151
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Gilbert AL, Miles DB. Food, temperature and endurance: effects of food deprivation on the thermal sensitivity of physiological performance. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Gilbert
- Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens OH USA
- Ohio Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies Athens OH USA
| | - Donald B. Miles
- Department of Biological Sciences Ohio University Athens OH USA
- Ohio Center for Ecological and Evolutionary Studies Athens OH USA
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152
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Rojas-Morales P, Tapia E, Pedraza-Chaverri J. β-Hydroxybutyrate: A signaling metabolite in starvation response? Cell Signal 2016; 28:917-23. [PMID: 27083590 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ketone bodies β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and acetoacetate are important metabolic substrates for energy production during prolonged fasting. However, BHB also has signaling functions. Through several metabolic pathways or processes, BHB modulates nutrient utilization and energy expenditure. These findings suggest that BHB is not solely a metabolic intermediate, but also acts as a signal to regulate metabolism and maintain energy homeostasis during nutrient deprivation. We briefly summarize the metabolism and emerging physiological functions of ketone bodies and highlight the potential role for BHB as a signaling molecule in starvation response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rojas-Morales
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edilia Tapia
- Laboratorio de Fisiopatología Renal, Departamento de Nefrología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología - Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Pedraza-Chaverri
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.
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153
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McCue MD, Boardman L, Clusella-Trullas S, Kleynhans E, Terblanche JS. The speed and metabolic cost of digesting a blood meal depends on temperature in a major disease vector. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:1893-902. [PMID: 27059066 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.138669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The energetics of processing a meal is crucial for understanding energy budgets of animals in the wild. Given that digestion and its associated costs may be dependent on environmental conditions, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of these costs under diverse conditions and identify resulting behavioural or physiological trade-offs. This study examines the speed and metabolic costs - in cumulative, absolute and relative energetic terms - of processing a bloodmeal for a major zoonotic disease vector, the tsetse fly Glossina brevipalpis, across a range of ecologically relevant temperatures (25, 30 and 35°C). Respirometry showed that flies used less energy digesting meals faster at higher temperatures but that their starvation tolerance was reduced, supporting the prediction that warmer temperatures are optimal for bloodmeal digestion while cooler temperatures should be preferred for unfed or post-absorptive flies. (13)C-Breath testing revealed that the flies oxidized dietary glucose and amino acids within the first couple of hours of feeding and overall oxidized more dietary nutrients at the cooler temperatures, supporting the premise that warmer digestion temperatures are preferred because they maximize speed and minimize costs. An independent test of these predictions using a thermal gradient confirmed that recently fed flies selected warmer temperatures and then selected cooler temperatures as they became post-absorptive, presumably to maximize starvation resistance. Collectively these results suggest there are at least two thermal optima in a given population at any time and flies switch dynamically between optima throughout feeding cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall D McCue
- Department of Biological Sciences, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
| | - Leigh Boardman
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Susana Clusella-Trullas
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Botany and Zoology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Elsje Kleynhans
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - John S Terblanche
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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154
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Nørgaard S, Andreassen K, Malte CL, Enok S, Wang T. Low cost of gastric acid secretion during digestion in ball pythons. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 194:62-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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155
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Marteinson SC, Drouillard KG, Verreault J. Short-term fasts increase levels of halogenated flame retardants in tissues of a wild incubating bird. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:73-84. [PMID: 26724461 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many species are adapted for fasting during parts of their life cycle. For species undergoing extreme fasts, lipid stores are mobilized and accumulated contaminants can be released to exert toxicological effects. However, it is unknown if short-term fasting events may have a similar effect. The objective of this study was to determine if short successive fasts are related to contaminant levels in liver and plasma of birds. In ring-billed gulls (Larus delawarensis), both members of the pair alternate between incubating the nest for several hours (during which they fast) and foraging, making them a useful model for examining this question. Birds were equipped with miniature data loggers recording time and GPS position for two days to determine the proportion and duration of time birds spent in these two activities. Liver and plasma samples were collected, and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) (PBDEs and dechlorane plus) and organochlorines (OCs) (PCBs, DDTs, and chlordane-related compounds) were determined. Most birds (79%) exhibited plasma lipid content below 1%, indicating a likely fasted state, and plasma lipid percent declined with the number of hours spent at the nest site. The more time birds spent at their nest site, the higher were their plasma and liver concentrations of HFRs. However, body condition indices were unrelated to either the amount of time birds fasted at the nest site or contaminant levels, suggesting that lipid mobilization might not have been severe enough to affect overall body condition of birds and to explain the relationship between fasting and HFR concentrations. A similar relationship between fasting and OC levels was not observed, suggesting that different factors are affecting short-term temporal variations in concentrations of these two classes of contaminants. This study demonstrates that short fasts can be related to increased internal contaminant exposure in birds and that this may be a confounding factor in research and monitoring involving tissue concentrations of HFRs in wild birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Marteinson
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
| | - Ken G Drouillard
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research (GLIER), University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, ON, Canada N9B 3P4
| | - Jonathan Verreault
- Centre de recherche en toxicologie de l'environnement (TOXEN), Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal, C.P. 8888, Succursale Centre-ville, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8.
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156
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Werbrouck E, Van Gansbeke D, Vanreusel A, De Troch M. Temperature Affects the Use of Storage Fatty Acids as Energy Source in a Benthic Copepod (Platychelipus littoralis, Harpacticoida). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151779. [PMID: 26986852 PMCID: PMC4795710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of storage lipids and their associated fatty acids (FA) is an important means for organisms to cope with periods of food shortage, however, little is known about the dynamics and FA mobilization in benthic copepods (order Harpacticoida). Furthermore, lipid depletion and FA mobilization may depend on the ambient temperature. Therefore, we subjected the temperate copepod Platychelipus littoralis to several intervals (3, 6 and 14 days) of food deprivation, under two temperatures in the range of the normal habitat temperature (4, 15 °C) and under an elevated temperature (24 °C), and studied the changes in FA composition of storage and membrane lipids. Although bulk depletion of storage FA occurred after a few days of food deprivation under 4 °C and 15 °C, copepod survival remained high during the experiment, suggesting the catabolization of other energy sources. Ambient temperature affected both the degree of FA depletion and the FA mobilization. In particular, storage FA were more exhausted and FA mobilization was more selective under 15 °C compared with 4 °C. In contrast, depletion of storage FA was limited under an elevated temperature, potentially due to a switch to partial anaerobiosis. Food deprivation induced selective DHA retention in the copepod's membrane, under all temperatures. However, prolonged exposure to heat and nutritional stress eventually depleted DHA in the membranes, and potentially induced high copepod mortality. Storage lipids clearly played an important role in the short-term response of the copepod P. littoralis to food deprivation. However, under elevated temperature, the use of storage FA as an energy source is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Werbrouck
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Dirk Van Gansbeke
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ann Vanreusel
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marleen De Troch
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology Research Group, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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157
