-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural reservoir for influenza viruses is waterfowl, and from there they succeeded in crossing the barrier to different mammalian species. We analyzed the adaptation of avian influenza viruses to a mammalian host by passaging an H9N2 strain three times in differentiated swine airway epithelial cells. Using precision-cut slices from the porcine lung to passage the parental virus, isolates from each of the three passages (P1 to P3) were characterized by assessing growth curves and ciliostatic effects. The only difference noted was an increased growth kinetics of the P3 virus. Sequence analysis revealed four mutations: one each in the PB2 and NS1 proteins and two in the HA protein. The HA mutations, A190V and T212I, were characterized by generating recombinant viruses containing either one or both amino acid exchanges. Whereas the parental virus recognized α2,3-linked sialic acids preferentially, the HA190 mutant bound to a broad spectrum of glycans with α2,6/8/9-linked sialic acids. The HA212 mutant alone differed only slightly from the parental virus; however, the combination of both mutations (HA190+HA212) increased the binding affinity to those glycans recognized by the HA190 mutant. Remarkably, only the HA double mutant showed a significantly increased pathogenicity in mice. In contrast, none of those mutations affected the ciliary activity of the epithelial cells which is characteristic for virulent swine influenza viruses. Taken together, our results indicate that shifts in the HA receptor affinity are just an early adaptation step of avian H9N2 strains; further mutational changes may be required to become virulent for pigs.IMPORTANCE Swine play an important role in the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses. Avian influenza A viruses (IAV) of the H9N2 subtype have successfully infected hosts from different species but have not established a stable lineage. We have analyzed the adaptation of IAV-H9N2 virus to target cells of a new host by passaging the virus three times in differentiated porcine respiratory epithelial cells. Among the four mutations detected, the two HA mutations were analyzed by generating recombinant viruses. Depending on the infection system used, the mutations differed in their phenotypic expression, e.g., sialic acid binding activity, replication kinetics, plaque size, and pathogenicity in inbred mice. However, none of the mutations affected the ciliary activity which serves as a virulence marker. Thus, early adaptive mutation enhances the replication kinetics, but more mutations are required for IAV of the H9N2 subtype to become virulent.
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157
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Russier M, Yang G, Marinova-Petkova A, Vogel P, Kaplan BS, Webby RJ, Russell CJ. H1N1 influenza viruses varying widely in hemagglutinin stability transmit efficiently from swine to swine and to ferrets. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006276. [PMID: 28282440 PMCID: PMC5362248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A pandemic-capable influenza virus requires a hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein that is immunologically unseen by most people and is capable of supporting replication and transmission in humans. HA stabilization has been linked to 2009 pH1N1 pandemic potential in humans and H5N1 airborne transmissibility in the ferret model. Swine have served as an intermediate host for zoonotic influenza viruses, yet the evolutionary pressure exerted by this host on HA stability was unknown. For over 70 contemporary swine H1 and H3 isolates, we measured HA activation pH to range from pH 5.1 to 5.9 for H1 viruses and pH 5.3 to 5.8 for H3 viruses. Thus, contemporary swine isolates vary widely in HA stability, having values favored by both avian (pH >5.5) and human and ferret (pH ≤5.5) species. Using an early 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1) virus backbone, we generated three viruses differing by one HA residue that only altered HA stability: WT (pH 5.5), HA1-Y17H (pH 6.0), and HA2-R106K (pH 5.3). All three replicated in pigs and transmitted from pig-to-pig and pig-to-ferret. WT and R106 viruses maintained HA genotype and phenotype after transmission. Y17H (pH 6.0) acquired HA mutations that stabilized the HA protein to pH 5.8 after transmission to pigs and 5.5 after transmission to ferrets. Overall, we found swine support a broad range of HA activation pH for contact transmission and many recent swine H1N1 and H3N2 isolates have stabilized (human-like) HA proteins. This constitutes a heightened pandemic risk and underscores the importance of ongoing surveillance and control efforts for swine viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Russier
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Guohua Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Atanaska Marinova-Petkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Bryan S. Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
| | - Charles J. Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States
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158
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Saavedra-Montañez M, Castillo-Juárez H, Sánchez-Betancourt I, Rivera-Benitez JF, Ramírez-Mendoza H. Serological study of influenza viruses in veterinarians working with swine in Mexico. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1633-1640. [PMID: 28233143 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans and swine are both affected by influenza viruses, and swine are considered a potential source of new influenza viruses. Transmission of influenza viruses across species is well documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of different influenza virus subtypes in veterinarians working for the Mexican swine industry, using a hemagglutination inhibition test. All sera tested were collected in July 2011. The data were analysed using a generalized linear model and a linear model to study the possible association of seroprevalence with the age of the veterinarian, vaccination status, and biosecurity level of the farm where they work. The observed seroprevalence was 12.3%, 76.5%, 46.9%, and 11.1% for the human subtypes of pandemic influenza virus (pH1N1), seasonal human influenza virus (hH1N1), the swine subtypes of classical swine influenza virus (swH1N1), and triple-reassortant swine influenza virus (swH3N2), respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that age was associated with hH1N1 seroprevalence (P < 0.05). Similarly, age and vaccination were associated with pH1N1 seroprevalence (P < 0.05). On the other hand, none of the studied factors were associated with swH1N1 and swH3N2 seroprevalence. All of the pH1N1-positive sera were from vaccinated veterinarians, whereas all of those not vaccinated tested negative for this subtype. Our findings suggest that, between the onset of the 2009 pandemic and July 2011, the Mexican veterinarians working in the swine industry did not have immunity to the pH1N1 virus; hence, they would have been at risk for infection with this virus if this subtype had been circulating in swine in Mexico prior to 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Saavedra-Montañez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FMVZ-UNAM, Av. Universidad No. 3000. Copilco, Del. Coyoacán, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Castillo-Juárez
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, CP 04960, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Humberto Ramírez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FMVZ-UNAM, Av. Universidad No. 3000. Copilco, Del. Coyoacán, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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159
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Bravo-Vasquez N, Karlsson EA, Jimenez-Bluhm P, Meliopoulos V, Kaplan B, Marvin S, Cortez V, Freiden P, Beck MA, Hamilton-West C, Schultz-Cherry S. Swine Influenza Virus (H1N2) Characterization and Transmission in Ferrets, Chile. Emerg Infect Dis 2017; 23:241-251. [PMID: 28098524 PMCID: PMC5324791 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of the influenza hemagglutinin gene (HA) has suggested that commercial pigs in Chile harbor unique human seasonal H1-like influenza viruses, but further information, including characterization of these viruses, was unavailable. We isolated influenza virus (H1N2) from a swine in a backyard production farm in Central Chile and demonstrated that the HA gene was identical to that in a previous report. Its HA and neuraminidase genes were most similar to human H1 and N2 viruses from the early 1990s and internal segments were similar to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. The virus replicated efficiently in vitro and in vivo and transmitted in ferrets by respiratory droplet. Antigenically, it was distinct from other swine viruses. Hemagglutination inhibition analysis suggested that antibody titers to the swine Chilean H1N2 virus were decreased in persons born after 1990. Further studies are needed to characterize the potential risk to humans, as well as the ecology of influenza in swine in South America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pedro Jimenez-Bluhm
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Victoria Meliopoulos
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Bryan Kaplan
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Shauna Marvin
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Valerie Cortez
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Pamela Freiden
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
| | - Melinda A. Beck
- University of Chile, Santiago, Chile (N. Bravo-Vasquez, C. Hamilton-West)
- St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA (E.A. Karlsson, P. Jimenez-Bluhm, V. Meliopoulos, B. Kaplan, S. Marvin, V. Cortez, P. Freiden, S. Schultz-Cherry)
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA (M.A. Beck)
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160
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Iwatsuki-Horimoto K, Nakajima N, Shibata M, Takahashi K, Sato Y, Kiso M, Yamayoshi S, Ito M, Enya S, Otake M, Kangawa A, da Silva Lopes TJ, Ito H, Hasegawa H, Kawaoka Y. The Microminipig as an Animal Model for Influenza A Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:e01716-16. [PMID: 27807225 PMCID: PMC5215345 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01716-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs are considered a mixing vessel for the generation of novel pandemic influenza A viruses through reassortment because of their susceptibility to both avian and human influenza viruses. However, experiments to understand reassortment in pigs in detail have been limited because experiments with regular-sized pigs are difficult to perform. Miniature pigs have been used as an experimental animal model, but they are still large and require relatively large cages for housing. The microminipig is one of the smallest miniature pigs used for experiments. Introduced in 2010, microminipigs weigh around 10 kg at an early stage of maturity (6 to 7 months old) and are easy to handle. To evaluate the microminipig as an animal model for influenza A virus infection, we compared the receptor distribution of 10-week-old male pigs (Yorkshire Large White) and microminipigs. We found that both animals have SAα2,3Gal and SAα2,6Gal in their respiratory tracts, with similar distributions of both receptor types. We further found that the sensitivity of microminipigs to influenza A viruses was the same as that of larger miniature pigs. Our findings indicate that the microminipig could serve as a novel model animal for influenza A virus infection. IMPORTANCE The microminipig is one of the smallest miniature pigs in the world and is used as an experimental animal model for life science research. In this study, we evaluated the microminipig as a novel animal model for influenza A virus infection. The distribution of influenza virus receptors in the respiratory tract of the microminipig was similar to that of the pig, and the sensitivity of microminipigs to influenza A viruses was the same as that of miniature pigs. Our findings suggest that microminipigs represent a novel animal model for influenza A virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoko Iwatsuki-Horimoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Nakajima
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Shibata
- Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kenta Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Kiso
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiya Yamayoshi
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mutsumi Ito
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoko Enya
- Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Otake
- Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Akihisa Kangawa
- Swine and Poultry Research Center, Shizuoka Prefectural Research Institute of Animal Industry, Kikugawa, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tiago Jose da Silva Lopes
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Hirotaka Ito
- Ito Business Planning, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Influenza Research Institute, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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161
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Porcine mast cells infected with H1N1 influenza virus release histamine and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1067-1071. [PMID: 28044192 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-3216-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells reside in many tissues, including the lungs, and might play a role in enhancing influenza virus infections in animals. In this study, we cultured porcine mast cells from porcine bone marrow cells with IL-3 and stem cell factor to study the infectivity and activation of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus of swine origin. Porcine mast cells were infected with H1N1 influenza virus, without the subsequent production of infectious viruses but were activated, as indicated by the release of histamines. Inflammatory cytokine- and chemokine-encoding genes, including IL-1α, IL-6, CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, were upregulated in the infected porcine mast cells. Our results suggest that mast cells could be involved in enhancing influenza-virus-mediated disease in infected animals.
