151
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Sarin HV, Gudelj I, Honkanen J, Ihalainen JK, Vuorela A, Lee JH, Jin Z, Terwilliger JD, Isola V, Ahtiainen JP, Häkkinen K, Jurić J, Lauc G, Kristiansson K, Hulmi JJ, Perola M. Molecular Pathways Mediating Immunosuppression in Response to Prolonged Intensive Physical Training, Low-Energy Availability, and Intensive Weight Loss. Front Immunol 2019; 10:907. [PMID: 31134054 PMCID: PMC6511813 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise and exercise-induced weight loss have a beneficial effect on overall health, including positive effects on molecular pathways associated with immune function, especially in overweight individuals. The main aim of our study was to assess how energy deprivation (i.e., “semi-starvation”) leading to substantial fat mass loss affects the immune system and immunosuppression in previously normal weight individuals. Thus, to address this hypothesis, we applied a high-throughput systems biology approach to better characterize potential key pathways associated with immune system modulation during intensive weight loss and subsequent weight regain. We examined 42 healthy female physique athletes (age 27.5 ± 4.0 years, body mass index 23.4 ± 1.7 kg/m2) volunteered into either a diet group (n = 25) or a control group (n = 17). For the diet group, the energy intake was reduced and exercise levels were increased to induce loss of fat mass that was subsequently regained during a recovery period. The control group was instructed to maintain their typical lifestyle, exercise levels, and energy intake at a constant level. For quantification of systems biology markers, fasting blood samples were drawn at three time points: baseline (PRE), at the end of the weight loss period (MID 21.1 ± 3.1 weeks after PRE), and at the end of the weight regain period (POST 18.4 ± 2.9 weeks after MID). In contrast to the control group, the diet group showed significant (false discovery rate <0.05) alteration of all measured immune function parameters—white blood cells (WBCs), immunoglobulin G glycome, leukocyte transcriptome, and cytokine profile. Integrative omics suggested effects on multiple levels of immune system as dysregulated hematopoiesis, suppressed immune cell proliferation, attenuated systemic inflammation, and loss of immune cell function by reduced antibody and chemokine secretion was implied after intense weight loss. During the weight regain period, the majority of the measured immune system parameters returned back to the baseline. In summary, this study elucidated a number of molecular pathways presumably explaining immunosuppression in individuals going through prolonged periods of intense training with low-energy availability. Our findings also reinforce the perception that the way in which weight loss is achieved (i.e., dietary restriction, exercise, or both) has a distinct effect on how the immune system is modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki V Sarin
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ivan Gudelj
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jarno Honkanen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Pedia Laboratory, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna K Ihalainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Health Sciences, Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Arja Vuorela
- Pedia Laboratory, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Joseph H Lee
- Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute and Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Zhenzhen Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joseph D Terwilliger
- Division of Medical Genetics, Departments of Psychiatry, Genetics & Development, Sergievsky Center, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ville Isola
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juha P Ahtiainen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Keijo Häkkinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Julija Jurić
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Gordan Lauc
- Genos Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Zagreb, Croatia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kati Kristiansson
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha J Hulmi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Markus Perola
- Genomics and Biomarkers Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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152
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Costa RJS, Camões-Costa V, Snipe RMJ, Dixon D, Russo I, Huschtscha Z. Impact of exercise-induced hypohydration on gastrointestinal integrity, function, symptoms, and systemic endotoxin and inflammatory profile. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:1281-1291. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01032.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly believed that gastrointestinal issues during exercise are exacerbated by hypohydration. This study aimed to determine the effect of exercise-induced hypohydration on gastrointestinal integrity, function, symptoms, and systemic endotoxin and inflammatory profiles. In a randomized crossover design, male endurance runners ( n = 11) performed 2 h of running at 70% of maximum oxygen uptake in 25°C ambient temperature with water provision [euhydration (EuH)] and total water restriction [hypohydration (HypoH)] during running, which accounted for 0.6 ± 0.6% and 3.1 ± 0.7% body mass loss, respectively. Blood and fecal samples were collected before and after exercise. Breath samples (H2 determination) were collected and gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) recorded before, during, and after exercise. HypoH resulted in a higher, yet insignificant, ∆ preexercise to postexercise plasma cortisol concentration (+286 nmol/l vs. +176 nmol/l; P = 0.098) but significantly higher intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) (+539 pg/ml vs. +371 pg/ml; P = 0.047) concentration compared with EuH. A greater breath H2 response ( P = 0.026) was observed on HypoH (1,188 ppm/3 h, peak +12 ppm) vs. EuH (579 ppm/3 h, peak +6 ppm). Despite greater GIS incidence on HypoH (82%) vs. EuH (64%), GIS severity scores were not significant between trials. Exercise-induced leukocytosis (overall pre- to postexercise: 5.9 × 109/l to 12.1 × 109/l) was similar on both trials. Depressed in vitro neutrophil function was observed during recovery on HypoH (−36%) but not on EUH (+6%). A pre- to postexercise increase ( P < 0.05) was observed for circulating cytokine concentrations but not endotoxin values. Hypohydration during 2 h of running modestly perturbs gastrointestinal integrity and function and increases GIS incidence but does not affect systemic endotoxemia and cytokinemia. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Despite anecdotal beliefs that exercise-induced hypohydration exacerbates perturbations to gastrointestinal status, the present study reports only modest perturbations in gastrointestinal integrity, function, and symptoms compared with euhydration maintenance. Exercise-induced hypohydration does not exacerbate systemic endotoxemia and cytokinemia compared with euhydration maintenance. Programmed water intake to maintain euhydration results in gastrointestinal symptom severity similar to exercise-induced hypohydration. Maintaining euhydration during exertional stress prevents the exercise-associated depression in bacterially stimulated neutrophil function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J. S. Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vera Camões-Costa
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
- The Health & Aging Research Group, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rhiannon M. J. Snipe
- Centre for Sport Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Dixon
- Writtle University College, Chelmsford, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Russo
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zoya Huschtscha
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
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153