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Knapp M. Relative Importance of Sex, Pre-Starvation Body Mass and Structural Body Size in the Determination of Exceptional Starvation Resistance of Anchomenus dorsalis (Coleoptera: Carabidae). PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151459. [PMID: 26978071 PMCID: PMC4792388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In nature, almost all animals have to cope with periods of food shortage during their lifetimes. Starvation risks are especially high for carnivorous predatory species, which often experience long intervals between stochastic prey capturing events. A laboratory experiment using the common predatory carabid beetle Anchomenus dorsalis revealed an exceptional level of starvation resistance in this species: males survived up to 137 days and females up to 218 days without food at 20°C. Individual starvation resistance was strongly positively affected by pre-starvation body mass but only slightly by beetle structural body size per se. Females outperformed males even when the effect of gender was corrected for the effects of structural body size and pre-starvation body mass. The better performance of females compared to males and of beetles with higher relative pre-starvation body mass could be linked to higher fat content and lean dry mass before starvation, followed by a greater decrease in both during starvation. There was also a difference between the sexes in the extent of body mass changes both during ad libitum feeding and following starvation; the body masses of females fluctuated more compared to males. This study stresses the need to distinguish between body mass and structural body size when investigating the ecological and evolutionary consequences of body size. Investigation of the net effects of body size and sex is necessary to disentangle the causes of differences in individual performances in studies of species with significant sexual size dimorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Knapp
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Praha 6 – Suchdol, CZ-165 21, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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158
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Abstract
Extended bouts of fasting are ingrained in the ecology of many organisms, characterizing aspects of reproduction, development, hibernation, estivation, migration, and infrequent feeding habits. The challenge of long fasting episodes is the need to maintain physiological homeostasis while relying solely on endogenous resources. To meet that challenge, animals utilize an integrated repertoire of behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses that reduce metabolic rates, maintain tissue structure and function, and thus enhance survival. We have synthesized in this review the integrative physiological, morphological, and biochemical responses, and their stages, that characterize natural fasting bouts. Underlying the capacity to survive extended fasts are behaviors and mechanisms that reduce metabolic expenditure and shift the dependency to lipid utilization. Hormonal regulation and immune capacity are altered by fasting; hormones that trigger digestion, elevate metabolism, and support immune performance become depressed, whereas hormones that enhance the utilization of endogenous substrates are elevated. The negative energy budget that accompanies fasting leads to the loss of body mass as fat stores are depleted and tissues undergo atrophy (i.e., loss of mass). Absolute rates of body mass loss scale allometrically among vertebrates. Tissues and organs vary in the degree of atrophy and downregulation of function, depending on the degree to which they are used during the fast. Fasting affects the population dynamics and activities of the gut microbiota, an interplay that impacts the host's fasting biology. Fasting-induced gene expression programs underlie the broad spectrum of integrated physiological mechanisms responsible for an animal's ability to survive long episodes of natural fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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159
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Li XM, Liu L, Yuan JM, Xiao YY, Fu SJ, Zhang YG. The effect of aerobic exercise and starvation on growth performance and postprandial metabolic response in juvenile southern catfish ( Silurus meridionalis ). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 193:36-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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160
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The negative effect of starvation and the positive effect of mild thermal stress on thermal tolerance of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Naturwissenschaften 2016; 103:20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-016-1344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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161
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Killen SS, Fu C, Wu Q, Wang Y, Fu S. The relationship between metabolic rate and sociability is altered by food deprivation. Funct Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun S. Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health, and Comparative Medicine College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences University of Glasgow Glasgow G12 8QQ UK
| | - Cheng Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour College of Life Sciences Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China
| | - Qingyi Wu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour College of Life Sciences Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China
| | - Yu‐Xiang Wang
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour College of Life Sciences Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China
- Department of Biology Queen's University Kingston Ontario Canada K7L 3N6
| | - Shi‐Jian Fu
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behaviour College of Life Sciences Chongqing Normal University Chongqing 400047 China
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162
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do Nascimento LFR, da Silveira LC, Nisembaum LG, Colquhoun A, Abe AS, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, de Souza SCR. Morphological and metabolic adjustments in the small intestine to energy demands of growth, storage, and fasting in the first annual cycle of a hibernating lizard (Tupinambis merianae). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2016; 195:55-64. [PMID: 26872995 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal plasticity in the small intestine of neonatal tegu lizards was investigated using morphometry and analysis of enzymes involved in supplying energy to the intestinal tissue. In the autumn, the intestinal mass (Mi) was 1.0% of body mass and the scaling exponent b=0.92 indicated that Mi was larger in smaller neonates. During arousal from dormancy Mi was 23% smaller; later in spring, Mi increased 60% in relation to the autumn and the exponent b=0.14 indicated that the recovery was disproportionate in smaller tegus. During the autumn, the intestinal villi were greatly elongated; by midwinter, the Hv, SvEp, and VvEp were smaller than during the autumn (59%, 54%, 29%) and were restored to autumn levels during spring. In the active tegus, the maximum activity (Vmax) of enzymes indicated that the enterocytes can obtain energy from different sources, and possess gluconeogenic capacity. During winter, the Vmax of CS, HOAD, GDH, PEPCK was 40-50% lower in relation to the autumn and spring, while the Vmax of HK, PK, LDH, AST was unchanged. The hypoglycemia and the mucosal atrophy/ischemia during winter would prevent the enterocytes from using glucose, whereas they could slowly oxidize fatty acids released from body stores and amino acids from the tissue proteolysis to satisfy their needs of energy. Contrastingly, starvation during spring caused severe mass loss (50%); the tissue protein and the VvEp and VvLP did not change while the thickness of the muscular layer increased 51%, which suggested different effects along the length of the organ. In addition, the Vmax of the glycolytic enzymes was lower, indicating that a regulatory mechanism would spare blood glucose for vital organs during unanticipated food restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lilian Cristina da Silveira
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Gabriela Nisembaum
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Alison Colquhoun
- Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Agusto S Abe
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Biosciences, State University of São Paulo, P.O. Box 199, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Silvia Cristina R de Souza
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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163
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Killen SS, Adriaenssens B, Marras S, Claireaux G, Cooke SJ. Context dependency of trait repeatability and its relevance for management and conservation of fish populations. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 4:cow007. [PMID: 27382470 PMCID: PMC4922260 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cow007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Repeatability of behavioural and physiological traits is increasingly a focus for animal researchers, for which fish have become important models. Almost all of this work has been done in the context of evolutionary ecology, with few explicit attempts to apply repeatability and context dependency of trait variation toward understanding conservation-related issues. Here, we review work examining the degree to which repeatability of traits (such as boldness, swimming performance, metabolic rate and stress responsiveness) is context dependent. We review methods for quantifying repeatability (distinguishing between within-context and across-context repeatability) and confounding factors that may be especially problematic when attempting to measure repeatability in wild fish. Environmental factors such temperature, food availability, oxygen availability, hypercapnia, flow regime and pollutants all appear to alter trait repeatability in fishes. This suggests that anthropogenic environmental change could alter evolutionary trajectories by changing which individuals achieve the greatest fitness in a given set of conditions. Gaining a greater understanding of these effects will be crucial for our ability to forecast the effects of gradual environmental change, such as climate change and ocean acidification, the study of which is currently limited by our ability to examine trait changes over relatively short time scales. Also discussed are situations in which recent advances in technologies associated with electronic tags (biotelemetry and biologging) and respirometry will help to facilitate increased quantification of repeatability for physiological and integrative traits, which so far lag behind measures of repeatability of behavioural traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Killen
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
- Corresponding author: Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK. Tel: +44 (0)141 330 2898.
