151
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Dollt C, Michel J, Kloss L, Melchers S, Schledzewski K, Becker K, Sauer A, Krewer A, Koll F, Schmieder A. The novel immunoglobulin super family receptor SLAMF9 identified in TAM of murine and human melanoma influences pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and migration. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:939. [PMID: 30232321 PMCID: PMC6145869 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Melanoma is a highly immunogenic tumor with a good response to treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play an important immunosuppressive role in such tumors and have therefore been identified as possible future therapeutic targets in oncology. The aim of this study was to identify novel immunoregulatory receptors specifically expressed on TAM. Expression of Slamf9, a member of the signaling lymphocytic-activating molecule (Slam) immunoreceptor family, was found to be upregulated in a gene expression analysis of murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) stimulated with tumor-conditioned medium of B16F1 melanoma cells. SLAMF9+ macrophages were identified in human and murine melanomas by using self-generated antibodies against human and murine SLAMF9. A comprehensive immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays detected SLAMF9+ TAM in 73.3% of human melanomas, but also in 95.5% of naevi of melanoma patients and in 50% of naevi from healthy controls. In addition, 20% of melanomas and 2.3% of naevi from melanoma patients displayed a positive SLAMF9 expression also in melanocytic cells. No SLAMF9 expression was detected in naevus cells of healthy donors. Although SLAMF9 has no intracellular signaling motif, a comprehensive functional analysis revealed that the molecule was able to significantly enhance TNF-α secretion after LPS-stimulation. In addition, SLAMF9 delayed the wound closure of RAW 264.7 cells in a scratch assay, while proliferation and cell death were not affected. Taken together, SLAMF9 is a novel type-I-transmembrane receptor with immunomodulatory properties in macrophages. Further studies are required to evaluate whether SLAMF9 classifies as a promising future therapeutic target in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Dollt
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Michel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Ludolf-Krehl-Str. 13-17, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Loreen Kloss
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Susanne Melchers
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kai Schledzewski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andrea Sauer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Krewer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Franziska Koll
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Astrid Schmieder
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center and Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, and Center of Excellence in Dermatology, Theodor-Kutzer Ufer 1-3, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
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152
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Petersone L, Edner NM, Ovcinnikovs V, Heuts F, Ross EM, Ntavli E, Wang CJ, Walker LSK. T Cell/B Cell Collaboration and Autoimmunity: An Intimate Relationship. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1941. [PMID: 30210496 PMCID: PMC6119692 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-ordinated interaction between distinct cell types is a hallmark of successful immune function. A striking example of this is the carefully orchestrated cooperation between helper T cells and B cells that occurs during the initiation and fine-tuning of T-cell dependent antibody responses. While these processes have evolved to permit rapid immune defense against infection, it is becoming increasingly clear that such interactions can also underpin the development of autoimmunity. Here we discuss a selection of cellular and molecular pathways that mediate T cell/B cell collaboration and highlight how in vivo models and genome wide association studies link them with autoimmune disease. In particular, we emphasize how CTLA-4-mediated regulation of CD28 signaling controls the engagement of secondary costimulatory pathways such as ICOS and OX40, and profoundly influences the capacity of T cells to provide B cell help. While our molecular understanding of the co-operation between T cells and B cells derives from analysis of secondary lymphoid tissues, emerging evidence suggests that subtly different rules may govern the interaction of T and B cells at ectopic sites during autoimmune inflammation. Accordingly, the phenotype of the T cells providing help at these sites includes notable distinctions, despite sharing core features with T cells imparting help in secondary lymphoid tissues. Finally, we highlight the interdependence of T cell and B cell responses and suggest that a significant beneficial impact of B cell depletion in autoimmune settings may be its detrimental effect on T cells engaged in molecular conversation with B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucy S. K. Walker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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153
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Qin L, Waseem TC, Sahoo A, Bieerkehazhi S, Zhou H, Galkina EV, Nurieva R. Insights Into the Molecular Mechanisms of T Follicular Helper-Mediated Immunity and Pathology. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1884. [PMID: 30158933 PMCID: PMC6104131 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play key role in providing help to B cells during germinal center (GC) reactions. Generation of protective antibodies against various infections is an important aspect of Tfh-mediated immune responses and the dysregulation of Tfh cell responses has been implicated in various autoimmune disorders, inflammation, and malignancy. Thus, their differentiation and maintenance must be closely regulated to ensure appropriate help to B cells. The generation and function of Tfh cells is regulated by multiple checkpoints including their early priming stage in T zones and throughout the effector stage of differentiation in GCs. Signaling pathways activated downstream of cytokine and costimulatory receptors as well as consequent activation of subset-specific transcriptional factors are essential steps for Tfh cell generation. Thus, understanding the mechanisms underlying Tfh cell-mediated immunity and pathology will bring into spotlight potential targets for novel therapies. In this review, we discuss the recent findings related to the molecular mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and their role in normal immune responses and antibody-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qin
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Tayab C Waseem
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Anupama Sahoo
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shayahati Bieerkehazhi
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hong Zhou
- School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Elena V Galkina
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, United States
| | - Roza Nurieva
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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154
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Papa I, Vinuesa CG. Synaptic Interactions in Germinal Centers. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1858. [PMID: 30150988 PMCID: PMC6099157 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The germinal center (GC) is a complex, highly dynamic microanatomical niche that allows the generation of high-affinity antibody-producing plasma cells and memory B cells. These cells constitute the basis of long-lived highly protective antibody responses. For affinity maturation to occur, B cells undergo multiple rounds of proliferation and mutation of the genes that encode the immunoglobulin V region followed by selection by specialized T cells called follicular helper T (TFH) cells. In order to achieve this result, the GC requires spatially and temporally coordinated interactions between the different cell types, including B and T lymphocytes and follicular dendritic cells. Cognate interactions between TFH and GC B cells resemble cellular connections and synaptic communication within the nervous system, which allow signals to be transduced rapidly and effectively across the synaptic cleft. Such immunological synapses are particularly critical in the GC where the speed of T–B cell interactions is faster and their duration shorter than at other sites. In addition, the antigen-based specificity of cognate interactions in GCs is critical for affinity-based selection in which B cells compete for T cell help so that rapid modulation of the signaling threshold determines the outcome of the interaction. In the context of GCs, which contain large numbers of cells in a highly compacted structure, focused delivery of signals across the interacting cells becomes particularly important. Promiscuous or bystander delivery of positive selection signals could potentially lead to the appearance of long-lived self-reactive B cell clones. Cytokines, cytotoxic granules, and more recently neurotransmitters have been shown to be transferred from TFH to B cells upon cognate interactions. This review describes the current knowledge on immunological synapses occurring during GC responses including the type of granules, their content, and function in TFH-mediated help to B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Papa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
| | - Carola G Vinuesa
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia
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155
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Cannons JL, Preite S, Kapnick SM, Uzel G, Schwartzberg PL. Genetic Defects in Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase δ Influence CD8 + T Cell Survival, Differentiation, and Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1758. [PMID: 30116245 PMCID: PMC6082933 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated phosphoinositide 3-kinase delta syndrome (APDS), also known as p110 delta-activating mutation causing senescent T cells, lymphadenopathy and immunodeficiency (PASLI), is an autosomal dominant primary human immunodeficiency (PID) caused by heterozygous gain-of-function mutations in PIK3CD, which encodes the p110δ catalytic subunit of PI3K. This recently described PID is characterized by diverse and heterogeneous clinical manifestations that include recurrent respiratory infections, lymphoproliferation, progressive lymphopenia, and defective antibody responses. A major clinical manifestation observed in the NIH cohort of patients with PIK3CD mutations is chronic Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and/or cytomegalovirus viremia. Despite uncontrolled EBV infection, many APDS/PASLI patients had normal or higher frequencies of EBV-specific CD8+ T cells. In this review, we discuss data pertaining to CD8+ T cell function in APDS/PASLI, including increased cell death, expression of exhaustion markers, and altered killing of autologous EBV-infected B cells, and how these and other data on PI3K provide insight into potential cellular defects that prevent clearance of chronic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Silvia Preite
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Senta M Kapnick
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Gulbu Uzel
- National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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156
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Uncoupling ITIM receptor G6b-B from tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2 disrupts murine platelet homeostasis. Blood 2018; 132:1413-1425. [PMID: 29891536 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-802975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM)-containing receptor G6b-B has emerged as a key regulator of platelet homeostasis. However, it remains unclear how it mediates its effects. Tyrosine phosphorylation of ITIM and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM) within the cytoplasmic tail of G6b-B provides a docking site for Src homology 2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2, which are also critical regulators of platelet production and function. In this study, we investigate the physiological consequences of uncoupling G6b-B from Shp1 and Shp2. To address this, we generated a transgenic mouse model expressing a mutant form of G6b-B in which tyrosine residues 212 and 238 within ITIM and ITSM were mutated to phenylalanine. Mice homozygous for the mutation (G6b-B diY/F) were macrothrombocytopenic, as a result of the reduction in platelet production, and had large clusters of megakaryocytes and myelofibrosis at sites of hematopoiesis, similar to those observed in G6b-deficient mice and patients. Platelets from G6b-B diY/F mice were hyporesponsive to collagen, as a result of the significant reduction in the expression of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing collagen receptor complex GPVI-FcR γ-chain, as well as thrombin, which could be partially rescued by costimulating the platelets with adenosine diphosphate. In contrast, platelets from G6b-B diY/F, G6b KO, and megakaryocyte-specific Shp2 KO mice were hyperresponsive to antibody-mediated cross-linking of the hemi-ITAM-containing podoplanin receptor CLEC-2, suggesting that G6b-B inhibits CLEC-2-mediated platelet activation through Shp2. Findings from this study demonstrate that G6b-B must engage with Shp1 and Shp2 to mediate its regulatory effects on platelet homeostasis.
