151
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Abstract
Water flow gradients have been linked to phenotypic differences and swimming performance across a variety of fish assemblages. However, the extent to which water motion shapes patterns of phenotypic divergence within species remains unknown. We tested the generality of the functional relationship between swimming morphology and water flow by exploring the extent of fin and body shape polymorphism in 12 widespread species from three families (Acanthuridae, Labridae, Pomacentridae) of pectoral-fin swimming (labriform) fishes living across localized wave exposure gradients. The pectoral fin shape of Labridae and Acanthuridae species was strongly related to wave exposure: individuals with more tapered, higher aspect ratio (AR) fins were found on windward reef crests, whereas individuals with rounder, lower AR fins were found on leeward, sheltered reefs. Three of seven Pomacentridae species showed similar trends, and pectoral fin shape was also strongly related to wave exposure in pomacentrids when fin aspect ratios of three species were compared across flow habitats at very small spatial scales (<100 m) along a reef profile (reef slope, crest, and back lagoon). Unlike fin shape, there were no intraspecific differences in fish body fineless ratio across habitats or depths. Contrary to our predictions, there was no pattern relating species' abundances to polymorphism across habitats (i.e., abundance was not higher at sites where morphology is better adapted to the environment). This suggests that there are behavioral and/or physiological mechanisms enabling some species to persist across flow habitats in the absence of morphological differences. We suggest that functional relationships between swimming morphology and water flow not only structure species assemblages, but are yet another important variable contributing to phenotypic differences within species. The close links between fin shape polymorphism and local water flow conditions appear to be important for understanding species' distributions as well as patterns of diversification across environmental gradients.
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152
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Magalhaes IS, Ornelas-Garcıa CP, Leal-Cardin M, Ramírez T, Barluenga M. Untangling the evolutionary history of a highly polymorphic species: introgressive hybridization and high genetic structure in the desert cichlid fish Herichtys minckleyi. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:4505-20. [PMID: 26175313 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the origin of biodiversity requires knowledge on the evolutionary processes that drive divergence and speciation, as well as on the processes constraining it. Intraspecific polymorphisms can provide insight into the mechanisms that generate and maintain phenotypic, behavioural and life history diversification, and can help us understand not only the processes that lead to speciation but also the processes that prevent local fixation of morphs. The 'desert cichlid' Herichtys minckleyi is a highly polymorphic species endemic to a biodiversity hotspot in northern Mexico, the Cuatro Ciénegas valley. This species is polymorphic in body shape and trophic apparatus, and eco-morphotypes coexist in small spring-fed lagoons across the valley. We investigated the genetic structure of these polymorphisms and their phylogeographic history by analysing the entire control region of the mitochondrial DNA and 10 nuclear microsatellite markers in several populations from different sites and morphs. We found two very divergent mitochondrial lineages that most likely predate the closing of the valley and are not associated with morphotypes or sites. One of these lineages is also found in the sister species Herichthys cyanoguttatus. Data from neutral microsatellite markers suggest that most lagoons or drainages constitute their own genetic cluster with sympatric eco-morphotypes forming panmictic populations. Alternative mechanisms such as phenotypic plasticity and a few loci controlled traits provide possible explanations for the sympatric coexistence of discrete nonoverlapping eco-morphotypes with apparent lack of barriers to gene flow within multiple lagoons and drainages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel S Magalhaes
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Patricia Ornelas-Garcıa
- Departamento de Zoología, Autónoma de Querétaro, Av. de las Ciencias s/n, Juriquilla 76230, México.,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., Circuito Interior Ciudad Universitaria, CP 04510, Mexico
| | - Mariana Leal-Cardin
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania Ramírez
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Barluenga
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
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153
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Hendry AP. Key Questions on the Role of Phenotypic Plasticity in Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics. J Hered 2015; 107:25-41. [PMID: 26297912 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esv060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecology and evolution have long been recognized as reciprocally influencing each other, with recent research emphasizing how such interactions can occur even on very short (contemporary) time scales. Given that these interactions are mediated by organismal phenotypes, they can be variously shaped by genetic variation, phenotypic plasticity, or both. I here address 8 key questions relevant to the role of plasticity in eco-evolutionary dynamics. Focusing on empirical evidence, especially from natural populations, I offer the following conclusions. 1) Plasticity is--not surprisingly--sometimes adaptive, sometimes maladaptive, and sometimes neutral. 2) Plasticity has costs and limits but these constraints are highly variable, often weak, and hard to detect. 3) Variable environments favor the evolution of increased trait plasticity, which can then buffer fitness/performance (i.e., tolerance). 4) Plasticity sometimes aids colonization of new environments (Baldwin Effect) and responses to in situ environmental change. However, plastic responses are not always necessary or sufficient in these contexts. 5) Plasticity will sometimes promote and sometimes constrain genetic evolution. 6) Plasticity will sometimes help and sometimes hinder ecological speciation but, at present, empirical tests are limited. 7) Plasticity can show considerable evolutionary change in contemporary time, although the rates of this reaction norm evolution are highly variable among taxa and traits. 8) Plasticity appears to have considerable influences on ecological dynamics at the community and ecosystem levels, although many more studies are needed. In summary, plasticity needs to be an integral part of any conceptual framework and empirical investigation of eco-evolutionary dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Hendry
- From the Redpath Museum & Department of Biology, 859 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, Quebec H3A OC4, Canada.
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154
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Hulsey CD, García-De León FJ, Meyer A. Sexual dimorphism in a trophically polymorphic cichlid fish? J Morphol 2015; 276:1448-54. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco J. García-De León
- Laboratorio De Genética Para La Conservación; Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas Del Noroeste, Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195; La Paz, B.C.S. 23096 Mexico
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology; University of Konstanz; Konstanz 78457 Germany
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155
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Dalziel AC, Martin N, Laporte M, Guderley H, Bernatchez L. Adaptation and acclimation of aerobic exercise physiology in Lake Whitefish ecotypes (Coregonus clupeaformis). Evolution 2015; 69:2167-86. [PMID: 26177840 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The physiological mechanisms underlying local adaptation in natural populations of animals, and whether the same mechanisms contribute to adaptation and acclimation, are largely unknown. Therefore, we tested for evolutionary divergence in aerobic exercise physiology in laboratory bred, size-matched crosses of ancestral, benthic, normal Lake Whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) and derived, limnetic, more actively swimming "dwarf" ecotypes. We acclimated fish to constant swimming (emulating limnetic foraging) and control conditions (emulating normal activity levels) to simultaneously study phenotypic plasticity. We found extensive divergence between ecotypes: dwarf fish generally had constitutively higher values of traits related to oxygen transport (ventricle size) and use by skeletal muscle (percent oxidative muscle, mitochondrial content), and also evolved differential plasticity of mitochondrial function (Complex I activity and flux through Complexes I-IV and IV). The effects of swim training were less pronounced than differences among ecotypes and the traits which had a significant training effect (ventricle protein content, ventricle malate dehydrogenase activity, and muscle Complex V activity) did not differ among ecotypes. Only one trait, ventricle mass, varied in a similar manner with acclimation and adaptation and followed a pattern consistent with genetic accommodation. Overall, the physiological and biochemical mechanisms underlying acclimation and adaptation to swimming activity in Lake Whitefish differ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Dalziel
- Departement de Biologie, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6.
