151
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Shibata M, Shen MM. Stem cells in genetically-engineered mouse models of prostate cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:T199-208. [PMID: 26341780 PMCID: PMC4618022 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell model proposes that tumors have a hierarchical organization in which tumorigenic cells give rise to non-tumorigenic cells, with only a subset of stem-like cells able to propagate the tumor. In the case of prostate cancer, recent analyses of genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models have provided evidence supporting the existence of cancer stem cells in vivo. These studies suggest that cancer stem cells capable of tumor propagation exist at various stages of tumor progression from prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to advanced metastatic and castration-resistant disease. However, studies of stem cells in prostate cancer have been limited by available approaches for evaluating their functional properties in cell culture and transplantation assays. Given the role of the tumor microenvironment and the putative cancer stem cell niche, future studies using GEM models to analyze cancer stem cells in their native tissue microenvironment are likely to be highly informative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maho Shibata
- Departments of MedicineGenetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of MedicineGenetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
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152
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Adissu HA, McKerlie C, Di Grappa M, Waterhouse P, Xu Q, Fang H, Khokha R, Wood GA. Timp3 loss accelerates tumour invasion and increases prostate inflammation in a mouse model of prostate cancer. Prostate 2015; 75:1831-43. [PMID: 26332574 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered expression and activity of proteases is implicated in inflammation and cancer progression. An important negative regulator of protease activity is TIMP3 (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3). TIMP3 expression is lacking in many cancers including advanced prostate cancer, and this may facilitate invasion and metastasis by allowing unrestrained protease activity. METHODS To investigate the role of TIMP3 in prostate cancer progression, we crossed TIMP3-deficient mice (Timp3(-/-)) to mice with prostate-specific deletion of the tumor suppressor Pten (Pten(-/-)), a well-established mouse model of prostate cancer. Tumor growth and progression were compared between Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) and control (Pten(-/-), Timp3(+/+)) mice at 16 weeks of age by histopathology and markers of proliferation, vascularity, and tumor invasion. Metalloproteinase activity within the tumors was assessed by gelatin zymography. Inflammatory infiltrates were assessed by immunohistochemistry for macrophages and lymphocytes whereas expression of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was assessed by quantitative real time PCR and multiplex ELISA. RESULTS Increased tumor growth, proliferation index, increased microvascular density, and invasion was observed in Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) prostate tumors compared to Pten(-/-), Timp3(+/+) tumors. Tumor cell invasion in Pten(-/-), Timp3(-/-) mice was associated with increased expression of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 and activation of MMP-2. There was markedly increased inflammatory cell infiltration into the TIMP3-deficient prostate tumors along with increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, cyclooxygenase-2, TNF-α, and interleukin-1β; all of which are implicated in inflammation and cancer. CONCLUSIONS This study provides important insights into the role of altered protease activity in promoting prostate cancer invasion and implicates prostate inflammation as an important promoting factor in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hibret A Adissu
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Colin McKerlie
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Research Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marco Di Grappa
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul Waterhouse
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qiang Xu
- Centre for Modeling Human Disease, Toronto Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hui Fang
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rama Khokha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto Medical Discovery Tower, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Geoffrey A Wood
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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153
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Li H, Liu W, Chen W, Zhu J, Deng CX, Rodgers GP. Olfactomedin 4 deficiency promotes prostate neoplastic progression and is associated with upregulation of the hedgehog-signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16974. [PMID: 26581960 PMCID: PMC4652203 DOI: 10.1038/srep16974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of olfactomedin 4 (OLFM4) gene expression is associated with the progression of human prostate cancer, but its role and the molecular mechanisms involved in this process have not been completely understood. In this study, we found that Olfm4-knockout mice developed prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostatic adenocarcinoma. Importantly, we found that the hedgehog-signaling pathway was significantly upregulated in the Olfm4-knockout mouse model. We also found that restoration of OLFM4 in human prostate-cancer cells that lack OLFM4 expression significantly downregulated hedgehog signaling-pathway component expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the OLFM4 protein interacts with sonic hedgehog protein, as well as significantly inhibits GLI-reporter activity. Bioinformatic and immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that decreased OLFM4 and increased SHH expression was significantly associated with advanced human prostate cancer. Thus, olfactomedin 4 appears to play a critical role in regulating progression of prostate cancer, and has potential as a new biomarker for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhen Li