| | - B Adriaenssens
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, Graham Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - S Marras
- IAMC-CNR, Institute for the Coastal Marine Environment, National Research Council, Località Sa Mardini, 09170 Torregrande, Oristano, Italy
| | - G Claireaux
- Université de Bretagne Occidentale, LEMAR (UMR 6539), Unité PFOM-ARN, Centre Ifremer de Bretagne, 29280 Plouzané, France
| | - S J Cooke
- Fish Ecology and Conservation Physiology Laboratory, Department of Biology and Institute of Environmental Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1S 5B6
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164
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Guariento RD, Carneiro LS, Jorge JS, Borges AN, Esteves FA, Caliman A. Interactive effects of predation risk and conspecific density on the nutrient stoichiometry of prey. Ecol Evol 2015; 5:4747-56. [PMID: 26640656 PMCID: PMC4662331 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mere presence of predators (i.e., predation risk) can alter consumer physiology by restricting food intake and inducing stress, which can ultimately affect prey‐mediated ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling. However, many environmental factors, including conspecific density, can mediate the perception of risk by prey. Prey conspecific density has been defined as a fundamental feature that modulates perceived risk. In this study, we tested the effects of predation risk on prey nutrient stoichiometry (body and excretion). Using a constant predation risk, we also tested the effects of varying conspecific densities on prey responses to predation risk. To answer these questions, we conducted a mesocosm experiment using caged predators (Belostoma sp.), and small bullfrog tadpoles (Lithobates catesbeianus) as prey. We found that L. catesbeianus tadpoles adjust their body nutrient stoichiometry in response to predation risk, which is affected by conspecific density. We also found that the prey exhibited strong morphological responses to predation risk (i.e., an increase in tail muscle mass), which were positively correlated to body nitrogen content. Thus, we pose the notion that in risky situations, adaptive phenotypic responses rather than behavioral ones might partially explain why prey might have a higher nitrogen content under predation risk. In addition, the interactive roles of conspecific density and predation risk, which might result in reduced perceived risk and physiological restrictions in prey, also affected how prey stoichiometry responded to the fear of predation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael D Guariento
- Ecology Laboratory CCBS Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul Campo Grande MS Brazil
| | - Luciana S Carneiro
- Department of Ecology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte CEP 59072-970 Natal RN Brazil
| | - Jaqueiuto S Jorge
- Department of Botany and Zoology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte CEP 59072-970 Natal RN Brazil
| | - Angélica N Borges
- Department of Botany and Zoology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte CEP 59072-970 Natal RN Brazil
| | - Francisco A Esteves
- Department of Ecology Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Adriano Caliman
- Department of Ecology Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte CEP 59072-970 Natal RN Brazil
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165
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Janssens L, Van Dievel M, Stoks R. Warming reinforces nonconsumptive predator effects on prey growth, physiology, and body stoichiometry. Ecology 2015; 96:3270-80. [DOI: 10.1890/15-0030.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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166
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Wensveen FM, Valentić S, Šestan M, Wensveen TT, Polić B. Interactions between adipose tissue and the immune system in health and malnutrition. Semin Immunol 2015; 27:322-33. [PMID: 26603491 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue provides the body with a storage depot of nutrients that is drained during times of starvation and replenished when food sources are abundant. As such, it is the primary sensor for nutrient availability in the milieu of an organism, which it communicates to the body through the excretion of hormones. Adipose tissue regulates a multitude of body functions associated with metabolism, such as gluconeogenesis, feeding and nutrient uptake. The immune system forms a vital layer of protection against micro-organisms that try to gain access to the nutrients contained in the body. Because infections need to be resolved as quickly as possible, speed is favored over energy-efficiency in an immune response. Especially when immune cells are activated, they switch to fast, but energy-inefficient anaerobic respiration to fulfill their energetic needs. Despite the necessity for an effective immune system, it is not given free rein in its energy expenditure. Signals derived from adipose tissue limit immune cell numbers and activity under conditions of nutrient shortage, whereas they allow proper immune cell activity when food sources are sufficiently available. When excessive fat accumulation occurs, such as in diet-induced obesity, adipose tissue becomes the site of pathological immune cell activation, causing chronic low-grade systemic inflammation. Obesity is therefore associated with a number of disorders in which the immune system plays a central role, such as atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In this review, we will discuss the way in which adipose tissue regulates activity of the immune system under healthy and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Wensveen
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia; Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sonja Valentić
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Marko Šestan
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - Bojan Polić
- Department of Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.
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167
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McCue MD, Guzman RM, Passement CA, Davidowitz G. How and When Do Insects Rely on Endogenous Protein and Lipid Resources during Lethal Bouts of Starvation? A New Application for 13C-Breath testing. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140053. [PMID: 26465334 PMCID: PMC4605643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of our understanding about the physiology of fasting and starvation comes from studies of vertebrates; however, for ethical reasons, studies that monitor vertebrates through the lethal endpoint are scant. Insects are convenient models to characterize the comparative strategies used to cope with starvation because they have diverse life histories and have evolved under the omnipresent challenge of food limitation. Moreover, we can study the physiology of starvation through its natural endpoint. In this study we raised populations of five species of insects (adult grasshoppers, crickets, cockroaches, and larval beetles and moths) on diets labeled with either 13C-palmitic acid or 13C-leucine to isotopically enrich the lipids or the proteins in their bodies, respectively. The insects were allowed to become postabsorptive and then starved. We periodically measured the δ13C of the exhaled breath to characterize how each species adjusted their reliance on endogenous lipids and proteins as energy sources. We found that starving insects employ a wide range of strategies for regulating lipid and protein oxidation. All of the insects except for the beetle larvae were capable of sharply reducing reliance on protein oxidation; however, this protein sparing strategy was usually unsustainable during the entire starvation period. All insects increased their reliance on lipid oxidation, but while some species (grasshoppers, cockroaches, and beetle larvae) were still relying extensively on lipids at the time of death, other species (crickets and moth larvae) allowed rates of lipid oxidation to return to prestarvation levels. Although lipids and proteins are critical metabolic fuels for both vertebrates and insects, insects apparently exhibit a much wider range of strategies for rationing these limited resources during starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall D. McCue
- St. Mary’s University, Department of Biological Sciences, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - R. Marena Guzman
- St. Mary’s University, Department of Biological Sciences, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Celeste A. Passement
- St. Mary’s University, Department of Biological Sciences, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Goggy Davidowitz
- University of Arizona, Department of Entomology, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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168
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Lynn DA, Curran SP. The SKN-1 hunger games: May the odds be ever in your favor. WORM 2015; 4:e1078959. [PMID: 26430571 DOI: 10.1080/21624054.2015.1078959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Animals must continually assess nutrient availability to develop appropriate strategies for survival and reproductive success. It is no secret that nutritional state plays a large role in both aging and health.(1-7) Appropriate cellular energy usage is not only crucial for animal starvation survival, but is also important for diseases such as obesity and cancer, which characteristically have metabolic dysfunction.(8-10) C. elegans are exceptionally well poised to handle bouts of starvation as resource availability in the wild varies greatly.(11,12) We recently discovered an evolutionarily conserved pathway, regulated by the cytoprotective transcription factor SKN-1/Nrf2, which integrates diet composition and availability with utilization for survival.(13,14) These responses have potent impact on organismal physiology and remarkably are influenced by current and parental life history events, including choice of diet. In this commentary we will focus on recent insights concerning dietary intake and the impact that this can have throughout the life history of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. In light of the strong impact that diet plays throughout life we urge caution when interpreting previous studies that make use of only one diet and suggest a reinvestigation utilizing a different diet is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana A Lynn
- Davis School of Gerontology; University of Southern California ; Los Angeles, CA USA ; Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences; University of Southern California ; Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Sean P Curran
- Davis School of Gerontology; University of Southern California ; Los Angeles, CA USA ; Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences; University of Southern California ; Los Angeles, CA USA ; Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California ; Los Angeles, CA USA
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169
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Morphological Pulmonary Diffusion Capacity for Oxygen of Burmese Pythons (Python molurus): a Comparison of Animals in Healthy Condition and with Different Pulmonary Infections. J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:333-51. [PMID: 26410400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A qualitative and quantitative morphological study of the pulmonary exchange capacity of healthy and diseased Burmese pythons (Python molurus) was carried out in order to test the hypothesis that the high morphological excess capacity for oxygen exchange in the lungs of these snakes is one of the reasons why pathological processes extend throughout the lung parenchyma and impair major parts of the lungs before clinical signs of respiratory disease become apparent. Twenty-four Burmese pythons (12 healthy and 12 diseased) were included in the study. A stereology-based approach was used to quantify the lung parenchyma using computed tomography. Light microscopy was used to quantify tissue compartments and the respiratory exchange surface, and transmission electron microscopy was used to measure the thickness of the diffusion barrier. The morphological diffusion capacity for oxygen of the lungs and the anatomical diffusion factor were calculated. The calculated anatomical diffusion capacity was compared with published values for oxygen consumption of healthy snakes, and the degree to which the exchange capacity can be obstructed before normal physiological function is impaired was estimated. Heterogeneous pulmonary infections result in graded morphological transformations of pulmonary parenchyma involving lymphocyte migration into the connective tissue and thickening of the septal connective tissue, increasing thickness of the diffusion barrier and increasing transformation of the pulmonary epithelium into a columnar pseudostratified or stratified epithelium. The transformed epithelium developed by hyperplasia of ciliated cells arising from the tip of the faveolar septa and by hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes. These results support the idea that the lungs have a remarkable overcapacity for oxygen consumption and that the development of pulmonary disease continuously reduces the capacity for oxygen consumption. However, due to the overcapacity of the lungs, this reduction does not result in clinical signs and disease can progress unrecognized for an extended period.