| | - Nicolas Martin
- Departement de Biologie, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6.,School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Martin Laporte
- Departement de Biologie, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
| | - Helga Guderley
- Departement de Biologie, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6.,Department of Biology, Life Science Centre, Dalhousie University, 1355 Oxford Street PO BOX 15000, Halifax, NS, Canada, B3H 4R2
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Departement de Biologie, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, 1030 Avenue de la Médecine Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada, G1V 0A6
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156
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May-McNally SL, Quinn TP, Taylor EB. Low levels of hybridization between sympatric Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and Dolly Varden char (Salvelinus malma) highlights their genetic distinctiveness and ecological segregation. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:3031-45. [PMID: 26356310 PMCID: PMC4559047 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the extent of interspecific hybridization and how ecological segregation may influence hybridization requires comprehensively sampling different habitats over a range of life history stages. Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and Dolly Varden (S. malma) are recently diverged salmonid fishes that come into contact in several areas of the North Pacific where they occasionally hybridize. To better quantify the degree of hybridization and ecological segregation between these taxa, we sampled over 700 fish from multiple lake (littoral and profundal) and stream sites in two large, interconnected southwestern Alaskan lakes. Individuals were genotyped at 12 microsatellite markers, and genetic admixture (Q) values generated through Bayesian-based clustering revealed hybridization levels generally lower than reported in a previous study (<0.6% to 5% of samples classified as late-generation hybrids). Dolly Varden and Arctic char tended to make different use of stream habitats with the latter apparently abandoning streams for lake habitats after 2-3 years of age. Our results support the distinct biological species status of Dolly Varden and Arctic char and suggest that ecological segregation may be an important factor limiting opportunities for hybridization and/or the ecological performance of hybrid char.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannan L May-McNally
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre and Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia 6270 University Ave., Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
| | - Thomas P Quinn
- School of Aquatic and Fishery Sciences, University of Washington Seattle, Washington, 98195
| | - Eric B Taylor
- Department of Zoology, Biodiversity Research Centre and Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia 6270 University Ave., Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4
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157
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Seehausen O. Process and pattern in cichlid radiations - inferences for understanding unusually high rates of evolutionary diversification. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 207:304-312. [PMID: 25983053 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The cichlid fish radiations in the African Great Lakes differ from all other known cases of rapid speciation in vertebrates by their spectacular trophic diversity and richness of sympatric species, comparable to the most rapid angiosperm radiations. I review factors that may have facilitated these radiations and compare these with insights from recent work on plant radiations. Work to date suggests that it was a coincidence of ecological opportunity, intrinsic ecological versatility and genomic flexibility, rapidly evolving behavioral mate choice and large amounts of standing genetic variation that permitted these spectacular fish radiations. I propose that spatially orthogonal gradients in the fit of phenotypes to the environment facilitate speciation because they allow colonization of alternative fitness peaks during clinal speciation despite local disruptive selection. Such gradients are manifold in lakes because of the interaction of water depth as an omnipresent third spatial dimension with other fitness-relevant variables. I introduce a conceptual model of adaptive radiation that integrates these elements and discuss its applicability to, and predictions for, plant radiations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Seehausen
- Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- EAWAG Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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158
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Life history as a constraint on plasticity: developmental timing is correlated with phenotypic variation in birds. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 115:379-88. [PMID: 26039409 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 03/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding why organisms vary in developmental plasticity has implications for predicting population responses to changing environments and the maintenance of intraspecific variation. The epiphenotype hypothesis posits that the timing of development can constrain plasticity-the earlier alternate phenotypes begin to develop, the greater the difference that can result amongst the final traits. This research extends this idea by considering how life history timing shapes the opportunity for the environment to influence trait development. We test the prediction that the earlier an individual begins to actively interact with and explore their environment, the greater the opportunity for plasticity and thus variation in foraging traits. This research focuses on life history variation across four groups of birds using museum specimens and measurements from the literature. We reasoned that greater phenotypic plasticity, through either environmental effects or genotype-by-environment interactions in development, would be manifest in larger trait ranges (bills and tarsi) within species. Among shorebirds and ducks, we found that species with relatively shorter incubation times tended to show greater phenotypic variation. Across warblers and sparrows, we found little support linking timing of flight and trait variation. Overall, our results also suggest a pattern between body size and trait variation, consistent with constraints on egg size that might result in larger species having more environmental influences on development. Taken together, our results provide some support for the hypothesis that variation in life histories affects how the environment shapes development, through either the expression of plasticity or the release of cryptic genetic variation.
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159
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Anderson TL, Whiteman HH. Asymmetric effects of intra- and interspecific competition on a pond-breeding salamander. Ecology 2015. [DOI: 10.1890/14-0479.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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160
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Duijns S, van Gils JA, Smart J, Piersma T. Phenotype-limited distributions: short-billed birds move away during times that prey bury deeply. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150073. [PMID: 26543585 PMCID: PMC4632549 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In our seasonal world, animals face a variety of environmental conditions in the course of the year. To cope with such seasonality, animals may be phenotypically flexible, but some phenotypic traits are fixed. If fixed phenotypic traits are functionally linked to resource use, then animals should redistribute in response to seasonally changing resources, leading to a 'phenotype-limited' distribution. Here, we examine this possibility for a shorebird, the bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica; a long-billed and sexually dimorphic shorebird), that has to reach buried prey with a probing bill of fixed length. The main prey of female bar-tailed godwits is buried deeper in winter than in summer. Using sightings of individually marked females, we found that in winter only longer-billed individuals remained in the Dutch Wadden Sea, while the shorter-billed individuals moved away to an estuary with a more benign climate such as the Wash. Although longer-billed individuals have the widest range of options in winter and could therefore be selected for, counterselection may occur during the breeding season on the tundra, where surface-living prey may be captured more easily with shorter bills. Phenotype-limited distributions could be a widespread phenomenon and, when associated with assortative migration and mating, it may act as a precursor of phenotypic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd Duijns
- Department of Marine Ecology, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A. van Gils
- Department of Marine Ecology, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Smart
- Wash Wader Ringing Group, The Old School House, Rhoon Road, Terrington St Clement, Norfolk PE34 4H, UK
| | - Theunis Piersma
- Department of Marine Ecology, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
- Chair in Global Flyway Ecology, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences (GELIFES), University of Groningen, PO Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The Netherlands
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161
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Osinov AG, Senchukova AL, Mugue NS, Pavlov SD, Chereshnev IA. Speciation and genetic divergence of three species of charr from ancient Lake El'gygytgyn (Chukotka) and their phylogenetic relationships with other representatives of the genusSalvelinus. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna L. Senchukova
- Biological Faculty; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow 119991 Russia
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Moscow Russia
| | - Nikolai S. Mugue
- Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO); Moscow 107140 Russia
| | - Sergei D. Pavlov
- Biological Faculty; Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Igor A. Chereshnev
- Institute of Biological Problems of the Far North; Far East Branch; Russian Academy of Sciences; Magadan 685000 Russia
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162