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162
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Dhakal S, Hiremath J, Bondra K, Lakshmanappa YS, Shyu DL, Ouyang K, Kang KI, Binjawadagi B, Goodman J, Tabynov K, Krakowka S, Narasimhan B, Lee CW, Renukaradhya GJ. Biodegradable nanoparticle delivery of inactivated swine influenza virus vaccine provides heterologous cell-mediated immune response in pigs. J Control Release 2017; 247:194-205. [PMID: 28057521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SwIV) is one of the important zoonotic pathogens. Current flu vaccines have failed to provide cross-protection against evolving viruses in the field. Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a biodegradable FDA approved polymer and widely used in drug and vaccine delivery. In this study, inactivated SwIV H1N2 antigens (KAg) encapsulated in PLGA nanoparticles (PLGA-KAg) were prepared, which were spherical in shape with 200 to 300nm diameter, and induced maturation of antigen presenting cells in vitro. Pigs vaccinated twice with PLGA-KAg via intranasal route showed increased antigen specific lymphocyte proliferation and enhanced the frequency of T-helper/memory and cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In PLGA-KAg vaccinated and heterologous SwIV H1N1 challenged pigs, clinical flu symptoms were absent, while the control pigs had fever for four days. Grossly and microscopically, reduced lung pathology and viral antigenic mass in the lung sections with clearance of infectious challenge virus in most of the PLGA-KAg vaccinated pig lung airways were observed. Immunologically, PLGA-KAg vaccine irrespective of not significantly boosting the mucosal antibody response, it augmented the frequency of IFN-γ secreting total T cells, T-helper and CTLs against both H1N2 and H1N1 SwIV. In summary, inactivated influenza virus delivered through PLGA-NPs reduced the clinical disease and induced cross-protective cell-mediated immune response in a pig model. Our data confirmed the utility of a pig model for intranasal particulate flu vaccine delivery platform to control flu in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Dhakal
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jagadish Hiremath
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kathryn Bondra
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yashavanth S Lakshmanappa
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Duan-Liang Shyu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kang Ouyang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kyung-Il Kang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Basavaraj Binjawadagi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jonathan Goodman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kairat Tabynov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems (RIBSP), Zhambylskaya Oblast, Gvardeiskiy 080409, Kazakhstan
| | - Steven Krakowka
- The Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gourapura J Renukaradhya
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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163
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Co-expression of sialic acid receptors compatible with avian and human influenza virus binding in emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Virology 2017; 500:114-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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164
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Swine and Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Recent Times. EMERGING ZOONOSES 2017. [PMCID: PMC7119929 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-50890-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A is a zoonotic virus and wild waterfowls are the main reservoir of avian influenza viruses, which are precursors of human influenza A viruses. Through mutations and gene reassortment, some strains of avian influenza viruses establish stable lineages in poultry species, pigs, horses, and humans. The first zoonotic influenza pandemic of the twenty-first century, the swine H1N1 pandemic of 2009, originated from Mexico, and fortunately the virus was only of modest virulence. However, lessons have been learned on the shortcomings of the global preparedness for influenza pandemic, and this should be considered as a valuable experience for the preparation of the next major outbreak. Of more concern is the emergence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A [H5N1], ongoing since 1996, and the low pathogenic avian influenza A [H7N9], since 2013, which have crossed the species barrier to humans in China. Risks of a H5N1 pandemic appear to be receding with declining human cases, and the H7N9 influenza virus is now the leading candidate as the next pandemic influenza virus. However, influenza pandemics are unpredictable in their timing, specific strain of virus, and origin. Most experts predict that the next influenza pandemic will arise from Asia, especially China, and will be directly of avian origin. Continued influenza surveillance in animals and humans globally with prompt reporting to the WHO and the World Animal Health Organization with sharing of data promptly between countries is essential. Long-term solutions to prevent cross-species transmission of zoonotic influenza viruses to humans and development of more effective, longer-lasting vaccines against emerging avian influenza viruses are needed. Currently there is no evidence of an impending zoonotic or avian influenza pandemic, and the viruses of interest, H5N1 and H7N9 avian influenza A viruses, have not mutated to allow for easy transmission to humans nor human to human.
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165
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Influenza A Viruses of Swine (IAV-S) in Vietnam from 2010 to 2015: Multiple Introductions of A(H1N1)pdm09 Viruses into the Pig Population and Diversifying Genetic Constellations of Enzootic IAV-S. J Virol 2016; 91:JVI.01490-16. [PMID: 27795418 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01490-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Active surveillance of influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) involving 262 farms and 10 slaughterhouses in seven provinces in northern and southern Vietnam from 2010 to 2015 yielded 388 isolates from 32 farms; these viruses were classified into H1N1, H1N2, and H3N2 subtypes. Whole-genome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis revealed that the isolates represented 15 genotypes, according to the genetic constellation of the eight segments. All of the H1N1 viruses were entirely A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses, whereas all of the H1N2 and H3N2 viruses were reassortants among 5 distinct ancestral viruses: H1 and H3 triple-reassortant (TR) IAV-S that originated from North American pre-2009 human seasonal H1, human seasonal H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Notably, 93% of the reassortant IAV-S retained M genes that were derived from A(H1N1)pdm09, suggesting some advantage in terms of their host adaptation. Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis revealed that multiple introductions of A(H1N1)pdm09 and TR IAV-S into the Vietnamese pig population have driven the genetic diversity of currently circulating Vietnamese IAV-S. In addition, our results indicate that a reassortant IAV-S with human-like H3 and N2 genes and an A(H1N1)pdm09 origin M gene likely caused a human case in Ho Chi Minh City in 2010. Our current findings indicate that human-to-pig transmission as well as cocirculation of different IAV-S have contributed to diversifying the gene constellations of IAV-S in Vietnam. IMPORTANCE This comprehensive genetic characterization of 388 influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) isolated through active surveillance of Vietnamese pig farms from 2010 through 2015 provides molecular epidemiological insight into the genetic diversification of IAV-S in Vietnam after the emergence of A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. Multiple reassortments among A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses and enzootic IAV-S yielded 14 genotypes, 9 of which carried novel gene combinations. The reassortants that carried M genes derived from A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses became predominant, replacing those of the IAV-S that had been endemic in Vietnam since 2011. Notably, one of the novel reassortants likely caused a human case in Vietnam. Given that Vietnam is the second-largest pig-producing country in Asia, continued monitoring of IAV-S is highly important from the viewpoints of both the swine industry and human public health.