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Nieman DC, Wentz LM. The compelling link between physical activity and the body's defense system. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:201-217. [PMID: 31193280 PMCID: PMC6523821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 605] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes research discoveries within 4 areas of exercise immunology that have received the most attention from investigators: (1) acute and chronic effects of exercise on the immune system, (2) clinical benefits of the exercise-immune relationship, (3) nutritional influences on the immune response to exercise, and (4) the effect of exercise on immunosenescence. These scientific discoveries can be organized into distinctive time periods: 1900-1979, which focused on exercise-induced changes in basic immune cell counts and function; 1980-1989, during which seminal papers were published with evidence that heavy exertion was associated with transient immune dysfunction, elevated inflammatory biomarkers, and increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections; 1990-2009, when additional focus areas were added to the field of exercise immunology including the interactive effect of nutrition, effects on the aging immune system, and inflammatory cytokines; and 2010 to the present, when technological advances in mass spectrometry allowed system biology approaches (i.e., metabolomics, proteomics, lipidomics, and microbiome characterization) to be applied to exercise immunology studies. The future of exercise immunology will take advantage of these technologies to provide new insights on the interactions between exercise, nutrition, and immune function, with application down to the personalized level. Additionally, these methodologies will improve mechanistic understanding of how exercise-induced immune perturbations reduce the risk of common chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Laurel M. Wentz
- Department of Nutrition and Health Care Management, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
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154
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Ubaida-Mohien C, Gonzalez-Freire M, Lyashkov A, Moaddel R, Chia CW, Simonsick EM, Sen R, Ferrucci L. Physical Activity Associated Proteomics of Skeletal Muscle: Being Physically Active in Daily Life May Protect Skeletal Muscle From Aging. Front Physiol 2019; 10:312. [PMID: 30971946 PMCID: PMC6443906 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle strength declines with aging and increasing physical activity is the only intervention known to attenuate this decline. In order to adequately investigate both preventive and therapeutic interventions against sarcopenia, a better understanding of the biological changes that are induced by physical activity in skeletal muscle is required. To determine the effect of physical activity on the skeletal muscle proteome, we utilized liquid-chromatography mass spectrometry to obtain quantitative proteomics data on human skeletal muscle biopsies from 60 well-characterized healthy individuals (20-87 years) who reported heterogeneous levels of physical activity (not active, active, moderately active, and highly active). Over 4,000 proteins were quantified, and higher self-reported physical activity was associated with substantial overrepresentation of proteins associated with mitochondria, TCA cycle, structural and contractile muscle, and genome maintenance. Conversely, proteins related to the spliceosome, transcription regulation, immune function, and apoptosis, DNA damage, and senescence were underrepresented with higher self-reported activity. These differences in observed protein expression were related to different levels of physical activity in daily life and not intense competitive exercise. In most instances, differences in protein levels were directly opposite to those reported in the literature observed with aging. These data suggest that being physically active in daily life has strong and biologically detectable beneficial effects on muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceereena Ubaida-Mohien
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marta Gonzalez-Freire
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alexey Lyashkov
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ruin Moaddel
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging - National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
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155
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Joisten N, Walzik D, Schenk A, Bloch W, Zimmer P, Wahl P. Aqua cycling for immunological recovery after intensive, eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:1369-1375. [PMID: 30895460 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04127-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alterations in immunological homeostasis induced by acute exercise have been frequently reported. In view of the growing amount of repetitive exercise stimuli in competitive sports, quick recovery plays a superior role. Therefore, we examined whether aqua cycling affects cellular immunological recovery. METHODS After performing 300 countermovement jumps with maximal effort male sport students (n = 20; 24.4 ± 2.2 years) were randomized into either an aqua cycling (AC) or a passive recovery (P) group. AC pedaled in chest-deep water without resistance, while P lay in a supine position. Each recovery protocols lasted 30 min. Blood samples were taken at Baseline, Post-exercise, Post-recovery and 1 h (h), 2 h, 4 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after recovery. Outcomes comprised white blood cell (WBC) counts, lymphocyte (LYM) counts and LYM subsets (CD4/CD8 ratio). Additionally, cellular inflammation markers (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII)) were calculated. RESULTS In both groups, WBC, NLR and SII were significantly increased compared to Baseline up to and including 4 h after recovery. Significant interaction effects were found for WBC (Post-recovery, 2 h and 4 h), NLR (Post-recovery), SII (Post-recovery) and CD4/CD8 ratio (2 h) with values of AC being higher than of P. CONCLUSIONS Interestingly, AC provoked a stronger but not prolonged immunological disturbance than P. NLR and SII may present simple, more integrative markers to screen exercise-induced alterations in immune homeostasis/recovery in athletes and clinical populations. More research is warranted to elucidate the clinical and practical relevance of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Joisten
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - David Walzik
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander Schenk
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany. .,Division of Physical Activity, Prevention and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Patrick Wahl
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sport Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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156
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Acute effects of active breaks during prolonged sitting on subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression: an ancillary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3847. [PMID: 30846834 PMCID: PMC6405989 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Active breaks in prolonged sitting has beneficial impacts on cardiometabolic risk biomarkers. The molecular mechanisms include regulation of skeletal muscle gene and protein expression controlling metabolic, inflammatory and cell development pathways. An active communication network exists between adipose and muscle tissue, but the effect of active breaks in prolonged sitting on adipose tissue have not been investigated. This study characterized the acute transcriptional events induced in adipose tissue by regular active breaks during prolonged sitting. We studied 8 overweight/obese adults participating in an acute randomized three-intervention crossover trial. Interventions were performed in the postprandial state and included: (i) prolonged uninterrupted sitting; or prolonged sitting interrupted with 2-minute bouts of (ii) light- or (iii) moderate-intensity treadmill walking every 20 minutes. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were obtained after each condition. Microarrays identified 36 differentially expressed genes between the three conditions (fold change ≥0.5 in either direction; p < 0.05). Pathway analysis indicated that breaking up of prolonged sitting led to differential regulation of adipose tissue metabolic networks and inflammatory pathways, increased insulin signaling, modulation of adipocyte cell cycle, and facilitated cross-talk between adipose tissue and other organs. This study provides preliminary insight into the adipose tissue regulatory systems that may contribute to the physiological effects of interrupting prolonged sitting.