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Bolton PE, Rollins LA, Griffith SC. The danger within: the role of genetic, behavioural and ecological factors in population persistence of colour polymorphic species. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:2907-15. [PMID: 25870951 DOI: 10.1111/mec.13201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphic species have been the focus of important work in evolutionary biology. It has been suggested that colour polymorphic species have specific evolutionary and population dynamics that enable them to persist through environmental changes better than less variable species. We suggest that recent empirical and theoretical work indicates that polymorphic species may be more vulnerable to extinction than previously thought. This vulnerability arises because these species often have a number of correlated sexual, behavioural, life history and ecological traits, which can have a simple genetic underpinning. When exacerbated by environmental change, these alternate strategies can lead to conflict between morphs at the genomic and population levels, which can directly or indirectly affect population and evolutionary dynamics. In this perspective, we identify a number of ways in which the nature of the correlated traits, their underpinning genetic architecture, and the inevitable interactions between colour morphs can result in a reduction in population fitness. The principles illustrated here apply to all kinds of discrete polymorphism (e.g. behavioural syndromes), but we focus primarily on colour polymorphism because they are well studied. We urge further empirical investigation of the genetic architecture and interactions in polymorphic species to elucidate the impact on population fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peri E Bolton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Lee A Rollins
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., 3217, Australia
| | - Simon C Griffith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
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163
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Jacobson B, Grant JWA, Peres-Neto PR. The interaction between the spatial distribution of resource patches and population density: consequences for intraspecific growth and morphology. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:934-42. [PMID: 25757660 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
How individuals within a population distribute themselves across resource patches of varying quality has been an important focus of ecological theory. The ideal free distribution predicts equal fitness amongst individuals in a 1 : 1 ratio with resources, whereas resource defence theory predicts different degrees of monopolization (fitness variance) as a function of temporal and spatial resource clumping and population density. One overlooked landscape characteristic is the spatial distribution of resource patches, altering the equitability of resource accessibility and thereby the effective number of competitors. While much work has investigated the influence of morphology on competitive ability for different resource types, less is known regarding the phenotypic characteristics conferring relative ability for a single resource type, particularly when exploitative competition predominates. Here we used young-of-the-year rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to test whether and how the spatial distribution of resource patches and population density interact to influence the level and variance of individual growth, as well as if functional morphology relates to competitive ability. Feeding trials were conducted within stream channels under three spatial distributions of nine resource patches (distributed, semi-clumped and clumped) at two density levels (9 and 27 individuals). Average trial growth was greater in high-density treatments with no effect of resource distribution. Within-trial growth variance had opposite patterns across resource distributions. Here, variance decreased at low-population, but increased at high-population densities as patches became increasingly clumped as the result of changes in the levels of interference vs. exploitative competition. Within-trial growth was related to both pre- and post-trial morphology where competitive individuals were those with traits associated with swimming capacity and efficiency: larger heads/bodies/caudal fins and less angled pectoral fins. The different degrees of within-population growth variance at the same density level found here, as a function of spatial resource distribution, provide an explanation for the inconsistencies in within-site growth variance and population regulation often noted with regard to density dependence in natural landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Jacobson
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C3P8, Canada
| | - James W A Grant
- Department of Biology, Concordia University, 1455 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montréal, QC, H3G1M8, Canada
| | - Pedro R Peres-Neto
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succ. Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C3P8, Canada
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164
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Costalago D, Garrido S, Palomera I. Comparison of the feeding apparatus and diet of European sardines Sardina pilchardus of Atlantic and Mediterranean waters: ecological implications. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 86:1348-1362. [PMID: 25846858 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the feeding apparatus (gill rakers, GR) and the diet composition of European sardine Sardina pilchardus populations living in two contrasting environments were compared: the upwelling area off western Iberia and the comparatively less productive region of the north-western Mediterranean Sea. The importance of local adaptations in the trophic ecology of this species was estimated. Sardina pilchardus from the Atlantic Iberian coast and from the north-western Mediterranean Sea have clear differences in the feeding apparatus and diet compositions. Those from the Atlantic Iberian coast have significantly more GRs than S. pilchardus of the same size range in the Mediterranean Sea. While S. pilchardus from the Mediterranean Sea mostly depend on prey ranging between 750-1500 and 3000-4000 µm, corresponding mostly to cladocerans, decapods and copepods, those from the Atlantic depend on smaller prey (50-500 and 1000-1500 µm) that include phytoplankton and copepods, particularly during summer months, and S. pilchardus eggs during the winter. The marked difference between the trophic ecology of S. pilchardus in the two areas studied appears to have originated from different dietary strategies that the two populations have adopted in contrasting feeding environments. These differences are shown to profoundly affect the size and quality of prey consumed, and the effect of cannibalism on the populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Costalago
- Department of Zoology, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, P. O. Box 7700, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
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165
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Berchtold A, Colborne S, Longstaffe F, Neff B. Ecomorphological patterns linking morphology and diet across three populations of pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus). CAN J ZOOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2014-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between morphological traits and their ecological function frequently result in patterns that are consistently observed within taxa. Across fishes, the field of ecomorphology has identified a number of morphological traits linked to foraging tactic. Here we examined the links between morphology and diet in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus (L., 1758)) from three temperate freshwater lakes. We focused on morphological variation in pharyngeal jaw and gill raker structures, both involved with the processing of prey after capture, in relation to diet. Using stomach contents and stable isotope analysis, we established mean resource use estimates for both populations and individual fish. Among populations and individuals within lakes, we observed that pharyngeal jaw size and gill raker spacing increased with the consumption of littoral prey (e.g., hard-shelled snails) relative to pelagic prey (e.g., zooplankton), but the morphological changes were greater for the pharyngeal jaws. Overall, the relationships that we observed between morphology and foraging tactic were consistent with patterns observed in pumpkinseed and across other fishes. Individual-level diet variation associated with morphology may result in phenotypic diversity within populations that has multiple ecological and evolutionary implications for these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.E. Berchtold
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - S.F. Colborne
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - F.J. Longstaffe
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - B.D. Neff
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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166
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Reiss P, Grothues TM. Geometric morphometric analysis of cyclical body shape changes in color pattern variants of Cichla temensis Humboldt, 1821 (Perciformes: Cichlidae) demonstrates reproductive energy allocation. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-20140030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously recognized color and pattern variants of adult Cichla temensis in Amazon flood pulse river environments reflect the cycling of individuals through seasonal sexual maturity and spawning. Individuals also vary in shape from blocky to fusiform. To determine if shape differences are related to patterns of fat reserve deposition and utilization, and to quantify the relationship of shape with color and pattern variation and life history status, specimens in each of four previously defined grades of color and pattern variation were compared using geometric morphometric techniques. Progressive shape changes occurred between grades independent of sex and correlated to gonosomatic index (GSI). Thin plate spline deformation visualizations indicate that the observed shape differences are related to fat deposition patterns. The seasonal timing of shape change and its link to color pattern variation, sexual maturity and local water level conditions suggests a relationship between the physiological and behavioral characteristics of C. temensis and the cyclical flood pulse pattern of its habitat.