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157
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Latour S, Winter S. Inherited Immunodeficiencies With High Predisposition to Epstein-Barr Virus-Driven Lymphoproliferative Diseases. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1103. [PMID: 29942301 PMCID: PMC6004768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV) is a gamma-herpes virus that infects 90% of humans without any symptoms in most cases, but has an oncogenic potential, especially in immunocompromised individuals. In the past 30 years, several primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) associated with a high risk to develop EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs), essentially consisting of virus-associated hemophagocytic syndrome, non-malignant and malignant B-cell LPDs including non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin’s types of B lymphomas have been characterized. Among them are SH2D1A (SAP), XIAP, ITK, MAGT1, CD27, CD70, CTPS1, RASGRP1, and CORO1A deficiencies. Penetrance of EBV infection ranges from 50 to 100% in those PIDs. Description of large cohorts and case reports has refined the specific phenotypes associated with these PIDs helping to the diagnosis. Specific pathways required for protective immunity to EBV have emerged from studies of these PIDs. SLAM-associated protein-dependent SLAM receptors and MAGT1-dependent NKG2D pathways are important for T and NK-cell cytotoxicity toward EBV-infected B-cells, while CD27–CD70 interactions are critical to drive the expansion of EBV-specific T-cells. CTPS1 and RASGRP1 deficiencies further strengthen that T-lymphocyte expansion is a key step in the immune response to EBV. These pathways appear to be also important for the anti-tumoral immune surveillance of abnormal B cells. Monogenic PIDs should be thus considered in case of any EBV-associated LPDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Latour
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe de Recherche Labéllisée, Ligue National contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Winter
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Activation and Susceptibility to EBV infection, INSERM UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Imagine Institute, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,Equipe de Recherche Labéllisée, Ligue National contre le Cancer, Paris, France
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158
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Marsh RA, Haddad E. How i treat primary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:185-199. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati OH USA
| | - Elie Haddad
- Department of Pediatrics; Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology; CHU Sainte-Justine; University of Montreal; Montreal QC Canada
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159
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Dragovich MA, Mor A. The SLAM family receptors: Potential therapeutic targets for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2018; 17:674-682. [PMID: 29729453 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family is comprised of nine distinct receptors (SLAMF1 through SLAMF9) that are expressed on hematopoietic cells. All of these receptors, with the exception of SLAMF4, are homotypic by nature as downstream signaling occurs when hematopoietic cells that express the same SLAM receptor interact. The SLAM family receptor function is largely controlled via SLAM associated protein (SAP) family adaptors. The SAP family adaptors consist of SAP, Ewing sarcoma associated transcript (EAT)-2, and EAT-2-related transducer (ERT). These adaptors associate with the cytoplasmic domain of the SLAM family receptors through phosphorylated tyrosines. Defects in SLAM family members and SAP adaptors have been implicated in causing immune deficiencies. This is exemplified in patients with X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease, where SAP undergoes a loss of function mutation. Furthermore, evidence has been accumulating that SLAM family members are potential targets for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. This review will discuss the structure and function of the SLAM family receptors and SAP family adaptors, their role in immune regulation, and potential approaches to target this family of receptors therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dragovich
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Adam Mor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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160
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Weak vaccinia virus-induced NK cell regulation of CD4 T cells is associated with reduced NK cell differentiation and cytolytic activity. Virology 2018; 519:131-144. [PMID: 29715623 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells control antiviral adaptive immune responses in mice during some virus infections, but the universality of this phenomenon remains unknown. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection of mice triggered potent cytotoxic activity of NK cells (NKLCMV) against activated CD4 T cells, tumor cells, and allogeneic lymphocytes. In contrast, NK cells activated by vaccinia virus (VACV) infection (NKVACV) exhibited weaker cytolytic activity against each of these target cells. Relative to NKLCMV cells, NKVACV cells exhibited a more immature (CD11b-CD27+) phenotype, and lower expression levels of the activation marker CD69, cytotoxic effector molecules (perforin, granzyme B), and the transcription factor IRF4. NKVACV cells expressed higher levels of the inhibitory molecule NKG2A than NKLCMV cells. Consistent with this apparent lethargy, NKVACV cells only weakly constrained VACV-specific CD4 T-cell responses. This suggests that NK cell regulation of adaptive immunity, while universal, may be limited with viruses that poorly activate NK cells.
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161
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Panchal N, Booth C, Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL. X-Linked Lymphoproliferative Disease Type 1: A Clinical and Molecular Perspective. Front Immunol 2018; 9:666. [PMID: 29670631 PMCID: PMC5893764 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease (XLP) was first described in the 1970s as a fatal lymphoproliferative syndrome associated with infection with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Features include hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), lymphomas, and dysgammaglobulinemias. Molecular cloning of the causative gene, SH2D1A, has provided insight into the nature of disease, as well as helped characterize multiple features of normal immune cell function. Although XLP type 1 (XLP1) provides an example of a primary immunodeficiency in which patients have problems clearing primarily one infectious agent, it is clear that XLP1 is also a disease of severe immune dysregulation, even independent of EBV infection. Here, we describe clinical features of XLP1, how molecular and biological studies of the gene product, SAP, and the associated signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family receptors have provided insight into disease pathogenesis including specific immune cell defects, and current therapeutic approaches including the potential use of gene therapy. Together, these studies have helped change the outcome of this once almost uniformly fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Panchal
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Booth
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pediatric Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer L Cannons
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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162
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Driscoll JJ, Brailey M. Emerging small molecule approaches to enhance the antimyeloma benefit of proteasome inhibitors. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2018; 36:585-598. [PMID: 29052093 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-017-9698-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal plasma cell malignancy which, despite recent treatment advances, remains incurable in the vast majority of the over 118,000 patients in the USA afflicted with this disease. Treatment of MM has dramatically improved in the past decade with the introduction of new drugs into therapeutic strategies in both the frontline and relapse settings that has led to a significant improvement in the median overall survival (OS). These drugs have been incorporated into clinical guidelines and transformed the treatment approach to MM. Numerous classes of antimyeloma agents, i.e., alkylators, steroids, proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, deactylase inhibitors, and monoclonal antibodies, are now FDA-approved and can be combined in doublet or triplet regimens. Moreover, many patients do not respond to therapy and those that do eventually relapse. Emerging therapies that may overcome drug resistance and improve MM treatment include that inhibit regulatory and Ub-processing components of the proteasome, a specialized variant of the proteasome known as the immunoproteasome, proteolysis-targeting chimeric molecules (PROTACS and Degronomids). Emerging strategies also include accessory plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), vaccines, checkpoint inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor-engineered T (CAR-T) cells. Advances in understanding proteasome and plasma cell biology may allow for earlier treatment of MM patients using rationally informed combination therapies with curative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Driscoll
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA. .,University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Magen Brailey
- University of Cincinnati Cancer Institute, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.,McMicken College of Arts and Sciences, Biology, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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163
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Abstract
Proper regulation of the immune system is required for protection against pathogens and preventing autoimmune disorders. Inborn errors of the immune system due to inherited or de novo germline mutations can lead to the loss of protective immunity, aberrant immune homeostasis, and the development of autoimmune disease, or combinations of these. Forward genetic screens involving clinical material from patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) can vary in severity from life-threatening disease affecting multiple cell types and organs to relatively mild disease with susceptibility to a limited range of pathogens or mild autoimmune conditions. As central mediators of innate and adaptive immune responses, T cells are critical orchestrators and effectors of the immune response. As such, several PIDs result from loss of or altered T cell function. PID-associated functional defects range from complete absence of T cell development to uncontrolled effector cell activation. Furthermore, the gene products of known PID causal genes are involved in diverse molecular pathways ranging from T cell receptor signaling to regulators of protein glycosylation. Identification of the molecular and biochemical cause of PIDs can not only guide the course of treatment for patients, but also inform our understanding of the basic biology behind T cell function. In this chapter, we review PIDs with known genetic causes that intrinsically affect T cell function with particular focus on perturbations of biochemical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Comrie