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wenli Liu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Weiping Chen
- Genomics Core Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jianqiong Zhu
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Genetics of Development and Disease Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Griffin P Rodgers
- Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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154
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Chen JX, Li G, Wang H, Liu A, Lee MJ, Reuhl K, Suh N, Bosland MC, Yang CS. Dietary tocopherols inhibit PhIP-induced prostate carcinogenesis in CYP1A-humanized mice. Cancer Lett 2015; 371:71-8. [PMID: 26582657 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Tocopherols, the major forms of vitamin E, exist as alpha-tocopherol (α-T), β-T, γ-T and δ-T. The cancer preventive activity of vitamin E is suggested by epidemiological studies, but recent large-scale cancer prevention trials with high dose of α-T yielded disappointing results. Our hypothesis that other forms of tocopherols have higher cancer preventive activities than α-T was tested, herein, in a novel prostate carcinogenesis model induced by 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP), a dietary carcinogen, in the CYP1A-humanized (hCYP1A) mice. Treatment of hCYP1A mice with PhIP (200 mg/kg b.w., i.g.) induced high percentages of mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN), mainly in the dorsolateral glands. Supplementation with a γ-T-rich mixture of tocopherols (γ-TmT, 0.3% in diet) significantly inhibited the development of mPIN lesions and reduced PhIP-induced elevation of 8-oxo-deoxyguanosine, COX-2, nitrotyrosine, Ki-67 and p-AKT, and the loss of PTEN and Nrf2. Further studies with purified δ-T, γ-T or α-T (0.2% in diet) showed that δ-T was more effective than γ-T or α-T in preventing mPIN formations and p-AKT elevation. These results indicate that γ-TmT and δ-T could be effective preventive agents of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayson X Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Joint Graduate Program in Toxicology, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Guangxun Li
- Department of Chemical Biology and Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Anna Liu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Mao-Jung Lee
- Department of Chemical Biology and Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Kenneth Reuhl
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Nanjoo Suh
- Department of Chemical Biology and Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Maarten C Bosland
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chung S Yang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA.
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155
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Rosadi F, Fiorentini C, Fabbri A. Bacterial protein toxins in human cancers. Pathog Dis 2015; 74:ftv105. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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156
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Wang L, Guo X, Wang J, Jiang C, Bosland MC, Lü J, Deng Y. Methylseleninic Acid Superactivates p53-Senescence Cancer Progression Barrier in Prostate Lesions of Pten-Knockout Mouse. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 9:35-42. [PMID: 26511486 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Monomethylated selenium (MM-Se) forms that are precursors of methylselenol, such as methylseleninic acid (MSeA), differ in metabolism and anticancer activities in preclinical cell and animal models from seleno-methionine that had failed to exert preventive efficacy against prostate cancer in North American men. Given that human prostate cancer arises from precancerous lesions such as high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN), which frequently have lost phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) tumor suppressor permitting phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K)-protein kinase B (AKT) oncogenic signaling, we tested the efficacy of MSeA to inhibit HG-PIN progression in Pten prostate-specific knockout (KO) mice and assessed the mechanistic involvement of p53-mediated cellular senescence and of the androgen receptor (AR). We observed that short-term (4 weeks) oral MSeA treatment significantly increased expression of P53 and P21Cip1 proteins and senescence-associated-β-galactosidase staining, and reduced Ki67 cell proliferation index in Pten KO prostate epithelium. Long-term (25 weeks) MSeA administration significantly suppressed HG-PIN phenotype, tumor weight, and prevented emergence of invasive carcinoma in Pten KO mice. Mechanistically, the long-term MSeA treatment not only sustained P53-mediated senescence, but also markedly reduced AKT phosphorylation and AR abundance in the Pten KO prostate. Importantly, these cellular and molecular changes were not observed in the prostate of wild-type littermates which were similarly treated with MSeA. Because p53 signaling is likely to be intact in HG-PIN compared with advanced prostate cancer, the selective superactivation of p53-mediated senescence by MSeA suggests a new paradigm of cancer chemoprevention by strengthening a cancer progression barrier through induction of irreversible senescence with additional suppression of AR and AKT oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Xiaolan Guo
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Ji Wang
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas
| | - Maarten C Bosland
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Junxuan Lü
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, Texas.
| | - Yibin Deng
- Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota.