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167
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Individual variation in ontogenetic niche shifts in habitat use and movement patterns of a large estuarine predator (Carcharhinus leucas). Oecologia 2015; 178:347-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-015-3253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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168
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Covarying variances: more morphologically variable populations also exhibit more diet variation. Oecologia 2015; 178:89-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3200-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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169
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Touchton JM, Wikelski M. Ecological opportunity leads to the emergence of an alternative behavioural phenotype in a tropical bird. J Anim Ecol 2015; 84:1041-9. [PMID: 25640464 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Loss of a dominant competitor can open ecological opportunities. Ecological opportunities are considered prerequisites for adaptive radiations. Nonetheless, initiation of diversification in response to ecological opportunity is seldom observed, so we know little about the stages by which behavioural variation either increases or coalesces into distinct phenotypes. Here, a natural experiment showed that in a tropical island's guild of army ant-following birds, a new behavioural phenotype emerged in subordinate spotted antbirds (Hylophylax naevioides) after the socially dominant ocellated antbird (Phaenostictus mcleannani) died out. Individuals with this behavioural phenotype are less territorial; instead, they roam in search of ant swarms where they feed in locations from which dominant competitors formerly excluded them. Roaming individuals fledge more young than territorial individuals. We conclude that ecological opportunity arising from species loss may enhance the success of alternative behavioural phenotypes and can favour further intraspecific diversification in life-history traits in surviving species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janeene M Touchton
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, 106A Guyot Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544-2016, USA.,Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Am Obstberg 1, D-78315, Radolfzell, Germany.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado Postal 0843-03092 Panamá, Repɐblica de, Panamá
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Max-Planck-Institut für Ornithologie, Am Obstberg 1, D-78315, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, Universität Konstanz, Postfach M633, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
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170
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Faulks L, Svanbäck R, Eklöv P, Östman Ö. Genetic and morphological divergence along the littoral-pelagic axis in two common and sympatric fishes: perch,Perca fluviatilis(Percidae) and roach,Rutilus rutilus(Cyprinidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Faulks
- Department of Ecology and Genetics - Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D 75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Richard Svanbäck
- Department of Ecology and Genetics - Limnology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D 75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Peter Eklöv
- Department of Ecology and Genetics - Limnology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D 75236 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Örjan Östman
- Department of Ecology and Genetics - Animal Ecology; Evolutionary Biology Centre; Uppsala University; Norbyvägen 18D 75236 Uppsala Sweden
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171
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Moody KN, Hunter SN, Childress MJ, Blob RW, Schoenfuss HL, Blum MJ, Ptacek MB. Local adaptation despite high gene flow in the waterfall-climbing Hawaiian goby,Sicyopterus stimpsoni. Mol Ecol 2015; 24:545-63. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. N. Moody
- Department of Biological Sciences; Clemson University; 132 Long Hall Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - S. N. Hunter
- Department of Biological Sciences; Clemson University; 132 Long Hall Clemson SC 29634 USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; 400 Lindy Boggs New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - M. J. Childress
- Department of Biological Sciences; Clemson University; 132 Long Hall Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - R. W. Blob
- Department of Biological Sciences; Clemson University; 132 Long Hall Clemson SC 29634 USA
| | - H. L. Schoenfuss
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory; St. Cloud State University; 720 Fourth Ave S, WSB-273 St. Cloud MN 56301 USA
| | - M. J. Blum
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; Tulane University; 400 Lindy Boggs New Orleans LA 70118 USA
| | - M. B. Ptacek
- Department of Biological Sciences; Clemson University; 132 Long Hall Clemson SC 29634 USA
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172
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Wellborn GA, Langerhans RB. Ecological opportunity and the adaptive diversification of lineages. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:176-95. [PMID: 25628875 PMCID: PMC4298445 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tenet that ecological opportunity drives adaptive diversification has been central to theories of speciation since Darwin, yet no widely accepted definition or mechanistic framework for the concept currently exists. We propose a definition for ecological opportunity that provides an explicit mechanism for its action. In our formulation, ecological opportunity refers to environmental conditions that both permit the persistence of a lineage within a community, as well as generate divergent natural selection within that lineage. Thus, ecological opportunity arises from two fundamental elements: (1) niche availability, the ability of a population with a phenotype previously absent from a community to persist within that community and (2) niche discordance, the diversifying selection generated by the adaptive mismatch between a population's niche-related traits and the newly encountered ecological conditions. Evolutionary response to ecological opportunity is primarily governed by (1) spatiotemporal structure of ecological opportunity, which influences dynamics of selection and development of reproductive isolation and (2) diversification potential, the biological properties of a lineage that determine its capacity to diversify. Diversification under ecological opportunity proceeds as an increase in niche breadth, development of intraspecific ecotypes, speciation, and additional cycles of diversification that may themselves be triggered by speciation. Extensive ecological opportunity may exist in depauperate communities, but it is unclear whether ecological opportunity abates in species-rich communities. Because ecological opportunity should generally increase during times of rapid and multifarious environmental change, human activities may currently be generating elevated ecological opportunity - but so far little work has directly addressed this topic. Our framework highlights the need for greater synthesis of community ecology and evolutionary biology, unifying the four major components of the concept of ecological opportunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Wellborn
- Department of Biology, University of OklahomaNorman, Oklahoma, 73019
| | - R Brian Langerhans
- Department of Biological Sciences and W.M. Keck Center for Behavioral Biology, North Carolina State UniversityCampus Box 7617, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
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173
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Zhao T, Villéger S, Lek S, Cucherousset J. High intraspecific variability in the functional niche of a predator is associated with ontogenetic shift and individual specialization. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:4649-57. [PMID: 25558359 PMCID: PMC4278817 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations on the functional niche of organisms have primarily focused on differences among species and tended to neglect the potential effects of intraspecific variability despite the fact that its potential ecological and evolutionary importance is now widely recognized. In this study, we measured the distribution of functional traits in an entire population of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to quantify the magnitude of intraspecific variability in functional traits and niche (size, position, and overlap) between age classes. Stable isotope analyses (δ (13)C and δ (15)N) were also used to determine the association between individual trophic ecology and intraspecific functional trait variability. We observed that functional traits were highly variable within the population (mean coefficient variation: 15.62% ± 1.78% SE) and predominantly different between age classes. In addition, functional and trophic niche overlap between age classes was extremely low. Differences in functional niche between age classes were associated with strong changes in trophic niche occurring during ontogeny while, within age classes, differences among individuals were likely driven by trophic specialization. Each age class filled only a small portion of the total functional niche of the population and age classes occupied distinct portions in the functional space, indicating the existence of ontogenetic specialists with different functional roles within the population. The high amplitude of intraspecific variability in functional traits and differences in functional niche position among individuals reported here supports the recent claims for an individual-based approach in functional ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhao
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, ENFA, UMR 5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique)118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, UMR5174 EDBF-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Sébastien Villéger
- Laboratoire Écologie des Systèmes Marins Côtiers UMR 5119 CNRS-UM2-IFREMER-IRD-UM1, Université Montpellier 2CC 093, 34 095, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sovan Lek
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, ENFA, UMR 5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique)118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, UMR5174 EDBF-31062, Toulouse, France
| | - Julien Cucherousset
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, ENFA, UMR 5174 EDB (Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique)118 route de Narbonne, F-31062, Toulouse, France
- Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, CNRS, UMR5174 EDBF-31062, Toulouse, France
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174
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Stringwell R, Lock A, Stutchbury CJ, Baggett E, Taylor J, Gough PJ, Garcia de Leaniz C. Maladaptation and phenotypic mismatch in hatchery-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar released in the wild. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 85:1927-45. [PMID: 25469952 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Changes in body shape, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and crypsis were compared among Atlantic salmon Salmo salar fry kept as controls in captivity and those released and subsequently recaptured in the wild according to a before-after-control-impact (BACI) design. Hatchery fish that survived in the wild became more cryptic and displayed a much lower incidence of fin erosion and of asymmetric individuals than control fish kept in captivity. Significant differences in body shape were also apparent, and survivors had longer heads, thicker caudal peduncles and a more streamlined body shape than hatchery controls as early as 20 days following stocking, most likely as a result of phenotypic plasticity and non-random, selective mortality of maladapted phenotypes. Hatchery-reared fish typically perform poorly in the wild and the results of this study indicate that this may be due to phenotypic mismatch, i.e. because hatcheries generate fish that are phenotypically mismatched to the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stringwell
- Swansea University, Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, Department of BioSciences, Swansea SA2 8PP, U.K
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175
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Chavarie L, Howland K, Harris L, Tonn W. Polymorphism in lake trout in Great Bear Lake: intra-lake morphological diversification at two spatial scales. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise Chavarie
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Kimberly Howland
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; 501 University Crescent Winnipeg MB R3T 2N6 Canada
| | - Les Harris
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada; 501 University Crescent Winnipeg MB R3T 2N6 Canada
| | - William Tonn
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Alberta; Edmonton AB T6G 2E9 Canada
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176
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Lucek K, Lemoine M, Seehausen O. Contemporary ecotypic divergence during a recent range expansion was facilitated by adaptive introgression. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:2233-48. [PMID: 25228272 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although rapid phenotypic evolution during range expansion associated with colonization of contrasting habitats has been documented in several taxa, the evolutionary mechanisms that underlie such phenotypic divergence have less often been investigated. A strong candidate for rapid ecotype formation within an invaded range is the three-spine stickleback in the Lake Geneva region of central Europe. Since its introduction only about 140 years ago, it has undergone a significant expansion of its range and its niche, now forming phenotypically differentiated parapatric ecotypes that occupy either the pelagic zone of the large lake or small inlet streams, respectively. By comparing museum collections from different times with contemporary population samples, we here reconstruct the evolution of parapatric phenotypic divergence through time. Using genetic data from modern samples, we infer the underlying invasion history. We find that parapatric habitat-dependent phenotypic divergence between the lake and stream was already present in the first half of the twentieth century, but the magnitude of differentiation increased through time, particularly in antipredator defence traits. This suggests that divergent selection between the habitats occurred and was stable through much of the time since colonization. Recently, increased phenotypic differentiation in antipredator defence traits likely results from habitat-dependent selection on alleles that arrived through introgression from a distantly related lineage from outside the Lake Geneva region. This illustrates how hybridization can quickly promote phenotypic divergence in a system where adaptation from standing genetic variation was constrained.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lucek
- Institute for Ecology & Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Fish Ecology, EAWAG Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry, Kastanienbaum, Switzerland
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177
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Evolution and origin of sympatric shallow-water morphotypes of Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush, in Canada's Great Bear Lake. Heredity (Edinb) 2014; 114:94-106. [PMID: 25204304 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2014.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Range expansion in north-temperate fishes subsequent to the retreat of the Wisconsinan glaciers has resulted in the rapid colonization of previously unexploited, heterogeneous habitats and, in many situations, secondary contact among conspecific lineages that were once previously isolated. Such ecological opportunity coupled with reduced competition likely promoted morphological and genetic differentiation within and among post-glacial fish populations. Discrete morphological forms existing in sympatry, for example, have now been described in many species, yet few studies have directly assessed the association between morphological and genetic variation. Morphotypes of Lake Trout, Salvelinus namaycush, are found in several large-lake systems including Great Bear Lake (GBL), Northwest Territories, Canada, where several shallow-water forms are known. Here, we assess microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA variation among four morphotypes of Lake Trout from the five distinct arms of GBL, and also from locations outside of this system to evaluate several hypotheses concerning the evolution of morphological variation in this species. Our data indicate that morphotypes of Lake Trout from GBL are genetically differentiated from one another, yet the morphotypes are still genetically more similar to one another compared with populations from outside of this system. Furthermore, our data suggest that Lake Trout colonized GBL following dispersal from a single glacial refugium (the Mississippian) and support an intra-lake model of divergence. Overall, our study provides insights into the origins of morphological and genetic variation in post-glacial populations of fishes and provides benchmarks important for monitoring Lake Trout biodiversity in a region thought to be disproportionately susceptible to impacts from climate change.
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178
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Senay C, Boisclair D, Peres-Neto PR. Habitat-based polymorphism is common in stream fishes. J Anim Ecol 2014; 84:219-27. [PMID: 25041645 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Morphological differences (size and shape) across habitats are common in lake fish where differences relate to two dominant contrasting habitats: the pelagic and littoral habitat. Repeated occurrence of littoral and pelagic morphs across multiple populations of several lake fish species has been considered as important evidence that polymorphism is adaptive in these systems. It has been suggested that these habitat-based polymorphic differences are due to the temporal stability of the differences between littoral and pelagic habitats. Although streams are spatially heterogeneous, they are also more temporally dynamic than lakes and it is still an open question whether streams provide the environmental conditions that promote habitat-based polymorphism. We tested whether fish from riffle, run and pool habitats, respectively, differed consistently in their morphology. Our test compared patterns of morphological variation (size and shape) in 10 fish species from the three stream habitat types in 36 separate streams distributed across three watersheds. For most species, body size and shape (after controlling for body size) differed across riffle, run and pool habitats. Unlike many lake species, the nature of these differences was not consistent across species, possibly because these species use these habitat types in different ways. Our results suggest that habitat-based polymorphism is an important feature also in stream fishes despite the fact that streams are temporally variable in contrast to lake systems. Future research is required to assess whether the patterns of habitat-based polymorphism encountered in streams have a genetic basis or they are simply the result of within generation phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Senay
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada.,Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniel Boisclair
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 6128, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pedro R Peres-Neto
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada.,Canada Research Chair in Spatial Modelling and Biodiversity, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, C. P. 8888, Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal (Québec), H3C 3P8, Canada
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179
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Robertson A, McDonald RA, Delahay RJ, Kelly SD, Bearhop S. Individual foraging specialisation in a social mammal: the European badger (Meles meles). Oecologia 2014; 176:409-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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180
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Lucek K, Sivasundar A, Kristjánsson BK, Skúlason S, Seehausen O. Quick divergence but slow convergence during ecotype formation in lake and stream stickleback pairs of variable age. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1878-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Lucek
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology & Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - A. Sivasundar
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology & Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
| | - B. K. Kristjánsson
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology; Hólar University College; Sauðárkrókur Iceland
| | - S. Skúlason
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology; Hólar University College; Sauðárkrókur Iceland
| | - O. Seehausen