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Clinical Genomics Program, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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164
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Yoon H, Ko YH. LMP1+SLAMF1high cells are associated with drug resistance in Epstein-Barr virus-positive Farage cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:24621-24634. [PMID: 28445949 PMCID: PMC5421874 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) affects the clinical outcome of EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) remains largely unknown. The viral oncogene LMP1 is at the crux of tumorigenesis and cell survival. Therefore, we examined the association between LMP1high cells drug resistance. We first assessed SLAMF1 as a surrogate marker for LMP1high cells. LMP1 and its target gene CCL22 were highly expressed in SLAMF1high Farage cells. These cells survived longer following treatment with a combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP). Genes associated with interferon-alpha, allograft rejection, NF-κB and STAT3 were also overexpressed in the surviving Farage cells. Specifically, CHOP treatment increased IL10, LMP1 and pSTAT3 expression levels in a dose-dependent fashion. Addition of exogenous IL4 greatly increased the levels of LMP1 and pSTAT3, which rendered the Farage cells more resistant to CHOP by up-regulating the anti-apoptotic genes BCL-XL and MCL1. The Farage cells were sensitive to Velcade and STAT3, 5, and 6 inhibitors. Inhibition of NF-κB and STAT3, in combination with CHOP, decreased LMP1 levels and effectively induced cell death in the Farage cells. We suggest that LMP1high cells are responsible for the poor drug response of EBV+ DLBCL and that perturbation of the NF-κB and STAT signaling pathways increases toxicity in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heejei Yoon
- Clinical Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Hyeh Ko
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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165
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Abstract
Measles remains an important cause of child morbidity and mortality worldwide despite the availability of a safe and efficacious vaccine. The current measles virus (MeV) vaccine was developed empirically by attenuation of wild-type (WT) MeV by in vitro passage in human and chicken cells and licensed in 1963. Additional passages led to further attenuation and the successful vaccine strains in widespread use today. Attenuation is associated with decreased replication in lymphoid tissue, but the molecular basis for this restriction has not been identified. The immune response is age dependent, inhibited by maternal antibody (Ab) and involves induction of both Ab and T cell responses that resemble the responses to WT MeV infection, but are lower in magnitude. Protective immunity is correlated with levels of neutralizing Ab, but the actual immunologic determinants of protection are not known. Because measles is highly transmissible, control requires high levels of population immunity. Delivery of the two doses of vaccine needed to achieve >90% immunity is accomplished by routine immunization of infants at 9-15 months of age followed by a second dose delivered before school entry or by periodic mass vaccination campaigns. Because delivery by injection creates hurdles to sustained high coverage, there are efforts to deliver MeV vaccine by inhalation. In addition, the safety record for the vaccine combined with advances in reverse genetics for negative strand viruses has expanded proposed uses for recombinant versions of measles vaccine as vectors for immunization against other infections and as oncolytic agents for a variety of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, Maryland
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166
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Fouquet G, Marcq I, Debuysscher V, Bayry J, Rabbind Singh A, Bengrine A, Nguyen-Khac E, Naassila M, Bouhlal H. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecules Slam and cancers: friends or foes? Oncotarget 2018; 9:16248-16262. [PMID: 29662641 PMCID: PMC5882332 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecules (SLAM) family receptors are initially described in immune cells. These receptors recruit both activating and inhibitory SH2 domain containing proteins through their Immunoreceptor Tyrosine based Switch Motifs (ITSMs). Accumulating evidence suggest that the members of this family are intimately involved in different physiological and pathophysiological events such as regulation of immune responses and entry pathways of certain viruses. Recently, other functions of SLAM, principally in the pathophysiology of neoplastic transformations have also been deciphered. These new findings may prompt SLAM to be considered as new tumor markers, diagnostic tools or potential therapeutic targets for controlling the tumor progression. In this review, we summarize the major observations describing the implications and features of SLAM in oncology and discuss the therapeutic potential attributed to these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Fouquet
- INSERM 1247-GRAP, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé CURS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CHU Sud, Amiens, France
| | - Ingrid Marcq
- INSERM 1247-GRAP, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé CURS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CHU Sud, Amiens, France
| | - Véronique Debuysscher
- INSERM 1247-GRAP, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé CURS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CHU Sud, Amiens, France
| | - Jagadeesh Bayry
- INSERM UMRS 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers-Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Eric Nguyen-Khac
- INSERM 1247-GRAP, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé CURS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CHU Sud, Amiens, France.,Service Hepato-Gastroenterologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sud, Amiens, France
| | - Mickael Naassila
- INSERM 1247-GRAP, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé CURS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CHU Sud, Amiens, France
| | - Hicham Bouhlal
- INSERM 1247-GRAP, Centre Universitaire de Recherche en Santé CURS, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CHU Sud, Amiens, France
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167
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Regulation of age-associated B cells by IRF5 in systemic autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:407-419. [PMID: 29483597 PMCID: PMC6095139 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated B cells (ABCs) are a T-bet–dependent B cell subset,
which accumulates prematurely in autoimmune settings. The pathways regulating
ABCs in autoimmunity are largely unknown. SWAP-70 and
DEF6 (also known as IBP or SLAT) are the only two
members of the SWEF family, a unique family of Rho GTPase-regulatory proteins
that controls both cytoskeletal dynamics and IRF4 activity. Notably,
DEF6 is a newly identified human SLE-risk variant. Here we
show that the lupus syndrome that developed in SWEF-deficient mice is
accompanied by the accumulation of ABCs, which produce autoantibodies upon
stimulation. ABCs from SWEF-deficient mice exhibited a distinctive transcriptome
and a unique chromatin landscape characterized by enrichment in motifs bound by
transcription factors of the IRF family, AP-1/BATF, and T-bet. Enhanced ABC
formation in SWEF-deficient mice was controlled by interleukin 21 (IL-21) and
IRF5, whose variants are strongly associated with lupus. The lack of SWEF
proteins led to dysregulated IRF5 activity in response to IL-21 stimulation.
These studies thus uncover a new genetic pathway controlling ABCs in
autoimmunity.
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168
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Kabanova A, Zurli V, Baldari CT. Signals Controlling Lytic Granule Polarization at the Cytotoxic Immune Synapse. Front Immunol 2018. [PMID: 29515593 PMCID: PMC5826174 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic immunity relies on specialized effector T cells, the cytotoxic T cells, which are endowed with specialized cytolytic machinery that permits them to induce death of their targets. Upon recognition of a target cell, cytotoxic T cells form a lytic immune synapse and by docking the microtubule-organizing center at the synaptic membrane get prepared to deliver a lethal hit of enzymes contained in lytic granules. New insights suggest that the directionality of lytic granule trafficking along the microtubules represents a fine means to tune the functional outcome of the encounter between a T cell and its target. Thus, mechanisms regulating the directionality of granule transport may have a major impact in settings characterized by evasion from the cytotoxic response, such as chronic infection and cancer. Here, we review our current knowledge on the signaling pathways implicated in the polarized trafficking at the immune synapse of cytotoxic T cells, complementing it with information on the regulation of this process in natural killer cells. Furthermore, we highlight some of the parameters which we consider critical in studying the polarized trafficking of lytic granules, including the use of freshly isolated cytotoxic T cells, and discuss some of the major open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kabanova
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Vanessa Zurli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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169
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Elotuzumab for the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma, with Special Reference to its Modes of Action and SLAMF7 Signaling. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2018. [PMID: 29531651 PMCID: PMC5841936 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2018.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Elotuzumab, targeting signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family 7 (SLAMF7), has been approved in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone (ELd) for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM) based on the findings of the phase III randomized trial ELOQUENT-2 (NCT01239797). Four-year follow-up analyses of ELOQUENT-2 have demonstrated that progression-free survival was 21% in ELd versus 14% in Ld. Elotuzumab binds a unique epitope on the membrane IgC2 domain of SLAMF7, exhibiting a dual mechanism of action: natural killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and enhancement of NK cell activity. The ADCC is mediated through engagement between Fc portion of elotuzumab and FcgRIIIa/CD16 on NK cells. Enhanced NK cell cytotoxicity results from phosphorylation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM) that is induced via elotuzumab binding and recruits the SLAM-associated adaptor protein EAT-2. The coupling of EAT-2 to the phospholipase Cg enzymes SH2 domain leads to enhanced Ca2+ influx and MAPK/Erk pathway activation, resulting in granule polarization and enhanced exocytosis in NK cells. Elotuzumab does not stimulate the proliferation of MM cells due to a lack of EAT-2. The inhibitory effects of elotuzumab on MM cell growth are not induced by the lack of CD45, even though SHP-2, SHP-1, SHIP-1, and Csk may be recruited to phosphorylated ITSM of SLAMF7. ELd improves PFS in patients with high-risk cytogenetics, i.e. t(4;14), del(17p), and 1q21 gain/amplification. Since the immune state is paralytic in advanced MM, the efficacy of ELd with minimal toxicity may bring forward for consideration of its use in the early stages of the disease.