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157
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Abstract
Data from observational studies indicate that both physical activity as well as exercise (ie, structured physical activity) is associated with reductions in the risk of recurrence and cancer mortality after a diagnosis of certain forms of cancer. Emerging evidence from preclinical studies indicates that physical activity/exercise paradigms regulate intratumoral vascular maturity and perfusion, hypoxia, and metabolism and augments the antitumor immune response. Such responses may, in turn, enhance response to standard anticancer treatments. For instance, exercise improves efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents, and there is rationale to believe that it will also improve radiotherapy response. This review overviews the current preclinical as well as clinical evidence supporting exercise modulation of therapeutic response and postulated biological mechanisms underpinning such effects. We also examine the implications for tumor response to radiation, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A Ashcraft
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | | | - Lee W Jones
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Mark W Dewhirst
- Departments of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC..
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158
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Forbes SC, Bell GJ. Whey Protein Isolate Supplementation While Endurance Training Does Not Alter Cycling Performance or Immune Responses at Rest or After Exercise. Front Nutr 2019; 6:19. [PMID: 30881958 PMCID: PMC6406070 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined whey protein isolate supplementation combined with endurance training on cycling performance, aerobic fitness and immune cell responses. Eighteen male cyclists were randomly assigned to either placebo (PLA) or whey protein supplementation (WS; 1.0 g·kg body mass−1·d−1 in addition to their dietary intake). Both groups completed the identical endurance training program, 4 days per week for 6 weeks. Blood samples were obtained at rest and after 5 and 60 min of recovery from a simulated 40 km cycling time trial (TT) and were repeated after training. Baseline dietary intake of protein prior to supplementation was 1.52 ± 0.45 and 1.46 ± 0.44 g·kg body mass−1·d−1 for the WS and PLA groups, respectively. There were similar improvements in TT performance (WS: 71.47 ± 12.17 to 64.38 ± 8.09 min; PLA: 72.33 ± 12.79 to 61.13 ± 8.97 min), and peak oxygen uptake (WS: 52.3 ± 6.1 to 56.1 ± 5.4 mL·kg−1·min−1; PLA: 50.0 ± 7.1 to 54.9 ± 5.1 mL·kg−1·min−1) after training in both groups. White blood cells (WBC) and neutrophil counts were elevated 5 min after the TT and further increased after 60 min (P < 0.05). The exercise-induced increase in WBC and neutrophil counts at 5 and 60 min after the TT were attenuated after training compared to before training (P < 0.05). Lymphocytes increased 5 min after the TT and decreased below rest after 60 min of recovery (P < 0.05). Following training lymphocytes were lower after 60 min of recovery compared to before training. There was no change in natural killer cell activity with exercise, training or between groups. It was concluded that whey protein isolate supplementation while endurance training did not differentially change cycling performance or the immune response at rest or after exercise. However, endurance training did alter performance, aerobic fitness and some post exercise immune cell counts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Gordon J Bell
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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159
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Sports Foods and Dietary Supplements for Optimal Function and Performance Enhancement in Track-and-Field Athletes. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2019; 29:198-209. [PMID: 30299192 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Athletes are exposed to numerous nutritional products, attractively marketed with claims of optimizing health, function, and performance. However, there is limited evidence to support many of these claims, and the efficacy and safety of many products is questionable. The variety of nutritional aids considered for use by track-and-field athletes includes sports foods, performance supplements, and therapeutic nutritional aids. Support for sports foods and five evidence-based performance supplements (caffeine, creatine, nitrate/beetroot juice, β-alanine, and bicarbonate) varies according to the event, the specific scenario of use, and the individual athlete's goals and responsiveness. Specific challenges include developing protocols to manage repeated use of performance supplements in multievent or heat-final competitions or the interaction between several products which are used concurrently. Potential disadvantages of supplement use include expense, false expectancy, and the risk of ingesting banned substances sometimes present as contaminants. However, a pragmatic approach to the decision-making process for supplement use is recommended. The authors conclude that it is pertinent for sports foods and nutritional supplements to be considered only where a strong evidence base supports their use as safe, legal, and effective and that such supplements are trialed thoroughly by the individual before committing to use in a competition setting.