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution; Institute of Ecology & Evolution; University of Bern; Bern Switzerland
- Department of Fish Ecology and Evolution; EAWAG Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology; Center for Ecology, Evolution and Biogeochemistry; Kastanienbaum Switzerland
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181
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Lancaster LT, McAdam AG, Hipsley CA, Sinervo BR. Frequency-dependent and correlational selection pressures have conflicting consequences for assortative mating in a color-polymorphic lizard, Uta stansburiana. Am Nat 2014; 184:188-97. [PMID: 25058279 DOI: 10.1086/676645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Genetically determined polymorphisms incorporating multiple traits can persist in nature under chronic, fluctuating, and sometimes conflicting selection pressures. Balancing selection among morphs preserves equilibrium frequencies, while correlational selection maintains favorable trait combinations within each morph. Under negative frequency-dependent selection, females should mate (often disassortatively) with rare male morphotypes to produce conditionally fit offspring. Conversely, under correlational selection, females should mate assortatively to preserve coadapted gene complexes and avoid ontogenetic conflict. Using controlled breeding designs, we evaluated consequences of assortative mating patterns in color-polymorphic side-blotched lizards (Uta stansburiana), to identify conflict between these sources of selection. Females who mated disassortatively, and to conditionally high-quality males in the context of frequency-dependent selection, experienced highest fertility rates. In contrast, assortatively mated females experienced higher fetal viability rates. The trade-off between fertility and egg viability resulted in no overall fitness benefit to either assortative or disassortative mating patterns. These results suggest that ongoing conflict between correlational and frequency dependent selection in polymorphic populations may generate a trade-off between rare-morph advantage and phenotypic integration and between assortative and disassortative mating decisions. More generally, interactions among multiple sources of diversity-promoting selection can alter adaptations and dynamics predicted to arise under any of these regimes alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley T Lancaster
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
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182
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Ebert TA, Hernández JC, Clemente S. Annual reversible plasticity of feeding structures: cyclical changes of jaw allometry in a sea urchin. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132284. [PMID: 24500161 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide variety of organisms show morphologically plastic responses to environmental stressors but in general these changes are not reversible. Though less common, reversible morphological structures are shown by a range of species in response to changes in predators, competitors or food. Theoretical analysis indicates that reversible plasticity increases fitness if organisms are long-lived relative to the frequency of changes in the stressor and morphological changes are rapid. Many sea urchin species show differences in the sizes of jaws (demi-pyramids) of the feeding apparatus, Aristotle's lantern, relative to overall body size, and these differences have been correlated with available food. The question addressed here is whether reversible changes of relative jaw size occur in the field as available food changes with season. Monthly samples of the North American Pacific coast sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus were collected from Gregory Point on the Oregon (USA) coast and showed an annual cycle of relative jaw size together with a linear trend from 2007 to 2009. Strongylocentrotus purpuratus is a long-lived species and under field conditions individuals experience multiple episodes of changes in food resources both seasonally and from year to year. Their rapid and reversible jaw plasticity fits well with theoretical expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Ebert
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, , Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, Department of Biology, Villanova University, , Villanova, PA 19085, USA
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183
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Ennen JR, Kalis ME, Patterson AL, Kreiser BR, Lovich JE, Godwin J, Qualls CP. Clinal variation or validation of a subspecies? A case study of theGraptemys nigrinodacomplex (Testudines: Emydidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R. Ennen
- Tennessee Aquarium Conservation Institute; 201 Chestnut St. Chattanooga TN 37402 USA
| | - Marley E. Kalis
- Department of Biology; Maryville College; 502 E. Lamar Alexander Parkway Maryville TN 37804 USA
| | - Adam L. Patterson
- Department of Biology; Maryville College; 502 E. Lamar Alexander Parkway Maryville TN 37804 USA
| | - Brian R. Kreiser
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern Mississippi; 118 College Dr. #5018 Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
| | - Jeffrey E. Lovich
- U.S. Geological Survey; Southwest Biological Science Center; Flagstaff AZ 86001 USA
| | - James Godwin
- Alabama Natural Heritage Program; Environmental Institute; Auburn University; Auburn AL 36849 USA
| | - Carl P. Qualls
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Southern Mississippi; 118 College Dr. #5018 Hattiesburg MS 39406 USA
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184
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Kusche H, Recknagel H, Elmer KR, Meyer A. Crater lake cichlids individually specialize along the benthic-limnetic axis. Ecol Evol 2014; 4:1127-39. [PMID: 24772288 PMCID: PMC3997327 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A common pattern of adaptive diversification in freshwater fishes is the repeated evolution of elongated open water (limnetic) species and high-bodied shore (benthic) species from generalist ancestors. Studies on phenotype-diet correlations have suggested that population-wide individual specialization occurs at an early evolutionary and ecological stage of divergence and niche partitioning. This variable restricted niche use across individuals can provide the raw material for earliest stages of sympatric divergence. We investigated variation in morphology and diet as well as their correlations along the benthic-limnetic axis in an extremely young Midas cichlid species, Amphilophus tolteca, endemic to the Nicaraguan crater lake Asososca Managua. We found that A. tolteca varied continuously in ecologically relevant traits such as body shape and lower pharyngeal jaw morphology. The correlation of these phenotypes with niche suggested that individuals are specialized along the benthic-limnetic axis. No genetic differentiation within the crater lake was detected based on genotypes from 13 microsatellite loci. Overall, we found that individual specialization in this young crater lake species encompasses the limnetic-as well as the benthic macro-habitat. Yet there is no evidence for any diversification within the species, making this a candidate system for studying what might be the early stages preceding sympatric divergence. A common pattern of adaptive diversification in freshwater fishes is the repeated evolution of open water (limnetic) species and of shore (benthic) species. Individual specialization can reflect earliest stages of evolutionary and ecological divergence. We here demonstrate individual specialization along the benthic–limnetic axis in a young adaptive radiation of crater lake cichlid fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Kusche
- Department of Biology, Chair of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, 78457, Germany ; International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, 78457, Germany
| | - Hans Recknagel
- Department of Biology, Chair of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, 78457, Germany
| | - Kathryn Rebecca Elmer
- Department of Biology, Chair of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, 78457, Germany
| | - Axel Meyer
- Department of Biology, Chair of Zoology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, 78457, Germany ; International Max Planck Research School for Organismal Biology, University of Konstanz Konstanz, 78457, Germany
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185
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Gorman KB, Williams TD, Fraser WR. Ecological sexual dimorphism and environmental variability within a community of antarctic penguins (Genus Pygoscelis). PLoS One 2014; 9:e90081. [PMID: 24599330 PMCID: PMC3943793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual segregation in vertebrate foraging niche is often associated with sexual size dimorphism (SSD), i.e., ecological sexual dimorphism. Although foraging behavior of male and female seabirds can vary markedly, differences in isotopic (carbon, δ13C and nitrogen, δ15N) foraging niche are generally more pronounced within sexually dimorphic species and during phases when competition for food is greater. We examined ecological sexual dimorphism among sympatric nesting Pygoscelis penguins asking whether environmental variability is associated with differences in male and female pre-breeding foraging niche. We predicted that all Pygoscelis species would forage sex-specifically, and that higher quality winter habitat, i.e., higher or lower sea ice coverage for a given species, would be associated with a more similar foraging niche among the sexes. Results P2/P8 primers reliably amplified DNA of all species. On average, male Pygoscelis penguins are structurally larger than female conspecifics. However, chinstrap penguins were more sexually dimorphic in culmen and flipper features than Adélie and gentoo penguins. Adélies and gentoos were more sexually dimorphic in body mass than chinstraps. Only male and female chinstraps and gentoos occupied separate δ15N foraging niches. Strong year effects in δ15N signatures were documented for all three species, however, only for Adélies, did yearly variation in δ15N signatures tightly correlate with winter sea ice conditions. There was no evidence that variation in sex-specific foraging niche interacted with yearly winter habitat quality. Conclusion Chinstraps were most sexually size dimorphic followed by gentoos and Adélies. Pre-breeding sex-specific foraging niche was associated with overall SSD indices across species; male chinstrap and gentoo penguins were enriched in δ15N relative to females. Our results highlight previously unknown trophic pathways that link Pygoscelis penguins with variation in Southern Ocean sea ice suggesting that each sex within a species should respond similarly in pre-breeding trophic foraging to changes in future winter habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen B Gorman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada; Polar Oceans Research Group, Sheridan, Montana, United States of America
