151
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Ikemoto S, Yang C, Tan A. Basal ganglia circuit loops, dopamine and motivation: A review and enquiry. Behav Brain Res 2015; 290:17-31. [PMID: 25907747 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine neurons located in the midbrain play a role in motivation that regulates approach behavior (approach motivation). In addition, activation and inactivation of dopamine neurons regulate mood and induce reward and aversion, respectively. Accumulating evidence suggests that such motivational role of dopamine neurons is not limited to those located in the ventral tegmental area, but also in the substantia nigra. The present paper reviews previous rodent work concerning dopamine's role in approach motivation and the connectivity of dopamine neurons, and proposes two working models: One concerns the relationship between extracellular dopamine concentration and approach motivation. High, moderate and low concentrations of extracellular dopamine induce euphoric, seeking and aversive states, respectively. The other concerns circuit loops involving the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, epithalamus, and midbrain through which dopaminergic activity alters approach motivation. These models should help to generate hypothesis-driven research and provide insights for understanding altered states associated with drugs of abuse and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ikemoto
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Chen Yang
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Aaron Tan
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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152
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Gonzales KK, Smith Y. Cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal and ventral striatum: anatomical and functional considerations in normal and diseased conditions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1349:1-45. [PMID: 25876458 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are central for the processing and reinforcement of reward-related behaviors that are negatively affected in states of altered dopamine transmission, such as in Parkinson's disease or drug addiction. Nevertheless, the development of therapeutic interventions directed at ChIs has been hampered by our limited knowledge of the diverse anatomical and functional characteristics of these neurons in the dorsal and ventral striatum, combined with the lack of pharmacological tools to modulate specific cholinergic receptor subtypes. This review highlights some of the key morphological, synaptic, and functional differences between ChIs of different striatal regions and across species. It also provides an overview of our current knowledge of the cellular localization and function of cholinergic receptor subtypes. The future use of high-resolution anatomical and functional tools to study the synaptic microcircuitry of brain networks, along with the development of specific cholinergic receptor drugs, should help further elucidate the role of striatal ChIs and permit efficient targeting of cholinergic systems in various brain disorders, including Parkinson's disease and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalynda K Gonzales
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Neurology and Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Neurology and Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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153
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Desynchronization of fast-spiking interneurons reduces β-band oscillations and imbalance in firing in the dopamine-depleted striatum. J Neurosci 2015; 35:1149-59. [PMID: 25609629 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3490-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Oscillations in the β-band (8-30 Hz) that emerge in the output nuclei of the basal ganglia during Parkinson's disease, along with an imbalanced activation of the direct and indirect pathways, have been linked to the hypokinetic motor output associated with the disease. Although dopamine depletion causes a change in cellular and network properties in the striatum, it is unclear whether abnormal activity measured in the globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata is caused by abnormal striatal activity. Here we use a computational network model of medium spiny neurons (MSNs)-fast-spiking interneurons (FSIs), based on data from several mammalian species, and find that robust β-band oscillations and imbalanced firing emerge from implementation of changes to cellular and circuit properties caused by dopamine depletion. These changes include a reduction in connections between MSNs, a doubling of FSI inhibition to D2 MSNs, an increase in D2 MSN dendritic excitability, and a reduction in D2 MSN somatic excitability. The model reveals that the reduced decorrelation between MSNs attributable to weakened lateral inhibition enables the strong influence of synchronous FSIs on MSN firing and oscillations. Weakened lateral inhibition also produces an increased sensitivity of MSN output to cortical correlation, a condition relevant to the parkinsonian striatum. The oscillations of FSIs, in turn, are strongly modulated by fast electrical transmission between FSIs through gap junctions. These results suggest that pharmaceuticals that desynchronize FSI activity may provide a novel treatment for the enhanced β-band oscillations, imbalanced firing, and motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease.
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154
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Fieblinger T, Cenci MA. Zooming in on the small: the plasticity of striatal dendritic spines in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Mov Disord 2015; 30:484-93. [PMID: 25759263 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The spiny dendrites of striatal projection neurons integrate synaptic inputs of different origins to regulate movement. It has long been known that these dendrites lose spines and display atrophic features in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the significance of these morphological changes has remained unknown. Some recent studies reveal a remarkable structural plasticity of striatal spines in parkinsonian rodents treated with L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), and they demonstrate an association between this plasticity and the development of dyskinesia. These studies used different approaches and animal models, which possibly explains why they emphasize different plastic changes as being most closely linked to dyskinesia (such as a growth of new spines in neurons of the indirect pathway, or a loss of spines in neurons of the direct pathway, or the appearance of spines with aberrant synaptic features). Clearly, further investigations are required to reconcile these intriguing findings and integrate them in a coherent pathophysiological model. Nevertheless, these studies may mark the beginning of a new era for dyskinesia research. In addition to addressing neurochemical and molecular events that trigger involuntary movements, there is a need to better understand the long-lasting structural reorganization of cells and circuits that maintain the brain in a "dyskinesia-prone" state. This may lead to the identification of new efficacious approaches to prevent the complications of dopaminergic therapies in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Fieblinger
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Dept. Exp. Medical Science, Lund University, BMC F11, 221 84 Lund, Sweden
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155
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Mechanisms of motivation-cognition interaction: challenges and opportunities. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 14:443-72. [PMID: 24920442 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-014-0300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have seen a rejuvenation of interest in studies of motivation-cognition interactions arising from many different areas of psychology and neuroscience. The present issue of Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience provides a sampling of some of the latest research from a number of these different areas. In this introductory article, we provide an overview of the current state of the field, in terms of key research developments and candidate neural mechanisms receiving focused investigation as potential sources of motivation-cognition interaction. However, our primary goal is conceptual: to highlight the distinct perspectives taken by different research areas, in terms of how motivation is defined, the relevant dimensions and dissociations that are emphasized, and the theoretical questions being targeted. Together, these distinctions present both challenges and opportunities for efforts aiming toward a more unified and cross-disciplinary approach. We identify a set of pressing research questions calling for this sort of cross-disciplinary approach, with the explicit goal of encouraging integrative and collaborative investigations directed toward them.
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156
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Karimi M, Perlmutter JS. The role of dopamine and dopaminergic pathways in dystonia: insights from neuroimaging. TREMOR AND OTHER HYPERKINETIC MOVEMENTS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 5:280. [PMID: 25713747 PMCID: PMC4314610 DOI: 10.7916/d8j101xv] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Dystonia constitutes a heterogeneous group of movement abnormalities, characterized by sustained or intermittent muscle contractions causing abnormal postures. Overwhelming data suggest involvement of basal ganglia and dopaminergic pathways in dystonia. In this review, we critically evaluate recent neuroimaging studies that investigate dopamine receptors, endogenous dopamine release, morphology of striatum, and structural or functional connectivity in cortico-basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical and related cerebellar circuits in dystonia. Method A PubMed search was conducted in August 2014. Results Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging offers strong evidence for altered D2/D3 receptor binding and dopaminergic release in many forms of idiopathic dystonia. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data reveal likely involvement of related cerebello-thalamo-cortical and sensory-motor networks in addition to basal ganglia. Discussion PET imaging of dopamine receptors or transmitter release remains an effective means to investigate dopaminergic pathways, yet may miss factors affecting dopamine homeostasis and related subcellular signaling cascades that could alter the function of these pathways. fMRI and DTI methods may reveal functional or anatomical changes associated with dysfunction of dopamine-mediated pathways. Each of these methods can be used to monitor target engagement for potential new treatments. PET imaging of striatal phosphodiesterase and development of new selective PET radiotracers for dopamine D3-specific receptors and Mechanistic target of rampamycin (mTOR) are crucial to further investigate dopaminergic pathways. A multimodal approach may have the greatest potential, using PET to identify the sites of molecular pathology and magnetic resonance methods to determine their downstream effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morvarid Karimi
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA ; Department of Radiology, Neurobiology, Physical Therapy and Occupational Therapy, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
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157
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Alam M, Angelov S, Stemmler M, von Wrangel C, Krauss JK, Schwabe K. Neuronal activity of the prefrontal cortex is reduced in rats selectively bred for deficient sensorimotor gating. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2015; 56:174-84. [PMID: 25220677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rats selectively bred for deficient prepulse inhibition (PPI), an operant measure of sensorimotor gating in which a weak prepulse stimulus attenuates the response to a subsequent startling stimulus, may be used to study certain pathophysiological mechanisms and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders with abnormalities in information processing, such as schizophrenia and Tourette's syndrome (TS). Little is known about neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and the nucleus accumbens (NAC), which are involved in the modulation of PPI. Here, we examined neuronal activity in these structures, and also in the entopeduncular nucleus (EPN), since lesions of this region alleviate the PPI deficit. Male rats with breeding-induced high and low expression of PPI (n=7, each) were anesthetized with urethane (1.4 mg/kg). Single-unit activity and local field potentials were recorded in the mPFC, the NAC and in the EPN. In the mPFC discharge rate, measures of irregularity and burst activity were significantly reduced in PPI low compared to PPI high rats (P<0.05), while analysis in the NAC showed approximately inverse behavior. In the EPN no difference between groups was found. Additionally, the oscillatory theta band activity (4-8 Hz) was enhanced and the beta band (13-30 Hz) and gamma band (30-100 Hz) activity was reduced in the NAC in PPI low rats. Reduced neuronal activity in the mPFC and enhanced activity in the NAC of PPI low rats, together with altered oscillatory behavior are clearly associated with reduced PPI. PPI low rats may thus be used to study the pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies for neuropsychiatric disorders accompanied by deficient sensorimotor gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesbah Alam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Svilen Angelov
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Meike Stemmler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Christof von Wrangel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Joachim K Krauss
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Schwabe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, D- 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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158
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Pascoli V, Cahill E, Bellivier F, Caboche J, Vanhoutte P. Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 activation by addictive drugs: a signal toward pathological adaptation. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:917-26. [PMID: 24844603 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic and relapsing psychiatric disorder that is thought to occur in vulnerable individuals. Synaptic plasticity evoked by drugs of abuse in the so-called neuronal circuits of reward has been proposed to underlie behavioral adaptations that characterize addiction. By increasing dopamine in the striatum, addictive drugs alter the balance of dopamine and glutamate signals converging onto striatal medium-sized spiny neurons (MSNs) and activate intracellular events involved in long-term behavioral alterations. Our laboratory contributed to the identification of salient molecular changes induced by administration of addictive drugs to rodents. We pioneered the observation that a common feature of addictive drugs is to activate, by a double tyrosine/threonine phosphorylation, the extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) in the striatum, which control a plethora of substrates, some of them being critically involved in cocaine-mediated molecular and behavioral adaptations. Herein, we review how the interplay between dopamine and glutamate signaling controls cocaine-induced ERK1/2 activation in MSNs. We emphasize the key role of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor potentiation by D1 receptor to trigger ERK1/2 activation and its subsequent nuclear translocation where it modulates both epigenetic and genetic processes engaged by cocaine. We discuss how cocaine-induced long-term synaptic and structural plasticity of MSNs, as well as behavioral adaptations, are influenced by ERK1/2-controlled targets. We conclude that a better knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying ERK1/2 activation by drugs of abuse and/or its role in long-term neuronal plasticity in the striatum may provide a new route for therapeutic treatment in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pascoli
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University Medical Center, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Emma Cahill
- Institut de Biologie Paris, Seine, CNRS/UMR8246-INSERM/UMR-S1130, Université Pierre et Marie Curie
| | - Frank Bellivier
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, L׳Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, Fernand-Widal Sites; Unité de Formation et de Recherche de Médecine, Université Denis Diderot; Variability of the Response to Psychotropic Drugs, Institut National de la Santé et de la; Recherche Médicale, Paris; and Fondation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Jocelyne Caboche
- Institut de Biologie Paris, Seine, CNRS/UMR8246-INSERM/UMR-S1130, Université Pierre et Marie Curie
| | - Peter Vanhoutte
- Institut de Biologie Paris, Seine, CNRS/UMR8246-INSERM/UMR-S1130, Université Pierre et Marie Curie.