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166
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Shi Q, Wang Q, Ju L, Xiong H, Chen Y, Jiang L, Jiang Q. Biological Characteristics of H9N2 Avian Influenza Viruses from Healthy Chickens in Shanghai, China. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:4844-4853. [PMID: 27941707 PMCID: PMC5167103 DOI: 10.12659/msm.902284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background H9N2 avian influenza viruses that circulate in domestic poultry in eastern China pose challenges to human health. However, few studies have compared the biological characteristics of H9N2 viruses isolated from healthy chickens in Shanghai. Material/Methods Three H9N2 viruses – CK/SH/Y1/07, CK/SH/Y1/02, and CK/SH/23/13 – isolated from healthy chickens in Shanghai between 2002 and 2013, were selected and their biological characteristics were determined. Results All 3 H9N2 viruses showed a preference for both the avian- and human-like receptors, and they replicated well in MDCK and A549 cells. All H9N2 viruses were non-pathogenic to mini-pigs and were detected in the trachea and lung tissues. The CK/SH/Y1/07 and CK/SH/Y1/02 viruses were transmitted to mini-pigs through direct-contact or respiratory droplet exposure, but CK/SH/23/13 virus was not. Conclusions These results suggest that H9N2 viruses isolated from healthy chickens in Shanghai efficiently replicate and transmit among pigs and other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfeng Shi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Qianli Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Liwen Ju
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Public Health Microbiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Haiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Public Health Microbiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Yue Chen
- School of Epidemiology, Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lufang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Department of Public Health Microbiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Qingwu Jiang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland).,Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
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167
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Nakayama M, Ozaki H, Itoh Y, Soda K, Ishigaki H, Okamatsu M, Sakoda Y, Park CH, Tsuchiya H, Kida H, Ogasawara K. Vaccination against H9N2 avian influenza virus reduces bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue formation in cynomolgus macaques after intranasal virus challenge infection. Pathol Int 2016; 66:678-686. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Misako Nakayama
- Department of Pathology; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Hiroichi Ozaki
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture; Tottori University; Tottori 680-8553 Japan
| | - Yasushi Itoh
- Department of Pathology; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Kosuke Soda
- Joint Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agriculture; Tottori University; Tottori 680-8553 Japan
| | - Hirohito Ishigaki
- Department of Pathology; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE); Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
| | - Chun-Ho Park
- School of Veterinary Medicine; Kitasato University; Towada Aomori 034-8628 Japan
| | - Hideaki Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Animal Life Science; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine; Hokkaido University; Sapporo 060-0818 Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE); Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0815 Japan
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control; Hokkaido University; Sapporo Hokkaido 001-0020 Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Department of Pathology; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science; Shiga University of Medical Science; Otsu Shiga 520-2192 Japan
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168
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Zanin M, Baviskar P, Webster R, Webby R. The Interaction between Respiratory Pathogens and Mucus. Cell Host Microbe 2016; 19:159-68. [PMID: 26867175 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between respiratory pathogens and their hosts is complex and incompletely understood. This is particularly true when pathogens encounter the mucus layer covering the respiratory tract. The mucus layer provides an essential first host barrier to inhaled pathogens that can prevent pathogen invasion and subsequent infection. Respiratory mucus has numerous functions and interactions, both with the host and with pathogens. This review summarizes the current understanding of respiratory mucus and its interactions with the respiratory pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respiratory syncytial virus and influenza viruses, with particular focus on influenza virus transmissibility and host-range specificity. Based on current findings we propose that respiratory mucus represents an understudied host-restriction factor for influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Zanin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Pradyumna Baviskar
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Robert Webster
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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169
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Virologic Differences Do Not Fully Explain the Diversification of Swine Influenza Viruses in the United States. J Virol 2016; 90:10074-10082. [PMID: 27581984 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01218-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A(H1N1) viruses entered the U.S. swine population following the 1918 pandemic and remained genetically stable for roughly 80 years. In 1998, there was an outbreak of influenza-like illness among swine that was caused by A(H3N2) viruses containing the triple reassortant internal gene (TRIG) cassette. Following the TRIG cassette emergence, numerous reassortant viruses were isolated in nature, suggesting that the TRIG virus had an enhanced ability to reassort compared to the classical swine virus. The present study was designed to quantify the relative reassortment capacities of classical and TRIG swine viruses. Reverse genetic viruses were generated from the classical H1N1 virus A/swine/MN/37866/1999 (MN/99), the TRIG virus A/swine/NC/18161/2002 (NC/02), and a seasonal human H3N2 virus, A/TX/6/1996 (TX/96), to measure in vitro reassortment and growth potentials. After coinfection with NC/02 or MN/99 plus TX/96, H1/H3 double-positive cells were identified. Delayed TX/96 infection was fully excluded by both swine viruses. We then analyzed reassortant H3 viruses. Seventy-seven of 81 (95.1%) TX/96-NC/02 reassortants contained at least one polymerase gene segment from NC/02, whereas only 34 of 61 (55.7%) MN/99-TX/96 reassortants contained at least one polymerase gene segment from MN/99. Additionally, 38 of 81 (46.9%) NC/02-TX/96 reassortants contained all NC/02 polymerase gene segments, while none of the MN/99-TX/96 reassortants contained all MN/99 polymerase genes. There were 21 H3 reassortants between MN/99 and TX/96, compared to only 17 H3 reassortants between NC/02 and TX/96. Overall, the results indicate that there are no distinct differences in the ability of the TRIG to reassort with a human virus compared to the classical swine virus. IMPORTANCE There appear to be no differences in the abilities of classical swine and TRIG swine viruses to exclude a second virus, suggesting that under the right circumstances both viruses have similar opportunities to reassort. The increased percentage of TRIG polymerase gene segments in reassortant H3 viruses indicates that these viruses may be more compatible with gene segments from other viruses; however, this needs to be investigated further. Nevertheless, the classical swine virus also showed the ability to reassort, suggesting that factors other than reassortment capacity alone are responsible for the different epidemiologies of TRIG and classical swine viruses. The post-TRIG diversity was likely driven by increased intensive farming practices rather than virologic properties. Our results indicate that host ecology can be a significant factor in viral evolution.
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170
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Chan LLY, Bui CTH, Mok CKP, Ng MMT, Nicholls JM, Peiris JSM, Chan MCW, Chan RWY. Evaluation of the human adaptation of influenza A/H7N9 virus in PB2 protein using human and swine respiratory tract explant cultures. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35401. [PMID: 27739468 PMCID: PMC5064379 DOI: 10.1038/srep35401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel avian H7N9 virus emerged in China in 2013 resulting in a case fatality rate of around 39% and continues to pose zoonotic and pandemic risk. Amino acid substitutions in PB2 protein were shown to influence the pathogenicity and transmissibility of H7N9 following experimental infection of ferrets and mice. In this study, we evaluated the role of amino acid substitution PB2-627K or compensatory changes at PB2-591K and PB2-701N, on the tropism and replication competence of H7N9 viruses for human and swine respiratory tracts using ex vivo organ explant cultures. Recombinant viruses of A/Shanghai/2/2013 (rgH7N9) and its mutants with PB2-K627E, PB2-K627E + Q591K and PB2-K627E + D701N were generated by plasmid-based reverse genetics. PB2-E627K was essential for efficient replication of rgH7N9 in ex vivo cultures of human and swine respiratory tracts. Mutant rgPB2-K627E + D701N replicated better than rgPB2-K627E in human lung but not as well as rgH7N9 virus. The rgPB2-K627E mutant failed to replicate in human type I-like pneumocytes (ATI) and peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (PMϕ) at 37 °C while the compensatory mutant rgPB2-K627E + Q591K and rgPB2-K627E + D701N had partly restored replication competence in PMϕ. Our results demonstrate that PB2-E627K was important for efficient replication of influenza H7N9 in both human and swine respiratory tracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa L. Y. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Christine T. H. Bui
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chris K. P. Mok
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mandy M. T. Ng
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John M. Nicholls
- Department of Pathology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J. S. Malik Peiris
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- The HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael C. W. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Renee W. Y. Chan
- Centre of Influenza Research and School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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171
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Influenza A Virus Infection in Pigs Attracts Multifunctional and Cross-Reactive T Cells to the Lung. J Virol 2016; 90:9364-82. [PMID: 27512056 PMCID: PMC5044846 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01211-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pigs are natural hosts for influenza A viruses and play a critical role in influenza epidemiology. However, little is known about their influenza-evoked T-cell response. We performed a thorough analysis of both the local and systemic T-cell response in influenza virus-infected pigs, addressing kinetics and phenotype as well as multifunctionality (gamma interferon [IFN-γ], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α], and interleukin-2 [IL-2]) and cross-reactivity. A total of 31 pigs were intratracheally infected with an H1N2 swine influenza A virus (FLUAVsw) and consecutively euthanized. Lungs, tracheobronchial lymph nodes, and blood were sampled during the first 15 days postinfection (p.i.) and at 6 weeks p.i. Ex vivo flow cytometry of lung lymphocytes revealed an increase in proliferating (Ki-67(+)) CD8(+) T cells with an early effector phenotype (perforin(+) CD27(+)) at day 6 p.i. Low frequencies of influenza virus-specific IFN-γ-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells could be detected in the lung as early as 4 days p.i. On consecutive days, influenza virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells produced mainly IFN-γ and/or TNF-α, reaching peak frequencies around day 9 p.i., which were up to 30-fold higher in the lung than in tracheobronchial lymph nodes or blood. At 6 weeks p.i., CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory T cells had accumulated in lung tissue. These cells showed diverse cytokine profiles and in vitro reactivity against heterologous influenza virus strains, all of which supports their potential to combat heterologous influenza virus infections in pigs. IMPORTANCE Pigs not only are a suitable large-animal model for human influenza virus infection and vaccine development but also play a central role in the emergence of new pandemic strains. Although promising candidate universal vaccines are tested in pigs and local T cells are the major correlate of heterologous control, detailed and targeted analyses of T-cell responses at the site of infection are scarce. With the present study, we provide the first detailed characterization of magnitude, kinetics, and phenotype of specific T cells recruited to the lungs of influenza virus-infected pigs, and we could demonstrate multifunctionality, cross-reactivity, and memory formation of these cells. This, and ensuing work in the pig, will strengthen the position of this species as a large-animal model for human influenza virus infection and will immediately benefit vaccine development for improved control of influenza virus infections in pigs.