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170
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Cannons JL, Schwartzberg PL. SAP and Lessons Learned from a Primary Immunodeficiency. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 199:1531-1533. [PMID: 28827384 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cannons
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Pamela L Schwartzberg
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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171
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Agod Z, Pazmandi K, Bencze D, Vereb G, Biro T, Szabo A, Rajnavolgyi E, Bacsi A, Engel P, Lanyi A. Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule Family 5 Enhances Autophagy and Fine-Tunes Cytokine Response in Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells via Stabilization of Interferon Regulatory Factor 8. Front Immunol 2018; 9:62. [PMID: 29434592 PMCID: PMC5790988 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling lymphocyte activation molecule family (SLAMF) receptors are essential regulators of innate and adaptive immune responses. The function of SLAMF5/CD84, a family member with almost ubiquitous expression within the hematopoietic lineage is poorly defined. In this article, we provide evidence that in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs) SLAMF5 increases autophagy, a degradative pathway, which is highly active in dendritic cells (DCs) and plays a critical role in orchestration of the immune response. While investigating the underlying mechanism, we found that SLAMF5 inhibited proteolytic degradation of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) a master regulator of the autophagy process by a mechanism dependent on the E3-ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif-containing protein 21 (TRIM21). Furthermore, we demonstrate that SLAMF5 influences the ratio of CD1a+ cells in differentiating DCs and partakes in the regulation of IL-1β, IL-23, and IL-12 production in LPS/IFNγ-activated moDCs in a manner that is consistent with its effect on IRF8 stability. In summary, our experiments identified SLAMF5 as a novel cell surface receptor modulator of autophagy and revealed an unexpected link between the SLAMF and IRF8 signaling pathways, both implicated in multiple human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia Agod
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Kitti Pazmandi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dora Bencze
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyorgy Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamas Biro
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Szabo
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eva Rajnavolgyi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Attila Bacsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Pablo Engel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arpad Lanyi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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172
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Veillette A, Chen J. SIRPα-CD47 Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Anticancer Therapy. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:173-184. [PMID: 29336991 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitory immune checkpoint blockade has been one of the most significant advances in anticancer therapy of the past decade. Research so far has largely focused on improving adaptive immune functions, but recent studies have indicated that the signal-regulatory protein (SIRP)α-CD47 pathway, a phagocytosis checkpoint in macrophages and other innate immune cells, may be an interesting therapeutic target. Here, we summarize current knowledge about SIRPα-CD47 blockade, and highlight key issues for future investigations. These include the targeting of prophagocytic receptors (Fc receptors or otherwise) to complement SIRPα-CD47 blockade, the understanding of constraints on phagocytosis other than the SIRPα-CD47 checkpoint and the contribution of immune cells other than macrophages. A better understanding of how SIRPα-CD47 blockade works may aid in identifying patients suitable for this therapy, avoiding potential toxicities and designing optimal combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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173
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Marsh RA. Epstein-Barr Virus and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1902. [PMID: 29358936 PMCID: PMC5766650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous virus that infects nearly all people worldwide without serious sequela. However, for patients who have genetic diseases which predispose them to the development of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), EBV infection is a life-threatening problem. As a part of a themed collection of articles on EBV infection and human primary immune deficiencies, we will review key concepts related to the understanding and treatment of HLH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Marsh
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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174
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Eisenberg G, Engelstein R, Geiger-Maor A, Hajaj E, Merims S, Frankenburg S, Uzana R, Rutenberg A, Machlenkin A, Frei G, Peretz T, Lotem M. Soluble SLAMF6 Receptor Induces Strong CD8+ T-cell Effector Function and Improves Anti-Melanoma Activity In Vivo. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:127-138. [DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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175
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Ritchie D, Colonna M. Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Development of Elotuzumab. Clin Transl Sci 2017; 11:261-266. [PMID: 29272564 PMCID: PMC5944582 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Ritchie
- Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marco Colonna
- Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
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176
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Choi SC, Morel L. B cell contribution of the CD4 + T cell inflammatory phenotypes in systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2017; 50:37-41. [PMID: 28166683 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2017.1280028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease in which the effector molecules responsible for tissue damage are antibodies directed against a large number of self-antigens, among which nucleic acids complexed with proteins play a prominent role. These pathogenic autoantibodies are produced by plasma cells differentiated from activated autoreactive B cells, a process that requires complex interactions between multiple components of the immune systems. A key step in the activation of autoreactive B cells is provided by CD4+ T cells through cytokines and cell-to-cell contact. Lupus CD4+ T cells are autoreactive and they present an activated inflammatory phenotype that has been shown to contribute to disease. In addition to their role in antibody production, B cells have other effector functions, the most important ones being antigen presentation to and co-stimulation of CD4+ T cells, as well as the secretion of cytokines. Here, we review what is known, largely based on mouse models, how these B cell effector functions contribute to the CD4+ T cell inflammatory phenotypes in lupus. When possible, we compare CD4+ T cell activation by B cells and by dendritic cells, and speculate how these interactions may contribute to the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Chul Choi
- a Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- a Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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177
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The Role of Microglia and Macrophages in CNS Homeostasis, Autoimmunity, and Cancer. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:5150678. [PMID: 29410971 PMCID: PMC5749282 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5150678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are major cell types of the immune system, and they comprise both tissue-resident populations and circulating monocyte-derived subsets. Here, we discuss microglia, the resident macrophage within the central nervous system (CNS), and CNS-infiltrating macrophages. Under steady state, microglia play important roles in the regulation of CNS homeostasis through the removal of damaged or unnecessary neurons and synapses. In the face of inflammatory or pathological insults, microglia and CNS-infiltrating macrophages not only constitute the first line of defense against pathogens by regulating components of innate immunity, but they also regulate the adaptive arms of immune responses. Dysregulation of these responses contributes to many CNS disorders. In this overview, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the highly diverse and complex function of microglia and macrophages during CNS autoimmunity—multiple sclerosis and cancer—malignant glioma. We emphasize how the crosstalk between natural killer (NK) cells or glioma cells or glioma stem cells and CNS macrophages impacts on the pathological processes. Given the essential role of CNS microglia and macrophages in the regulation of all types of CNS disorders, agents targeting these subsets are currently applied in preclinical and clinical trials. We believe that a better understanding of the biology of these macrophage subsets offers new exciting paths for therapeutic intervention.
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178
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Mikkilineni L, Kochenderfer JN. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies for multiple myeloma. Blood 2017; 130:2594-2602. [PMID: 28928126 PMCID: PMC5731088 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-06-793869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a nearly always incurable malignancy of plasma cells, so new approaches to treatment are needed. T-cell therapies are a promising approach for treating MM, with a mechanism of action different than those of standard MM treatments. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are fusion proteins incorporating antigen-recognition domains and T-cell signaling domains. T cells genetically engineered to express CARs can specifically recognize antigens. Success of CAR-T cells (CAR-Ts) against leukemia and lymphoma has encouraged development of CAR-T therapies for MM. Target antigens for CARs must be expressed on malignant cells, but expression on normal cells must be absent or limited. B-cell maturation antigen is expressed by normal and malignant plasma cells. CAR-Ts targeting B-cell maturation antigen have demonstrated significant antimyeloma activity in early clinical trials. Toxicities in these trials, including cytokine release syndrome, have been similar to toxicities observed in CAR-T trials for leukemia. Targeting postulated CD19+ myeloma stem cells with anti-CD19 CAR-Ts is a novel approach to MM therapy. MM antigens including CD138, CD38, signaling lymphocyte-activating molecule 7, and κ light chain are under investigation as CAR targets. MM is genetically and phenotypically heterogeneous, so targeting of >1 antigen might often be required for effective treatment of MM with CAR-Ts. Integration of CAR-Ts with other myeloma therapies is an important area of future research. CAR-T therapies for MM are at an early stage of development but have great promise to improve MM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James N Kochenderfer
- Experimental Transplantation and Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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179
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Karampetsou MP, Comte D, Kis-Toth K, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC. Expression patterns of signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family members in peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186073. [PMID: 29020082 PMCID: PMC5636110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide linkage analysis studies (GWAS) studies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) identified the 1q23 region on human chromosome 1, containing the Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family (SLAMF) cluster of genes, as a lupus susceptibility locus. The SLAMF molecules (SLAMF1-7) are immunoregulatory receptors expressed predominantly on hematopoietic cells. Activation of cells of the adaptive immune system is aberrant in SLE and dysregulated expression of certain SLAMF molecules has been reported. We examined the expression of SLAMF1-7 on peripheral blood T cells, B cells, monocytes, and their respective differentiated subsets, in patients with SLE and healthy controls in a systematic manner. SLAMF1 levels were increased on both T cell and B cells and their differentiated subpopulations in patients with SLE. SLAMF2 was increased on SLE CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The frequency of SLAMF4+ and SLAMF7+ central memory and effector memory CD8+ T cells was reduced in SLE patients. Naïve CD4+ and CD8+ SLE T cells showed a slight increase in SLAMF3 levels. No differences were seen in the expression of SLAMF5 and SLAMF6 among SLE patients and healthy controls. Overall, the expression of various SLAMF receptors is dysregulated in SLE and may contribute to the immunopathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Karampetsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Denis Comte