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159
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D1R/GluN1 complexes in the striatum integrate dopamine and glutamate signalling to control synaptic plasticity and cocaine-induced responses. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:1295-304. [PMID: 25070539 PMCID: PMC4255088 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Convergent dopamine and glutamate signalling onto the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum controls psychostimulant-initiated adaptive processes underlying long-lasting behavioural changes. We hypothesised that the physical proximity of dopamine D1 (D1R) and glutamate NMDA (NMDAR) receptors, achieved through the formation of D1R/NMDAR complexes, may act as a molecular bridge that controls the synergistic action of dopamine and glutamate on striatal plasticity and behavioural responses to drugs of abuse. We found that concomitant stimulation of D1R and NMDAR drove complex formation between endogenous D1R and the GluN1 subunit of NMDAR. Conversely, preventing D1R/GluN1 association with a cell-permeable peptide (TAT-GluN1C1) left individual D1R and NMDAR-dependent signalling intact, but prevented D1R-mediated facilitation of NMDAR-calcium influx and subsequent ERK activation. Electrophysiological recordings in striatal slices from mice revealed that D1R/GluN1 complexes control the D1R-dependent enhancement of NMDAR currents and long-term potentiation in D1R-MSN. Finally, intra-striatal delivery of TAT-GluN1C1 did not affect acute responses to cocaine but reduced behavioural sensitization. Our findings uncover D1R/GluN1 complexes as a major substrate for the dopamine-glutamate interaction in MSN that is usurped by addictive drugs to elicit persistent behavioural alterations. They also identify D1R/GluN1 complexes as molecular targets with a therapeutic potential for the vast spectrum of psychiatric diseases associated with an imbalance between dopamine and glutamate transmission.
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160
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Su P, Li S, Chen S, Lipina TV, Wang M, Lai TKY, Lee FHF, Zhang H, Zhai D, Ferguson SSG, Nobrega JN, Wong AHC, Roder JC, Fletcher PJ, Liu F. A dopamine D2 receptor-DISC1 protein complex may contribute to antipsychotic-like effects. Neuron 2014; 84:1302-16. [PMID: 25433637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current antipsychotic drugs primarily target dopamine D2 receptors (D2Rs), in conjunction with other receptors such as those for serotonin. However, these drugs have serious side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) and diabetes. Identifying a specific D2R signaling pathway that could be targeted for antipsychotic effects, without inducing EPS, would be a significant improvement in the treatment of schizophrenia. We report here that the D2R forms a protein complex with Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) that facilitates D2R-mediated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3 signaling and inhibits agonist-induced D2R internalization. D2R-DISC1 complex levels are increased in conjunction with decreased GSK-3α/β (Ser21/9) phosphorylation in both postmortem brain tissue from schizophrenia patients and in Disc1-L100P mutant mice, an animal model with behavioral abnormalities related to schizophrenia. Administration of an interfering peptide that disrupts the D2R-DISC1 complex successfully reverses behaviors relevant to schizophrenia but does not induce catalepsy, a strong predictor of EPS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Su
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Shupeng Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Tatiana V Lipina
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Terence K Y Lai
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Frankie H F Lee
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Hailong Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Dongxu Zhai
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Stephen S G Ferguson
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5 K8, Canada
| | - José N Nobrega
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Departments of Psychology, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada; Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada
| | - John C Roder
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Departments of Psychology, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada; Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada; Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada.
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161
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Cruz FC, Javier Rubio F, Hope BT. Using c-fos to study neuronal ensembles in corticostriatal circuitry of addiction. Brain Res 2014; 1628:157-73. [PMID: 25446457 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Learned associations between drugs and environment play an important role in addiction and are thought to be encoded within specific patterns of sparsely distributed neurons called neuronal ensembles. This hypothesis is supported by correlational data from in vivo electrophysiology and cellular imaging studies in relapse models in rodents. In particular, cellular imaging with the immediate early gene c-fos and its protein product Fos has been used to identify sparsely distributed neurons that were strongly activated during conditioned drug behaviors such as drug self-administration and context- and cue-induced reinstatement of drug seeking. Here we review how Fos and the c-fos promoter have been employed to demonstrate causal roles for Fos-expressing neuronal ensembles in prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens in conditioned drug behaviors. This work has allowed identification of unique molecular and electrophysiological alterations within Fos-expressing neuronal ensembles that may contribute to the development and expression of learned associations in addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio C Cruz
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - F Javier Rubio
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States
| | - Bruce T Hope
- Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, IRP/NIDA/NIH/DHHS, 251 Bayview Blvd, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21224, United States.
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162
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Cameron CM, Wightman RM, Carelli RM. Dynamics of rapid dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens during goal-directed behaviors for cocaine versus natural rewards. Neuropharmacology 2014; 86:319-28. [PMID: 25174553 PMCID: PMC4188722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrophysiological studies show that distinct subsets of nucleus accumbens (NAc) neurons differentially encode information about goal-directed behaviors for intravenous cocaine versus natural (food/water) rewards. Further, NAc rapid dopamine signaling occurs on a timescale similar to phasic cell firing during cocaine and natural reward-seeking behaviors. However, it is not known whether dopamine signaling is reinforcer specific (i.e., is released during responding for only one type of reinforcer) within discrete NAc locations, similar to neural firing dynamics. Here, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) was used to measure rapid dopamine release during multiple schedules involving sucrose reward and cocaine self-administration (n = 8 rats) and, in a separate group of rats (n = 6), during a sucrose/food multiple schedule. During the sucrose/cocaine multiple schedule, dopamine increased within seconds of operant responding for both reinforcers. Although dopamine release was not reinforcer specific, more subtle differences were observed in peak dopamine concentration [DA] across reinforcer conditions. Specifically, peak [DA] was higher during the first phase of the multiple schedule, regardless of reinforcer type. Further, the time to reach peak [DA] was delayed during cocaine-responding compared to sucrose. During the sucrose/food multiple schedule, increases in dopamine release were also observed relative to operant responding for both natural rewards. However, peak [DA] was higher relative to responding for sucrose than food, regardless of reinforcer order. Overall, the results reveal the dynamics of rapid dopamine signaling in discrete locations in the NAc across reward conditions, and provide novel insight into the functional role of this system in reward-seeking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Cameron
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - R Mark Wightman
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Regina M Carelli
- Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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163
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Baek DJ, Lee CB, Baek SS. Effect of treadmill exercise on social interaction and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2014; 10:252-7. [PMID: 25426460 PMCID: PMC4237838 DOI: 10.12965/jer.140162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves clinically heterogeneous dysfunctions of sustained attention, with behavioral hyper-activity and impulsivity. The exact underlying mechanisms of ADHD are not known, however, impairment of dopaminergic system in the nigrostriatal pathway was suggested as the one of the possible mechanisms of ADHD. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the rate-limiting enzyme that is involved in the synthesis of dopamine. Spontaneous hypertensive rats have been used as the animal model for ADHD. Physical exercise is known to restore the brain functions disrupted by several neurode-generative and psychiatric disorders. In the present study, we investigated whether treadmill exercise exerts therapeutic effect on ADHD. Social interaction test for the evaluation of impulsivity was performed using spontaneous hypertensive rats. TH expressions in the substantia nigra and striatum were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. In the present results, the rats of ADHD model showed hyper-social behaviors. TH expressions in the substantia nigra and striatum were decreased in the rats of ADHD model. Treadmill exercise alleviated hyper-social behaviors in the ADHD rats. TH expressions of ADHD rats were also enhanced by treadmill exercise. Here in this study, we showed that treadmill exercise effectively alleviates the ADHD-induced symptoms through enhancing of TH expression in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Jung Baek
- Department of Sport & Health Science, College of Natural Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chae-Bin Lee
- Department of Sport & Health Science, College of Natural Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung-Soo Baek
- Department of Sport & Health Science, College of Natural Science, Sangmyung University, Seoul, Korea
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164
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Taepavarapruk P, Butts KA, Phillips AG. Dopamine and glutamate interaction mediates reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior by stimulation of the ventral subiculum. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 18:pyu008. [PMID: 25539503 PMCID: PMC4368862 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease characterized by recurrent episodes of relapse to drug-seeking/-taking behaviors. The ventral subiculum, the primary output of the hippocampus, plays a critical role in mediating drug-seeking behavior. METHODS A d-amphetamine intravenous self-administration rat model was employed along with focal electrical stimulation of the ventral subiculum (20 Hz/200 pulses) to examine its role in reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. Dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens was measured by in vivo microdialysis and subsequent HPLC-ED analyses. Pharmacological antagonism of dopamine and ionotropic glutamate receptors locally within the nucleus accumbens was employed to assess the role of glutamate and dopamine in reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior induced by stimulation of the ventral subiculum. RESULTS Here, we demonstrate that reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior following extinction of d-amphetamine self-administration by rats was induced by electrical stimulation in the ventral subiculum but not the cortex. This reinstatement was accompanied by a significant increase in dopamine efflux in the nucleus accumbens and was disrupted by microinfusion of a dopamine D1 or D2 antagonist into the nucleus accumbens. Inhibition of N-methyl-D-aspartate or non- N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors had no effect on the reinstatement induced by ventral subiculum stimulation, whereas co-infusion of D1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists at formerly ineffective doses prevented drug-seeking behavior. CONCLUSIONS These data support the hypothesis that dopamine/glutamate interactions within the ventral striatum related to memory processes are involved in relapse to addictive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornnarin Taepavarapruk
- Department of Physiology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand (Dr Taepavarapruk); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Drs Butts and Phillips)
| | - Kelly A Butts
- Department of Physiology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand (Dr Taepavarapruk); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Drs Butts and Phillips)
| | - Anthony G Phillips
- Department of Physiology, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand (Dr Taepavarapruk); Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (Drs Butts and Phillips).