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172
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Avian influenza A(H7N9) and (H5N1) infections among poultry and swine workers and the general population in Beijing, China, 2013-2015. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33877. [PMID: 27670286 PMCID: PMC5037362 DOI: 10.1038/srep33877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several studies have reported seroprevalences of antibody against avian influenza A(H7N9) virus among poultry workers in southern China, results have varied and data in northern China are scarce. To understand risks of H7N9 and H5N1 virus infections in northern China, a serological cohort study was conducted. Poultry workers, swine workers and the general population in Beijing, China, were evaluated through three surveys in November 2013, April 2014 and April 2015. The highest seroprevalence to H7N9 virus among poultry workers was recorded in the April 2014 and April 2015 surveys (0.4%), while that to H5N1 clade 2.3.4 or clade 2.3.2.1 virus was noted in the April 2014 survey (1.6% and 0.2%, respectively). The incidence of H7N9 virus infections among poultry workers (1.6/1000 person-months) was significantly lower than that of H5N1 clade 2.3.4 infections (3.8/1000 person-months) but higher than that of H5N1 clade 2.3.2.1 infections (0.3/1000 person-months). Compared with the general population, poultry workers were at higher risk of contracting H7N9 virus (IRR: 34.90; p < 0.001) or H5N1 clade 2.3.4 virus (IRR: 10.58; p < 0.001). Although risks of H7N9 and H5N1 virus infections remain low in Beijing, continued preventive measures are warranted for poultry workers.
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173
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Kim SM, Kim YI, Pascua PNQ, Choi YK. Avian Influenza A Viruses: Evolution and Zoonotic Infection. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 37:501-11. [PMID: 27486732 PMCID: PMC7171714 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1584953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although efficient human-to-human transmission of avian influenza virus has yet to be seen, in the past two decades avian-to-human transmission of influenza A viruses has been reported. Influenza A/H5N1, in particular, has repeatedly caused human infections associated with high mortality, and since 1998 the virus has evolved into many clades of variants with significant antigenic diversity. In 2013, three (A/H7N9, A/H6N1, and A/H10N8) novel avian influenza viruses (AIVs) breached the animal-human host species barrier in Asia. In humans, roughly 35% of A/H7N9-infected patients succumbed to the zoonotic infection, and two of three A/H10N8 human infections were also lethal; however, neither of these viruses cause influenza-like symptoms in poultry. While most of these cases were associated with direct contact with infected poultry, some involved sustained human-to-human transmission. Thus, these events elicited concern regarding potential AIV pandemics. This article reviews the human incursions associated with AIV variants and the potential role of pigs as an intermediate host that may hasten AIV evolution. In addition, we discuss the known influenza A virus virulence and transmission factors and their evaluation in animal models. With the growing number of human AIV infections, constant vigilance for the emergence of novel viruses is of utmost importance. In addition, careful characterization and pathobiological assessment of these novel variants will help to identify strains of particular concern for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Mi Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Philippe Noriel Q Pascua
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Young Ki Choi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
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174
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Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic influenza are the two faces of respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses in humans. As seasonal influenza occurs on an annual basis, the circulating virus strains are closely monitored and a yearly updated vaccination is provided, especially to identified risk populations. Nonetheless, influenza virus infection may result in pneumonia and acute respiratory failure, frequently complicated by bacterial coinfection. Pandemics are, in contrary, unexpected rare events related to the emergence of a reassorted human-pathogenic influenza A virus (IAV) strains that often causes increased morbidity and spreads extremely rapidly in the immunologically naive human population, with huge clinical and economic impact. Accordingly, particular efforts are made to advance our knowledge on the disease biology and pathology and recent studies have brought new insights into IAV adaptation mechanisms to the human host, as well as into the key players in disease pathogenesis on the host side. Current antiviral strategies are only efficient at the early stages of the disease and are challenged by the genomic instability of the virus, highlighting the need for novel antiviral therapies targeting the pulmonary host response to improve viral clearance, reduce the risk of bacterial coinfection, and prevent or attenuate acute lung injury. This review article summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular basis of influenza infection and disease progression, the key players in pathogenesis driving severe disease and progression to lung failure, as well as available and envisioned prevention and treatment strategies against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Peteranderl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Carole Schmoldt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
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175
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Abstract
Seasonal and pandemic influenza are the two faces of respiratory infections caused by influenza viruses in humans. As seasonal influenza occurs on an annual basis, the circulating virus strains are closely monitored and a yearly updated vaccination is provided, especially to identified risk populations. Nonetheless, influenza virus infection may result in pneumonia and acute respiratory failure, frequently complicated by bacterial coinfection. Pandemics are, in contrary, unexpected rare events related to the emergence of a reassorted human-pathogenic influenza A virus (IAV) strains that often causes increased morbidity and spreads extremely rapidly in the immunologically naive human population, with huge clinical and economic impact. Accordingly, particular efforts are made to advance our knowledge on the disease biology and pathology and recent studies have brought new insights into IAV adaptation mechanisms to the human host, as well as into the key players in disease pathogenesis on the host side. Current antiviral strategies are only efficient at the early stages of the disease and are challenged by the genomic instability of the virus, highlighting the need for novel antiviral therapies targeting the pulmonary host response to improve viral clearance, reduce the risk of bacterial coinfection, and prevent or attenuate acute lung injury. This review article summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular basis of influenza infection and disease progression, the key players in pathogenesis driving severe disease and progression to lung failure, as well as available and envisioned prevention and treatment strategies against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Peteranderl
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
| | - Carole Schmoldt
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
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176
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Structural and Biochemical Analyses of Swine Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Complexes and Prediction of the Epitope Map of Important Influenza A Virus Strains. J Virol 2016; 90:6625-6641. [PMID: 27170754 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00119-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The lack of a peptide-swine leukocyte antigen class I (pSLA I) complex structure presents difficulties for the study of swine cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity and molecule vaccine development to eliminate important swine viral diseases, such as influenza A virus (IAV). Here, after cloning and comparing 28 SLA I allelic genes from Chinese Heishan pigs, pSLA-3*hs0202 was crystalized and solved. SLA-3*hs0202 binding with sβ2m and a KMNTQFTAV (hemagglutinin [HA]-KMN9) peptide from the 2009 pandemic swine H1N1 strain clearly displayed two distinct conformations with HA-KMN9 peptides in the structures, which are believed to be beneficial to stimulate a broad spectrum of CTL immune responses. Notably, we found that different HA-KMN9 conformations are caused, not only by the flexibility of the side chains of residues in the peptide-binding groove (PBG), but also by the skewing of α1 and α2 helixes forming the PBG. In addition, alanine scanning and circular-dichroism (CD) spectra confirmed that the B, D, and F pockets play critical biochemical roles in determining the peptide-binding motif of SLA-3*hs0202. Based on biochemical parameters and comparisons to similar pockets in other known major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) structures, the fundamental motif for SLA-3*hs0202 was determined to be X-(M/A/R)-(N/Q/R/F)-X-X-X-X-X-(V/I) by refolding in vitro and multiple mutant peptides. Finally, 28 SLA-3*hs0202-restricted epitope candidates were identified from important IAV strains, and two of them have been found in humans as HLA-A*0201-specific IAV epitopes. Structural and biochemical illumination of pSLA-3*hs0202 can benefit vaccine development to control IAV in swine. IMPORTANCE We crystalized and solved the first SLA-3 structure, SLA-3*hs0202, and found that it could present the same IAV peptide with two distinct conformations. Unlike previous findings showing that variable peptide conformations are caused only by the flexibility of the side chains in the groove, the skewing of the α1 and α2 helixes is important in the different peptide conformations in SLA-3*hs0202. We also determined the fundamental motif for SLA-3*hs0202 to be X-(M/A/R)-(N/Q/R/F)-X-X-X-X-X-(V/I) based on a series of structural and biochemical analyses, and 28 SLA-3*hs0202-restricted epitope candidates were identified from important IAV strains. We believe our structure and analyses of pSLA-3*hs0202 can benefit vaccine development to control IAV in swine.