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160
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Gholamnezhad Z, Boskabady MH, Hosseini M. Effect of different loads of treadmill exercise on Th1/Th2 cytokine balance in rat splenocytes. J Appl Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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161
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van Staveren S, ten Haaf T, Klöpping M, Hilvering B, Tinnevelt GH, de Ruiter K, Piacentini MF, Roelands B, Meeusen R, de Koning JJ, Jansen JJ, Vrisekoop N, Koenderman L. Multi-dimensional flow cytometry analysis reveals increasing changes in the systemic neutrophil compartment during seven consecutive days of endurance exercise. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0206175. [PMID: 30376575 PMCID: PMC6207321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endurance exercise is associated with a transient increase in neutrophil counts in the peripheral blood. Here we investigate the impact of intensified endurance exercise on the neutrophil compartment. We hypothesized that intensified endurance exercise leads to mobilization of neutrophil subsets, which are normally absent in the blood. Furthermore, we followed the potential build-up of neutrophil activation and the impact on overnight recovery of the neutrophil compartment during a seven-day cycling tour. The neutrophil compartment was studied in 28 healthy amateur cyclists participating in an eight-day strenuous cycling tour. Blood samples were taken at baseline, after 4 days and after 7 days of cycling. The neutrophil compartment was analyzed in terms of numbers and its phenotype by deep phenotyping of flow cytometry data with the multi-dimensional analysis method FLOOD. Repeated endurance exercise led to a gradual increase in total neutrophil counts over the days leading to a 1.26 fold-increase (95%CI 1.01–1.51 p = 0.0431) in the morning of day 8. Flow cytometric measurements revealed the appearance of 2 additional neutrophil subsets: CD16brightCD62Ldim and CD16dimCD62Lbright. A complex change in neutrophil phenotypes was present characterized by decreased expression of both CD11b and CD62L and marked increased expression of LAIR-1, VLA-4 and CBRM1/5. The changes in expression were found on all neutrophils present in the blood. Strikingly, in strong contrast to our findings during acute inflammation evoked by LPS challenge, these neutrophils did not upregulate classical degranulation markers. In fact, our FLOOD analysis revealed that the exercise induced neutrophil phenotype did not overlap with the neutrophil subsets arising upon acute inflammation. In conclusion, during multiple days of endurance exercise the neutrophil compartment does not regain homeostasis overnight. Thereby our study supports the concept of a build-up of inflammatory cues during repeated endurance exercise training, causing a prolonged change of the systemic neutrophil compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma van Staveren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Twan ten Haaf
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Margot Klöpping
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart Hilvering
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjen H. Tinnevelt
- TI-COAST, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin de Ruiter
- Department of Parasitology, LUMC Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria F. Piacentini
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Rome “Foro Italico”, Rome, Italy
| | - Bart Roelands
- Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jos J. de Koning
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, United States of America
| | - Jeroen J. Jansen
- Analytical Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke Vrisekoop
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Koenderman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Laboratory of Translational Immunology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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162
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Sellami M, Gasmi M, Denham J, Hayes LD, Stratton D, Padulo J, Bragazzi N. Effects of Acute and Chronic Exercise on Immunological Parameters in the Elderly Aged: Can Physical Activity Counteract the Effects of Aging? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2187. [PMID: 30364079 PMCID: PMC6191490 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosenescence is characterized by deterioration of the immune system caused by aging which induces changes to innate and adaptive immunity. Immunosenescence affects function and phenotype of immune cells, such as expression and function of receptors for immune cells which contributes to loss of immune function (chemotaxis, intracellular killing). Moreover, these alterations decrease the response to pathogens, which leads to several age-related diseases including cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes in older individuals. Furthermore, increased risk of autoimmune disease and chronic infection is increased with an aging immune system, which is characterized by a pro-inflammatory environment, ultimately leading to accelerated biological aging. During the last century, sedentarism rose dramatically, with a concomitant increase in certain type of cancers (such as breast cancer, colon, or prostate cancer), and autoimmune disease. Numerous studies on physical activity and immunity, with focus on special populations (i.e., people with diabetes, HIV patients) demonstrate that chronic exercise enhances immunity. However, the majority of previous work has focused on either a pathological population or healthy young adults whilst research in elderly populations is scarce. Research conducted to date has primarily focused on aerobic and resistance exercise training and its effect on immunity. This review focuses on the potential for exercise training to affect the aging immune system. The concept is that some lifestyle strategies such as high-intensity exercise training may prevent disease through the attenuation of immunosenescence. In this context, we take a top-down approach and review the effect of exercise and training on immunological parameters in elderly at rest and during exercise in humans, and how they respond to different modes of training. We highlight the impact of these different exercise modes on immunological parameters, such as cytokine and lymphocyte concentration in elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Sellami
- Sport Science Program (SSP), College of Arts and Sciences (QU-CAS), University of Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maha Gasmi
- Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Ksar Said, Mannouba, Tunisia
| | - Joshua Denham
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lawrence D Hayes
- Active Ageing Research Group, Department of Medical and Sport Sciences, University of Cumbria, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Stratton
- Cellular and Molecular Immunology Research Center, London Metropolitan University, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicola Bragazzi
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), Postgraduate School of Public Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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163
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Dietary curcumin supplementation does not alter peripheral blood mononuclear cell responses to exertional heat stress. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2707-2717. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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164
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Neutrophil Migration and Adhesion Molecule Expression after Acute High-Intensity Street Dance Exercise. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1684013. [PMID: 30069484 PMCID: PMC6057282 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1684013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The physical demands of street dancing may result in inflammation and changes in leukocyte numbers/function, impairing the health of dancers. Herein, we investigated the effect of street dancing on inflammation, adhesion molecules, and neutrophil function. Fifteen amateur dancers (mean ± SE: age 22.4 ± 1.08 years, BMI 24.8 ± 0.69 kg/m2, and body fat 12.3 ± 1.52%) participated in a single high-intensity street dance class. Blood samples were taken before and after the class. The dance class had no effect on the plasma concentration of CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-8; however, we noted an increase in levels of IL-1β (4.06%) and sL-selectin (17.67%). The dance class resulted in a 12.36% increase in neutrophil counts, while neutrophil CD62L expression and migration were reduced (25.27% and 78.92%, resp.). After the dance class, neutrophil production of IL-8 and TNF-α increased, respectively, by 59.75% and 49.23%, in the control condition, and 43.55% and 32.22%, after LPS stimulation. A single bout of street dancing induced inflammation and reduced neutrophil migration and adhesion molecule expression. These findings may contribute to a better understanding of the susceptibility to infection after acute dance exercise.