| | - Tony D Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William R Fraser
- Polar Oceans Research Group, Sheridan, Montana, United States of America
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186
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Van Buskirk J. Incipient habitat race formation in an amphibian. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:585-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Van Buskirk
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
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187
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Ribeiro FF, Qin JG. Modelling size-dependent cannibalism in barramundi Lates calcarifer: cannibalistic polyphenism and its implication to aquaculture. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82488. [PMID: 24349295 PMCID: PMC3861439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study quantified size-dependent cannibalism in barramundi Lates calcarifer through coupling a range of prey-predator pairs in a different range of fish sizes. Predictive models were developed using morphological traits with the alterative assumption of cannibalistic polyphenism. Predictive models were validated with the data from trials where cannibals were challenged with progressing increments of prey sizes. The experimental observations showed that cannibals of 25–131 mm total length could ingest the conspecific prey of 78–72% cannibal length. In the validation test, all predictive models underestimate the maximum ingestible prey size for cannibals of a similar size range. However, the model based on the maximal mouth width at opening closely matched the empirical observations, suggesting a certain degree of phenotypic plasticity of mouth size among cannibalistic individuals. Mouth size showed allometric growth comparing with body depth, resulting in a decreasing trend on the maximum size of ingestible prey as cannibals grow larger, which in parts explains why cannibalism in barramundi is frequently observed in the early developmental stage. Any barramundi has the potential to become a cannibal when the initial prey size was <50% of the cannibal body length, but fish could never become a cannibal when prey were >58% of their size, suggesting that 50% of size difference can be the threshold to initiate intracohort cannibalism in a barramundi population. Cannibalistic polyphenism was likely to occur in barramundi that had a cannibalistic history. An experienced cannibal would have a greater ability to stretch its mouth size to capture a much larger prey than the models predict. The awareness of cannibalistic polyphenism has important application in fish farming management to reduce cannibalism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavio F. Ribeiro
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jian G. Qin
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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188
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Kishida O, Costa Z, Tezuka A, Michimae H. Inducible offences affect predator-prey interactions and life-history plasticity in both predators and prey. J Anim Ecol 2013; 83:899-906. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Kishida
- Teshio Experimental Forest; Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere; Hokkaido University; Toikanbetsu, Horonobe Hokkaido 098-2943 Japan
| | - Zacharia Costa
- Department of Biology; Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond VA USA
| | - Ayumi Tezuka
- Teshio Experimental Forest; Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere; Hokkaido University; Toikanbetsu, Horonobe Hokkaido 098-2943 Japan
| | - Hirofumi Michimae
- Department of Clinical Medicine (Biostatistics); School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kitasato University; Tokyo Japan
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189
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Hulsey CD, García-de-León FJ. Introgressive hybridization in a trophically polymorphic cichlid. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:4536-47. [PMID: 24340193 PMCID: PMC3856752 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophically polymorphic species could represent lineages that are rapidly diverging along an ecological axis or could phenotypically mark the collapse of species through introgressive hybridization. We investigated patterns of introgression between the trophically polymorphic cichlid fish Herichthys minckleyi and its relative H. cyanoguttatus using a combination of population genetics and species tree analyses. We first examined the distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes within the alternative H. minckleyi pharyngeal jaw morphotypes that are endemic to the small desert valley of Cuatro Ciénegas. We recovered two clusters of mitochondrial haplotypes. The first contained a number of slightly differentiated cytochrome b (cytb) haplotypes that showed some phylogeographic signal and were present in both jaw morphotypes. The other haplotype was monomorphic, highly differentiated from the other cluster, present in equal frequencies in the morphotypes, and identical to H. cyanoguttatus haplotypes found outside Cuatro Ciénegas. Then, we investigated whether H. minckleyi individuals with the H. cyanoguttatus cytb were more evolutionarily similar to H. cyanoguttatus or other H. minckleyi using a species tree analysis of 84 nuclear loci. Both H. minckleyi pharyngeal morphotypes, regardless of their cytb haplotype, were quite distinct from H. cyanoguttatus. However, hybridization could be blurring subdivision within H. minckleyi as the alternative jaw morphotypes were not genetically distinct from one another. Accounting for introgression from H. cyanoguttatus will be essential to understand the evolution of the trophically polymorphic cichlid H. minckleyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Darrin Hulsey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee 569 Dabney Hall, Knoxville, Tennessee, 37996
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190
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Borcherding J, Hertel A, Breiden S. Activity and competitive behaviour of invasiveNeogobius melanostomusandPonticola kessleri(Gobiidae) from the River Rhine, Germany. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2013.806361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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191
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Hirsch PE, Eckmann R, Oppelt C, Behrmann-Godel J. Phenotypic and genetic divergence within a single whitefish form - detecting the potential for future divergence. Evol Appl 2013; 6:1119-32. [PMID: 24478795 PMCID: PMC3901543 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human-induced nutrient input can change the selection regime and lead to the loss of biodiversity. For example, eutrophication caused speciation reversal in polymorphic whitefish populations through a flattening of littoral–pelagic selection gradients. We investigated the current state of phenotypic and genetic diversity in whitefish (Coregonus macrophthalmus) in a newly restored lake whose nutrient load has returned to pre-eutrophication levels and found that whitefish spawning at different depths varied phenotypically and genetically: individuals spawning at shallower depth had fewer gill rakers, faster growth, and a morphology adapted to benthic feeding, and they showed higher degrees of diet specialization than deeper spawning individuals. Microsatellite analyses complemented the phenotype analyses by demonstrating reproductive isolation along different spawning depths. Our results indicate that whitefish still retain or currently regain phenotypic and genetic diversity, which was lost during eutrophication. Hence, the population documented here has a potential for future divergence because natural selection can target phenotypes specialized along re-established littoral–pelagic selection gradients. The biodiversity, however, will have better chances to return if managers acknowledge the evolutionary potential within the local whitefish and adapt fishing and stocking measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reiner Eckmann
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
| | - Claus Oppelt
- Limnological Institute, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
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192
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Leal CG, Junqueira NT, Santos HDAE, Pompeu PS. Variações ecomorfológicas e de uso de habitat em Piabina argentea (Characiformes, Characidae) da bacia do Rio das Velhas, Minas Gerais, Brasil. IHERINGIA. SERIE ZOOLOGIA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0073-47212013000300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar os padrões local e regional de uso de habitat de Piabina argentea Reinhardt, 1867 em quatro diferentes rios da bacia do rio das Velhas. Os habitat amostrados foram caracterizados quanto à velocidade da água, profundidade e tipo de substrato. Para a análise ecomorfológica, foram calculados 17 atributos ecomorfológicos de 40 exemplares de cada rio. Embora estas populações tenham se sobreposto no espaço ecomorfológico, a Análise Discriminante Canônica mostrou haver diferença significativa entre elas, principalmente da população do rio das Velhas em relação às demais. A separação se deu em termos do índice de compressão, altura relativa do corpo e índice de achatamento ventral. Os padrões locais de seleção de habitat não foram congruentes em todos os rios, mas em geral, houve predomínio do padrão regional: habitat lênticos, profundidade entre 20 e 40 cm e 60 e 80 cm e substrato areia, silte+argila e banco de folhas. Considerando as características físicas de cada rio e o padrão regional da espécie, a maior parte dos seus requerimentos de habitat é contemplada nos quatro rios. Entretanto, um corpo d'água assoreado como o trecho do rio das Velhas, tende a ter maiores velocidades da água, menores profundidades e substrato finos, o que atende em parte à seleção de habitat da espécie estudada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecília G. Leal
- Universidade Federal de Lavras; Universidade Federal de Lavras, Brasil
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193