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177
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Bangaru S, Nieusma T, Kose N, Thornburg NJ, Finn JA, Kaplan BS, King HG, Singh V, Lampley RM, Sapparapu G, Cisneros A, Edwards KM, Slaughter JC, Edupuganti S, Lai L, Richt JA, Webby RJ, Ward AB, Crowe JE. Recognition of influenza H3N2 variant virus by human neutralizing antibodies. JCI Insight 2016; 1. [PMID: 27482543 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2011, over 300 human cases of infection, especially in exposed children, with the influenza A H3N2 variant (H3N2v) virus that circulates in swine in the US have been reported. The structural and genetic basis for the lack of protection against H3N2v induced by vaccines containing seasonal H3N2 antigens is poorly understood. We isolated 17 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that neutralized H3N2v virus from subjects experimentally immunized with an H3N2v candidate vaccine. Six mAbs exhibited very potent neutralizing activity (IC50 < 200 ng/ml) against the H3N2v virus but not against current human H3N2 circulating strains. Fine epitope mapping and structural characterization of antigen-antibody complexes revealed that H3N2v specificity was attributable to amino acid polymorphisms in the 150-loop and the 190-helix antigenic sites on the hemagglutinin protein. H3N2v-specific antibodies also neutralized human H3N2 influenza strains naturally circulating between 1995 and 2005. These results reveal a high level of antigenic relatedness between the swine H3N2v virus and previously circulating human strains, consistent with the fact that early human H3 seasonal strains entered the porcine population in the 1990s and reentered the human population, where they had not been circulating, as H3N2v about a decade later. The data also explain the increased susceptibility to H3N2v viruses in young children, who lack prior exposure to human seasonal strains from the 1990s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Bangaru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Travis Nieusma
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Natalie J Thornburg
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jessica A Finn
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bryan S Kaplan
- Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hannah G King
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Vidisha Singh
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca M Lampley
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gopal Sapparapu
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alberto Cisneros
- Chemical and Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathryn M Edwards
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James C Slaughter
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Srilatha Edupuganti
- The Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lilin Lai
- The Hope Clinic of Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Richard J Webby
- Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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178
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Fragaszy E, Ishola DA, Brown IH, Enstone J, Nguyen‐Van‐Tam JS, Simons R, Tucker AW, Wieland B, Williamson SM, Hayward AC, Wood JLN. Increased risk of A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza infection in UK pig industry workers compared to a general population cohort. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:291-300. [PMID: 26611769 PMCID: PMC4910179 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pigs are mixing vessels for influenza viral reassortment, but the extent of influenza transmission between swine and humans is not well understood. OBJECTIVES To assess whether occupational exposure to pigs is a risk factor for human infection with human and swine-adapted influenza viruses. METHODS UK pig industry workers were frequency-matched on age, region, sampling month, and gender with a community-based comparison group from the Flu Watch study. HI assays quantified antibodies for swine and human A(H1) and A(H3) influenza viruses (titres ≥ 40 considered seropositive and indicative of infection). Virus-specific associations between seropositivity and occupational pig exposure were examined using multivariable regression models adjusted for vaccination. Pigs on the same farms were also tested for seropositivity. RESULTS Forty-two percent of pigs were seropositive to A(H1N1)pdm09. Pig industry workers showed evidence of increased odds of A(H1N1)pdm09 seropositivity compared to the comparison group, albeit with wide confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted odds ratio after accounting for possible cross-reactivity with other swine A(H1) viruses (aOR) 25·3, 95% CI (1·4-536·3), P = 0·028. CONCLUSION The results indicate that A(H1N1)pdm09 virus was common in UK pigs during the pandemic and subsequent period of human A(H1N1)pdm09 circulation, and occupational exposure to pigs was a risk factor for human infection. Influenza immunisation of pig industry workers may reduce transmission and the potential for virus reassortment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fragaszy
- Department of Infectious Disease InformaticsFarr Institute of Health Informatics ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Infectious Disease EpidemiologyLondon School of Hygiene and Tropical MedicineLondonUK
| | - David A. Ishola
- Department of Infectious Disease InformaticsFarr Institute of Health Informatics ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- Immunisation DepartmentPublic Health EnglandLondonUK
| | - Ian H. Brown
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (formerly Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency)WeybridgeUK
| | - Joanne Enstone
- Health Protection and Influenza Research GroupDivision of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jonathan S. Nguyen‐Van‐Tam
- Health Protection and Influenza Research GroupDivision of Epidemiology and Public HealthUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Robin Simons
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (formerly Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency)WeybridgeUK
| | - Alexander W. Tucker
- Disease Dynamics UnitDepartment of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Barbara Wieland
- Royal Veterinary CollegeNorth MymmsUK
- ILRI: International Livestock Research InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Susanna M. Williamson
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (formerly Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency)WeybridgeUK
| | - Andrew C. Hayward
- Department of Infectious Disease InformaticsFarr Institute of Health Informatics ResearchUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics UnitDepartment of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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179
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Jung K, Chae C. Expression of Mx Protein and Interferon-α in Pigs Experimentally Infected with Swine Influenza Virus. Vet Pathol 2016; 43:161-7. [PMID: 16537933 DOI: 10.1354/vp.43-2-161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expression of Mx protein and interferon-α (IFN-α) was examined by immunohistochemistry in pigs experimentally infected with swine influenza virus. In infected pigs euthanatized at 1 day postinoculation (dpi), the lumen of bronchioles were filled with large numbers of mononuclear cells, small numbers of neutrophils, sloughing epithelial cells, and proteinaceous fluid. Lesions at 3 and 5 dpi were similar but less severe. Alveolar spaces were filled with neutrophils. By 7 and 10 dpi, microscopic lesions were resolved. The immunohistochemical signals for Mx protein and IFN-α antigen were confined to cells in areas that had hybridization signal for swine influenza virus. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry of serial sections of lung indicated that areas containing numerous swine influenza virus RNA-positive cells also have numerous Mx and IFN-α antigen-positive cells. Mean immunohistochemical scores for Mx protein-positive cells were correlated with mean immunohistochemical scores for IFN-α antigen-positive cells ( rs = 0.8799, p < 0.05). These results indicated that Mx protein and IFN-α antigen were expressed in the lung from pigs experimentally infected with swine influenza virus, but their biological functions remain to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Jung
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Shillim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu 151-742, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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180
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Okamatsu M, Motohashi Y, Hiono T, Tamura T, Nagaya K, Matsuno K, Sakoda Y, Kida H. Is the optimal pH for membrane fusion in host cells by avian influenza viruses related to host range and pathogenicity? Arch Virol 2016; 161:2235-42. [PMID: 27231009 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses isolated from wild ducks do not replicate in chickens. This fact is not explained solely by the receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin (HA) from such viruses for target host cells. To investigate this restriction in host range, the fusion activities of HA molecules from duck and chicken influenza viruses were examined. Influenza viruses A/duck/Mongolia/54/2001 (H5N2) (Dk/MNG) and A/chicken/Ibaraki/1/2005 (H5N2) (Ck/IBR), which replicate only in their primary hosts, were used. The optimal pH for membrane fusion of Ck/IBR was 5.9, higher than that of Dk/MNG at 4.9. To assess the relationship between the optimal pH for fusion and the host range of avian influenza viruses, the optimal pH for fusion of 55 influenza virus strains isolated from ducks and chickens was examined. No correlation was found between the host range and optimal pH for membrane fusion by the viruses, and this finding applied also to the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. The optimal pH for membrane fusion for avian influenza viruses was shown to not necessarily be correlated with their host range or pathogenicity in ducks and chickens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Chickens
- Ducks
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Host Specificity
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza in Birds/physiopathology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Membrane Fusion
- Phylogeny
- Poultry Diseases/physiopathology
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Virulence
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yurie Motohashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagaya
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan.
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181
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Anderson BD, Ma M, Xia Y, Wang T, Shu B, Lednicky JA, Ma MJ, Lu J, Gray GC. Bioaerosol Sampling in Modern Agriculture: A Novel Approach for Emerging Pathogen Surveillance? J Infect Dis 2016; 214:537-45. [PMID: 27190187 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern agricultural practices create environmental conditions conducive to the emergence of novel pathogens. Current surveillance efforts to assess the burden of emerging pathogens in animal production facilities in China are sparse. In Guangdong Province pig farms, we compared bioaerosol surveillance for influenza A virus to surveillance in oral pig secretions and environmental swab specimens. METHODS During the 2014 summer and fall/winter seasons, we used 3 sampling techniques to study 5 swine farms weekly for influenza A virus. Samples were molecularly tested for influenza A virus, and positive specimens were further characterized with culture. Risk factors for influenza A virus positivity for each sample type were assessed. RESULTS Seventy-one of 354 samples (20.1%) were positive for influenza A virus RNA by real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. Influenza A virus positivity in bioaerosol samples was a statistically significant predictor for influenza A virus positivity in pig oral secretion and environmental swab samples. Temperature of <20°C was a significant predictor of influenza A virus positivity in bioaerosol samples. DISCUSSIONS Climatic factors and routine animal husbandry practices may increase the risk of human exposure to aerosolized influenza A viruses in swine farms. Data suggest that bioaerosol sampling in pig barns may be a noninvasive and efficient means to conduct surveillance for novel influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Anderson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Mengmeng Ma
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Yao Xia
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou
| | - Tao Wang
- Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhongshan Institute, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province
| | - Bo Shu
- Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhongshan Institute, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province
| | - John A Lednicky
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health & Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville
| | - Mai-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology
| | - Jiahai Lu
- Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, One Health Research Center, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention Zhongshan Institute, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Tropical Disease Control, Sun Yat-sen University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine and Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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182
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Gianchecchi E, Trombetta C, Piccirella S, Montomoli E. Evaluating influenza vaccines: progress and perspectives. Future Virol 2016. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2016-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe influenza infections are responsible for 3–5 million cases worldwide and 250,000–500,000 deaths per year. Although vaccination is the primary and most effective means of inducing protection against influenza viruses, it also presents limitations. This review outlines the promising steps that have been taken toward the development of a broadly protective influenza virus vaccine through the use of new technologies. The future challenge is to develop a broadly protective vaccine that is able to induce long-term protection against antigenically variant influenza viruses, regardless of antigenic shift and drift, and thus to protect against seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gianchecchi
- VisMederi Srl, Enterprise of Service in Life Sciences, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Trombetta
- Department of Molecular & Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Simona Piccirella
- VisMederi Srl, Enterprise of Service in Life Sciences, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Montomoli
- VisMederi Srl, Enterprise of Service in Life Sciences, Via Fiorentina 1, 53100 Siena, Italy
- Department of Molecular & Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro, 53100 Siena, Italy
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183
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Targeted disruption of influenza A virus hemagglutinin in genetically modified mice reduces viral replication and improves disease outcome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23746. [PMID: 27033724 PMCID: PMC4817130 DOI: 10.1038/srep23746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus can cause acute respiratory infection in animals and humans around the globe, and is still a major threat to animal husbandry and public health. Due to antigenic drift and antigenic shift of the virus, development of novel anti-influenza strategies has become an urgent task. Here we generated transgenic (TG) mice stably expressing a short-hairpin RNA specifically targeting hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A virus, and investigated the susceptibility of the mice to influenza virus infection. We found that HA expression was dramatically disrupted in TG mice infected with WSN or PR8 virus. Importantly, the animals showed reduced virus production in lungs, slower weight loss, attenuated acute organ injury and consequently increased survival rates as compared to wild type (WT) mice after the viral infection. Moreover, TG mice exhibited a normal level of white blood cells following the virus infection, whereas the number of these cells was significantly decreased in WT mice with same challenge. Together, these experiments demonstrate that the TG mice are less permissive for influenza virus replication, and suggest that shRNA-based efficient disruption of viral gene expression in animals may be a useful strategy for prevention and control of a viral zoonosis.