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165
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Van Hooren B, Peake JM. Do We Need a Cool-Down After Exercise? A Narrative Review of the Psychophysiological Effects and the Effects on Performance, Injuries and the Long-Term Adaptive Response. Sports Med 2018; 48:1575-1595. [PMID: 29663142 PMCID: PMC5999142 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0916-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
It is widely believed that an active cool-down is more effective for promoting post-exercise recovery than a passive cool-down involving no activity. However, research on this topic has never been synthesized and it therefore remains largely unknown whether this belief is correct. This review compares the effects of various types of active cool-downs with passive cool-downs on sports performance, injuries, long-term adaptive responses, and psychophysiological markers of post-exercise recovery. An active cool-down is largely ineffective with respect to enhancing same-day and next-day(s) sports performance, but some beneficial effects on next-day(s) performance have been reported. Active cool-downs do not appear to prevent injuries, and preliminary evidence suggests that performing an active cool-down on a regular basis does not attenuate the long-term adaptive response. Active cool-downs accelerate recovery of lactate in blood, but not necessarily in muscle tissue. Performing active cool-downs may partially prevent immune system depression and promote faster recovery of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. However, it is unknown whether this reduces the likelihood of post-exercise illnesses, syncope, and cardiovascular complications. Most evidence indicates that active cool-downs do not significantly reduce muscle soreness, or improve the recovery of indirect markers of muscle damage, neuromuscular contractile properties, musculotendinous stiffness, range of motion, systemic hormonal concentrations, or measures of psychological recovery. It can also interfere with muscle glycogen resynthesis. In summary, based on the empirical evidence currently available, active cool-downs are largely ineffective for improving most psychophysiological markers of post-exercise recovery, but may nevertheless offer some benefits compared with a passive cool-down.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Institute of Sport Studies, Fontys University of Applied Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Sport Performance Innovation and Knowledge Excellence, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia
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166
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Rooney BV, Bigley AB, LaVoy EC, Laughlin M, Pedlar C, Simpson RJ. Lymphocytes and monocytes egress peripheral blood within minutes after cessation of steady state exercise: A detailed temporal analysis of leukocyte extravasation. Physiol Behav 2018; 194:260-267. [PMID: 29885920 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute exercise evokes an almost instantaneous lymphocytosis, followed by sustained lymphopenia that occurs within just 30-60 min after exercise cessation. The aim of this study was to characterize the immediate (order of minutes) post-exercise kinetics of lymphocyte and monocyte egress, and to determine whether this egress is associated with heart rate recovery following a single bout of steady state dynamic exercise. Eleven healthy subjects cycled for 30-min at ~70% of their estimated peak power. Blood samples were collected from an intravenous catheter before exercise, during exercise (E) at +15 and +30 min, and during passive recovery (R) at exactly +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 and +10 min after exercise cessation. Complete blood counts and flow cytometry were used to enumerate total monocytes, lymphocytes: CD3+ T-cells, CD4+ T-cells, CD8+ T-cells, NK-cells and γδ T-cells in whole blood. Both lymphocytes and monocytes displayed rapid egress kinetics, by R+3 the total numbers of all cell types examined were significantly lower than E+30. NK-cells egressed more rapidly than other lymphocyte subtypes, followed by CD8+, γδ, and then CD4+ T-cells. Further, the egress of NK-cells, CD4+, and CD8+ T-cells positively correlated with heart rate recovery after exercise cessation. In conclusion, lymphocyte and monocyte egress is rapid and occurs within minutes of exercise recovery, underscoring both the importance of collection time for post exercise blood samples, and the use of intravenous catheters to capture peak cell mobilization. The rate of egress may be dependent on how quickly hemodynamic equilibrium is restored on cessation of exercise and is, therefore, likely to be influenced by individual fitness levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridgette V Rooney
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Austin B Bigley
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Emily C LaVoy
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mitzi Laughlin
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Charles Pedlar
- School of Sport, Health and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Richard J Simpson
- University of Houston, Department of Health and Human Performance, Houston, TX, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Nutritional Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Pediatrics, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Arizona, Department of Immunobiology, Tucson, AZ, USA; University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Department of Behavioral Sciences, Houston, TX, USA.