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170
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Bellmann S, Carlander D, Fasano A, Momcilovic D, Scimeca JA, Waldman WJ, Gombau L, Tsytsikova L, Canady R, Pereira DIA, Lefebvre DE. Mammalian gastrointestinal tract parameters modulating the integrity, surface properties, and absorption of food-relevant nanomaterials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 7:609-22. [PMID: 25641962 PMCID: PMC4949541 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many natural chemicals in food are in the nanometer size range, and the selective uptake of nutrients with nanoscale dimensions by the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a normal physiological process. Novel engineered nanomaterials (NMs) can bring various benefits to food, e.g., enhancing nutrition. Assessing potential risks requires an understanding of the stability of these entities in the GI lumen, and an understanding of whether or not they can be absorbed and thus become systemically available. Data are emerging on the mammalian in vivo absorption of engineered NMs composed of chemicals with a range of properties, including metal, mineral, biochemical macromolecules, and lipid-based entities. In vitro and in silico fluid incubation data has also provided some evidence of changes in particle stability, aggregation, and surface properties following interaction with luminal factors present in the GI tract. The variables include physical forces, osmotic concentration, pH, digestive enzymes, other food, and endogenous biochemicals, and commensal microbes. Further research is required to fill remaining data gaps on the effects of these parameters on NM integrity, physicochemical properties, and GI absorption. Knowledge of the most influential luminal parameters will be essential when developing models of the GI tract to quantify the percent absorption of food-relevant engineered NMs for risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alessio Fasano
- Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dragan Momcilovic
- Department of Health and Human Services, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lyubov Tsytsikova
- Center for Risk Science Innovation and Application, ILSI Research Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Richard Canady
- Center for Risk Science Innovation and Application, ILSI Research Foundation, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Dora I A Pereira
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - David E Lefebvre
- Regulatory Toxicology Research Division, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
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171
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Courtney Jones SK, Munn AJ, Penman TD, Byrne PG. Long-term changes in food availability mediate the effects of temperature on growth, development and survival in striped marsh frog larvae: implications for captive breeding programmes. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 3:cov029. [PMID: 27293714 PMCID: PMC4778449 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/cov029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Food availability and temperature are known to trigger phenotypic change, but the interactive effects between these factors are only beginning to be considered. The aim of this study was to examine the independent and interactive effects of long-term stochastic food availability and water temperature on larval survivorship, growth and development of the striped marsh frog, Limnodynastes peronii. Larval L. peronii were reared in conditions of either constant or stochastic food availability and in water at three different temperatures (18, 22 and 26°C), and effects on survival, growth and development were quantified. Over the experimental period, larval growth rate was highest and survivorship lowest at the warmest temperature. However, changes in food availability mediated the effects of temperature, with slower larval growth and higher survivorship in stochastic food availability treatments. Tadpoles in the stochastic food availability treatments did not reach metamorphosis during the experimental period, suggesting that developmental stasis may have been induced by food restriction. Overall, these results demonstrate that changes in food availability alter the effects of water temperature on survival, growth and development. From an applied perspective, understanding how environmental factors interact to cause phenotypic change may assist with amphibian conservation by improving the number of tadpoles generated in captive breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie K. Courtney Jones
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Adam J. Munn
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Trent D. Penman
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Science, University of Melbourne, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
| | - Phillip G. Byrne
- Institute for Conservation Biology and Environmental Management, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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172
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McKenzie DJ, Vergnet A, Chatain B, Vandeputte M, Desmarais E, Steffensen JF, Guinand B. Physiological mechanisms underlying individual variation in tolerance of food deprivation in juvenile European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 217:3283-92. [PMID: 25232198 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.101857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although food deprivation is a major ecological pressure in fishes, there is wide individual variation in tolerance of fasting, whose mechanistic bases are poorly understood. Two thousand individually tagged juvenile European sea bass were submitted to two 'fasting/feeding' cycles each comprising 3 weeks of food deprivation followed by 3 weeks of ad libitum feeding at 25°C. Rates of mass loss during the two fasting periods were averaged for each individual to calculate a population mean. Extreme fasting tolerant (FT) and sensitive (FS) phenotypes were identified that were at least one and a half standard deviations, on opposing sides, from this mean. Respirometry was used to investigate two main hypotheses: (1) tolerance of food deprivation reflects lower mass-corrected routine metabolic rate (RMR) in FT phenotypes when fasting, and (2) tolerance reflects differences in substrate utilisation; FT phenotypes use relatively less proteins as metabolic fuels during fasting, measured as their ammonia quotient (AQ), the simultaneous ratio of ammonia excretion to RMR. There was no difference in mean RMR between FT and FS over 7 days fasting, being 6.70±0.24 mmol h(-1) fish(-1) (mean ± s.e.m., N=18) versus 6.76±0.22 mmol h(-1) fish(-1) (N=17), respectively, when corrected to a body mass of 130 g. For any given RMR, however, the FT lost mass at a significantly lower rate than FS, overall 7-day average being 0.72±0.05 versus 0.90±0.05 g day(-1) fish(-1), respectively (P<0.01, t-test). At 20 h after receiving a ration equivalent to 2% body mass as food pellets, ammonia excretion and simultaneous RMR were elevated and similar in FT and FS, with AQs of 0.105±0.009 and 0.089±0.007, respectively. At the end of the period of fasting, ammonia excretion and RMR had fallen in both phenotypes, but AQ was significantly lower in FT than FS, being 0.038±0.004 versus 0.061±0.005, respectively (P<0.001, t-test). There was a direct linear relationship between individual fasted AQ and rate of mass loss, with FT and FS individuals distributed at opposing lower and upper extremities, respectively. Thus the difference between the phenotypes in their tolerance of food deprivation did not depend upon their routine energy use when fasting. Rather, it depended upon their relative use of tissue proteins as metabolic fuels when fasting, which was significantly lower in FT phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J McKenzie
- UMR5119, Ecologie des systèmes marins côtiers (ECOSYM), Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Alain Vergnet
- Ifremer, Station expérimentale d'aquaculture, chemin de Maguelone, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Béatrice Chatain
- Ifremer, Station expérimentale d'aquaculture, chemin de Maguelone, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France
| | - Marc Vandeputte
- Ifremer, Station expérimentale d'aquaculture, chemin de Maguelone, 34250 Palavas-les-Flots, France INRA UMR1313, Génétique Animale et Biologie Intégrative, Domaine de Vilvert, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Erick Desmarais
- UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISE-M), Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - John F Steffensen
- Marine Biological Section, University of Copenhagen, Strandpromenaden 5, DK-3000 Helsingør, Denmark
| | - Bruno Guinand
- UMR5554, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISE-M), Place Eugène Bataillon, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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173
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Charron L, Geffard O, Chaumot A, Coulaud R, Jaffal A, Gaillet V, Dedourge-Geffard O, Geffard A. Consequences of lower food intake on the digestive enzymes activities, the energy reserves and the reproductive outcome in Gammarus fossarum. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125154. [PMID: 25880985 PMCID: PMC4400123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive enzyme activity is often used as a sensitive response to environmental pollution. However, only little is known about the negative effects of stress on digestive capacities and their consequences on energy reserves and reproduction, although these parameters are important for the maintenance of populations. To highlight if changes in biochemical responses (digestive enzymes and reserves) led to impairments at an individual level (fertility), Gammarus fossarum were submitted to a lower food intake throughout a complete female reproductive cycle (i.e. from ovogenesis to offspring production). For both males and females, amylase activity was inhibited by the diet stress, whereas trypsin activity was not influenced. These results underline similar sensitivity of males and females concerning their digestive capacity. Energy reserves decreased with food starvation in females, and remained stable in males. The number of embryos per female decreased with food starvation. Lower digestive activity in males and females therefore appears as an early response. These results underline the ecological relevance of digestive markers, as they make it possible to anticipate upcoming consequences on reproduction in females, a key biological variable for population dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Charron