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184
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Chlanda P, Zimmerberg J. Protein-lipid interactions critical to replication of the influenza A virus. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1940-54. [PMID: 26921878 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) assembles on the plasma membrane where viral proteins localize to form a bud encompassing the viral genome, which ultimately pinches off to give rise to newly formed infectious virions. Upon entry, the virus faces the opposite task-fusion with the endosomal membrane and disassembly to deliver the viral genome to the cytoplasm. There are at least four influenza proteins-hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), matrix 1 protein (M1), and the M2 ion channel-that are known to directly interact with the cellular membrane and modify membrane curvature in order to both assemble and disassemble membrane-enveloped virions. Here, we summarize and discuss current knowledge of the interactions of lipids and membrane proteins involved in the IAV replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Chlanda
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Zimmerberg
- Section on Integrative Biophysics, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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185
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Identification of amino acids in H9N2 influenza virus neuraminidase that are critical for the binding of two mouse monoclonal antibodies. Vet Microbiol 2016; 187:58-63. [PMID: 27066709 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is one of the major glycoproteins on the surface of influenza virus. It cleaves the linkage between haemagglutinin and cell surface receptors, and thus helps the release and spread of influenza virus. Despite the importance of H9N2 virus in influenza pandemic preparedness, the antigenic characteristics of its surface glycoproteins, especially NA, remains to be investigated. In the present study, we characterized two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 1D1 and 1G8, which are against the NA of an H9N2 virus A/Chicken/Jiangsu/X1/2004 (X1). We examined the inhibitory effect of these mAbs in two NA inhibition assays: enzyme-linked lectin assay (ELLA) and 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-a-d-N-acetylneuraminic acid (Mu-NANA) assay. In ELLA, which uses a large molecule fetuin (molecular weight: 50kd) as substrate, both antibodies effectively inhibit the NA activity of X1 virus. However, in Mu-NANA assay, which uses the small molecule Mu-NANA (molecular weight: 489 d) as substrate, antibody 1G8 inhibits the NA activity, while antibody 1D1 does not. Three amino acid mutations, at positions 198, 199 and 338, respectively, were detected in the NA of escape mutants of X1 virus selected with the two antibodies. Natural mutations at these three positions have occurred, indicative of immune pressure on H9N2 virus in the field. Our findings lay a basis for detailed investigation on the antigenic structure of H9N2 virus NA, which may be helpful for developing NA-based antibody reagents as well as vaccines.
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186
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Peng X, Wu H, Xu L, Peng X, Cheng L, Jin C, Xie T, Lu X, Wu N. Molecular characterization of a novel reassortant H1N2 influenza virus containing genes from the 2009 pandemic human H1N1 virus in swine from eastern China. Virus Genes 2016; 52:405-10. [PMID: 26980674 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1303-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pandemic outbreaks of H1N1 swine influenza virus have been reported since 2009. Reassortant H1N2 viruses that contain genes from the pandemic H1N1 virus have been isolated in Italy and the United States. However, there is limited information regarding the molecular characteristics of reassortant H1N2 swine influenza viruses in eastern China. Active influenza surveillance programs in Zhejiang Province identified a novel H1N2 influenza virus isolated from pigs displaying clinical signs of influenza virus infection. Whole-genome sequencing was performed and this strain was compared with other influenza viruses available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that the novel strain contained genes from the 2009 pandemic human H1N1 and swine H3N2 viruses. BALB/c mice were infected with the isolated virus to assess its virulence in mice. While the novel H1N2 isolate replicated well in mice, it was found to be less virulent. These results provide additional evidence that swine serve as intermediate hosts or 'mixing vessels' for novel influenza viruses. They also emphasize the importance of surveillance in the swine population for use as an early warning system for influenza outbreaks in swine and human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuming Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Institute, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaorong Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Linfang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Changzhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tiansheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiangyun Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nanping Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, Zhejiang, China.
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187
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Han D, Hu Y, Teng K, Deng X. Lower expression of sialic acid receptors in the cecum of silky fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus Brisson) compared to white leghorn. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1290-5. [PMID: 26976896 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus has received increasing attention in recent years because of the potential for recombination with the human virus. Distributions of sialic acid receptors on target cells are determinants of the susceptibilities of different species to influenza virus infection. In this study, the distribution of sialic acid receptors in the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts of Silky Fowl and White Leghorn chickens were compared. The results showed that sialic acid-α-2,3-galactose receptors and sialic acid-α6-galactose receptors were both observed in Silky Fowl and White Leghorn, but fewer positive cells were detected in Silky Fowl with significant difference in the cecum. The lower abundance of sialic acid receptors likely results from the lower abundance of CD3 and F4/80 immune cells in the cecum of Silky Fowl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deping Han
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kedao Teng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuemei Deng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding and Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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188
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Nishioka R, Satomura A, Yamada J, Kuroda K, Ueda M. Rapid preparation of mutated influenza hemagglutinins for influenza virus pandemic prevention. AMB Express 2016; 6:8. [PMID: 26797882 PMCID: PMC4722048 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-016-0179-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses have periodically caused pandemic due to frequent mutation of viral proteins. Influenza viruses have two major membrane glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Hemagglutinin plays a crucial role in viral entry, while NA is involved in the process of a viral escape. In terms of developing antiviral drugs, HA is a more important target than NA in the prevention of pandemic, since HA is likely to change the host specificity of a virus by acquiring mutations, thereby to increase the risk of pandemic. To characterize mutated HA functions, current approaches require immobilization of purified HA on plastic wells and carriers. These troublesome methods make it difficult to respond to emerging mutations. In order to address this problem, a yeast cell surface engineering approach was investigated. Using this technology, human HAs derived from various H1N1 subtypes were successfully and rapidly displayed on the yeast cell surface. The yeast-displayed HAs exhibited similar abilities to native influenza virus HAs. Using this system, human HAs with 190E and 225G mutations were shown to exhibit altered recognition specificities from human to avian erythrocytes. This system furthermore allowed direct measurement of HA binding abilities without protein purification and immobilization. Coupled with the ease of genetic manipulation, this system allows the simple and comprehensive construction of mutant protein libraries on yeast cell surface, thereby contributing to influenza virus pandemic prevention.