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Katalin Kis-Toth
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Vasileios C. Kyttaris
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George C. Tsokos
- Division of Rheumatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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180
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Stratigou V, Doyle AF, Carlucci F, Stephens L, Foschi V, Castelli M, McKenna N, Cook HT, Lightstone L, Cairns TD, Pickering MC, Botto M. Altered expression of signalling lymphocyte activation molecule receptors in T-cells from lupus nephritis patients-a potential biomarker of disease activity. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 56:1206-1216. [PMID: 28387859 PMCID: PMC5850773 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives. The aim was to investigate whether the signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) signalling pathways contribute to LN and whether SLAM receptors could be valuable biomarkers of disease activity. Methods. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 30National Research Ethics Service SLE patients with biopsy-proven LN were analysed by flow cytometry. Clinical measures of disease activity were assessed. The expression of the SLAM family receptors on T-cell subpopulations [CD4, CD8 and double negative (DN) T cells] was measured and compared between lupus patients with active renal disease and those in remission. Results. The frequency of CD8 T cells expressing SLAMF3, SLAMF5 and SLAMF7 was significantly lower in LN patients who were in remission. In contrast, these subsets were similar in patients with active renal disease and in healthy individuals. Patients with active nephritis had an increased percentage of circulating monocytes, consistent with a potential role played by these cells in glomerular inflammation. Changes in the frequency of DN T cells positive for SLAMF2, SLAMF4 and SLAMF7 were observed in lupus patients irrespective of the disease activity. We detected alterations in the cellular expression of the SLAM family receptors, but these changes were less obvious and did not reveal any specific pattern. The percentage of DN T cells expressing SLAMF6 could predict the clinical response to B-cell depletion in patients with LN. Conclusion. Our study demonstrates altered expression of the SLAM family receptors in SLE T lymphocytes. This is consistent with the importance of the SLAM-associated pathways in lupus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Stratigou
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research
| | - Anne F Doyle
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research
| | - Francesco Carlucci
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research
| | - Lauren Stephens
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research
| | - Valentina Foschi
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research
| | - Marco Castelli
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research
| | - Nicola McKenna
- Imperial Lupus Centre, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK
| | - H Terence Cook
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Imperial Lupus Centre, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK
| | - Thomas D Cairns
- Imperial Lupus Centre, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthew C Pickering
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research.,Imperial Lupus Centre, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK
| | - Marina Botto
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Centre for Complement and Inflammation Research.,Imperial Lupus Centre, Imperial College NHS Healthcare Trust, London, UK
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181
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Zaretsky I, Atrakchi O, Mazor RD, Stoler-Barak L, Biram A, Feigelson SW, Gitlin AD, Engelhardt B, Shulman Z. ICAMs support B cell interactions with T follicular helper cells and promote clonal selection. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3435-3448. [PMID: 28939548 PMCID: PMC5679169 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism governing affinity-based B cell selection for germinal center colonization is unclear. Zaretsky et al. show that B cell ICAMs promote efficient B cell selection for clonal expansion by supporting sustained interactions with T follicular helper cells. The germinal center (GC) reaction begins with a diverse and expanded group of B cell clones bearing a wide range of antibody affinities. During GC colonization, B cells engage in long-lasting interactions with T follicular helper (Tfh) cells, a process that depends on antigen uptake and antigen presentation to the Tfh cells. How long-lasting T–B interactions and B cell clonal expansion are regulated by antigen presentation remains unclear. Here, we use in vivo B cell competition models and intravital imaging to examine the adhesive mechanisms governing B cell selection for GC colonization. We find that intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) and ICAM-2 on B cells are essential for long-lasting cognate Tfh–B cell interactions and efficient selection of low-affinity B cell clones for proliferative clonal expansion. Thus, B cell ICAMs promote efficient antibody immune response by enhancement of T cell help to cognate B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Zaretsky
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ofir Atrakchi
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Roei D Mazor
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Liat Stoler-Barak
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Adi Biram
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Sara W Feigelson
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander D Gitlin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Ziv Shulman
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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182
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Radomir L, Cohen S, Kramer MP, Bakos E, Lewinsky H, Barak A, Porat Z, Bucala R, Stepensky P, Becker-Herman S, Shachar I. T Cells Regulate Peripheral Naive Mature B Cell Survival by Cell-Cell Contact Mediated through SLAMF6 and SAP. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:2745-2757. [PMID: 28904129 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The control of lymphoid homeostasis is the result of a very fine balance between lymphocyte production, proliferation, and apoptosis. In this study, we focused on the role of T cells in the maintenance/survival of the mature naive peripheral B cell population. We show that naive B and T cells interact via the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptor, SLAMF6. This interaction induces cell type-specific signals in both cell types, mediated by the SLAM-associated protein (SAP) family of adaptors. This signaling results in an upregulation of the expression of the cytokine migration inhibitory factor in the T cells and augmented expression of its receptor CD74 on the B cell counterparts, consequently enhancing B cell survival. Furthermore, in X-linked lymphoproliferative disease patients, SAP deficiency reduces CD74 expression, resulting in the perturbation of B cell maintenance from the naive stage. Thus, naive T cells regulate B cell survival in a SLAMF6- and SAP-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihi Radomir
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Sivan Cohen
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Matthias P Kramer
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eszter Bakos
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Hadas Lewinsky
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Avital Barak
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Biological Services, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Richard Bucala
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520; and
| | - Polina Stepensky
- Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | | | - Idit Shachar
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel;
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183
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Farré D, Martínez-Vicente P, Engel P, Angulo A. Immunoglobulin superfamily members encoded by viruses and their multiple roles in immune evasion. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:780-796. [PMID: 28383780 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201746984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pathogens have developed a plethora of strategies to undermine host immune defenses in order to guarantee their survival. For large DNA viruses, these immune evasion mechanisms frequently rely on the expression of genes acquired from host genomes. Horizontally transferred genes include members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, whose products constitute the most diverse group of proteins of vertebrate genomes. Their promiscuous immunoglobulin domains, which comprise the building blocks of these molecules, are involved in a large variety of functions mediated by ligand-binding interactions. The flexible structural nature of the immunoglobulin domains makes them appealing targets for viral capture due to their capacity to generate high functional diversity. Here, we present an up-to-date review of immunoglobulin superfamily gene homologs encoded by herpesviruses, poxviruses, and adenoviruses, that include CD200, CD47, Fc receptors, interleukin-1 receptor 2, interleukin-18 binding protein, CD80, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules, and signaling lymphocyte activation molecules. We discuss their distinct structural attributes, binding properties, and functions, shaped by evolutionary pressures to disarm specific immune pathways. We include several novel genes identified from extensive genome database surveys. An understanding of the properties and modes of action of these viral proteins may guide the development of novel immune-modulatory therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domènec Farré
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Vicente
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Engel
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Angulo
- Immunology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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184
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Pérez-Mazliah D, Nguyen MP, Hosking C, McLaughlin S, Lewis MD, Tumwine I, Levy P, Langhorne J. Follicular Helper T Cells are Essential for the Elimination of Plasmodium Infection. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:216-230. [PMID: 28888925 PMCID: PMC5652023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells have been shown to be critical for the activation of germinal center (GC) B-cell responses. Similar to other infections, Plasmodium infection activates both GC as well as non-GC B cell responses. Here, we sought to explore whether Tfh cells and GC B cells are required to eliminate a Plasmodium infection. A CD4 T cell-targeted deletion of the gene that encodes Bcl6, the master transcription factor for the Tfh program, resulted in complete disruption of the Tfh response to Plasmodium chabaudi in C57BL/6 mice and consequent disruption of GC responses and IgG responses and the inability to eliminate the otherwise self-resolving chronic P. chabaudi infection. On the other hand, and contrary to previous observations in immunization and viral infection models, Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM)-Associated Protein (SAP)-deficient mice were able to activate Tfh cells, GC B cells, and IgG responses to the parasite. This study demonstrates the critical role for Tfh cells in controlling this systemic infection, and highlights differences in the signals required to activate GC B cell responses to this complex parasite compared with those of protein immunizations and viral infections. Therefore, these data are highly pertinent for designing malaria vaccines able to activate broadly protective B-cell responses. Chronic Plasmodium infection cannot be eliminated in the absence of Tfh cell responses. SAP-deficient mice are able to activate GC Tfh and GC B-cell responses to Plasmodium infection. There is a hierarchical requirement for the control of chronic Plasmodium infection following IL-21R > Tfh cells > SAP.
Successful vaccines work through activation of protective B-cell responses. Malaria, caused by Plasmodium infection transmitted by mosquito bites, remains a global threat. Despite substantial efforts, a vaccine able to bring about high levels of protection from Plasmodium infection remains elusive. Here, using an experimental malaria model including natural mosquito transmission, we demonstrate that proper activation of follicular helper CD4+ T cells is essential for the control and eradication of chronic Plasmodium infection through protective B-cell responses. Thus, it is strongly advisable for novel vaccine efforts to monitor the robust activation of this important immune compartment.