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Millet A, Kristjánsson BK, Einarsson A, Räsänen K. Spatial phenotypic and genetic structure of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) in a heterogeneous natural system, Lake Mývatn, Iceland. Ecol Evol 2013; 3:3219-32. [PMID: 24223263 PMCID: PMC3797472 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Eco-evolutionary responses of natural populations to spatial environmental variation strongly depend on the relative strength of environmental differences/natural selection and dispersal/gene flow. In absence of geographic barriers, as often is the case in lake ecosystems, gene flow is expected to constrain adaptive divergence between environments – favoring phenotypic plasticity or high trait variability. However, if divergent natural selection is sufficiently strong, adaptive divergence can occur in face of gene flow. The extent of divergence is most often studied between two contrasting environments, whereas potential for multimodal divergence is little explored. We investigated phenotypic (body size, defensive structures, and feeding morphology) and genetic (microsatellites) structure in threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) across five habitat types and two basins (North and South) within the geologically young and highly heterogeneous Lake Mývatn, North East Iceland. We found that (1) North basin stickleback were, on average, larger and had relatively longer spines than South basin stickleback, whereas (2) feeding morphology (gill raker number and gill raker gap width) differed among three of five habitat types, and (3) there was only subtle genetic differentiation across the lake. Overall, our results indicate predator and prey mediated phenotypic divergence across multiple habitats in the lake, in face of gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Millet
- Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology, Hólar University College IS-551, Sauðárkrókur, Iceland
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194
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Ariyomo TO, Watt PJ. Disassortative mating for boldness decreases reproductive success in the guppy. Behav Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/art070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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195
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Ragsdale EJ, Kanzaki N, Röseler W, Herrmann M, Sommer RJ. Three new species ofPristionchus(Nematoda: Diplogastridae) show morphological divergence through evolutionary intermediates of a novel feeding-structure polymorphism. Zool J Linn Soc 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Ragsdale
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Spemannstraße 37; Tübingen; Germany
| | - Natsumi Kanzaki
- Forest Pathology Laboratory; Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute; 1 Matsunosato; Tsukuba; Ibaraki; 305-8687; Japan
| | - Waltraud Röseler
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Spemannstraße 37; Tübingen; Germany
| | - Matthias Herrmann
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Spemannstraße 37; Tübingen; Germany
| | - Ralf J. Sommer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology; Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology; Spemannstraße 37; Tübingen; Germany
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196
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Yan GJ, He XK, Cao ZD, Fu SJ. An interspecific comparison between morphology and swimming performance in cyprinids. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1802-15. [PMID: 23869541 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Flow regimes are believed to be of major evolutionary significance in fish. The flow regimes inhabited by cyprinids vary extensively from still flow regimes to riptide flow regimes. To test (i) whether flow-driven swimming performance and relevant morphological differentiation are present among fish species and (ii) whether evolutionary shifts between high-flow and low-flow habitats in cyprinids are associated with evolutionary trade-offs in locomotor performance, we obtained data on both steady and unsteady swimming performance and external body shape for 19 species of cyprinids that typically occur in different flow regimes (still, intermediate and riptide). We also measured the routine energy expenditure (RMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and calculated the optimal swimming speed. Our results showed that fish species from riptide groups tend to have a higher critical swimming speed (Ucrit ), maximum linear velocity (Vmax ) and fineness ratio (FR) than fish from the other two groups. However, there was no correlation between the reconstructed changes in the steady and unsteady swimming performance of the 19 species. According to the phylogenetically independent contrast (PIC) method, the Ucrit was actively correlated with the MMR. These results indicated that selection will favour both higher steady and unsteady swimming performance and a more streamlined body shape in environments with high water velocities. The results suggested that steady swimming performance was more sensitive to the flow regime and that for this reason, changes in body shape resulted more from selective pressure on steady swimming performance than on unsteady swimming performance. No evolutionary trade-off was observed between steady and unsteady swimming performance, although Ucrit and MMR were found to have coevolved. However, a further analysis within each typically occurring habitat group suggested that the trade-off that may exist between steady and unsteady swimming performance may be concealed by the effect of habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- G-J Yan
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Animal Biology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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197
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Martin RA, Garnett SC. Relatedness and resource diversity interact to influence the intensity of competition. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Martin
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill; NC ; 27599; USA
| | - Sara C. Garnett
- Department of Biology; University of North Carolina; Chapel Hill; NC ; 27599; USA
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198
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Roy D, Seehausen O, Nosil P. Sexual dimorphism dominates divergent host plant use in stick insect trophic morphology. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:135. [PMID: 23819550 PMCID: PMC3707739 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear examples of ecological speciation exist, often involving divergence in trophic morphology. However, substantial variation also exists in how far the ecological speciation process proceeds, potentially linked to the number of ecological axes, traits, or genes subject to divergent selection. In addition, recent studies highlight how differentiation might occur between the sexes, rather than between populations. We examine variation in trophic morphology in two host-plant ecotypes of walking-stick insects (Timema cristinae), known to have diverged in morphological traits related to crypsis and predator avoidance, and to have reached an intermediate point in the ecological speciation process. Here we test how host plant use, sex, and rearing environment affect variation in trophic morphology in this species using traditional multivariate, novel kernel density based and Bayesian morphometric analyses. RESULTS Contrary to expectations, we find limited host-associated divergence in mandible shape. Instead, the main predictor of shape variation is sex, with secondary roles of population of origin and rearing environment. CONCLUSION Our results show that trophic morphology does not strongly contribute to host-adapted ecotype divergence in T. cristinae and that traits can respond to complex selection regimes by diverging along different intraspecific lines, thereby impeding progress toward speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Roy
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON N9B 3P4, Canada.
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199
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Scharnweber K, Watanabe K, Syväranta J, Wanke T, Monaghan MT, Mehner T. Effects of predation pressure and resource use on morphological divergence in omnivorous prey fish. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:132. [PMID: 23802571 PMCID: PMC3702407 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Body shape is one of the most variable traits of organisms and responds to a broad array of local selective forces. In freshwater fish, divergent body shapes within single species have been repeatedly observed along the littoral-pelagic axes of lakes, where the structural complexity of near shore habitats provides a more diverse set of resources compared to the open-water zones. It remains poorly understood whether similar resource-driven polymorphism occurs among lakes that vary in structural complexity and predation pressure, and whether this variation is heritable. Here, we analyzed body shape in four populations of omnivorous roach (Rutilus rutilus) inhabiting shallow lakes. We tested the relationship between body shape, gradients of resources, predation pressure, and, in a subset of two lakes, diet composition. We used genome scans of 331 polymorphic AFLP markers to test whether there was a heritable component to the observed morphological diversification. Results Body shape differed among lakes and was significantly correlated to differences in predation pressure. Roach from the lake with highest predation pressure were most divergent from the average body shape of all populations, characterized by a more streamlined body and caudally inserted dorsal fins; features that facilitate predator escape. Surprisingly, diet composition was not associated with morphology. AFLP analysis revealed weak genetic differentiation among lakes and no isolation by distance (IBD). Outlier analysis detected three loci under positive selection with differing frequencies in the four populations. General linear models did not support an association of lake-specific genotypes with morphological variation. Conclusion Body shape was divergent among lakes, suggesting that processes previously reported from within single lakes may also be operating at the scale of whole lakes. We found no evidence for body shape being heritable, although sample size was small in these natural populations. Rather than habitat structure and diet, we conclude that predation had a stronger effect on the prevalence of local morphotypes. A variable morphotype facilitating the efficient uptake of a variety of spatially and temporarily scattered resources seems to be favored in these small aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Scharnweber
- Department of Biology and Ecology of Fishes, Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.
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200
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