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Ineris (UMR-I02) Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Olivier Geffard
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l’environnement et l’agriculture, Unité de Recherche Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions, Ecotoxicologie, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Chaumot
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l’environnement et l’agriculture, Unité de Recherche Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions, Ecotoxicologie, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Romain Coulaud
- Institut national de recherche en sciences et technologies pour l’environnement et l’agriculture, Unité de Recherche Milieux Aquatiques, Ecologie et Pollutions, Ecotoxicologie, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - Ali Jaffal
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Ineris (UMR-I02) Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Véronique Gaillet
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Ineris (UMR-I02) Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Odile Dedourge-Geffard
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Ineris (UMR-I02) Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Alain Geffard
- Université Reims Champagne Ardenne, Unité Mixte de Recherche-Ineris (UMR-I02) Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cedex 2, France
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174
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Fukushima A, Hagiwara H, Fujioka H, Kimura F, Akema T, Funabashi T. Sex differences in feeding behavior in rats: the relationship with neuronal activation in the hypothalamus. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:88. [PMID: 25870535 PMCID: PMC4378303 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
There is general agreement that the central nervous system in rodents differs between sexes due to the presence of gonadal steroid hormone during differentiation. Sex differences in feeding seem to occur among species, and responses to fasting (i.e., starvation), gonadal steroids (i.e., testosterone and estradiol), and diet (i.e., western-style diet) vary significantly between sexes. The hypothalamus is the center for controlling feeding behavior. We examined the activation of feeding-related peptides in neurons in the hypothalamus. Phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is a good marker for neural activation, as is the Fos antigen. Therefore, we predicted that sex differences in the activity of melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons would be associated with feeding behavior. We determined the response of MCH neurons to glucose in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) and our results suggested MCH neurons play an important role in sex differences in feeding behavior. In addition, fasting increased the number of orexin neurons harboring phosphorylated CREB in female rats (regardless of the estrous day), but not male rats. Glucose injection decreased the number of these neurons with phosphorylated CREB in fasted female rats. Finally, under normal spontaneous food intake, MCH neurons, but not orexin neurons, expressed phosphorylated CREB. These sex differences in response to fasting and glucose, as well as under normal conditions, suggest a vulnerability to metabolic challenges in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Fukushima
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hagiwara
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan ; Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fujioka
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Fukuko Kimura
- Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Akema
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Toshiya Funabashi
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki, Japan ; Department of Physiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine Yokohama, Japan
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175
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Welch KC, Péronnet F, Hatch KA, Voigt CC, McCue MD. Carbon stable-isotope tracking in breath for comparative studies of fuel use. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1365:15-32. [PMID: 25817456 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Almost half a century ago, researchers demonstrated that the ratio of stable carbon isotopes in exhaled breath of rats and humans could reveal the oxidation of labeled substrates in vivo, opening a new chapter in the study of fuel use, the fate of ingested substrates, and aerobic metabolism. Until recently, the combined use of respirometry and stable-isotope tracer techniques had not been broadly employed to study fuel use in other animal groups. In this review, we summarize the history of this approach in human and animal research and define best practices that maximize its utility. We also summarize several case studies that use stable-isotope measurements of breath to explore the limits of aerobic metabolism and substrate turnover among several species and various physiological states. We highlight the importance of a comparative approach in revealing the profound effects that phylogeny, ecology, and behavior can have in shaping aerobic metabolism and energetics as well as the fundamental biological principles that underlie fuel use and metabolic function across taxa. New analytical equipment and refinement of methodology make the combined use of respirometry and stable-isotope tracer techniques simpler to perform, less costly, and more field ready than ever before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Welch
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - François Péronnet
- Département de Kinésiologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Kent A Hatch
- Department of Biology, Long Island University Post, Brookville, New York
| | - Christian C Voigt
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marshall D McCue
- Department of Biological Sciences, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, Texas
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176
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Passow CN, Greenway R, Arias-Rodriguez L, Jeyasingh PD, Tobler M. Reduction of Energetic Demands through Modification of Body Size and Routine Metabolic Rates in Extremophile Fish. Physiol Biochem Zool 2015; 88:371-83. [PMID: 26052634 DOI: 10.1086/681053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Variation in energy availability or maintenance costs in extreme environments can exert selection for efficient energy use, and reductions in organismal energy demand can be achieved in two ways: reducing body mass or metabolic suppression. Whether long-term exposure to extreme environmental conditions drives adaptive shifts in body mass or metabolic rates remains an open question. We studied body size variation and variation in routine metabolic rates in locally adapted populations of extremophile fish (Poecilia mexicana) living in toxic, hydrogen sulfide-rich springs and caves. We quantified size distributions and routine metabolic rates in wild-caught individuals from four habitat types. Compared with ancestral populations in nonsulfidic surface habitats, extremophile populations were characterized by significant reductions in body size. Despite elevated metabolic rates in cave fish, the body size reduction precipitated in significantly reduced energy demands in all extremophile populations. Laboratory experiments on common garden-raised fish indicated that elevated routine metabolic rates in cave fish likely have a genetic basis. The results of this study indicate that adaptation to extreme environments directly impacts energy metabolism, with fish living in cave and sulfide spring environments expending less energy overall during routine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney N Passow
- Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Sciences West, Stillwater, Oklahoma 74078; 2División Académica de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
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177
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Munns SL, Edwards A, Nicol S, Frappell PB. Pregnancy limits lung function during exercise and depresses metabolic rate in the skink Tiliqua nigrolutea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:931-9. [PMID: 25788728 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