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185
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Comte D, Karampetsou MP, Yoshida N, Kis-Toth K, Kyttaris VC, Tsokos GC. Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Member 7 Engagement Restores Defective Effector CD8+ T Cell Function in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:1035-1044. [PMID: 28076903 DOI: 10.1002/art.40038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Effector CD8+ T cell function is impaired in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is associated with a compromised ability to fight infections. Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family member 7 (SLAMF7) engagement has been shown to enhance natural killer cell degranulation. This study was undertaken to characterize the expression and function of SLAMF7 on CD8+ T cell subsets isolated from the peripheral blood of SLE patients and healthy subjects. METHODS CD8+ T cell subset distribution, SLAMF7 expression, and expression of cytolytic enzymes (perforin, granzyme A [GzmA], and GzmB) on cells isolated from SLE patients and healthy controls were analyzed by flow cytometry. CD107a expression and interferon-γ (IFNγ) production in response to viral antigenic stimulation in the presence or absence of an anti-SLAMF7 antibody were assessed by flow cytometry. Antiviral cytotoxic activity in response to SLAMF7 engagement was determined using a flow cytometry-based assay. RESULTS The distribution of CD8+ T cell subsets was altered in the peripheral blood of SLE patients, with a decreased effector cell subpopulation. Memory CD8+ T cells from SLE patients displayed decreased amounts of SLAMF7, a surface receptor that characterizes effector CD8+ T cells. Ligation of SLAMF7 increased CD8+ T cell degranulation capacity and the percentage of IFNγ-producing cells in response to antigen challenge in SLE patients and healthy controls. Moreover, SLAMF7 engagement promoted cytotoxic lysis of target cells in response to stimulation with viral antigens. CONCLUSION CD8+ T cell activation in response to viral antigens is defective in SLE patients. Activation of SLAMF7 through a specific monoclonal antibody restores CD8+ T cell antiviral effector function to normal levels and thus represents a potential therapeutic option in SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Comte
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, and Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria P Karampetsou
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nobuya Yoshida
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katalin Kis-Toth
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Vasileios C Kyttaris
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - George C Tsokos
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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186
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Fortner KA, Bond JP, Austin JW, Boss JM, Budd RC. The molecular signature of murine T cell homeostatic proliferation reveals both inflammatory and immune inhibition patterns. J Autoimmun 2017; 82:47-61. [PMID: 28551033 PMCID: PMC5902411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
T lymphocyte homeostatic proliferation, driven by the engagement of T cell antigen receptor with self-peptide/major histocompatibility complexes, and signaling through the common γ-chain-containing cytokine receptors, is critical for the maintenance of the T cell compartment and is regulated by the Fas death receptor (Fas, CD95). In the absence of Fas, Fas-deficient lymphoproliferation spontaneous mutation (lpr) mice accumulate homeostatically expanded T cells. The functional consequences of sequential rounds of homeostatic expansion are not well defined. We thus examined the gene expression profiles of murine wild-type and Fas-deficient lpr CD8+ T cell subsets that have undergone different amounts of homeostatic proliferation as defined by their level of CD44 expression, and the CD4-CD8-TCRαβ+ T cell subset that results from extensive homeostatic expansion of CD8+ T cells. Our studies show that recurrent T cell homeostatic proliferation results in global gene expression changes, including the progressive upregulation of both cytolytic proteins such as Fas-Ligand and granzyme B as well as inhibitory proteins such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and lymphocyte activating 3 (Lag3). These findings provide an explanation for how augmented T cell homeostatic expansion could lead to the frequently observed clinical paradox of simultaneous autoinflammatory and immunodeficiency syndromes and provide further insight into the regulatory programs that control chronically stimulated T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Fortner
- Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA.
| | - Jeffrey P Bond
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA
| | - James W Austin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jeremy M Boss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ralph C Budd
- Department of Medicine, The University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405-0068, USA
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187
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Abstract
T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are a distinct type of CD4+ T cell specialized in providing help to B cells during the germinal centre (GC) reaction. As such, they are critical determinants of the quality of an antibody response following antigen challenge. Excessive production of Tfh cells can result in autoimmunity whereas too few can result in inadequate protection from infection. Hence, their differentiation and maintenance must be tightly regulated to ensure appropriate but limited help to B cells. Unlike the majority of other CD4+ T-cell subsets, Tfh cell differentiation occurs in three phases defined by their anatomical location. During each phase of differentiation the emerging Tfh cells express distinct patterns of co-receptors, which work together with the T-cell receptor (TCR) to drive Tfh differentiation. These signals provided by both TCR and co-receptors during Tfh differentiation alter proliferation, survival, metabolism, cytokine production and transcription factor expression. This review will discuss how engagement of TCR and co-receptors work together to shape the formation and function of Tfh cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise M C Webb
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Signalling and Development, Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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188
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Manni M, Ricker E, Pernis AB. Regulation of systemic autoimmunity and CD11c + Tbet + B cells by SWEF proteins. Cell Immunol 2017; 321:46-51. [PMID: 28780965 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the existence of a T-bet dependent subset of B cells, which expresses unique phenotypic and functional characteristics including high levels of CD11c and CD11b. In the murine system this B cell subset has been termed Age/autoimmune-associated B cells (ABCs) since it expands with age in non-autoimmune mice and it prematurely accumulates in autoimmune-prone strains. The molecular mechanisms that promote the expansion and function of ABCs are largely unknown. This review will focus on the SWEF proteins, a small family of Rho GEFs comprised of SWAP-70 and its homolog DEF6, a newly identified risk variant for human SLE. We will first provide an overview of the SWEF proteins and then discuss the complex array of biological processes that they control and the autoimmune phenotypes that spontaneously develop in their absence, highlighting the emerging involvement of these proteins in regulating ABCs. A better understanding of the pathways controlled by the SWEF proteins could help provide new insights into the mechanisms responsible for the expansion of ABCs in autoimmunity and potentially guide the design of novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Manni
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edd Ricker
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alessandra B Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA; David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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189
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Wu Y, Li Y, Fu B, Jin L, Zheng X, Zhang A, Sun R, Tian Z, Wei H. Programmed differentiated natural killer cells kill leukemia cells by engaging SLAM family receptors. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57024-57038. [PMID: 28915651 PMCID: PMC5593622 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate immune cells that can directly kill transformed or virus-infected cells. The adoptive transfer of NK cells has been used to treat hematological malignancies; however, the limited sources and quantities of NK cells have restricted their clinical application. Here, we acquired sufficient quantities of functional NK cells from CD34+ cells treated with a cytokine cocktail. Microarray analysis of the cultured cells revealed a two-stage pattern of programmed differentiation during NK cell development. Different transcription factors were enriched during these two stages, suggesting that preparation of progenitors committed to the NK cell lineage occurs in program 1, while NK cell transformation and maturation occur in program 2. Cultured NK cells highly expressed signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors (SFRs), while leukemia cells expressed SFR ligands. The engagement of these SFRs strengthened the cytotoxicity of NK cells toward leukemia cells. These results demonstrate a simple method of obtaining sufficient NK cells for clinical application, and have categorized NK cell differentiation according to commitment and transformation programs. Moreover, the binding between SFRs on NK cells and their ligands on leukemia cells suggests a new basis for NK cell therapy for treatment of leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Young Li
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Binqing Fu
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Linlin Jin
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaohu Zheng
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Aimei Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology and the CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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190
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Sherbenou DW, Mark TM, Forsberg P. Monoclonal Antibodies in Multiple Myeloma: A New Wave of the Future. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2017; 17:545-554. [PMID: 28734795 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2017.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In 2015, 2 monoclonal antibodies were approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM), elotuzumab and daratumumab. Elotuzumab is a monoclonal IgG-κ antibody directed against SLAMF7 (signaling lymphocytic activation molecule F7), a cell surface receptor involved in natural killer cell activation. Daratumumab is a monoclonal IgG-κ antibody that binds to CD38, a transmembrane protein found on the surface of myeloma cells and responsible for cellular adhesion and ectoenzymatic activity. Both elotuzumab and daratumumab act through recruitment of the immune system to enhance cellular cytotoxicity directed against myeloma cells. Elotuzumab requires lenalidomide and dexamethasone combined to enhance progression-free survival in patients with RRMM, and daratumumab has both single-agent and combination activity with either lenalidomide or the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in RRMM. The adverse effect profile of both agents mainly consists of allergic-type infusion reactions. Other considerations for monoclonal antibody use in the treatment of MM include the potential for interference in serum protein electrophoresis testing and cross-reactivity of daratumumab with CD38 present on red blood cells. In the present report, we discussed the clinical development of daratumumab and elotuzumab and newer immunologic approaches to the treatment of MM.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/therapeutic use
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/drug therapy
- Multiple Myeloma/metabolism
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Sherbenou
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO.