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157
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Lin H, Jackson GA, Lu Y, Drenkhahn SK, Brownstein KJ, Starkey NJ, Lamberson WR, Fritsche KL, Mossine VV, Besch-Williford CL, Folk WR, Zhang Y, Lubahn DB. Inhibition of Gli/hedgehog signaling in prostate cancer cells by "cancer bush" Sutherlandia frutescens extract. Cell Biol Int 2015; 40:131-42. [PMID: 26377232 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sutherlandia frutescens is a medicinal plant, traditionally used to treat various types of human diseases, including cancer. Previous studies of several botanicals link suppression of prostate cancer growth with inhibition of the Gli/hedgehog (Gli/Hh) signaling pathway. Here we hypothesized the anti-cancer effect of S. frutescens was linked to its inhibition of the Gli/Hh signaling in prostate cancer. We found a dose- and time-dependent growth inhibition in human prostate cancer cells, PC3 and LNCaP, and mouse prostate cancer cell, TRAMP-C2, treated with S. frutescens methanol extract (SLE). We also observed a dose-dependent inhibition of the Gli-reporter activity in Shh Light II and TRAMP-C2QGli cells treated with SLE. In addition, SLE can inhibit Gli/Hh signaling by blocking Gli1 and Ptched1 gene expression in the presence of a Gli/Hh signaling agonist (SAG). A diet supplemented with S. frutescens suppressed the formation of poorly differentiated carcinoma in prostates of TRAMP mice. Finally, we found Sutherlandioside D was the most potent compound in the crude extract that could suppress Gli-reporter in Shh Light II cells. Together, this suggests that the S. frutescens extract may exert anti-cancer effect by targeting Gli/Hh signaling, and Sutherlandioside D is one of the active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Glenn A Jackson
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Department of Veterinary Technology, Nebraska College of Technical Agriculture, Curtis, Nebraska, 69025, USA
| | - Yuan Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Sara K Drenkhahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Korey J Brownstein
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Nicholas J Starkey
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - William R Lamberson
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Kevin L Fritsche
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Valeri V Mossine
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Cynthia L Besch-Williford
- MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - William R Folk
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Key Laboratory of Animal Reproductive Physiology & Embryo Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Dennis B Lubahn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.,MU Center for Botanical Interaction Studies, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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158
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Wong RLY, Wang Q, Treviño LS, Bosland MC, Chen J, Medvedovic M, Prins GS, Kannan K, Ho SM, Walker CL. Identification of secretaglobin Scgb2a1 as a target for developmental reprogramming by BPA in the rat prostate. Epigenetics 2015; 10:127-34. [PMID: 25612011 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2015.1009768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Secretoglobins are a superfamily of secreted proteins thought to participate in inflammation, tissue repair, and tumorigenesis. Secretoglobin family 2A member 1 (Scgb2a1) is a component of prostatein, a major androgen-binding protein secreted by the rat prostate. Using a rat model for developmental reprogramming of susceptibility to prostate carcinogenesis, we identified, by RNA-seq, that Scgb2a1 is significantly upregulated (>100-fold) in the prostate of adult rats neonatally exposed to bisphenol A (BPA), with increased gene expression confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation for histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation. Bisulfite analysis of both CpG islands located within 10 kb of the Scgb2a1 promoter identified significant hypomethylation of the CpG island upstream of the transcription start site of this gene in the reprogrammed prostate. These data suggest that expression of Scgb2a1 in the adult prostate could be epigenetically reprogrammed by BPA exposure during prostate development, with potential implications for cancer risk and response to chemotherapeutics associated with prostatein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lee Yean Wong
- a Center for Translational Cancer Research; Institute of Biosciences and Technology ; The Texas A&M University System Health Science Center ; Houston , TX USA
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159
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Kumar A, Dhar S, Rimando AM, Lage JM, Lewin JR, Zhang X, Levenson AS. Epigenetic potential of resveratrol and analogs in preclinical models of prostate cancer. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1348:1-9. [PMID: 26214308 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Lifestyle, particularly diet, is a risk factor for prostate cancer. Dietary polyphenols such as resveratrol possess anticancer properties and therefore have chemopreventive and therapeutic potential. Resveratrol has pleiotropic effects, exerting its biological activity through multiple pathways and targets, including those associated with cancer. Numerous studies have demonstrated the anticancer effects of resveratrol and, to a lesser extent, its analogs, in tissue culture, while in vivo observations are limited. Here, we provide a concise summary of our results on epigenetic mechanisms of resveratrol and analogs mediated through regulation of chromatin modifier metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1) and microRNAs (miRNAs), and highlight the anticancer effects of these compounds in preclinical models of prostate cancer. We suggest that the identified stilbene responsive mechanism-based biomarkers, such as MTA1 and oncogenic miRNAs, may become indicative of treatment efficacy in prostate cancer. Resveratrol analogs with better bioavailability, conferring superior pharmacological potencies and greater anticancer effects, may become stronger candidates for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Kumar