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165
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Soto FA, Wasserman EA. Mechanisms of object recognition: what we have learned from pigeons. Front Neural Circuits 2014; 8:122. [PMID: 25352784 PMCID: PMC4195317 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2014.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies of object recognition in pigeons have been conducted for 50 years, yielding a large body of data. Recent work has been directed toward synthesizing this evidence and understanding the visual, associative, and cognitive mechanisms that are involved. The outcome is that pigeons are likely to be the non-primate species for which the computational mechanisms of object recognition are best understood. Here, we review this research and suggest that a core set of mechanisms for object recognition might be present in all vertebrates, including pigeons and people, making pigeons an excellent candidate model to study the neural mechanisms of object recognition. Behavioral and computational evidence suggests that error-driven learning participates in object category learning by pigeons and people, and recent neuroscientific research suggests that the basal ganglia, which are homologous in these species, may implement error-driven learning of stimulus-response associations. Furthermore, learning of abstract category representations can be observed in pigeons and other vertebrates. Finally, there is evidence that feedforward visual processing, a central mechanism in models of object recognition in the primate ventral stream, plays a role in object recognition by pigeons. We also highlight differences between pigeons and people in object recognition abilities, and propose candidate adaptive specializations which may explain them, such as holistic face processing and rule-based category learning in primates. From a modern comparative perspective, such specializations are to be expected regardless of the model species under study. The fact that we have a good idea of which aspects of object recognition differ in people and pigeons should be seen as an advantage over other animal models. From this perspective, we suggest that there is much to learn about human object recognition from studying the "simple" brains of pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian A. Soto
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
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166
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Charron G, Doudnikoff E, Canron MH, Li Q, Véga C, Marais S, Baufreton J, Vital A, Oliet SHR, Bezard E. Astrocytosis in parkinsonism: considering tripartite striatal synapses in physiopathology? Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:258. [PMID: 25309435 PMCID: PMC4174038 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The current concept of basal ganglia organization and function in physiological and pathophysiological conditions excludes the most numerous cells in the brain, i.e., the astrocytes, present with a ratio of 10:1 neuron. Their role in neurodegenerative condition such as Parkinson's disease (PD) remains to be elucidated. Before embarking into physiological investigations of the yet-to-be-identified "tripartite" synapses in the basal ganglia in general and the striatum in particular, we therefore characterized anatomically the PD-related modifications in astrocytic morphology, the changes in astrocytic network connections and the consequences on the spatial relationship between astrocytic processes and asymmetric synapses in normal and PD-like conditions in experimental and human PD. Our results unravel a dramatic regulation of striatal astrocytosis supporting the hypothesis of a key role in (dys) regulating corticostriatal transmission. Astrocytes and their various properties might thus represent a therapeutic target in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Charron
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France ; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France
| | - Evelyne Doudnikoff
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France ; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Helene Canron
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France ; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France
| | - Qin Li
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
| | - Céline Véga
- CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France ; UFR Sciences de la Vie, University Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC) Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Marais
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420, Université de Bordeaux Bordeaux, France ; CNRS, Bordeaux Imaging Center, UMS 3420 Bordeaux, France ; INSERM, Bordeaux Imaging Center, US 004 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jérôme Baufreton
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France ; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anne Vital
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France ; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France
| | - Stéphane H R Oliet
- Neurocentre Magendie, U862, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France ; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 Bordeaux, France ; Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
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167
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Ji X, Martin GE. BK channels mediate dopamine inhibition of firing in a subpopulation of core nucleus accumbens medium spiny neurons. Brain Res 2014; 1588:1-16. [PMID: 25219484 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine, a key neurotransmitter mediating the rewarding properties of drugs of abuse, is widely believed to exert some of its effects by modulating neuronal activity of nucleus accumbens (NAcc) medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Although its effects on synaptic transmission have been well documented, its regulation of intrinsic neuronal excitability is less understood. In this study, we examined the cellular mechanisms of acute dopamine effects on core accumbens MSNs evoked firing. We found that 0.5 µM A-77636 and 10 µM quinpirole, dopamine D1 (DR1s) and D2 receptor (D2Rs) agonists, respectively, markedly inhibited MSN evoked action potentials. This effect, observed only in about 25% of all neurons, was associated with spike-timing-dependent (STDP) long-term potentiation (tLTP), but not long-term depression (tLTD). Dopamine inhibits evoked firing by compromising subthreshold depolarization, not by altering action potentials themselves. Recordings in voltage-clamp mode revealed that all MSNs expressed fast (IA), slowly inactivating delayed rectifier (Idr), and large conductance voltage- and calcium-activated potassium (BKs) channels. Although A-77636 and quinpirole enhanced IA, its selective blockade by 0.5 µM phrixotoxin-1 had no effect on evoked firing. In contrast, exposing tissue to low TEA concentrations and to 10 µM paxilline, a selective BK channel blocker, prevented D1R agonist from inhibiting MSN firing. This result indicates that dopamine inhibits MSN firing through BK channels in a subpopulation of core accumbens MSNs exclusively associated with spike-timing-dependent long-term potentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincai Ji
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, The Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA 01604
| | - Gilles E Martin
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, The Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, 303 Belmont Street, Worcester, MA 01604.
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168
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Rossato JI, Köhler CA, Radiske A, Lima RH, Bevilaqua LRM, Cammarota M. State-dependent effect of dopamine D₁/D₅ receptors inactivation on memory destabilization and reconsolidation. Behav Brain Res 2014; 285:194-9. [PMID: 25219363 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Object recognition memories (ORM) can incorporate new information upon reactivation. This update initially involves destabilization of the original memory, which is followed by restabilization of the upgraded engram through a reconsolidation process that requires gene expression and protein synthesis in the hippocampus. We found that when given in dorsal CA1 either immediately after training or 15 min before ORM reactivation in the presence of a novel object, the dopamine D1/D5 receptor antagonist SCH23390 did not affect ORM consolidation, expression or retention but impeded the amnesia caused by the post-retrieval administration of the mRNA synthesis inhibitor α-amanitin or the protein synthesis blocker anisomycin. This anti-amnesic effect was not observed when SCH23390 was given immediately after training and again 15 min before memory reactivation. Our results demonstrate that hippocampal D1/D5 receptors are not needed for formation, retrieval or post-retrieval restabilization of the ORM trace but are essential for its destabilization when reactivation occurs together with the incorporation of new information into the original memory. Importantly, they also suggest that reenactment of the animal's post-learning neurochemical milieu at the moment of memory reactivation can be a boundary condition for reconsolidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine I Rossato
- Memory Research Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Cristiano A Köhler
- Memory Research Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Andressa Radiske
- Memory Research Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Ramón H Lima
- Center for Biosciences - Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Lia R M Bevilaqua
- Memory Research Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil
| | - Martín Cammarota
- Memory Research Laboratory, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, Brazil.