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189
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Bonfante F, Fusaro A, Tassoni L, Patrono LV, Milani A, Maniero S, Salviato A, Terregino C. Spillback transmission of European H1N1 avian-like swine influenza viruses to turkeys: A strain-dependent possibility? Vet Microbiol 2016; 186:102-10. [PMID: 27016764 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In 1979, an avian influenza virus of the H1N1 subtype began to circulate in European swine herds, rapidly replacing classical swine H1N1 viruses. Spill-back transmissions to turkeys were recorded occasionally, but they might have been underreported due to the asymptomatic nature of the infection and the lack of specific surveillance. In our study, we evaluated the infectivity and transmissibility in turkeys of seven strains of H1N1 avian-like swine viruses isolated from 1979 to 2006, and compared them with their closest progenitor A/duck/Bavaria/1/77 (H1N1), to establish whether the adaptation to pigs has gradually decreased their fitness in turkeys. Our data indicate that the circulation of European H1N1 in pigs might have impaired the possibility of infecting turkeys. Nevertheless, the two swine-origin strains, which showed the ability to replicate and transmit in turkeys, possess typical swine-like genetic traits, not different from the rest of the tested isolates, suggesting replication of avian-like swine H1N1 viruses in turkeys as a strain-dependent polygenic feature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Bonfante
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alice Fusaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Luca Tassoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Livia Victoria Patrono
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Maniero
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Salviato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, OIE/FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, OIE Collaborating Centre for Diseases at the Human-Animal Interface, Viale dell'Università 10, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
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190
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Kasloff SB, Weingartl HM. Swine alveolar macrophage cell model allows optimal replication of influenza A viruses regardless of their origin. Virology 2016; 490:91-8. [PMID: 26855331 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The importance of pigs in interspecies transmission of influenza A viruses has been repeatedly demonstrated over the last century. Eleven influenza A viruses from avian, human and swine hosts were evaluated for replication phenotypes at three physiologically relevant temperatures (41°C, 37°C, 33°C) in an immortalized swine pulmonary alveolar macrophage cell line (IPAM 3D4/31) to determine whether this system would allow for their efficient replication. All isolates replicated well in IPAMs at 37°C while clear distinctions were observed at 41°C and 33°C, correlating to species of origin of the PB2, reflected in distinct amino acid residue profiles rather than in one particular PB2 residue. A strong TNF-α response was induced by some mammalian but not avian IAVs, while other selected cytokines remained below detection levels. Porcine IPAMs represent a natural host cell model for influenza virus replication where the only condition requiring modification for optimal IAV replication, regardless of virus origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha B Kasloff
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hana M Weingartl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada; National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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191
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Itoh Y. Translational research on influenza virus infection using a nonhuman primate model. Pathol Int 2016; 66:132-141. [PMID: 26811109 DOI: 10.1111/pin.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a seasonal infectious disease for humans, whereas it is also a zoonosis that is originally transmitted from animals to humans. Therefore, several animal models are used in research on influenza virus infection. We have used a nonhuman primate (NHP) model to extrapolate pathogenicity of various influenza viruses and efficacy of vaccines and antiviral drugs against the influenza viruses in humans. NHPs have genes, anatomical structure, and immune responses similar to those of humans as compared to other animal models. Using an NHP model, we revealed that the pandemic 2009 influenza A virus caused viral pneumonia as reported in human patients. Thus, it is thought that NHP models can be used to predict replication of emerging viruses in humans. We also examined the pathogenicity of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses and evaluated a new therapeutic antibody in macaques under an immunocompromised condition. NHP models have provided promising results in research on other infectious diseases including Ebola virus and human/simian immunodeficiency virus infections. Thus, NHPs are important in biomedical research for determining the pathogenesis and for development of treatments, especially when clinical trials are difficult. We summarize the characteristics and advantages of research using NHP models in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Itoh
- Department of Pathology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
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192
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Maruyama J, Nao N, Miyamoto H, Maeda K, Ogawa H, Yoshida R, Igarashi M, Takada A. Characterization of the glycoproteins of bat-derived influenza viruses. Virology 2016; 488:43-50. [PMID: 26605499 PMCID: PMC7126434 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Recently found bat-derived influenza viruses (BatIVs) have hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments distinct from those of previously known influenza A viruses. However, pathogenicities of these BatIVs remain unknown since infectious virus strains have not been isolated yet. To gain insight into the biological properties of BatIVs, we generated vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSVs) pseudotyped with the BatIV HA and NA. We found that VSVs pseudotyped with BatIV HAs and NAs efficiently infected particular bat cell lines but not those derived from primates, and that proteolytic cleavage with a trypsin-like protease was necessary for HA-mediated virus entry. Treatment of the susceptible bat cells with some enzymes and inhibitors revealed that BatIV HAs might recognize some cellular glycoproteins as receptors rather than the sialic acids used for the other known influenza viruses. These data provide fundamental information on the mechanisms underlying the cellular entry and host restriction of BatIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junki Maruyama
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naganori Nao
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miyamoto
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ken Maeda
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology, Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hirohito Ogawa
- Hokudai Center for Zoonosis Control in Zambia, School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Reiko Yoshida
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ayato Takada
- Division of Global Epidemiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; School of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.
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193
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Takahashi T, Unuma S, Kawagishi S, Kurebayashi Y, Takano M, Yoshino H, Minami A, Yamanaka T, Otsubo T, Ikeda K, Suzuki T. Substrate Specificity of Equine and Human Influenza A Virus Sialidase to Molecular Species of Sialic Acid. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1728-1733. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tadanobu Takahashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Saori Unuma
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Sawako Kawagishi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Yuuki Kurebayashi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Maiko Takano
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Hiroki Yoshino
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Akira Minami
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
| | - Takashi Yamanaka
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Tadamune Otsubo
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Kiyoshi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hiroshima International University
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka and Global COE Program for Innovation in Human Health Sciences, Shizuoka
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194
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Prevalence, genetics, and transmissibility in ferrets of Eurasian avian-like H1N1 swine influenza viruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:392-7. [PMID: 26711995 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522643113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are important intermediate hosts for generating novel influenza viruses. The Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EAH1N1) swine influenza viruses (SIVs) have circulated in pigs since 1979, and human cases associated with EAH1N1 SIVs have been reported in several countries. However, the biologic properties of EAH1N1 SIVs are largely unknown. Here, we performed extensive influenza surveillance in pigs in China and isolated 228 influenza viruses from 36,417 pigs. We found that 139 of the 228 strains from pigs in 10 provinces in China belong to the EAH1N1 lineage. These viruses formed five genotypes, with two distinct antigenic groups, represented by A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011 and A/swine/Guangdong/104/2013, both of which are antigenically and genetically distinct from the current human H1N1 viruses. Importantly, the EAH1N1 SIVs preferentially bound to human-type receptors, and 9 of the 10 tested viruses transmitted in ferrets by respiratory droplet. We found that 3.6% of children (≤10 y old), 0% of adults, and 13.4% of elderly adults (≥60 y old) had neutralization antibodies (titers ≥40 in children and ≥80 in adults) against the EAH1N1 A/swine/Guangxi/18/2011 virus, but none of them had such neutralization antibodies against the EAH1N1 A/swine/Guangdong/104/2013 virus. Our study shows the potential of EAH1N1 SIVs to transmit efficiently in humans and suggests that immediate action is needed to prevent the efficient transmission of EAH1N1 SIVs to humans.
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195
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H1N1 Swine Influenza Viruses Differ from Avian Precursors by a Higher pH Optimum of Membrane Fusion. J Virol 2015; 90:1569-77. [PMID: 26608319 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02332-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The H1N1 Eurasian avian-like swine (EAsw) influenza viruses originated from an avian H1N1 virus. To characterize potential changes in the membrane fusion activity of the hemagglutinin (HA) during avian-to-swine adaptation of the virus, we studied EAsw viruses isolated in the first years of their circulation in pigs and closely related contemporary H1N1 viruses of wild aquatic birds. Compared to the avian viruses, the swine viruses were less sensitive to neutralization by lysosomotropic agent NH4Cl in MDCK cells, had a higher pH optimum of hemolytic activity, and were less stable at acidic pH. Eight amino acid substitutions in the HA were found to separate the EAsw viruses from their putative avian precursor; four substitutions-T492S, N722D, R752K, and S1132F-were located in the structural regions of the HA2 subunit known to play a role in acid-induced conformational transition of the HA. We also studied low-pH-induced syncytium formation by cell-expressed HA proteins and found that the HAs of the 1918, 1957, 1968, and 2009 pandemic viruses required a lower pH for fusion induction than did the HA of a representative EAsw virus. Our data show that transmission of an avian H1N1 virus to pigs was accompanied by changes in conformational stability and fusion promotion activity of the HA. We conclude that distinctive host-determined fusion characteristics of the HA may represent a barrier for avian-to-swine and swine-to-human transmission of influenza viruses. IMPORTANCE Continuing cases of human infections with zoonotic influenza viruses highlight the necessity to understand which viral properties contribute to interspecies transmission. Efficient binding of the HA to cellular receptors in a new host species is known to be essential for the transmission. Less is known about required adaptive changes in the membrane fusion activity of the HA. Here we show that adaptation of an avian influenza virus to pigs in Europe in 1980s was accompanied by mutations in the HA, which decreased its conformational stability and increased pH optimum of membrane fusion activity. This finding represents the first formal evidence of alteration of the HA fusion activity/stability during interspecies transmission of influenza viruses under natural settings.