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Swati Dhar
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Agnes M Rimando
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, University, Mississippi
| | | | | | - Xu Zhang
- Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Anait S Levenson
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Pathology
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160
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Belair CD, Paikari A, Moltzahn F, Shenoy A, Yau C, Dall'Era M, Simko J, Benz C, Blelloch R. DGCR8 is essential for tumor progression following PTEN loss in the prostate. EMBO Rep 2015. [PMID: 26206718 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201439925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In human prostate cancer, the microRNA biogenesis machinery increases with prostate cancer progression. Here, we show that deletion of the Dgcr8 gene, a critical component of this complex, inhibits tumor progression in a Pten-knockout mouse model of prostate cancer. Early stages of tumor development were unaffected, but progression to advanced prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia was severely inhibited. Dgcr8 loss blocked Pten null-induced expansion of the basal-like, but not luminal, cellular compartment. Furthermore, while late-stage Pten knockout tumors exhibit decreased senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity and increased proliferation, the simultaneous deletion of Dgcr8 blocked these changes resulting in levels similar to wild type. Sequencing of small RNAs in isolated epithelial cells uncovered numerous miRNA changes associated with PTEN loss. Consistent with a Pten-Dgcr8 association, analysis of a large cohort of human prostate tumors shows a strong correlation between Akt activation and increased Dgcr8 mRNA levels. Together, these findings uncover a critical role for microRNAs in enhancing proliferation and enabling the expansion of the basal cell compartment associated with tumor progression following Pten loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra D Belair
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Urology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Paikari
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Felix Moltzahn
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Urology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Archana Shenoy
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Urology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christina Yau
- Department of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Marc Dall'Era
- Department of Urology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeff Simko
- Department of Urology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Benz
- Department of Medicine, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Robert Blelloch
- The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Urology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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161
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Morais-Santos M, Nunes AEB, Oliveira AG, Moura-Cordeiro JD, Mahecha GAB, Avellar MCW, Oliveira CA. Changes in Estrogen Receptor ERβ (ESR2) Expression without Changes in the Estradiol Levels in the Prostate of Aging Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131901. [PMID: 26147849 PMCID: PMC4492744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the prostate is androgen-dependent, it is also influenced by estrogens, which act via the estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ. In the prostate, ERβ is highly expressed in the epithelium and appears to participate in the regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation. Evidence shows that ERβ is decreased in malignant prostate, suggesting that it plays an important role in protecting this tissue. Despite the relationship between reductions in ERβ and abnormal growth of the gland, little is known about the age-dependent variation of this receptor. Therefore, we aimed to investigate ERβ expression in the prostatic lobes of aging Wistar rats (3 to 24 months). Histopathological alterations, including hyperplasia, intraluminal concretions, nuclear atypia and prostate intraepithelial neoplasias (PIN), were observed in the prostates of aging rats. Epithelial proliferation led to cribriform architecture in some acini, especially in the ventral prostate (VP). In the VP, areas of epithelial atrophy were also observed. Furthermore, in the lateral prostate, there was frequent prostatitis. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the expression of ERβ is reduced in specific areas related to PIN, atrophic abnormalities and cellular atypia in the prostate epithelium of senile rats. Corroborating the involvement of the receptor with proliferative activity, the punctual reduction in ERβ paralleled the increase in cell proliferation especially in areas of PIN and nuclear atypies. The decrease in ERβ reactivity occurred in a hormonal milieu characterized by a constant concentration of estradiol and decreased plasmatic and tissue DHT. This paper is a pioneering study that reveals focal ERβ reduction in the prostate of aging rats and indicates a potential disorder in the ERβ pathway. These data corroborate previous data from humans and dogs that silencing of this receptor may be associated with premalignant or malignant conditions in the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Morais-Santos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Aryane E. B. Nunes