High gestational loads have been associated with a range of ecological costs, such as decreased locomotor ability; however, the physiological mechanisms that underpin these changes are poorly understood. In this study, breathing patterns, metabolic rates, lung volume and lung diffusing capacity were measured at rest and during exercise in the pregnant skink Tiliqua nigrolutea. Breathing patterns were largely unaffected by gestation; however, decreases in metabolic rate (rate of oxygen consumption) in the late stages of pregnancy induced a relative hyperventilation. The reductions in metabolic rate during late pregnancy prevent the calculation of the maintenance cost of pregnancy based on post-partum and neonatal metabolic rates. Despite the high relative litter mass of 38.9±5.3%, lung diffusing capacity was maintained during all stages of pregnancy, suggesting that alterations in diffusion at the alveolar capillary membrane were not responsible for the relative hyperventilation. Lung volume was increased during pregnancy compared with non-pregnant females, but lung volume was significantly lower during pregnancy compared with post-partum lung volume. Pregnant females were unable to produce the same metabolic and ventilatory changes induced by exercise in non-pregnant females. This lack of ability to respond to increased respiratory drive during exercise may underpin the locomotor impairment measured during gestation in previous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne L Munns
- Biomedical Sciences, College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Ashley Edwards
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Stewart Nicol
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
| | - Peter B Frappell
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia
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178
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Halle S, Nowizki A, Scharf I. The consequences of parental age for development, body mass and resistance to stress in the red flour beetle. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Snir Halle
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; POB 39040 Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Anastasia Nowizki
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; POB 39040 Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
| | - Inon Scharf
- Department of Zoology; Faculty of Life Sciences; Tel Aviv University; POB 39040 Tel Aviv 6997801 Israel
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179
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Mayerl S, Liebsch C, Visser TJ, Heuer H. Absence of TRH receptor 1 in male mice affects gastric ghrelin production. Endocrinology 2015; 156:755-67. [PMID: 25490146 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
TRH not only functions as a thyrotropin releasing hormone but also acts as a neuropeptide in central circuits regulating food intake and energy expenditure. As one suggested mode of action, TRH expressed in the caudal brainstem influences vagal activity by activating TRH receptor 1 (TRH-R1). In order to evaluate the impact of a diminished medullary TRH signaling on ghrelin metabolism, we analyzed metabolic changes of TRH-R1 knockout (R1ko) mice in response to 24 hours of food deprivation. Because R1ko mice are hypothyroid, we also studied eu- and hypothyroid wild-type (wt) animals and R1ko mice rendered euthyroid by thyroid hormone treatment. Independent of their thyroidal state, R1ko mice displayed a higher body weight loss than wt animals and a delayed reduction in locomotor activity upon fasting. Ghrelin transcript levels in the stomach as well as total ghrelin levels in the circulation were equally high in fasted wt and R1ko mice. In contrast, only wt mice responded to fasting with a rise in ghrelin-O-acyltransferase mRNA expression and consequently an increase in serum levels of acylated ghrelin. Together, our data suggest that an up-regulation of medullary TRH expression and subsequently enhanced activation of TRH-R1 in the vagal system represents a critical step in the stimulation of ghrelin-O-acyltransferase expression upon starvation that in turn is important for adjusting the circulating levels of acylated ghrelin to the fasting condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mayerl
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research/Fritz Lipmann Institute (S.M., C.L., H.H.), D-07745 Jena, Germany; Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus-Senftenberg (C.L.), D-01968 Senftenberg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine (T.J.V.), Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; and Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine (H.H.), Düsseldorf, Germany
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180
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Culumber ZW, Schumer M, Monks S, Tobler M. Environmental heterogeneity generates opposite gene-by-environment interactions for two fitness-related traits within a population. Evolution 2015; 69:541-50. [PMID: 25496554 DOI: 10.1111/evo.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that environmental heterogeneity offers a potential solution to the maintenance of genetic variation within populations, but empirical evidence remains sparse. The live-bearing fish Xiphophorus variatus exhibits polymorphism at a single locus, with different alleles resulting in up to five distinct melanistic "tailspot" patterns within populations. We investigated the effects of heterogeneity in two ubiquitous environmental variables (temperature and food availability) on two fitness-related traits (upper thermal limits and body condition) in two different tailspot types (wild-type and upper cut crescent). We found gene-by-environment (G × E) interactions between tailspot type and food level affecting upper thermal limits (UTL), as well as between tailspot type and thermal environment affecting body condition. Exploring mechanistic bases underlying these G × E patterns, we found no differences between tailspot types in hsp70 gene expression despite significant overall increases in expression under both thermal and food stress. Similarly, there was no difference in routine metabolic rates between the tailspot types. The reversal of relative performance of the two tailspot types under different environmental conditions revealed a mechanism by which environmental heterogeneity can balance polymorphism within populations through selection on different fitness-related traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary W Culumber
- Centro de Investigaciones Cientificas de las Huastecas "Aguazarca", 392 Colonia Aguazarca, Calnali, Hidalgo, 43230, Mexico; Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506.
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181
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Naveed S, Aslam M, Ahmad A. Starvation based differential chemotherapy:
a novel approach for cancer treatment. Oman Med J 2015; 29:391-8. [PMID: 25584154 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2014.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment are advised to increase food intake to overcome the therapy-induced side effects, and weight loss. Dietary restriction is known to slow down the aging process and hence reduce age-related diseases such as cancer. Fasting or short-term starvation is more effective than dietary restriction to prevent cancer growth since starved cells switch off signals for growth and reproduction and enter a protective mode, while cancer cells, being mutated, are not sensitized by any external growth signals and are not protected against any stress. This phenomenon is known as differential stress resistance (DSR). Nutrient signaling pathways involving growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis and its downstream effectors, play a key role in DSR in response to starvation controlling the other cell maintenance systems, such as autophagy and apoptosis, that are related to the tumorigenesis. Yeast cells lacking these effectors are better protected against oxidative stress compared to normal cells. In the same way, starvation protects many cell lines and mice against high-dose chemotherapeutic drugs. According to a series of studies, fasting results in overall reduction in chemotherapy side effects in cancer patients. Data shows that starvation-dependent differential chemotherapy is safe, feasible and effective in cancer treatment, but the possible side effects of starvation limit its efficacy. However, further studies and clinical trials may result in its implementation in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Naveed
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aslam
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, University of the Punjab, Quaid-i-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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182
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Moyson S, Liew HJ, Diricx M, Sinha AK, Blust R, De Boeck G. The combined effect of hypoxia and nutritional status on metabolic and ionoregulatory responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 179:133-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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183
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DeVries ZC, Kells SA, Appel AG. Effects of starvation and molting on the metabolic rate of the bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.). Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 88:53-65. [PMID: 25590593 DOI: 10.1086/679499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) is a common hematophagous pest in the urban environment and is capable of surviving extended periods of starvation. However, the relationship between starvation and metabolism in bed bugs is not well understood. To better understand this relationship, we measured the metabolism of all life stages for >900 h after feeding (starvation) using closed-system respirometry. Measurements were made around molting for the immature life stages, which occurs only after a blood meal. In addition, both mated and unmated adults were measured. Starvation and molting had significant effects on the metabolism of the bed bug. Mass-specific metabolic rate (V(O2); mL g(-1) h(-1)) declined in a curvilinear fashion with the period of starvation for adults and with the postmolting period for immature bed bugs (used to standardize all immature life stages). A standard curve was developed to depict the generalized pattern of metabolic decline observed in all life stages that molted. Individual metabolic comparisons among life stages that molted revealed some differences in metabolic rate between unmated males and females. In addition, the mass scaling coefficient was found to decline with starvation time (postmolting time) for all life stages that molted. In most life stages, the ratio of V(CO2) to V(O2) (respiratory exchange ratio) declined over time, indicating a change in metabolic substrate with starvation. Finally, daily percent loss in body mass declined in a pattern similar to that of V(O2). The observed patterns in metabolic decline are evaluated in relation to the life history of bed bugs. In addition, the evolutionary development of these patterns is discussed. The metabolic pattern after feeding was also found to share several similarities with that of other ectothermic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary C DeVries