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196
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Hiono T, Okamatsu M, Igarashi M, McBride R, de Vries RP, Peng W, Paulson JC, Sakoda Y, Kida H. Amino acid residues at positions 222 and 227 of the hemagglutinin together with the neuraminidase determine binding of H5 avian influenza viruses to sialyl Lewis X. Arch Virol 2015; 161:307-16. [PMID: 26542967 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-015-2660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses isolated from ducks are rarely able to infect chickens; it is therefore postulated that these viruses need to adapt in some way to be able to be transmitted to chickens in nature. Previous studies revealed that sialyl Lewis X (3'SLeX), which is fucosylated α2,3 sialoside, was predominantly detected on the epithelial cells of the chicken trachea, whereas this glycan structure is not found in the duck intestinal tract. To clarify the mechanisms of the interspecies transmission of influenza viruses between ducks and chickens, we compared the receptor specificity of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from these two species. Glycan-binding analysis of the recombinant hemagglutinin (HA) of a chicken influenza virus, A/chicken/Ibaraki/1/2005 (H5N2), revealed a binding preference to α1,3 fucosylated sialosides. On the other hand, the HA of a duck influenza virus, A/duck/Mongolia/54/2001 (H5N2) (Dk/MNG), particularly bound to non-fucosylated α2,3 sialosides such as 3'-sialyllactosamine (3'SLacNAc). Computational analysis along with binding analysis of the mutant HAs revealed that this glycan-binding specificity of the HA was determined by amino acid residues at positions 222 and 227. Inconsistent with the glycan-binding specificity of the recombinant HA protein, virions of Dk/MNG bound to both 3'SLacNAc and 3'SLeX. Glycan-binding analysis in the presence of a neuraminidase (NA) inhibitor revealed that the NA conferred binding to 3'SLeX to virions of Dk/MNG. The present results reveal the molecular basis of the interaction between fucosylated α2,3 sialosides and influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Manabu Igarashi
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ryan McBride
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert P de Vries
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wenjie Peng
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - James C Paulson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology and Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan. .,Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita 20 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan. .,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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197
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Choi MJ, Torremorell M, Bender JB, Smith K, Boxrud D, Ertl JR, Yang M, Suwannakarn K, Her D, Nguyen J, Uyeki TM, Levine M, Lindstrom S, Katz JM, Jhung M, Vetter S, Wong KK, Sreevatsan S, Lynfield R. Live Animal Markets in Minnesota: A Potential Source for Emergence of Novel Influenza A Viruses and Interspecies Transmission. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 61:1355-62. [PMID: 26223994 PMCID: PMC4599395 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Live animal markets have been implicated in transmission of influenza A viruses (IAVs) from animals to people. We sought to characterize IAVs at 2 live animal markets in Minnesota to assess potential routes of occupational exposure and risk for interspecies transmission. METHODS We implemented surveillance for IAVs among employees, swine, and environment (air and surfaces) during a 12-week period (October 2012-January 2013) at 2 markets epidemiologically associated with persons with swine-origin IAV (variant) infections. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), viral culture, and whole-genome sequencing were performed on respiratory and environmental specimens, and serology on sera from employees at beginning and end of surveillance. RESULTS Nasal swabs from 11 of 17 (65%) employees tested positive for IAVs by rRT-PCR; 7 employees tested positive on multiple occasions and 1 employee reported influenza-like illness. Eleven of 15 (73%) employees had baseline hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers ≥40 to swine-origin IAVs, but only 1 demonstrated a 4-fold titer increase to both swine-origin and pandemic A/Mexico/4108/2009 IAVs. IAVs were isolated from swine (72/84), air (30/45), and pen railings (5/21). Whole-genome sequencing of 122 IAVs isolated from swine and environmental specimens revealed multiple strains and subtype codetections. Multiple gene segment exchanges among and within subtypes were observed, resulting in new genetic constellations and reassortant viruses. Genetic sequence similarities of 99%-100% among IAVs of 1 market customer and swine indicated interspecies transmission. CONCLUSIONS At markets where swine and persons are in close contact, swine-origin IAVs are prevalent and potentially provide conditions for novel IAV emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary J. Choi
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Montserrat Torremorell
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - Jeff B. Bender
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | | | | | - Jon R. Ertl
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - My Yang
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | - Kamol Suwannakarn
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
| | | | | | | | - Min Levine
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | - Michael Jhung
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Karen K. Wong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Minnesota Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance
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198
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Zhao N, Martin BE, Yang CK, Luo F, Wan XF. Association analyses of large-scale glycan microarray data reveal novel host-specific substructures in influenza A virus binding glycans. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15778. [PMID: 26508590 PMCID: PMC4623813 DOI: 10.1038/srep15778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses can infect a wide variety of animal species and, occasionally, humans. Infection occurs through the binding formed by viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin and certain types of glycan receptors on host cell membranes. Studies have shown that the α2,3-linked sialic acid motif (SA2,3Gal) in avian, equine, and canine species; the α2,6-linked sialic acid motif (SA2,6Gal) in humans; and SA2,3Gal and SA2,6Gal in swine are responsible for the corresponding host tropisms. However, more detailed and refined substructures that determine host tropisms are still not clear. Thus, in this study, we applied association mining on a set of glycan microarray data for 211 influenza viruses from five host groups: humans, swine, canine, migratory waterfowl, and terrestrial birds. The results suggest that besides Neu5Acα2-6Galβ, human-origin viruses could bind glycans with Neu5Acα2-8Neu5Acα2-8Neu5Ac and Neu5Gcα2-6Galβ1-4GlcNAc substructures; Galβ and GlcNAcβ terminal substructures, without sialic acid branches, were associated with the binding of human-, swine-, and avian-origin viruses; sulfated Neu5Acα2-3 substructures were associated with the binding of human- and swine-origin viruses. Finally, through three-dimensional structure characterization, we revealed that the role of glycan chain shapes is more important than that of torsion angles or of overall structural similarities in virus host tropisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.,Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing &Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Brigitte E Martin
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Chun-Kai Yang
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
| | - Feng Luo
- School of Computing, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, MS, USA.,Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing &Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, MS, USA
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199
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PB1-F2 Protein Does Not Impact the Virulence of Triple-Reassortant H3N2 Swine Influenza Virus in Pigs but Alters Pathogenicity and Transmission in Turkeys. J Virol 2015; 90:222-31. [PMID: 26468540 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01551-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED PB1-F2 protein, the 11th influenza A virus (IAV) protein, is considered to play an important role in primary influenza virus infection and postinfluenza secondary bacterial pneumonia in mice. The functional role of PB1-F2 has been reported to be a strain-specific and host-specific phenomenon. Its precise contribution to the pathogenicity and transmission of influenza virus in mammalian host, such as swine, and avian hosts, such as turkeys, remain largely unknown. In this study, we explored the role of PB1-F2 protein of triple-reassortant (TR) H3N2 swine influenza virus (SIV) in pigs and turkeys. Using the eight-plasmid reverse genetics system, we rescued wild-type SIV A/swine/Minnesota/1145/2007 (H3N2) (SIV 1145-WT), a PB1-F2 knockout mutant (SIV 1145-KO), and its N66S variant (SIV 1145-N66S). The ablation of PB1-F2 in SIV 1145 modulated early-stage apoptosis but did not affect the viral replication in swine alveolar macrophage cells. In pigs, PB1-F2 expression did not affect nasal shedding, lung viral load, immunophenotypes, and lung pathology. On the other hand, in turkeys, SIV 1145-KO infected poults, and its in-contacts developed clinical signs earlier than SIV 1145-WT groups and also displayed more extensive histopathological changes in intestine. Further, turkeys infected with SIV 1145-N66S displayed poor infectivity and transmissibility. The more extensive histopathologic changes in intestine and relative transmission advantage observed in turkeys infected with SIV 1145-KO need to be further explored. Taken together, these results emphasize the host-specific roles of PB1-F2 in the pathogenicity and transmission of IAV. IMPORTANCE Novel triple-reassortant H3N2 swine influenza virus emerged in 1998 and spread rapidly among the North American swine population. Subsequently, it showed an increased propensity to reassort, generating a range of reassortants. Unlike classical swine influenza virus, TR SIV produces a full-length PB1-F2 protein, which is considered an important virulence marker of IAV pathogenicity. Our study demonstrated that the expression of PB1-F2 does not impact the pathogenicity of TR H3N2 SIV in pigs. On the other hand, deletion of PB1-F2 caused TR H3N2 SIV to induce clinical disease early and resulted in effective transmission among the turkey poults. Our study emphasizes the continuing need to better understand the virulence determinants for IAV in intermediate hosts, such as swine and turkeys, and highlights the host-specific role of PB1-F2 protein.
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200
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Simon PF, McCorrister S, Hu P, Chong P, Silaghi A, Westmacott G, Coombs KM, Kobasa D. Highly Pathogenic H5N1 and Novel H7N9 Influenza A Viruses Induce More Profound Proteomic Host Responses than Seasonal and Pandemic H1N1 Strains. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4511-23. [PMID: 26381135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are important human and animal pathogens with potential for causing pandemics. IAVs exhibit a wide spectrum of clinical illness in humans, from relatively mild infections by seasonal strains to acute respiratory distress syndrome during infections with some highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. In the present study, we infected A549 human cells with seasonal H1N1 (sH1N1), 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pdmH1N1), or novel H7N9 and HPAI H5N1 strains. We used multiplexed isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification to measure proteomic host responses to these different strains at 1, 3, and 6 h post-infection. Our analyses revealed that both H7N9 and H5N1 strains induced more profound changes to the A549 global proteome compared to those with low-pathogenicity H1N1 virus infection, which correlates with the higher pathogenicity these strains exhibit at the organismal level. Bioinformatics analysis revealed important modulation of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) oxidative stress response in infection. Cellular fractionation and Western blotting suggested that the phosphorylated form of NRF2 is not imported to the nucleus in H5N1 and H7N9 virus infections. Fibronectin was also strongly inhibited in infection with H5N1 and H7N9 strains. This is the first known comparative proteomic study of the host response to H7N9, H5N1, and H1N1 viruses and the first time NRF2 is shown to be implicated in infection with highly pathogenic strains of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe François Simon
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9 Canada
| | | | - Pingzhao Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2 Canada
| | | | - Alex Silaghi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9 Canada
| | | | - Kevin M Coombs
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9 Canada.,Manitoba Center for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P4 Canada
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 0J9 Canada
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