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167
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Campbell JP, Turner JE. Debunking the Myth of Exercise-Induced Immune Suppression: Redefining the Impact of Exercise on Immunological Health Across the Lifespan. Front Immunol 2018; 9:648. [PMID: 29713319 PMCID: PMC5911985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence indicates that regular physical activity and/or frequent structured exercise reduces the incidence of many chronic diseases in older age, including communicable diseases such as viral and bacterial infections, as well as non-communicable diseases such as cancer and chronic inflammatory disorders. Despite the apparent health benefits achieved by leading an active lifestyle, which imply that regular physical activity and frequent exercise enhance immune competency and regulation, the effect of a single bout of exercise on immune function remains a controversial topic. Indeed, to this day, it is perceived by many that a vigorous bout of exercise can temporarily suppress immune function. In the first part of this review, we deconstruct the key pillars which lay the foundation to this theory-referred to as the "open window" hypothesis-and highlight that: (i) limited reliable evidence exists to support the claim that vigorous exercise heightens risk of opportunistic infections; (ii) purported changes to mucosal immunity, namely salivary IgA levels, after exercise do not signpost a period of immune suppression; and (iii) the dramatic reductions to lymphocyte numbers and function 1-2 h after exercise reflects a transient and time-dependent redistribution of immune cells to peripheral tissues, resulting in a heightened state of immune surveillance and immune regulation, as opposed to immune suppression. In the second part of this review, we provide evidence that frequent exercise enhances-rather than suppresses-immune competency, and highlight key findings from human vaccination studies which show heightened responses to bacterial and viral antigens following bouts of exercise. Finally, in the third part of this review, we highlight that regular physical activity and frequent exercise might limit or delay aging of the immune system, providing further evidence that exercise is beneficial for immunological health. In summary, the over-arching aim of this review is to rebalance opinion over the perceived relationships between exercise and immune function. We emphasize that it is a misconception to label any form of acute exercise as immunosuppressive, and, instead, exercise most likely improves immune competency across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Campbell
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - James E Turner
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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168
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil P. Walsh
- College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
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169
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Kotsis Y, Mikellidi A, Aresti C, Persia E, Sotiropoulos A, Panagiotakos DB, Antonopoulou S, Nomikos T. A low-dose, 6-week bovine colostrum supplementation maintains performance and attenuates inflammatory indices following a Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test in soccer players. Eur J Nutr 2018; 57:1181-1195. [PMID: 28285432 PMCID: PMC5861165 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of a 6-week, low-dose bovine colostrum (BC) supplementation on exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and performance decline in soccer players following the Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test (LIST) during a competitive season period. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled design, two groups of soccer players were allocated to a 3.2 g/day of whey protein (WP, N = 8) or BC (N = 10) and performed a pre- and a post-supplementation LIST. Maximum isometric voluntary contraction, squat jump (SQJ), countermovement jump, muscle soreness, blood cell counts, creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were monitored for 2, 24, 48, 72 h post-LIST. RESULTS LIST induced transient increases in leukocytes, granulocytes, CK, muscle soreness, CRP, IL-6 and declines in lymphocytes and performance indices. Supplementation resulted in a faster recovery of SQJ, CK and CRP compared to pre-supplementation kinetics (trial × time: p = 0.001, 0.056, 0.014, respectively) and lower incremental area under the curve (iAUC) for IL-6, only in the BC group [pre-: 31.1 (6.78-46.9), post-: 14.0 (-0.16 to 23.5) pg h/ml, p = 0.034]. Direct comparison of the two groups after supplementation demonstrated higher iAUC of SQJ [WP: -195.2 (-229.0 to (-52.5)), BC: -15.8 (-93.2 to 16.8) cm h, p = 0.034], a trend for lower iAUC of CK in the BC group [WP: 18,785 (4651-41,357), BC: 8842 (4807-14,802) U h/L, p = 0.081] and a significant intervention × time interaction for CRP (p = 0.038) in favor of BC. CONCLUSIONS Post-exercise EIMD may be reduced and performance better maintained by a low dose of BC administration following LIST in soccer players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiannis Kotsis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Mikellidi
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Cleopatra Aresti
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni Persia
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Aristomenis Sotiropoulos
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes B Panagiotakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Smaragdi Antonopoulou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece
| | - Tzortzis Nomikos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, Eleftheriou Venizelou 70, 17671, Athens, Greece.