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849; 2Department of Entomology, 219 Hodson Hall, 1980 Folwell Avenue, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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184
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Scharf I, Galkin N, Halle S. Disentangling the Consequences of Growth Temperature and Adult Acclimation Temperature on Starvation and Thermal Tolerance in the Red Flour Beetle. Evol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-014-9298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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185
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Kohl KD, Amaya J, Passement CA, Dearing MD, McCue MD. Unique and shared responses of the gut microbiota to prolonged fasting: a comparative study across five classes of vertebrate hosts. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90:883-94. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Kohl
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | - James Amaya
- Department of Biological Sciences; St. Mary's University; San Antonio TX USA
| | | | | | - Marshall D. McCue
- Department of Biological Sciences; St. Mary's University; San Antonio TX USA
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186
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Senbanjo IO, Oshikoya KA, Njokanma OF. Upper arm composition and nutritional status of school children and adolescents in Abeokuta, Southwest Nigeria. World J Pediatr 2014; 10:336-42. [PMID: 24599617 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-014-0470-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Upper arm composition is a reflection of body protein and calorie reserves. However, there is a paucity of data on upper arm composition of children from African countries, including Nigeria. This study aimed to determine the composition of upper arm and nutritional status of school children in Abeokuta, Nigeria and to compare with international reference standards. The sensitivity and specificity of upper arm muscle area by height (UAMAH) as a nutritional assessment tool was also determined. METHODS Five hundred and seventy children aged 5 to 19 years were selected from seven schools using multistage random sampling. Weight, height, mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and triceps skin fold thickness (TSF) were measured. Body mass index, upper arm muscle area (UAMA), upper arm fat area (UAFA), fat percentage and UAMAH were derived. RESULTS The TSF, UAFA and fat percentage were significantly higher in females than males at each age group. MUAC and UAMA were significantly higher in female children aged 10-14 years, whereas UAMA was significantly higher in male children aged 15-19 years. UAMA and UAFA of the children were lower than those of Americans but similar to those of Zimbabweans, and higher than those of Indians. The sensitivity and specificity of UAMAH for detecting wasting were 80.8% and 63.9%, respectively, whereas the corresponding values for stunting were 32.2% and 58.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The school children studied have a combination of poor calorie and protein reserve. UAMAH may be a valuable tool for complete evaluation of the nutritional status of school children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idowu Odunayo Senbanjo
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Lagos State University College of Medicine, PMB 21266, Ikeja, Lagos State, 100001, Nigeria,
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187
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Dalton CM, Flecker AS. Metabolic stoichiometry and the ecology of fear in Trinidadian guppies: consequences for life histories and stream ecosystems. Oecologia 2014; 176:691-701. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3084-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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188
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Settembre C, Ballabio A. Lysosome: regulator of lipid degradation pathways. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:743-50. [PMID: 25061009 PMCID: PMC4247383 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Lipophagy is a transcriptionally regulated process. The lysosome as a sensor of lipophagy induction. Nuclear receptors link lipophagy to lipid catabolism.
Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that has a fundamental role in the adaptation to fasting and primarily relies on the activity of the endolysosomal system, to which the autophagosome targets substrates for degradation. Recent studies have revealed that the lysosomal–autophagic pathway plays an important part in the early steps of lipid degradation. In this review, we discuss the transcriptional mechanisms underlying co-regulation between lysosome, autophagy, and other steps of lipid catabolism, including the activity of nutrient-sensitive transcription factors (TFs) and of members of the nuclear receptor family. In addition, we discuss how the lysosome acts as a metabolic sensor and orchestrates the transcriptional response to fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Settembre
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Medical Genetics, Department of Translational and Medical Science, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Via Pietro Castellino 111, 80131, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Medical Genetics, Department of Translational and Medical Science, Federico II University, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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189
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Dor R, Rosenstein S, Scharf I. Foraging behaviour of a neglected pit-building predator: the wormlion. Anim Behav 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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190
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Leite CAC, Wang T, Taylor EW, Abe AS, Leite GSPC, de Andrade DOV. Loss of the Ability to Control Right-to-Left Shunt Does Not Influence the Metabolic Responses to Temperature Change or Long-Term Fasting in the South American Rattlesnake Crotalus durissus. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:568-75. [DOI: 10.1086/675863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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191
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Funes SC, Filippa VP, Cid FD, Mohamed F, Caviedes-Vidal E, Chediack JG. Effect of fasting in the digestive system: histological study of the small intestine in house sparrows. Tissue Cell 2014; 46:356-62. [PMID: 25035101 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In birds and mammals the metabolic response to fasting has been studied and can be characterized by three consecutive phases reflecting metabolic and physiological adjustments. An effective way to minimize energy expenditure during food scarcity is to decrease the mass of the organs. As the digestive system is metabolically expensive to maintain, the small intestine and the liver are the most affected organs. We evaluated the effects of phase III starvation on the mass of the different organs and histological parameters on house sparrows, a small non-migrant bird. In a short period of time (34 h) we observed a larger reduction in the digestive organ mass when compared to the mass of the body and non-alimentary tissues. Furthermore, the intestinal mass was proportionally more reduced than its length and nominal surface area. A reduction on the intestinal mucosal layer also resulted in a shortening of villus (length and thickness) and crypt depth. Moreover, the morphology of the enterocytes changed from cylindrical to cubical, suggesting that the surface exposed to the lumen was conserved. This may indicate an adaptive response to the moment of refeeding. The nominal surface area/body mass remained constant in both groups and several histological parameters were reduced, suggesting that starving induces the atrophy of the small intestine. However, the goblet cells were conserved after fasting indicating a protective tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Celeste Funes
- Laboratorio de Biología Integrativa, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), CCT-San Luis, CONICET, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Verónica Palmira Filippa
- Área de Morfología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Fabricio Damián Cid
- Laboratorio de Biología Integrativa, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), CCT-San Luis, CONICET, San Luis, Argentina; Área de Biología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Fabián Mohamed
- Área de Morfología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Enrique Caviedes-Vidal
- Laboratorio de Biología Integrativa, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), CCT-San Luis, CONICET, San Luis, Argentina; Área de Biología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
| | - Juan Gabriel Chediack
- Laboratorio de Biología Integrativa, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis (IMIBIO-SL), CCT-San Luis, CONICET, San Luis, Argentina; Área de Biología, Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina.