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169
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Abstract
Research on cognitive control and executive function has long recognized the relevance of motivational factors. Recently, however, the topic has come increasingly to center stage, with a surge of new studies examining the interface of motivation and cognitive control. In the present article we survey research situated at this interface, considering work from cognitive and social psychology and behavioral economics, but with a particular focus on neuroscience research. We organize existing findings into three core areas, considering them in the light of currently vying theoretical perspectives. Based on the accumulated evidence, we advocate for a view of control function that treats it as a domain of reward-based decision making. More broadly, we argue that neuroscientific evidence plays a critical role in understanding the mechanisms by which motivation and cognitive control interact. Opportunities for further cross-fertilization between behavioral and neuroscientific research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Botvinick
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540;
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170
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Hampered long-term depression and thin spine loss in the nucleus accumbens of ethanol-dependent rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E3745-54. [PMID: 25122682 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1406768111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism involves long-term cognitive deficits, including memory impairment, resulting in substantial cost to society. Neuronal refinement and stabilization are hypothesized to confer resilience to poor decision making and addictive-like behaviors, such as excessive ethanol drinking and dependence. Accordingly, structural abnormalities are likely to contribute to synaptic dysfunctions that occur from suddenly ceasing the use of alcohol after chronic ingestion. Here we show that ethanol-dependent rats display a loss of dendritic spines in medium spiny neurons of the nucleus accumbens (Nacc) shell, accompanied by a reduction of tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining and postsynaptic density 95-positive elements. Further analysis indicates that "long thin" but not "mushroom" spines are selectively affected. In addition, patch-clamp experiments from Nacc slices reveal that long-term depression (LTD) formation is hampered, with parallel changes in field potential recordings and reductions in NMDA-mediated synaptic currents. These changes are restricted to the withdrawal phase of ethanol dependence, suggesting their relevance in the genesis of signs and/or symptoms affecting ethanol withdrawal and thus the whole addictive cycle. Overall, these results highlight the key role of dynamic alterations in dendritic spines and their presynaptic afferents in the evolution of alcohol dependence. Furthermore, they suggest that the selective loss of long thin spines together with a reduced NMDA receptor function may affect learning. Disruption of this LTD could contribute to the rigid emotional and motivational state observed in alcohol dependence.
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171
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Rajala AZ, Zaitoun I, Henriques JB, Converse AK, Murali D, Epstein ML, Populin LC. Dopamine transporter gene susceptibility to methylation is associated with impulsivity in nonhuman primates. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:2138-46. [PMID: 25122707 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00534.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity, the predisposition to act without regard for negative consequences, is a characteristic of several psychiatric disorders and is thought to result in part from genetic variation in the untranslated region of the dopamine transporter (DAT) gene. As the exact link between genetic mutations and impulsivity has not been established, we used oculomotor behavior to characterize rhesus monkeys as impulsive or calm and genetic/epigenetic analysis and positron emission tomography (PET) to correlate phenotype to DAT genotype, DAT gene methylation, and DAT availability. We found three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3'-UTR of the DAT gene, one of which provided a potential site for methylation in the impulsive group. Bisulfite analysis showed that the DNA of the impulsive but not the calm subjects was methylated at one SNP. Because genetic/epigenetic modifications could lead to differences in protein expression, we measured DAT availability using [(18)F]2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-(2-fluoroethyl)-nortropane ([(18)F]FECNT) PET and found higher DAT availability in the internal globus pallidus, an output nucleus of the basal ganglia, of the impulsive group. Higher DAT availability lowers dopamine levels, potentially altering neuronal circuits involved in the initiation of action, thus contributing to the impulsive phenotype. The association between increased methylation in the DAT gene and greater DAT availability suggests that mutations to the regulatory portion of the DAT gene lead to a susceptibility to epigenetic modification resulting in a discrete behavioral phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Z Rajala
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Ismail Zaitoun
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jeffrey B Henriques
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Dhanabalan Murali
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; and
| | - Miles L Epstein
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Luis C Populin
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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172
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Zhang L, Liu L, Thompson R, Chan C. CREB modulates calcium signaling in cAMP-induced bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Cell Calcium 2014; 56:257-68. [PMID: 25154887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling has a versatile role in many important cellular functions. Despite its importance, regulation of calcium signaling in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs, also known as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells) has not been explored extensively. Our previous study revealed that cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) enabled BMSCs to generate calcium signal upon stimulation by dopamine, KCl and glutamate. Concurrently, cAMP transiently activated the transcription factor cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in BMSCs. Activity of CREB can be modulated by the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase signaling pathway, however, whether the calcium signaling observed in cAMP-induced BMSCs requires CREB has not been investigated. In an effort to uncover the role of CREB in the generation of calcium signaling in response to modulators such as dopamine and KCl, we knocked down CREB activity in BMSCs. Our study indicated that BMSCs, but not its close relative fibroblasts, are responsive to dopamine and KCl after cAMP treatment. Calcium signal elicited by dopamine depends, in part, on calcium influx whereas that elicited by KCl depends completely on calcium influx. Knock-down of CREB activity significantly reduced or abolished the cAMP-induced calcium response, and reintroducing a constitutively active CREB partially restored the calcium response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Ryan Thompson
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States
| | - Christina Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States.
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173
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Jeanes ZM, Buske TR, Morrisett RA. Cell type-specific synaptic encoding of ethanol exposure in the nucleus accumbens shell. Neuroscience 2014; 277:184-95. [PMID: 25003712 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic alterations in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) are crucial for the aberrant reward-associated learning that forms the foundation of drug dependence. Altered glutamatergic synaptic plasticity, in particular, is thought to be a vital component of the neurobiological underpinnings of addictive behavior. The development of bacterial artificial chromosome-eGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) transgenic mice that express eGFP driven by endogenous D1 dopamine receptor (D1R) promoters has now allowed investigation of the cell type-specific synaptic modifications in the NAc in response to drugs of abuse. In this study, we used whole-cell ex vivo slice electrophysiology in Drd1-eGFP mice to investigate cell type-specific alterations in NAc synaptic plasticity following ethanol exposure. Electrophysiological recordings were made from eGFP-expressing medium spiny neurons (D1+ MSNs) and non-eGFP-expressing (putative D2 receptor-expressing) (D1- MSNs) from the shell subregion of the NAc. We observed low frequency-induced long-term depression (1Hz-LTD) of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-isoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) solely in D1+ MSNs. However, 24h following four consecutive days of in vivo chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) vapor exposure, 1-Hz LTD was conversely observed only in D1- MSNs, and now absent in D1+ MSNs. Complete recovery of the baseline plasticity phenotype in both cell types required a full 2 weeks of withdrawal from CIE vapor exposure. Thus, we observed a cell type specificity of synaptic plasticity in the NAc shell, as well as, a gradual recovery of the pre-ethanol exposure plasticity state following extended withdrawal. These changes highlight the adaptability of NAc shell MSNs to the effects of ethanol exposure and may represent critical neuroadaptations underlying the development of ethanol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z M Jeanes
- The Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1074, United States
| | - T R Buske
- The Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1074, United States
| | - R A Morrisett
- The Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1074, United States; The Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0125, United States; The Institute for Molecular and Cellular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0125, United States; The Institute for Neuroscience, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-0125, United States.
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174
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Wang L, Zhang X, Xu H, Zhou L, Jiao R, Liu W, Zhu F, Kang X, Liu B, Teng S, Wu Q, Li M, Dou H, Zuo P, Wang C, Wang S, Zhou Z. Temporal components of cholinergic terminal to dopaminergic terminal transmission in dorsal striatum slices of mice. J Physiol 2014; 592:3559-76. [PMID: 24973407 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.271825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal dopamine (DA) is critically involved in major brain functions such as motor control and deficits such as Parkinson's disease. DA is released following stimulation by two pathways: the nigrostriatal pathway and the cholinergic interneuron (ChI) pathway. The timing of synaptic transmission is critical in striatal circuits, because millisecond latency changes can reverse synaptic plasticity from long-term potentiation to long-term depression in a DA-dependent manner. Here, we determined the temporal components of ChI-driven DA release in striatal slices from optogenetic ChAT-ChR2-EYFP mice. After a light stimulus at room temperature, ChIs fired an action potential with a delay of 2.8 ms. The subsequent DA release mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors had a total latency of 17.8 ms, comprising 7.0 ms for cholinergic transmission and 10.8 ms for the downstream terminal DA release. Similar latencies of DA release were also found in striatal slices from wild-type mice. The latency of ChI-driven DA release was regulated by inhibiting the presynaptic vesicular ACh release. Moreover, we describe the time course of recovery of DA release via the two pathways and that of vesicle replenishment in DA terminals. Our work provides an example of unravelling the temporal building blocks during fundamental synaptic terminal-terminal transmission in motor regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Huadong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Ruiying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Feipeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xinjiang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Sasa Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mingli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haiqiang Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Panli Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Changhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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175
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McCollum LA, Roberts RC. Ultrastructural localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in tree shrew nucleus accumbens core and shell. Neuroscience 2014; 271:23-34. [PMID: 24769226 PMCID: PMC4060433 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many behavioral, physiological, and anatomical studies utilize animal models to investigate human striatal pathologies. Although commonly used, rodent striatum may not present the optimal animal model for certain studies due to a lesser morphological complexity than that of non-human primates, which are increasingly restricted in research. As an alternative, the tree shrew could provide a beneficial animal model for studies of the striatum. The gross morphology of the tree shrew striatum resembles that of primates, with separation of the caudate and putamen by the internal capsule. The neurochemical anatomy of the ventral striatum, specifically the nucleus accumbens, has never been examined. This major region of the limbic system plays a role in normal physiological functioning and is also an area of interest for human striatal disorders. The current study uses immunohistochemistry of calbindin and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) to determine the ultrastructural organization of the nucleus accumbens core and shell of the tree shrew (Tupaia glis belangeri). Stereology was used to quantify the ultrastructural localization of TH, which displays weaker immunoreactivity in the core and denser immunoreactivity in the shell. In both regions, synapses with TH-immunoreactive axon terminals were primarily symmetric and showed no preference for targeting dendrites versus dendritic spines. The results were compared to previous ultrastructural studies of TH and dopamine in rat and monkey nucleus accumbens. Tree shrews and monkeys show no preference for the postsynaptic target in the shell, in contrast to rats which show a preference for synapsing with dendrites. Tree shrews have a ratio of asymmetric to symmetric synapses formed by TH-immunoreactive terminals that is intermediate between rats and monkeys. The findings from this study support the tree shrew as an alternative model for studies of human striatal pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A McCollum
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - R C Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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176
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Cyclic AMP and afferent activity govern bidirectional synaptic plasticity in striatopallidal neurons. J Neurosci 2014; 34:6692-9. [PMID: 24806695 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3906-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent experimental evidence suggests that the low dopamine conditions in Parkinson's disease (PD) cause motor impairment through aberrant motor learning. Those data, along with computational models, suggest that this aberrant learning results from maladaptive corticostriatal plasticity and learned motor inhibition. Dopaminergic modulation of both corticostriatal long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) is proposed to be critical for these processes; however, the regulatory mechanisms underlying bidirectional corticostriatal plasticity are not fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated a key role for cAMP signaling in corticostriatal LTD. In this study, mouse brain slices were used to perform a parametric experiment that tested the impact of varying both intracellular cAMP levels and the strength of excitatory inputs on corticostriatal plasticity. Using slice electrophysiology in the dorsolateral striatum, we demonstrate that both LTP and LTD can be sequentially induced in the same D2-expressing neuron and that LTP was strongest with high intracellular cAMP and LFS, whereas LTD required low intracellular cAMP and high-frequency stimulation. Our results provide a molecular and cellular basis for regulating bidirectional corticostriatal synaptic plasticity and may help to identify novel therapeutic targets for blocking or reversing the aberrant synaptic plasticity that likely contributes to motor deficits in PD.