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170
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Maughan RJ, Burke LM, Dvorak J, Larson-Meyer DE, Peeling P, Phillips SM, Rawson ES, Walsh NP, Garthe I, Geyer H, Meeusen R, van Loon LJC, Shirreffs SM, Spriet LL, Stuart M, Vernec A, Currell K, Ali VM, Budgett RG, Ljungqvist A, Mountjoy M, Pitsiladis YP, Soligard T, Erdener U, Engebretsen L. IOC consensus statement: dietary supplements and the high-performance athlete. Br J Sports Med 2018; 52:439-455. [PMID: 29540367 PMCID: PMC5867441 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-099027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 331] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition usually makes a small but potentially valuable contribution to successful performance in elite athletes, and dietary supplements can make a minor contribution to this nutrition programme. Nonetheless, supplement use is widespread at all levels of sport. Products described as supplements target different issues, including (1) the management of micronutrient deficiencies, (2) supply of convenient forms of energy and macronutrients, and (3) provision of direct benefits to performance or (4) indirect benefits such as supporting intense training regimens. The appropriate use of some supplements can benefit the athlete, but others may harm the athlete's health, performance, and/or livelihood and reputation (if an antidoping rule violation results). A complete nutritional assessment should be undertaken before decisions regarding supplement use are made. Supplements claiming to directly or indirectly enhance performance are typically the largest group of products marketed to athletes, but only a few (including caffeine, creatine, specific buffering agents and nitrate) have good evidence of benefits. However, responses are affected by the scenario of use and may vary widely between individuals because of factors that include genetics, the microbiome and habitual diet. Supplements intended to enhance performance should be thoroughly trialled in training or simulated competition before being used in competition. Inadvertent ingestion of substances prohibited under the antidoping codes that govern elite sport is a known risk of taking some supplements. Protection of the athlete's health and awareness of the potential for harm must be paramount; expert professional opinion and assistance is strongly advised before an athlete embarks on supplement use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louise M Burke
- Sports Nutrition, Australian Institute of Sport, Canberra, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Department of Neurology, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Family & Consumer Sciences (Human Nutrition), University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mount Claremont, Australia
| | | | - Eric S Rawson
- Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Messiah College, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neil P Walsh
- College of Health and Behavioural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, UK
| | - Ina Garthe
- The Norwegian Olympic and Paralympic Committee and Confederation of Sport, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Human Physiology Research Group, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lucas J C van Loon
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Human Biology and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lawrence L Spriet
- Human Health & Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alan Vernec
- Department of Science and Medicine, World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Vidya M Ali
- Medical and Scientific Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard Gm Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Margo Mountjoy
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, Health and Performance, Centre University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- Medical and Scientific Commission Games Group, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- Medical and Scientific Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Uğur Erdener
- Medical and Scientific Commission, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
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171
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IOC Consensus Statement: Dietary Supplements and the High-Performance Athlete. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018; 28:104-125. [PMID: 29589768 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Nutrition usually makes a small but potentially valuable contribution to successful performance in elite athletes, and dietary supplements can make a minor contribution to this nutrition program. Nonetheless, supplement use is widespread at all levels of sport. Products described as supplements target different issues, including the management of micronutrient deficiencies, supply of convenient forms of energy and macronutrients, and provision of direct benefits to performance or indirect benefits such as supporting intense training regimens. The appropriate use of some supplements can offer benefits to the athlete, but others may be harmful to the athlete's health, performance, and/or livelihood and reputation if an anti-doping rule violation results. A complete nutritional assessment should be undertaken before decisions regarding supplement use are made. Supplements claiming to directly or indirectly enhance performance are typically the largest group of products marketed to athletes, but only a few (including caffeine, creatine, specific buffering agents and nitrate) have good evidence of benefits. However, responses are affected by the scenario of use and may vary widely between individuals because of factors that include genetics, the microbiome, and habitual diet. Supplements intended to enhance performance should be thoroughly trialed in training or simulated competition before implementation in competition. Inadvertent ingestion of substances prohibited under the anti-doping codes that govern elite sport is a known risk of taking some supplements. Protection of the athlete's health and awareness of the potential for harm must be paramount, and expert professional opinion and assistance is strongly advised before embarking on supplement use.
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172
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Nieman DC, Gillitt ND, Sha W, Esposito D, Ramamoorthy S. Metabolic recovery from heavy exertion following banana compared to sugar beverage or water only ingestion: A randomized, crossover trial. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194843. [PMID: 29566095 PMCID: PMC5864065 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives and methods Using a randomized, crossover, counterbalanced approach, cyclists (N = 20, overnight fasted state) engaged in the four 75-km time trials (2-week washout) while ingesting two types of bananas with similar carbohydrate (CHO) but different phenolic content (Cavendish, CAV; mini-yellow, MIY, 63% higher polyphenols), a 6% sugar beverage (SUG), and water only (WAT). CHO intake was set at 0.2 g/kg every 15 minutes. Blood samples were collected pre-exercise and 0 h-, 0.75 h-,1.5 h-, 3 h-, 4.5 h-, 21 h-, 45 h-post-exercise. Results Each of the CHO trials (CAV, MIY, SUG) compared to water was associated with higher post-exercise plasma glucose and fructose, and lower leukocyte counts, plasma 9+13 HODES, and IL-6, IL-10, and IL-1ra. OPLS-DA analysis showed that metabolic perturbation (N = 1,605 metabolites) for WAT (86.8±4.0 arbitrary units) was significantly greater and sustained than for CAV (70.4±3.9, P = 0.006), MIY (68.3±4.0, P = 0.002), and SUG (68.1±4.2, P = 0.002). VIP ranking (<3.0, N = 25 metabolites) showed that both CAV and MIY were associated with significant fold changes in metabolites including those from amino acid and xenobiotics pathways. OPLS-DA analysis of immediate post-exercise metabolite shifts showed a significant separation of CAV and MIY from both WAT and SUG (R2Y = 0.848, Q2Y = 0.409). COX-2 mRNA expression was lower in both CAV and MIY, but not SUG, versus WAT at 21-h post-exercise in THP-1 monocytes cultured in plasma samples. Analysis of immediate post-exercise samples showed a decrease in LPS-stimulated THP-1 monocyte extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) in CAV and MIY, but not SUG, compared to WAT. Conclusions CHO ingestion from bananas or a sugar beverage had a comparable influence in attenuating metabolic perturbation and inflammation following 75-km cycling. Ex-vivo analysis with THP-1 monocytes supported a decrease in COX-2 mRNA expression and reduced reliance on glycolysis for ATP production following ingestion of bananas but not sugar water when compared to water alone. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Institutes of Health, identifier: NCT02994628