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192
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Pisetsky DS, Trace SE, Brownley KA, Hamer RM, Zucker NL, Roux-Lombard P, Dayer JM, Bulik CM. The expression of cytokines and chemokines in the blood of patients with severe weight loss from anorexia nervosa: an exploratory study. Cytokine 2014; 69:110-5. [PMID: 25022969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious, potentially life-threatening disorder characterized by severe weight loss, dysregulated eating, and often excessive exercise. While psychiatric illnesses such as depression are associated with increased levels of pro-inflammatory mediators, evidence for such disturbances in patients with AN has been less clear. In an exploratory study of possible disturbances in immune responses in AN, we assayed a panel of cytokines and chemokines in the blood of patients undergoing inpatient treatment, testing the hypothesis that metabolic disturbances in this disease would lead to a pattern of immune disturbances distinct from that of other psychiatric diseases. For this purpose, we evaluated patients by the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) and the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire and assessed cytokines and chemokines by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Patients reported a moderate level of depression (mean BDI-II = 22.6) but exhibited few immunologic abnormalities of the kind associated with major depressive disorder [e.g., increased interleukin (IL)-6]; RANTES showed the most frequent elevations and was increased in 4 of the patients studied. Together, these findings suggest that features of AN such as loss of adipose tissue and excessive exercise may attenuate cytokine production and thus modulate the experience of illness that impacts on core features of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Pisetsky
- Department of Medicine, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Medical Research Service and Duke University Medical Center, 151G, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC 27705, USA.
| | - S E Trace
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - K A Brownley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7175, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - R M Hamer
- UNC Department of Psychiatry and UNC Department of Biostatistics, Neurosciences Hospital, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA.
| | - N L Zucker
- Duke University Medical Center, Psychiatry, Box 3842 Med. Ctr., Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - P Roux-Lombard
- Immunology and Allergy Laboratory, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - J-M Dayer
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - C M Bulik
- Departments of Psychiatry and Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7160, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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193
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Repeated sense of hunger leads to the development of visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome in a mouse model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98276. [PMID: 24879081 PMCID: PMC4039491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity-related disorders, especially metabolic syndrome, contribute to 2.8 million deaths each year worldwide, with significantly increasing morbidity. Eating at regular times and proper food quantity are crucial for maintaining a healthy status. However, many people in developed countries do not follow a regular eating schedule due to a busy lifestyle. Herein, we show that a repeated sense of hunger leads to a high risk of developing visceral obesity and metabolic syndrome in a mouse model (both 3-week and 6-week-old age, 10 mice in each group). The ad libitum (AL) group (normal eating pattern) and the food restriction (FR) group (alternate-day partially food restriction by given only 1/3 of average amount) were compared after 8-week experimental period. The total food consumption in the FR group was lower than in the AL group, however, the FR group showed a metabolic syndrome-like condition with significant fat accumulation in adipose tissues. Consequently, the repeated sense of hunger induced the typical characteristics of metabolic syndrome in an animal model; a distinct visceral obesity, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia and hepatic steatosis. Furthermore, we found that specifically leptin, a major metabolic hormone, played a major role in the development of these pathological disorders. Our study indicated the importance of regular eating habits besides controlling calorie intake.
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194
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Azeez OI, Meintjes R, Chamunorwa JP. Fat body, fat pad and adipose tissues in invertebrates and vertebrates: the nexus. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:71. [PMID: 24758278 PMCID: PMC4005007 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fat body in invertebrates was shown to participate in energy storage and homeostasis, apart from its other roles in immune mediation and protein synthesis to mention a few. Thus, sharing similar characteristics with the liver and adipose tissues in vertebrates. However, vertebrate adipose tissue or fat has been incriminated in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders due to its role in production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This has not been reported in the insect fat body. The link between the fat body and adipose tissue was examined in this review with the aim of determining the principal factors responsible for resistance to inflammation in the insect fat body. This could be the missing link in the prevention of metabolic disorders in vertebrates, occasioned by obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odunayo Ibraheem Azeez
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110 Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Roy Meintjes
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110 Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Joseph Panashe Chamunorwa
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, Onderstepoort 0110 Pretoria, South Africa
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195
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Geary N. A physiological perspective on the neuroscience of eating. Physiol Behav 2014; 136:3-14. [PMID: 24704192 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
I present the thesis that 'being physiological,' i.e., analyzing eating under conditions that do not perturb, or minimally perturb, the organism's endogenous processes, should be a central goal of the neuroscience of eating. I describe my understanding of 'being physiological' based on [i] the central neural-network heuristic of CNS function that traces back to Cajal and Sherrington, [ii] research on one of the simpler problems in the neuroscience of eating, identification of endocrine signals that control eating. In this context I consider natural meals, physiological doses and ranges, and antagonist studies. Several examples involve CCK. Next I describe my view of the cutting edge in the molecular neuroscience of eating as it has evolved from the discovery of leptin signaling through the application of optogenetic and pharmacogenetic methods. Finally I describe some novel approaches that may advance the neuroscience of eating in the foreseeable future. I conclude that [i] the neuroscience of eating may soon be able to discern 'physiological' function in the operation of CNS networks mediating eating, [ii] the neuroscience of eating should capitalize on methods developed in other areas of neuroscience, e.g., improved methods to record and manipulate CNS function in behaving animals, identification of canonical regional circuits, use of population electrophysiology, etc., and [iii] subjective aspects of eating are crucial aspects of eating science, but remain beyond mechanistic understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nori Geary
- Department of Psychiatry, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, United States.
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196
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Zhao ZJ, Chen KX, Liu YA, Wang CM, Cao J. Decreased circulating leptin and increased neuropeptide Y gene expression are implicated in food deprivation-induced hyperactivity in striped hamsters, Cricetulus barabensis. Horm Behav 2014; 65:355-62. [PMID: 24631583 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Revised: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Physiological and behavioral adjustments of small mammals are important strategies in response to variations in food availability. Although numerous of studies have been carried out in rodents, behavioral patterns in response to food deprivation and re-feeding (FD-RF) are still inconsistent. Here we examined effects of a 24h FD followed by RF on general activity, serum leptin concentrations and gene expression of orexigenic and anorexigenic hypothalamic neuropeptides in striped hamsters (Cricetulus barabensis) with/without leptin supplements. The time spent on activity was increased by 2.5 fold in FD hamsters compared with controls fed ad libitum (P<0.01). Body mass, fat mass as well as serum leptin concentrations were significantly decreased in FD hamsters in comparison with ad libitum controls, which were in parallel with hyperactivity. During re-feeding, leptin concentrations increased rapidly to pre-deprivation levels by 12h, but locomotor activity decreased gradually and did not return to pre-deprivation levels until 5days after re-feeding. Leptin administration to FD hamsters significantly attenuated the increased activity. Gene expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) was upregulated in FD hamsters and fell down to control levels when hamsters were re-fed ad libitum, similar to that observed in activity behavior. Leptin supplement induced increases in serum leptin concentrations (184.1%, P<0.05) in FD hamsters and simultaneously attenuated the increase in activity (45.8%, P<0.05) and NPY gene expression (35%, P<0.05). This may allow us to draw a more generalized conclusion that decreased leptin concentrations function as a starvation signal in animals under food shortage; to induce an increase in activity levels, leading animals to forage and/or migrate, and consequently increasing the chance of survival. Decreased concentrations of serum leptin in animals subjected to food shortage may induce an upregulation of gene expression of hypothalamus NPY, consequently driving a significant increase in foraging behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management for Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China.
| | - Ke-Xin Chen
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Yong-An Liu
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Chun-Ming Wang
- School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
| | - Jing Cao
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Agricultural Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, Shandong 252059, China
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197
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Digestive flexibility during fasting in fish: A review. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 169:7-14. [PMID: 24342486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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198
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Einum S. Ecological Modeling of Metabolic Rates Predicts Diverging Optima across Food Abundances. Am Nat 2014; 183:410-7. [DOI: 10.1086/674951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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199
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Lee KP, Jang T. Exploring the nutritional basis of starvation resistance inDrosophila melanogaster. Funct Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Pum Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Center for Food Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-921 Korea
| | - Taehwan Jang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Center for Food Bioconvergence; Seoul National University; Seoul 151-921 Korea
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200
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Physiological and morphological responses to the first bout of refeeding in southern catfish (Silurus meridionalis). J Comp Physiol B 2014; 184:329-46. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-014-0801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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