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177
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Woolley SC, Rajan R, Joshua M, Doupe AJ. Emergence of context-dependent variability across a basal ganglia network. Neuron 2014; 82:208-23. [PMID: 24698276 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Context dependence is a key feature of cortical-basal ganglia circuit activity, and in songbirds the cortical outflow of a basal ganglia circuit specialized for song, LMAN, shows striking increases in trial-by-trial variability and bursting when birds sing alone rather than to females. To reveal where this variability and its social regulation emerge, we recorded stepwise from corticostriatal (HVC) neurons and their target spiny and pallidal neurons in Area X. We find that corticostriatal and spiny neurons both show precise singing-related firing across both social settings. Pallidal neurons, in contrast, exhibit markedly increased trial-by-trial variation when birds sing alone, created by highly variable pauses in firing. This variability persists even when recurrent inputs from LMAN are ablated. These data indicate that variability and its context sensitivity emerge within the basal ganglia network, suggest a network mechanism for this emergence, and highlight variability generation and regulation as basal ganglia functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Woolley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Biology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | - Raghav Rajan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pashan Road, Pune 411008, Maharashra, India
| | - Mati Joshua
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Allison J Doupe
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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178
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Arndt DL, Arnold JC, Cain ME. The effects of mGluR2/3 activation on acute and repeated amphetamine-induced locomotor activity in differentially reared male rats. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2014; 22:257-65. [PMID: 24467371 PMCID: PMC4041831 DOI: 10.1037/a0035273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stimuli play a key role in affecting the likelihood to abuse drugs. Environmental enrichment can reduce that likelihood. The neurotransmitter glutamate contributes to both drug reward and rearing-induced changes in the brain. The current study investigated the effects of the Group-2 metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR2/3) agonist, LY-379268 (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg), on acute and repeated amphetamine-induced locomotor activity in differentially reared male rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of 3 environmental conditions postweaning: enriched (EC), isolated (IC), or standard (SC), where they reared for 30 days. The effect of LY-379268 on acute amphetamine-induced locomotor activity was assessed. Rats were injected with either LY-379268 (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) or saline prior to an amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) or saline challenge injection. Rats were also administered amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) or saline injections prior to 5 locomotor sessions. Following a rest period of 14-15 days, the effects of repeated amphetamine exposure were evaluated using LY-379268 (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) or saline injections 30 min prior to receiving amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg). Results showed that LY-379268 administration dose-dependently attenuated acute amphetamine-induced locomotor activity, with EC rats generally displaying less attenuation than IC or SC rats. After repeated amphetamine administrations, the ability of LY-379268 to attenuate the final expression of amphetamine-induced locomotor activity in differentially reared rats was dose-dependent. The differing effect of LY-379268 observed in EC rats suggests enrichment-induced glutamatergic alterations that may protect against sensitivity to psychostimulants.
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179
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O'Tousa D, Grahame N. Habit formation: implications for alcoholism research. Alcohol 2014; 48:327-35. [PMID: 24835007 PMCID: PMC4096986 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Characteristics of individuals with severe alcohol use disorders include heightened cue sensitivity, compulsive seeking, craving, and continued alcohol use in the face of negative consequences. Animal models are useful for understanding behavioral and neurological mechanisms underlying problematic alcohol use. Seeking of operant reinforcers including alcohol is processed by two mechanisms, commonly referred to as "goal-directed" (action-outcome) and "habitual" (stimulus-response). As substance use disorders are characterized by continued use regardless of unfavorable outcomes, it is plausible that drug use causes an unnatural disruption of these mechanisms. We present a critical analysis of literature pertaining to behavioral neuroscience alcoholism research involving habit formation. Traditionally, when operant behavior is unaffected by a loss of subjective value of a reinforcer (devaluation), the behavior is considered habitual. Acquisition of instrumental behavior requires corticostriatal mechanisms that depend heavily on the prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum, whereas practiced behavior is more predominantly controlled by the dorsal striatum. Dopaminergic signaling is necessary for the neurological adaptations involved in stimulus-response action, and drugs of abuse appear to facilitate habitual behavior through high levels of dopamine release. Evidence suggests that the use of alcohol as a reinforcer expedites habit formation, and that a history of alcohol use produces alterations in striatal morphology, aids habit learning for non-psychoactive reinforcers, and promotes alcohol drinking despite aversive adulterants. In this review, we suggest directions for future alcoholism research that seeks to measure action made despite a devalued outcome, including procedural modifications and genotypic, pharmacological, or neurological manipulations. Most alcoholism models currently in use fail to reach substantial blood ethanol concentrations, a shortcoming that may be alleviated through the use of high-drinking rodent lines. Additionally, satiety, one common mechanism of devaluing reinforcers, is not recommended for alcohol research because the psychoactive effects of alcohol depress response rates, mimicking devaluation effects. Overall, further research of habit formation and potentially related perseverative behaviors could be invaluable in discovering genetic variance, traits that correlate with persistent alcohol seeking, implicated neural structures and processes of alcohol use, and eventually novel pharmacological treatment for alcoholism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O'Tousa
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Nicholas Grahame
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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180
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Wang L, Shang S, Kang X, Teng S, Zhu F, Liu B, Wu Q, Li M, Liu W, Xu H, Zhou L, Jiao R, Dou H, Zuo P, Zhang X, Zheng L, Wang S, Wang C, Zhou Z. Modulation of dopamine release in the striatum by physiologically relevant levels of nicotine. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3925. [PMID: 24968237 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Striatal dopamine (DA) release can be independently triggered not only by action potentials (APs) in dopaminergic axons but also APs in cholinergic interneurons (ChIs). Nicotine causes addiction by modulating DA release, but with paradoxical findings. Here, we investigate how physiologically relevant levels of nicotine modulate striatal DA release. The optogenetic stimulation of ChIs elicits DA release, which is potently inhibited by nicotine with an IC50 of 28 nM in the dorsal striatum slice. This ChI-driven DA release is predominantly mediated by α6β2* nAChRs. Local electrical stimulus (Estim) activates both dopaminergic axons and ChIs. Nicotine does not affect the AP(DA)-dependent DA release (AP(DA), AP of dopaminergic axon). During burst Estim, nicotine permits the facilitation of DA release by prevention of DA depletion. Our work indicates that cholinergic stimulation-induced DA release is profoundly modulated by physiologically relevant levels of nicotine and resolves the paradoxical observation of nicotine's effects on striatal DA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China [2]
| | - Shujiang Shang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China [2]
| | - Xinjiang Kang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China [2]
| | - Sasa Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feipeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Mingli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huadong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ruiying Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haiqiang Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Panli Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lianghong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shirong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences and PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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181
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Zhang L, Bose P, Warren RA. Dopamine preferentially inhibits NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs by acting on presynaptic D1 receptors in nucleus accumbens during postnatal development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86970. [PMID: 24784836 PMCID: PMC4006738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleus accumbens (nAcb), a major site of action of drugs of abuse and dopamine (DA) signalling in MSNs (medium spiny neurons), is critically involved in mediating behavioural responses of drug addiction. Most studies have evaluated the effects of DA on MSN firing properties but thus far, the effects of DA on a cellular circuit involving glutamatergic afferents to the nAcb have remained rather elusive. In this study we attempted to characterize the effects of dopamine (DA) on evoked glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in nAcb medium spiny (MS) neurons in 1 to 21 day-old rat pups. The EPSCs evoked by local nAcb stimuli displayed both AMPA/KA and NMDA receptor-mediated components. The addition of DA to the superfusing medium produced a marked decrease of both components of the EPSCs that did not change during the postnatal period studied. Pharmacologically isolated AMPA/KA receptor-mediated response was inhibited on average by 40% whereas the isolated NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC was decreased by 90%. The effect of DA on evoked EPSCs were mimicked by the D1-like receptor agonist SKF 38393 and antagonized by the D1-like receptor antagonist SCH 23390 whereas D2-like receptor agonist or antagonist respectively failed to mimic or to block the action of DA. DA did not change the membrane input conductance of MS neurons or the characteristics of EPSCs produced by the local administration of glutamate in the presence of tetrodotoxin. In contrast, DA altered the paired-pulse ratio of evoked EPSCs. The present results show that the activation D1-like dopaminergic receptors modulate glutamatergic neurotransmission by preferentially inhibiting NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC through presynaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Zhang
- Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Poulomee Bose
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard A. Warren
- Centre de recherche Fernand-Seguin, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail:
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182
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Machado-Filho JA, Correia AO, Montenegro ABA, Nobre MEP, Cerqueira GS, Neves KRT, Naffah-Mazzacoratti MDG, Cavalheiro EA, de Castro Brito GA, de Barros Viana GS. Caffeine neuroprotective effects on 6-OHDA-lesioned rats are mediated by several factors, including pro-inflammatory cytokines and histone deacetylase inhibitions. Behav Brain Res 2014; 264:116-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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183
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Ji ES, Kim CJ, Park JH, Bahn GH. Duration-dependence of the effect of treadmill exercise on hyperactivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2014; 10:75-80. [PMID: 24877041 PMCID: PMC4025553 DOI: 10.12965/jer.140107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurobehavioral disorder, and its symptoms are hyperactivity and deficits in learning and memory. Physical exercise increases dopamine synthesis and neuronal activity in various brain regions. In the present study, we investigate the duration-dependence of the treadmill exercise on hyperactivity in relation with dopamine expression in ADHD. Spontaneously hypertensive rats were used for the ADHD rats and Wistar-Kyoto rats were used for the control rats. The rats in the exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill for 10 min, 30 min, and 60 min once daily for 28 consecutive days. For this experiment, open field test and immunohistochemistry for tyrosine hydroxylase were conducted. The present results revealed that ADHD rats showed hyperactivity, and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the striatum and substantia nigra were decreased in ADHD rats. Treadmill exercise alleviated hyperactivity and also increased TH expression in ADHD rats. Treadmill exercise for 30 min per day showed most potent suppressing effect on hyperactivity, and this dose of treadmill exercise also most potently inhibited tyrosine hydroxylase expression. The present study suggests that treadmill exercise for 30 min once a day is the most effective therapeutic intervention for ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Sang Ji