| | - Tomer M Mark
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Peter Forsberg
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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191
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Pazina T, James AM, MacFarlane AW, Bezman NA, Henning KA, Bee C, Graziano RF, Robbins MD, Cohen AD, Campbell KS. The anti-SLAMF7 antibody elotuzumab mediates NK cell activation through both CD16-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1339853. [PMID: 28932638 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1339853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Elotuzumab is a humanized therapeutic monoclonal antibody directed to the surface glycoprotein SLAMF7 (CS1, CRACC, CD319), which is highly expressed on multiple myeloma (MM) tumor cells. Improved clinical outcomes have been observed following treatment of MM patients with elotuzumab in combination with lenalidomide or bortezomib. Previous work showed that elotuzumab stimulates NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), via Fc-domain engagement with FcγRIIIa (CD16). SLAMF7 is also expressed on NK cells, where it can transmit stimulatory signals. We tested whether elotuzumab can directly activate NK cells via ligation with SLAMF7 on NK cells in addition to targeting ADCC through CD16. We show that elotuzumab strongly promoted degranulation and activation of NK cells in a CD16-dependent manner, and a non-fucosylated form of elotuzumab with higher affinity to CD16 exhibited enhanced potency. Using F(ab')2 or Fc-mutant forms of the antibody, the direct binding of elotuzumab to SLAMF7 alone could not stimulate measurable CD69 expression or degranulation of NK cells. However, the addition of soluble elotuzumab could costimulate calcium signaling responses triggered by multimeric engagement of NKp46 and NKG2D in a CD16-independent manner. Thus, while elotuzumab primarily stimulates NK cells through CD16, it can also transduce effective "trans"-costimulatory signals upon direct engagement with SLAMF7, since these responses did not require direct co-engagement with the activating receptors. Trans-costimulation by elotuzumab has potential to reduce activation thresholds of other NK cell receptors engaging with their ligands on myeloma target cell surfaces, thereby potentially further increasing NK cell responsiveness in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Pazina
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Institute of Experimental Medicine," St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ashley M James
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander W MacFarlane
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adam D Cohen
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kerry S Campbell
- Blood Cell Development and Function Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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192
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Radhakrishnan SV, Bhardwaj N, Steinbach M, Weidner J, Luetkens T, Atanackovic D. Elotuzumab as a novel anti-myeloma immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:1751-1757. [PMID: 28604269 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1327487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of multiple myeloma has undergone significant change in the last decade with the introduction of new immunomodulatory agents, proteasome inhibitors, and immunotherapeutic approaches. Elotuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CS1, which is a member of the SLAM (Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule) family of proteins, expressed on the surface of myeloma plasma cells. Here we review the preclinical investigations that led to the development of elotuzumab and the clinical studies that resulted in its approval for the treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. Although preclinical data looked very promising, elotuzumab monotherapy did not result in objective clinical responses in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma. However, combination treatment with immunomodulators and proteasome inhibitors resulted in substantial clinical activity in relapsed/refractory MM. Currently, there are several clinical trials ongoing investigating the role of elotuzumab in newly diagnosed myeloma patients and in patients receiving maintenance therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarinath Venniyil Radhakrishnan
- a Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunotherapy , Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah / Huntsman Cancer Institute , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Neelam Bhardwaj
- a Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunotherapy , Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah / Huntsman Cancer Institute , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Mary Steinbach
- a Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunotherapy , Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah / Huntsman Cancer Institute , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Janet Weidner
- a Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunotherapy , Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah / Huntsman Cancer Institute , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- a Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunotherapy , Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah / Huntsman Cancer Institute , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- a Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunotherapy , Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah / Huntsman Cancer Institute , Salt Lake City , UT , USA
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193
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Mak A, Thornhill SI, Lee HY, Lee B, Poidinger M, Connolly JE, Fairhurst AM. Brief report: Decreased expression of CD244 (SLAMF4) on monocytes and platelets in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 37:811-816. [PMID: 28593610 PMCID: PMC5835059 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The signalling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors play important roles in modulating immune responses. Previous studies in murine models and patients have suggested an association of the SLAM family (SLAMF) members with the development of autoimmunity, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Since previous investigations on CD244 expression have focussed on NK and T cells, the aim of this study was to evaluate the surface expression of major SLAMF members across monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells in an Asian SLE cohort and explore their potential associations with SLE-related disease activity and autoantibodies. Thirty-nine SLE patients and twenty-nine healthy controls (HC) were evaluated for the expression of CD150, CD84, CD229, CD48, CD244, CD352 and CD319. We determined a significantly lower expression of CD244 on monocytes in SLE patients compared to HC. Furthermore, monocyte CD244 expression was negatively associated with several serum autoantibody titres. Our findings suggest that this molecule plays an important role in immune tolerance mechanisms and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Mak
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Rheumatology, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | | | - Hui Yin Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | | | - John E Connolly
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore.,Institute of Biomedical Studies, Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76798, USA
| | - Anna-Marie Fairhurst
- Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, Singapore, 138648, Singapore. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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194
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Restimulation-induced T-cell death through NTB-A/SAP signaling pathway is impaired in tuberculosis patients with depressed immune responses. Immunol Cell Biol 2017; 95:716-728. [PMID: 28546549 PMCID: PMC5595630 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2017.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Production of IFN-γ contributes to host defense against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. We previously demonstrated that Signaling lymphocytic activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) expression on cells from tuberculosis (TB) patients was inversely correlated with IFN-γ production. Here we first investigated the role of NK, T- and B-cell antigen (NTB-A)/SAP pathway in the regulation of Th1 response against Mtb. Upon antigen stimulation, NTB-A phosphorylation rapidly increases and afterwards modulates IFN-γ and IL-17 secretion. To sustain a healthy immune system, controlled expansion and contraction of lymphocytes, both during and after an adaptive immune response, is essential. Besides, restimulation-induced cell death (RICD) results in an essential homeostatic mechanism for precluding excess T-cell accumulation and associated immunopathology during the course of certain infections. Accordingly, we found that the NTB-A/SAP pathway was required for RICD during active tuberculosis. In low responder (LR) TB patients, impaired RICD was associated with diminished FASL levels, IL-2 production and CD25high expression after cell-restimulation. Interestingly, we next observed that SAP mediated the recruitment of the Src-related kinase FYNT, only in T cells from LR TB patients that were resistant to RICD. Together, we showed that the NTB-A/SAP pathway regulates T-cell activation and RICD during human TB. Moreover, the NTB-A/SAP/FYNT axis promotes polarization to an unfavorable Th2-phenotype.
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195
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Meazza R, Falco M, Marcenaro S, Loiacono F, Canevali P, Bellora F, Tuberosa C, Locatelli F, Micalizzi C, Moretta A, Mingari MC, Moretta L, Aricò M, Bottino C, Pende D. Inhibitory 2B4 contributes to NK cell education and immunological derangements in XLP1 patients. Eur J Immunol 2017; 47:1051-1061. [PMID: 28386908 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease 1 (XLP1) is an inherited immunodeficiency, caused by mutations in SH2D1A encoding Signaling Lymphocyte Activation Molecule (SLAM)-associated protein (SAP). In XLP1, 2B4, upon engagement with CD48, has inhibitory instead of activating function. This causes a selective inability of cytotoxic effectors to kill EBV-infected cells, with dramatic clinical sequelae. Here, we investigated the NK cell education in XLP1, upon characterization of killer Ig-like receptor (KIR)/KIR-L genotype and phenotypic repertoire of self-HLA class I specific inhibitory NK receptors (self-iNKRs). We also analyzed NK-cell cytotoxicity against CD48+ or CD48- KIR-ligand matched or autologous hematopoietic cells in XLP1 patients and healthy controls. XLP1 NK cells may show a defective phenotypic repertoire with substantial proportion of cells lacking self-iNKR. These NK cells are cytotoxic and the inhibitory 2B4/CD48 pathway plays a major role to prevent killing of CD48+ EBV-transformed B cells and M1 macrophages. Importantly, self-iNKR defective NK cells kill CD48- targets, such as mature DCs. Self-iNKR- NK cells in XLP1 patients are functional even in resting conditions, suggesting a role of the inhibitory 2B4/CD48 pathway in the education process during NK-cell maturation. Killing of autologous mature DC by self-iNKR defective XLP1 NK cells may impair adaptive responses, further exacerbating the patients' immune defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Meazza
- Dipartimento delle Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Michela Falco
- Dipartimento di Ricerca e Diagnostica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Marcenaro
- Dipartimento di Ricerca e Diagnostica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Loiacono
- Dipartimento delle Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Ricerca e Diagnostica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Paolo Canevali
- Dipartimento di Ricerca e Diagnostica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesca Bellora
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudia Tuberosa
- Dipartimento delle Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, IRCCS Ospedale Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy.,Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Concetta Micalizzi
- Dipartimento di Oncoematologia Pediatrica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Moretta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria C Mingari
- Dipartimento delle Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Dipartimento dei Laboratori, Area di Ricerca di Immunologia, IRCCS Ospedale Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Bottino
- Dipartimento di Ricerca e Diagnostica, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.,Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi di Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Daniela Pende
- Dipartimento delle Terapie Oncologiche Integrate, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
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196
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ITIM receptors: more than just inhibitors of platelet activation. Blood 2017; 129:3407-3418. [PMID: 28465343 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-12-720185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their discovery, immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM)-containing receptors have been shown to inhibit signaling from immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing receptors in almost all hematopoietic cells, including platelets. However, a growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating that this is an oversimplification, and that ITIM-containing receptors are versatile regulators of platelet signal transduction, with functions beyond inhibiting ITAM-mediated platelet activation. PECAM-1 was the first ITIM-containing receptor identified in platelets and appeared to conform to the established model of ITIM-mediated attenuation of ITAM-driven activation. PECAM-1 was therefore widely accepted as a major negative regulator of platelet activation and thrombosis for many years, but more recent findings suggest a more complex role for this receptor, including the facilitation of αIIbβ3-mediated platelet functions. Since the identification of PECAM-1, several other ITIM-containing platelet receptors have been discovered. These include G6b-B, a critical regulator of platelet reactivity and production, and the noncanonical ITIM-containing receptor TREM-like transcript-1, which is localized to α-granules in resting platelets, binds fibrinogen, and acts as a positive regulator of platelet activation. Despite structural similarities and shared binding partners, including the Src homology 2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatases Shp1 and Shp2, knockout and transgenic mouse models have revealed distinct phenotypes and nonredundant functions for each ITIM-containing receptor in the context of platelet homeostasis. These roles are likely influenced by receptor density, compartmentalization, and as-yet unknown binding partners. In this review, we discuss the diverse repertoire of ITIM-containing receptors in platelets, highlighting intriguing new functions, controversies, and future areas of investigation.