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Nieman
- Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicholas D. Gillitt
- Dole Nutrition Research Laboratory, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wei Sha
- Bioinformatics Services Division, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Debora Esposito
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, North Carolina Research Campus, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
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173
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Koelwyn GJ, Quail DF, Zhang X, White RM, Jones LW. Exercise-dependent regulation of the tumour microenvironment. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:620-632. [PMID: 28943640 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The integrity and composition of the tumour microenvironment (TME) is highly plastic, undergoing constant remodelling in response to instructive signals derived from alterations in the availability and nature of systemic host factors. This 'systemic milieu' is directly modulated by host exposure to modifiable lifestyle factors such as exercise. Host exposure to regular exercise markedly reduces the risk of the primary development of several cancers and might improve clinical outcomes following a diagnosis of a primary disease. However, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the apparent antitumour effects of exercise are poorly understood. In this Opinion article, we explore the putative effects of exercise in reprogramming the interaction between the host and the TME. Specifically, we speculate on the possible effects of exercise on reprogramming 'distant' tissue microenvironments (those not directly involved in the exercise response) by analysing how alterations in the systemic milieu might modulate key TME components to influence cancer hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graeme J Koelwyn
- NYU Langone Medical Center, Marc and Ruti Bell Vascular Biology and Disease Program, Leon H. Charney Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | - Daniela F Quail
- Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University; and at the Department of Physiology, McGill University, 1160 Pine Avenue West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A3, Canada
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine; and at the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Richard M White
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Lee W Jones
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA; and at the Weil Cornell Medical Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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The Effects of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Hematological Parameters in Sedentary Subjects. Med Sci (Basel) 2017; 5:medsci5030015. [PMID: 29099031 PMCID: PMC5635806 DOI: 10.3390/medsci5030015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine the effects of acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on hematological parameters in sedentary men. Ten healthy, non-smoker, and sedentary men aged between 18 and 24 years participated in the study. All subjects performed four Wingate tests with 4 min intervals between the tests. Blood samples were collected at pre-exercise, immediately after, 3 and 6 h after the fourth Wingate test. Hematological parameters were analyzed in these samples. The results showed that hematocrit percentage, hemoglobin values, red cell count, mean cell volume, platelet count, total white cell count, and counts of the white cell subgroups increased immediately after the acute HIIT and their values began to return to resting levels 3 h after exercise, and completely returned to resting levels 6 h after exercise. In conclusion, acute HIIT causes an inflammatory response in blood.
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175
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Peake JM, Gandevia SC. Replace, restore, revive: the keys to recovery after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:531-532. [PMID: 28153939 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00086.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Peake
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; .,Center of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Simon C Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA) and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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176
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Ho V, Parent ME, Pintos J, Abrahamowicz M, Danieli C, Richardson L, Bourbonnais R, Gauvin L, Siemiatycki J, Koushik A. Physical activity and lung cancer risk in men and women. Cancer Causes Control 2017; 28:309-318. [PMID: 28247218 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-017-0872-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although evidence has accumulated that recreational physical activities (PA) may reduce lung cancer risk, there is little evidence concerning the possible role of a potentially more important source of PA, namely occupational PA. We investigated both recreational and lifetime occupational PA in relation to lung cancer risk in a population-based case-control study in Montreal, Canada (NCASES = 727; NCONTROLS = 1,351). METHODS Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (OR), separately for men and women, adjusting for smoking, exposure to occupational carcinogens, and sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. RESULTS In both sexes, increasing recreational PA was associated with a lower lung cancer risk (ORMEN = 0.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.47-0.92; ORWOMEN = 0.55, 95% CI 0.34-0.88, comparing the highest versus lowest tertiles). For occupational PA, no association was observed among women, while increasing occupational PA was associated with increased risk among men (ORMEN = 1.96, 95% CI 1.27-3.01). ORs were not modified by occupational lung carcinogen exposure, body mass index, and smoking level; results were similar across lung cancer histological types. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the previous findings for recreational PA and lung cancer risk. Unexpectedly, our findings suggest a positive association for occupational PA; this requires replication and more detailed investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikki Ho
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine and CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), Université de Montréal, 850 Saint-Denis Street, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Elise Parent
- INRS (Institut Armand-Frappier Research Center), Laval, QC, Canada.,CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Javier Pintos
- CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michal Abrahamowicz
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Coraline Danieli
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Lise Gauvin
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine and CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), Université de Montréal, 850 Saint-Denis Street, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jack Siemiatycki
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine and CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), Université de Montréal, 850 Saint-Denis Street, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Anita Koushik
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine and CRCHUM (Centre de recherche du CHUM), Université de Montréal, 850 Saint-Denis Street, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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