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Ju Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun Heon Park
- Kohwang Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geon Ho Bahn
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
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184
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Gale JT, Shields DC, Ishizawa Y, Eskandar EN. Reward and reinforcement activity in the nucleus accumbens during learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:114. [PMID: 24765069 PMCID: PMC3982058 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens core (NAcc) has been implicated in learning associations between sensory cues and profitable motor responses. However, the precise mechanisms that underlie these functions remain unclear. We recorded single-neuron activity from the NAcc of primates trained to perform a visual-motor associative learning task. During learning, we found two distinct classes of NAcc neurons. The first class demonstrated progressive increases in firing rates at the go-cue, feedback/tone and reward epochs of the task, as novel associations were learned. This suggests that these neurons may play a role in the exploitation of rewarding behaviors. In contrast, the second class exhibited attenuated firing rates, but only at the reward epoch of the task. These findings suggest that some NAcc neurons play a role in reward-based reinforcement during learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Gale
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories for Cellular Neurosurgery and Neurosurgical Technology, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald C Shields
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories for Cellular Neurosurgery and Neurosurgical Technology, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yumiko Ishizawa
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emad N Eskandar
- Nayef Al-Rodhan Laboratories for Cellular Neurosurgery and Neurosurgical Technology, Department of Neurosurgery, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
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185
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Buchanan RJ, Darrow DP, Meier KT, Robinson J, Schiehser DM, Glahn DC, Nadasdy Z. Changes in GABA and glutamate concentrations during memory tasks in patients with Parkinson's disease undergoing DBS surgery. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:81. [PMID: 24639638 PMCID: PMC3945932 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Until now direct neurochemical measurements during memory tasks have not been accomplished in the human basal ganglia. It has been proposed, based on both functional imaging studies and psychometric testing in normal subjects and in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), that the basal ganglia is responsible for the performance of feedback-contingent implicit memory tasks. To measure neurotransmitters, we used in vivo microdialysis during deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery. We show in the right subthalamic nucleus (STN) of patients with PD a task-dependent change in the concentrations of glutamate and GABA during an implicit memory task relative to baseline, while no difference was found between declarative memory tasks. The five patients studied had a significant decrease in the percent concentration of GABA and glutamate during the performance of the weather prediction task (WPT). We hypothesize, based on current models of basal ganglia function, that this decrease in the concentration is consistent with expected dysfunction in basal ganglia networks in patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Buchanan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Seton Brain and Spine Institute Austin, TX, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical School Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David P Darrow
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Kevin T Meier
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jennifer Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Department of Electrical and Chemical Engineering, Department of Kinesiology, Auburn University MRI Research Center, Auburn University Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Dawn M Schiehser
- Department of Psychology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, Research Service San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zoltan Nadasdy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Seton Brain and Spine Institute Austin, TX, USA ; Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin Austin, TX, USA ; Department of Cognitive Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University Budapest, Hungary ; NeuroTexas Institute, St. David's HealthCare Austin, TX, USA
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186
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Differential contributions of infralimbic prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens during reward-based learning and extinction. J Neurosci 2014; 34:596-607. [PMID: 24403158 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2346-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Using environmental cues for the prediction of future events is essential for survival. Such cue-outcome associations are thought to depend on mesolimbic circuitry involving the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Several studies have identified roles for both NAc and PFC in the expression of stable goal-directed behaviors, but much remains unknown about their roles during learning of such behaviors. To further address this question, we used in vivo oxygen amperometry, a proxy for blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal measurement in human functional magnetic resonance imaging, in rats performing a cued lever-pressing task requiring discrimination between a rewarded and nonrewarded cue. Simultaneous oxygen recordings were obtained from infralimbic PFC (IFC) and NAc throughout both acquisition and extinction of this task. Activation of NAc was specifically observed following rewarded cue onset during the entire acquisition phase and also during the first days of extinction. In contrast, IFC activated only during the earliest periods of acquisition and extinction, more specifically to the nonrewarded cue. Thus, in vivo oxygen amperometry permits a novel, stable form of longitudinal analysis of brain activity in behaving animals, allowing dissociation of the roles of different brain regions over time during learning of reward-driven instrumental action. The present results offer a unique temporal perspective on how NAc may promote actions directed toward anticipated positive outcome throughout learning, while IFC might suppress actions that no longer result in reward, but only during critical periods of learning.
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187
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Parnaudeau S, Dongelmans ML, Turiault M, Ambroggi F, Delbes AS, Cansell C, Luquet S, Piazza PV, Tronche F, Barik J. Glucocorticoid receptor gene inactivation in dopamine-innervated areas selectively decreases behavioral responses to amphetamine. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:35. [PMID: 24574986 PMCID: PMC3921555 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The meso-cortico-limbic system, via dopamine release, encodes the rewarding and reinforcing properties of natural rewards. It is also activated in response to abused substances and is believed to support drug-related behaviors. Dysfunctions of this system lead to several psychiatric conditions including feeding disorders and drug addiction. These disorders are also largely influenced by environmental factors and in particular stress exposure. Stressors activate the corticotrope axis ultimately leading to glucocorticoid hormone (GCs) release. GCs bind the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) a transcription factor ubiquitously expressed including within the meso-cortico-limbic tract. While GR within dopamine-innervated areas drives cocaine's behavioral responses, its implication in responses to other psychostimulants such as amphetamine has never been clearly established. Moreover, while extensive work has been made to uncover the role of this receptor in addicted behaviors, its contribution to the rewarding and reinforcing properties of food has yet to be investigated. Using mouse models carrying GR gene inactivation in either dopamine neurons or in dopamine-innervated areas, we found that GR in dopamine responsive neurons is essential to properly build amphetamine-induced conditioned place preference and locomotor sensitization. c-Fos quantification in the nucleus accumbens further confirmed defective neuronal activation following amphetamine injection. These diminished neuronal and behavioral responses to amphetamine may involve alterations in glutamate transmission as suggested by the decreased MK801-elicited hyperlocomotion and by the hyporeactivity to glutamate of a subpopulation of medium spiny neurons. In contrast, GR inactivation did not affect rewarding and reinforcing properties of food suggesting that responding for natural reward under basal conditions is preserved in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Parnaudeau
- UMR 7224 CNRS, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central, "Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors" Group Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRs 952, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central Paris, France ; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
| | - Marie-Louise Dongelmans
- UMR 7224 CNRS, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central, "Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors" Group Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRs 952, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central Paris, France
| | - Marc Turiault
- UMR 7224 CNRS, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central, "Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors" Group Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRs 952, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Ambroggi
- Pathophysiology of Addiction, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U862, NeuroCentre Magendie Bordeaux Cedex, France ; Department of Neurology, Center for Integrative Neuroscience and the Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California at San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anne-Sophie Delbes
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8251 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot Paris, France
| | - Céline Cansell
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8251 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot Paris, France
| | - Serge Luquet
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR 8251 CNRS, Université Paris Diderot Paris, France
| | - Pier-Vincenzo Piazza
- Pathophysiology of Addiction, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U862, NeuroCentre Magendie Bordeaux Cedex, France
| | - François Tronche
- UMR 7224 CNRS, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central, "Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors" Group Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRs 952, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central Paris, France
| | - Jacques Barik
- UMR 7224 CNRS, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central, "Gene Regulation and Adaptive Behaviors" Group Paris, France ; INSERM, UMRs 952, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central Paris, France ; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Physiopathologie des Maladies du Système Nerveux Central Paris, France ; Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR 7275 Valbonne, France
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188
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Schizophrenia: from dopaminergic to glutamatergic interventions. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 14:97-102. [PMID: 24524997 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia might be considered a neurodevelopmental disease. However, the fundamental process(es) associated with this disease remain(s) uncertain. Many lines of evidence suggest that schizophrenia is associated with excessive stimulation of dopamine D2 receptors in the associative striatum, with a lack of stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex, and with modifications in prefrontal neuronal connectivity involving glutamate transmission at N-methyl aspartate (NMDA) receptors. This article, whilst briefly discussing the current knowledge of the disease, mainly concentrates on the NMDA hypofunction hypothesis. However, there are also potential consequences for a Dopamine imbalance on NMDA function. Thus, it is proposed that schizophrenia has a complex aetiology associated with strongly interconnected aberrations of dopamine and glutamate transmission.