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197
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Chen J, Zhong MC, Guo H, Davidson D, Mishel S, Lu Y, Rhee I, Pérez-Quintero LA, Zhang S, Cruz-Munoz ME, Wu N, Vinh DC, Sinha M, Calderon V, Lowell CA, Danska JS, Veillette A. SLAMF7 is critical for phagocytosis of haematopoietic tumour cells via Mac-1 integrin. Nature 2017; 544:493-497. [PMID: 28424516 DOI: 10.1038/nature22076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells elude anti-tumour immunity through multiple mechanisms, including upregulated expression of ligands for inhibitory immune checkpoint receptors. Phagocytosis by macrophages plays a critical role in cancer control. Therapeutic blockade of signal regulatory protein (SIRP)-α, an inhibitory receptor on macrophages, or of its ligand CD47 expressed on tumour cells, improves tumour cell elimination in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that blockade of the SIRPα-CD47 checkpoint could be useful in treating human cancer. However, the pro-phagocytic receptor(s) responsible for tumour cell phagocytosis is(are) largely unknown. Here we find that macrophages are much more efficient at phagocytosis of haematopoietic tumour cells, compared with non-haematopoietic tumour cells, in response to SIRPα-CD47 blockade. Using a mouse lacking the signalling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family of homotypic haematopoietic cell-specific receptors, we determined that phagocytosis of haematopoietic tumour cells during SIRPα-CD47 blockade was strictly dependent on SLAM family receptors in vitro and in vivo. In both mouse and human cells, this function required a single SLAM family member, SLAMF7 (also known as CRACC, CS1, CD319), expressed on macrophages and tumour cell targets. In contrast to most SLAM receptor functions, SLAMF7-mediated phagocytosis was independent of signalling lymphocyte activation molecule-associated protein (SAP) adaptors. Instead, it depended on the ability of SLAMF7 to interact with integrin Mac-1 (refs 18, 19, 20) and utilize signals involving immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. These findings elucidate the mechanism by which macrophages engulf and destroy haematopoietic tumour cells. They also reveal a novel SAP adaptor-independent function for a SLAM receptor. Lastly, they suggest that patients with tumours expressing SLAMF7 are more likely to respond to SIRPα-CD47 blockade therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Ming-Chao Zhong
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Huaijian Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Dominique Davidson
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Sabrin Mishel
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Yan Lu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Inmoo Rhee
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, South Korea
| | - Luis-Alberto Pérez-Quintero
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Mario-Ernesto Cruz-Munoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.,School of Medicine, University of Morelos, Cuernavaca 62350, Mexico
| | - Ning Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Donald C Vinh
- Infectious Disease Susceptibility Program, McGill University Health Centre (MUHC) and Research Institute-MUHC (RI-MUHC), Montréal, Québec H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Meenal Sinha
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Virginie Calderon
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
| | - Clifford A Lowell
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Jayne S Danska
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - André Veillette
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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198
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Baglaenko Y, Cruz Tleugabulova M, Gracey E, Talaei N, Manion KP, Chang NH, Ferri DM, Mallevaey T, Wither JE. Invariant NKT Cell Activation Is Potentiated by Homotypic trans-Ly108 Interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3949-3962. [PMID: 28373584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are innate lymphocytes that respond to glycolipids presented by the MHC class Ib molecule CD1d and are rapidly activated to produce large quantities of cytokines and chemokines. iNKT cell development uniquely depends on interactions between double-positive thymocytes that provide key homotypic interactions between signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) family members. However, the role of SLAM receptors in the differentiation of iNKT cell effector subsets and activation has not been explored. In this article, we show that C57BL/6 mice containing the New Zealand Black Slam locus have profound alterations in Ly108, CD150, and Ly9 expression that is associated with iNKT cell hyporesponsiveness. This loss of function was only apparent when dendritic cells and iNKT cells had a loss of SLAM receptor expression. Using small interfering RNA knockdowns and peptide-blocking strategies, we demonstrated that trans-Ly108 interactions between dendritic cells and iNKT cells are critical for robust activation. LY108 costimulation similarly increased human iNKT cell activation. Thus, in addition to its established role in iNKT cell ontogeny, Ly108 regulates iNKT cell function in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Baglaenko
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | | | - Eric Gracey
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Nafiseh Talaei
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Kieran Patricia Manion
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Nan-Hua Chang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada
| | - Dario Michael Ferri
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada.,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and
| | - Joan E Wither
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5T 2S8, Canada; .,Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; and.,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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199
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Radhakrishnan SV, Bhardwaj N, Luetkens T, Atanackovic D. Novel anti-myeloma immunotherapies targeting the SLAM family of receptors. Oncoimmunology 2017. [PMID: 28638731 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1308618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment for multiple myeloma (MM) has significantly advanced in the last decade with the introduction of proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory therapies. Unfortunately, MM continues to cause significant morbidity and most patients eventually succumb to the disease. As in other areas of cancer, immunotherapy in MM has also evolved and holds promise to deliver long-lasting remissions or even cure. The signaling lymphocyte activation molecules (SLAM) family of surface proteins represents a group of potential targets for immunotherapy in MM as some of the family members are expressed consistently on plasma cells and also on myeloma propagating pre-plasma cells. Here, we review the SLAM family members in detail, describe their tissue distribution, biologic pathways, as well as relevant pre-clinical studies and clinical trials in MM. Our review demonstrates the value of SLAM family receptors as potential targets for anti-myeloma immunotherapies and outlines how immunotherapeutic approaches can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarinath Venniyil Radhakrishnan
- Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunotherapy, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Neelam Bhardwaj
- Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunotherapy, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Tim Luetkens
- Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunotherapy, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Djordje Atanackovic
- Multiple Myeloma Program & Cancer Immunotherapy, Hematology and Hematologic Malignancies, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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200
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The Measles Virus Receptor SLAMF1 Can Mediate Particle Endocytosis. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.02255-16. [PMID: 28100610 PMCID: PMC5355598 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02255-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling lymphocyte activation molecule F1 (SLAMF1) is both a microbial sensor and entry receptor for measles virus (MeV). Herein, we describe a new role for SLAMF1 to mediate MeV endocytosis that is in contrast with the alternative, and generally accepted, model that MeV genome enters cells only after fusion at the cell surface. We demonstrated that MeV engagement of SLAMF1 induces dramatic but transient morphological changes, most prominently in the formation of membrane blebs, which were shown to colocalize with incoming viral particles, and rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton in infected cells. MeV infection was dependent on these dynamic cytoskeletal changes as well as fluid uptake through a macropinocytosis-like pathway as chemical inhibition of these processes inhibited entry. Moreover, we identified a role for the RhoA-ROCK-myosin II signaling axis in this MeV internalization process, highlighting a novel role for this recently characterized pathway in virus entry. Our study shows that MeV can hijack a microbial sensor normally involved in bacterial phagocytosis to drive endocytosis using a complex pathway that shares features with canonical viral macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, and mechanotransduction. This uptake pathway is specific to SLAMF1-positive cells and occurs within 60 min of viral attachment. Measles virus remains a significant cause of mortality in human populations, and this research sheds new light on the very first steps of infection of this important pathogen. IMPORTANCE Measles is a significant disease in humans and is estimated to have killed over 200 million people since records began. According to current World Health Organization statistics, it still kills over 100,000 people a year, mostly children in the developing world. The causative agent, measles virus, is a small enveloped RNA virus that infects a broad range of cells during infection. In particular, immune cells are infected via interactions between glycoproteins found on the surface of the virus and SLAMF1, the immune cell receptor. In this study, we have investigated the steps governing entry of measles virus into SLAMF1-positive cells and identified endocytic uptake of viral particles. This research will impact our understanding of morbillivirus-related immunosuppression as well as the application of measles virus as an oncolytic therapeutic.
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