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189
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Creighton AE, Wilczynski W. Influence of dopamine D2-type receptors on motor behaviors in the green tree frog, Hyla cinerea. Physiol Behav 2014; 127:71-80. [PMID: 24480075 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine modulates a range of behaviors that include motor processes, learning, and incentive motivation. Research supports anatomical conservation of dopaminergic populations in the midbrain across vertebrate species, however, less evidence is available for dopamine receptor distributions. In order to test the behavioral role of dopamine in an anatomically conserved dopaminergic system, the effects of D2-type receptor manipulation on motor behaviors were examined in the anuran amphibian green tree frog, Hyla cinerea. In two different within-subject experiments, frogs were treated with a control treatment, and a high and low dose of either a D2 receptor-specific agonist, quinpirole, or antagonist, haloperidol, then exposed to a testing session to measure changes in swimming and climbing motor behaviors. No treatments resulted in complete immobility or catalepsy, however treatment-specific effects on certain motor behaviors were present. The high quinpirole dose (1mg/kg bw) generally inhibited motor behaviors associated with exiting water and jumping, while both haloperidol treatments (0.12mg/kg bw and 1.2mg/kg bw) generally stimulated motor behaviors associated with exiting water, as predicted based on receptor mechanisms. Performance improvement also appeared in frogs in each experiment, suggesting that the D2 receptor is not involved in the motor learning mechanism in this species. Overall, the results support general conservation of D2 receptors in motor processes in vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Creighton
- Georgia State University, Neuroscience Institute, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
| | - Walter Wilczynski
- Georgia State University, Neuroscience Institute, 100 Piedmont Ave SE, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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190
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Tomkins A, Vasilaki E, Beste C, Gurney K, Humphries MD. Transient and steady-state selection in the striatal microcircuit. Front Comput Neurosci 2014; 7:192. [PMID: 24478684 PMCID: PMC3895806 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the basal ganglia have been widely studied and implicated in signal processing and action selection, little information is known about the active role the striatal microcircuit plays in action selection in the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loops. To address this knowledge gap we use a large scale three dimensional spiking model of the striatum, combined with a rate coded model of the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical loop, to asses the computational role the striatum plays in action selection. We identify a robust transient phenomena generated by the striatal microcircuit, which temporarily enhances the difference between two competing cortical inputs. We show that this transient is sufficient to modulate decision making in the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical circuit. We also find that the transient selection originates from a novel adaptation effect in single striatal projection neurons, which is amenable to experimental testing. Finally, we compared transient selection with models implementing classical steady-state selection. We challenged both forms of model to account for recent reports of paradoxically enhanced response selection in Huntington's disease patients. We found that steady-state selection was uniformly impaired under all simulated Huntington's conditions, but transient selection was enhanced given a sufficient Huntington's-like increase in NMDA receptor sensitivity. Thus our models provide an intriguing hypothesis for the mechanisms underlying the paradoxical cognitive improvements in manifest Huntington's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Tomkins
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK ; INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Eleni Vasilaki
- Department of Computer Science, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK ; INSIGNEO Institute for in Silico Medicine, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Kevin Gurney
- Adaptive Behaviour Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield Sheffield, UK
| | - Mark D Humphries
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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191
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Tamura A, Yamada N, Yaguchi Y, Machida Y, Mori I, Osanai M. Both neurons and astrocytes exhibited tetrodotoxin-resistant metabotropic glutamate receptor-dependent spontaneous slow Ca2+ oscillations in striatum. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85351. [PMID: 24454845 PMCID: PMC3893197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The striatum plays an important role in linking cortical activity to basal ganglia outputs. Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are densely expressed in the medium spiny projection neurons and may be a therapeutic target for Parkinson's disease. The group I mGluRs are known to modulate the intracellular Ca2+ signaling. To characterize Ca2+ signaling in striatal cells, spontaneous cytoplasmic Ca2+ transients were examined in acute slice preparations from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) in the astrocytes. In both the GFP-negative cells (putative-neurons) and astrocytes of the striatum, spontaneous slow and long-lasting intracellular Ca2+ transients (referred to as slow Ca2+ oscillations), which lasted up to approximately 200 s, were found. Neither the inhibition of action potentials nor ionotropic glutamate receptors blocked the slow Ca2+ oscillation. Depletion of the intracellular Ca2+ store and the blockade of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors greatly reduced the transient rate of the slow Ca2+ oscillation, and the application of an antagonist against mGluR5 also blocked the slow Ca2+ oscillation in both putative-neurons and astrocytes. Thus, the mGluR5-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate signal cascade is the primary contributor to the slow Ca2+ oscillation in both putative-neurons and astrocytes. The slow Ca2+ oscillation features multicellular synchrony, and both putative-neurons and astrocytes participate in the synchronous activity. Therefore, the mGluR5-dependent slow Ca2+ oscillation may involve in the neuron-glia interaction in the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Tamura
- Department of Radiological Imaging and Informatics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
| | - Naohiro Yamada
- Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yaguchi
- Division of Electrical, Electronic and Information Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshio Machida
- Department of Medical Imaging and Applied Radiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Issei Mori
- Department of Radiological Imaging and Informatics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Osanai
- Department of Radiological Imaging and Informatics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan
- * E-mail:
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192
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Nair AG, Gutierrez-Arenas O, Eriksson O, Jauhiainen A, Blackwell KT, Kotaleski JH. Modeling intracellular signaling underlying striatal function in health and disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 123:277-304. [PMID: 24560149 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397897-4.00013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Striatum, which is the input nucleus of the basal ganglia, integrates cortical and thalamic glutamatergic inputs with dopaminergic afferents from the substantia nigra pars compacta. The combination of dopamine and glutamate strongly modulates molecular and cellular properties of striatal neurons and the strength of corticostriatal synapses. These actions are performed via intracellular signaling networks, containing several intertwined feedback loops. Understanding the role of dopamine and other neuromodulators requires the development of quantitative dynamical models for describing the intracellular signaling, in order to provide precise unambiguous descriptions and quantitative predictions. Building such models requires integration of data from multiple data sources containing information regarding the molecular interactions, the strength of these interactions, and the subcellular localization of the molecules. Due to the uncertainty, variability, and sparseness of these data, parameter estimation techniques are critical for inferring or constraining the unknown parameters, and sensitivity analysis evaluates which parameters are most critical for a given observed macroscopic behavior. Here, we briefly review the modeling approaches and tools that have been used to investigate biochemical signaling in the striatum, along with some of the models built around striatum. We also suggest a future direction for the development of such models from the, now becoming abundant, high-throughput data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu G Nair
- School of Computer Science and Communication, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Omar Gutierrez-Arenas
- School of Computer Science and Communication, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olivia Eriksson
- Department of Numerical Analysis and Computer Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexandra Jauhiainen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kim T Blackwell
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Jeanette H Kotaleski
- School of Computer Science and Communication, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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193
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Damodaran S, Evans RC, Blackwell KT. Synchronized firing of fast-spiking interneurons is critical to maintain balanced firing between direct and indirect pathway neurons of the striatum. J Neurophysiol 2013; 111:836-48. [PMID: 24304860 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00382.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory circuits of the striatum are known to be critical for motor function, yet their contributions to Parkinsonian motor deficits are not clear. Altered firing in the globus pallidus suggests that striatal medium spiny neurons (MSN) of the direct (D1 MSN) and indirect pathway (D2 MSN) are imbalanced during dopamine depletion. Both MSN classes receive inhibitory input from each other and from inhibitory interneurons within the striatum, specifically the fast-spiking interneurons (FSI). To investigate the role of inhibition in maintaining striatal balance, we developed a biologically-realistic striatal network model consisting of multicompartmental neuron models: 500 D1 MSNs, 500 D2 MSNs and 49 FSIs. The D1 and D2 MSN models are differentiated based on published experiments of individual channel modulations by dopamine, with D2 MSNs being more excitable than D1 MSNs. Despite this difference in response to current injection, in the network D1 and D2 MSNs fire at similar frequencies in response to excitatory synaptic input. Simulations further reveal that inhibition from FSIs connected by gap junctions is critical to produce balanced firing. Although gap junctions produce only a small increase in synchronization between FSIs, removing these connections resulted in significant firing differences between D1 and D2 MSNs, and balanced firing was restored by providing synchronized cortical input to the FSIs. Together these findings suggest that desynchronization of FSI firing is sufficient to alter balanced firing between D1 and D2 MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriraman Damodaran
- The Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
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194
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Dopamine receptor D1 and postsynaptic density gene variants associate with opiate abuse and striatal expression levels. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:1205-10. [PMID: 23044706 PMCID: PMC3637428 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Opioid drugs are highly addictive and their abuse has a strong genetic load. Dopamine-glutamate interactions are hypothesized to be important for regulating neural systems central for addiction vulnerability. Balanced dopamine-glutamate interaction is mediated through several functional associations, including a physical link between discs, large homolog 4 (Drosophila) (DLG4, PSD-95) and dopamine receptor 1 (DRD1) within the postsynaptic density to regulate DRD1 trafficking. To address whether genetic associations with heroin abuse exist in relation to dopamine and glutamate and their potential interactions, we evaluated single-nucleotide polymorphisms of key genes within these systems in three populations of opiate abusers and controls, totaling 489 individuals from Europe and the United States. Despite significant differences in racial makeup of the separate samples, polymorphisms of DRD1 and DLG4 were found to be associated with opiate abuse. In addition, a strong gene-gene interaction between homer 1 homolog (Drosophila) (HOMER1) and DRD1 was predicted to occur in Caucasian subjects. This interaction was further analyzed by evaluating DRD1 genotype in relation to HOMER1b/c protein expression in postmortem tissue from a subset of Caucasian subjects. DRD1 rs265973 genotype correlated with HOMER1b/c levels in the striatum, but not cortex or amygdala; the correlation was inversed in opiate abusers as compared with controls. Cumulatively, these results support the hypothesis that there may be significant, genetically influenced interactions between glutamatergic and dopaminergic pathways in opiate abusers.
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195
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Madeo G, Schirinzi T, Martella G, Latagliata EC, Puglisi F, Shen J, Valente EM, Federici M, Mercuri NB, Puglisi-Allegra S, Bonsi P, Pisani A. PINK1 heterozygous mutations induce subtle alterations in dopamine-dependent synaptic plasticity. Mov Disord 2013; 29:41-53. [PMID: 24167038 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the phosphatase and tensin homolog-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) gene are causative of autosomal recessive, early onset Parkinson's disease. Single heterozygous mutations have been detected repeatedly both in a subset of patients and in unaffected individuals, and the significance of these mutations has long been debated. Several neurophysiological studies from non-manifesting PINK1 heterozygotes have demonstrated the existence of neural plasticity abnormalities, indicating the presence of specific endophenotypic traits in the heterozygous state. We performed a functional analysis of corticostriatal synaptic plasticity in heterozygous PINK1 knockout (PINK1(+/-) ) mice using a multidisciplinary approach and observed that, despite normal motor behavior, repetitive activation of cortical inputs to striatal neurons failed to induce long-term potentiation (LTP), whereas long-term depression was normal. Although nigral dopaminergic neurons exhibited normal morphological and electrophysiological properties with normal responses to dopamine receptor activation, a significantly lower dopamine release was measured in the striatum of PINK1(+/-) mice compared with control mice, suggesting that a decrease in stimulus-evoked dopamine overflow acts as a major determinant for the LTP deficit. Accordingly, pharmacological agents capable of increasing the availability of dopamine in the synaptic cleft restored normal LTP in heterozygous mice. Moreover, monoamine oxidase B inhibitors rescued physiological LTP and normal dopamine release. Our results provide novel evidence for striatal plasticity abnormalities, even in the heterozygous disease state. These alterations might be considered an endophenotype to this monogenic form of Parkinson's disease and a valid tool with which to characterize early disease stage and design possible disease-modifying therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Madeo
- Department of System Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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196
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Abstract
This article reviews the brain structures and neural circuitry underlying the motor system as it pertains to endurance exercise. Some obvious phenomena that occur during endurance racing events that need to be explained neurophysiologically are variable pacing strategies, the end spurt, motivation and the rating of perceived exertion. Understanding the above phenomena physiologically is problematic due to the sheer complexity of obtaining real-time brain measurements during exercise. In those rare instances where brain measurements have been made during exercise, the measurements have usually been limited to the sensory and motor cortices; or the exercise itself was limited to small muscle groups. Without discounting the crucial importance of the primary motor cortex in the execution of voluntary movement, it is surprising that very few exercise studies pay any attention to the complex and dynamic organization of motor action in relation to the subcortical nuclei, given that they are essential for the execution of normal movement patterns. In addition, the findings from laboratory-based exercise performance trials are hampered by the absence of objective measures of the motivational state of subjects. In this review we propose that some of the above phenomena may be explained by distinguishing between voluntary, vigorous and urgent motor behaviours during exercise, given that different CNS structures and neurotransmitters are involved in the execution of these different motor behaviours.
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197
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Nakano T, Yoshimoto J, Doya K. A model-based prediction of the calcium responses in the striatal synaptic spines depending on the timing of cortical and dopaminergic inputs and post-synaptic spikes. Front Comput Neurosci 2013; 7:119. [PMID: 24062681 PMCID: PMC3772324 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopamine-dependent plasticity of the cortico-striatal synapses is considered as the cellular mechanism crucial for reinforcement learning. The dopaminergic inputs and the calcium responses affect the synaptic plasticity by way of the signaling cascades within the synaptic spines. The calcium concentration within synaptic spines, however, is dependent on multiple factors including the calcium influx through ionotropic glutamate receptors, the intracellular calcium release by activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, and the opening of calcium channels by EPSPs and back-propagating action potentials. Furthermore, dopamine is known to modulate the efficacies of NMDA receptors, some of the calcium channels, and sodium and potassium channels that affect the back propagation of action potentials. Here we construct an electric compartment model of the striatal medium spiny neuron with a realistic morphology and predict the calcium responses in the synaptic spines with variable timings of the glutamatergic and dopaminergic inputs and the postsynaptic action potentials. The model was validated by reproducing the responses to current inputs and could predict the electric and calcium responses to glutamatergic inputs and back-propagating action potential in the proximal and distal synaptic spines during up- and down-states. We investigated the calcium responses by systematically varying the timings of the glutamatergic and dopaminergic inputs relative to the action potential and found that the calcium response and the subsequent synaptic potentiation is maximal when the dopamine input precedes glutamate input and action potential. The prediction is not consistent with the hypothesis that the dopamine input provides the reward prediction error for reinforcement learning. The finding suggests that there is an unknown learning mechanisms at the network level or an unknown cellular mechanism for calcium dynamics and signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nakano
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate University Okinawa, Japan
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198
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Park CY, Lee SH, Kim BK, Shin MS, Kim CJ, Kim H. Treadmill exercise ameliorates impairment of spatial learning ability through enhancing dopamine expression in hypoxic ischemia brain injury in neonatal rats. J Exerc Rehabil 2013; 9:406-12. [PMID: 24278893 PMCID: PMC3836536 DOI: 10.12965/jer.130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantia nigra and striatum are vulnerable to hypoxic ischemia brain injury. Physical exercise promotes cell survival and functional recovery after brain injury. However, the effects of treadmill exercise on nigro-striatal dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by hypoxic ischemia brain injury in neonatal stage are largely unknown. We determined the effects of treadmill exercise on survival of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and dopaminergic fibers in the striatum after hypoxic ischemia brain injury. On postnatal 7 day, left common carotid artery of the neonatal rats ligated for two hours and the neonatal rats were exposed to hypoxia conditions for one hour. The rat pups in the exercise groups were forced to run on a motorized treadmill for 30 min once a day for 12 weeks, starting 22 days after induction of hypoxic ischemia brain injury. Spatial learning ability in rat pups was determined by Morris water maze test after last treadmill exercise. The viability of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and dopamine fibers in the striatum were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. In this study, hypoxic ischemia injury caused loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra and dopaminergic fibers in the striatum. Induction of hypoxic ischemia deteriorated spatial learning ability. Treadmill exercise ameliorated nigro-striatal dopaminergic neuronal loss, resulting in the improvement of spatial learning ability. The present study suggests the possibility that treadmill exercise in early adolescent period may provide a useful strategy for the recovery after neonatal hypoxic ischemia brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Youl Park
- Department of Emergency Medical Technology, College of Health Service, Jeonju Vision University, Jeonju, Korea
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199
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Acetylcholine encodes long-lasting presynaptic plasticity at glutamatergic synapses in the dorsal striatum after repeated amphetamine exposure. J Neurosci 2013; 33:10405-26. [PMID: 23785153 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0014-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotion and cue-dependent behaviors are modified through corticostriatal signaling whereby short-term increases in dopamine availability can provoke persistent changes in glutamate release that contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson's disease and drug dependence. We found that withdrawal of mice from repeated amphetamine treatment caused a chronic presynaptic depression (CPD) in glutamate release that was most pronounced in corticostriatal terminals with a low probability of release and lasted >50 d in treated mice. An amphetamine challenge reversed CPD via a dopamine D1-receptor-dependent paradoxical presynaptic potentiation (PPP) that increased corticostriatal activity in direct pathway medium spiny neurons. This PPP was correlated with locomotor responses after a drug challenge, suggesting that it may underlie the sensitization process. Experiments in brain slices and in vivo indicated that dopamine regulation of acetylcholine release from tonically active interneurons contributes to CPD, PPP, locomotor sensitization, and cognitive ability. Therefore, a chronic decrease in corticostriatal activity during withdrawal is regulated around a new physiological range by tonically active interneurons and returns to normal upon reexposure to amphetamine, suggesting that this paradoxical return of striatal activity to a more stable, normalized state may represent an additional source of drug motivation during abstinence.
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200
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Villalba RM, Smith Y. Differential striatal spine pathology in Parkinson's disease and cocaine addiction: a key role of dopamine? Neuroscience 2013; 251:2-20. [PMID: 23867772 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the striatum, the dendritic tree of the two main populations of projection neurons, called "medium spiny neurons (MSNs)", are covered with spines that receive glutamatergic inputs from the cerebral cortex and thalamus. In Parkinson's disease (PD), striatal MSNs undergo an important loss of dendritic spines, whereas aberrant overgrowth of striatal spines occurs following chronic cocaine exposure. This review examines the possibility that opposite dopamine dysregulation is one of the key factors that underlies these structural changes. In PD, nigrostriatal dopamine degeneration results in a significant loss of dendritic spines in the dorsal striatum, while rodents chronically exposed to cocaine and other psychostimulants, display an increase in the density of "thin and immature" spines in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In rodent models of PD, there is evidence that D2 dopamine receptor-containing MSNs are preferentially affected, while D1-positive cells are the main targets of increased spine density in models of addiction. However, such specificity remains to be established in primates. Although the link between the extent of striatal spine changes and the behavioral deficits associated with these disorders remains controversial, there is unequivocal evidence that glutamatergic synaptic transmission is significantly altered in both diseased conditions. Recent studies have suggested that opposite calcium-mediated regulation of the transcription factor myocyte enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) function induces these structural defects. In conclusion, there is strong evidence that dopamine is a major, but not the sole, regulator of striatal spine pathology in PD and addiction to psychostimulants. Further studies of the role of glutamate and other genes associated with spine plasticity in mediating these effects are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Villalba
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA; UDALL Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, Emory University, 954, Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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