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André G. Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júnia Dayrell Moura-Cordeiro
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Germán A. B. Mahecha
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Christina W. Avellar
- Department of Pharmacology, Section of Experimental Endocrinology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleida A. Oliveira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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162
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Pinto FCM, Silva D, Silva PC, Pereira LM, Morone AR, Costa WS, Cortez CM, Sampaio FJB. Deleterious effects of prepubertal corticosterone treatment on rat prostate. Acta Cir Bras 2015; 30:382-7. [PMID: 26108025 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-865020150060000002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the structural and functional changes induced by corticosterone (CORT) in the ventral prostrate (VP) of rats in order to study chronic stress effects in the prepubertal phase. METHODS Wistar rats received daily saline or CORT injections during the pubertal period from the 5th to 25th day of postnatal life. The animals were distributed into four groups: 1 - Control (n=5); 2 - Control 99mTc-P (n=5); 3 - Treated with CORT (n=14); 4 - Treated with CORT and 99mTc-P (n=10). All rats were sacrificed at two months of age. Technical tissue uptakes of 99mTc-P were used to evaluate the functional and stereological methods for morphological analysis. RESULTS Acini distribution in the group treated with CORT differed significantly (p<0.0001) from the control. The control group's epithelial average height (10.01±0.24 microns) was statistically significant (p<0.0001) from rats treated with CORT (19.27±0.73microns). The collagen distribution was lower in the treated group (2.79%) when compared to control (3.97%). The radioactivity percentage in the groups marked with 99mTc-P (%Ati/g) did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference (p=0.285897). CONCLUSION Chronic administration of corticosterone in prepubertal rats causes changes in their acinar structure and their ventral prostate stroma, indicating possible deleterious effects of this hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dílson Silva
- Department of Applied Mathematics, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Luiza Morone Pereira
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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163
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Erdman SE, Poutahidis T. Gut bacteria and cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1856:86-90. [PMID: 26050963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbiota on the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract greatly outnumbers the cells in the human body. Effects of antibiotics indicate that GI tract bacteria may be determining the fate of distal cancers. Recent data implicate dysregulated host responses to enteric bacteria leading to cancers in extra-intestinal sites. Together these findings point to novel anti-cancer strategies aimed at promoting GI tract homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Erdman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States.
| | - Theofilos Poutahidis
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Laboratory of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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164
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mouse is an important, though imperfect, organism with which to model human disease and to discover and test novel drugs in a preclinical setting. Many experimental strategies have been used to discover new biological and molecular targets in the mouse, with the hopes of translating these discoveries into novel drugs to treat prostate cancer in humans. Modeling prostate cancer in the mouse, however, has been challenging, and often drugs that work in mice have failed in human trials. AREAS COVERED The authors discuss the similarities and differences between mice and men; the types of mouse models that exist to model prostate cancer; practical questions one must ask when using a mouse as a model; and potential reasons that drugs do not often translate to humans. They also discuss the current value in using mouse models for drug discovery to treat prostate cancer and what needs are still unmet in field. EXPERT OPINION With proper planning and following practical guidelines by the researcher, the mouse is a powerful experimental tool. The field lacks genetically engineered metastatic models, and xenograft models do not allow for the study of the immune system during the metastatic process. There remain several important limitations to discovering and testing novel drugs in mice for eventual human use, but these can often be overcome. Overall, mouse modeling is an essential part of prostate cancer research and drug discovery. Emerging technologies and better and ever-increasing forms of communication are moving the field in a hopeful direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C Valkenburg
- The Johns Hopkins University, The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology , 600 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287 , USA
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165
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Assinder SJ, Beniamen D, Lovicu FJ. Cosuppression of Sprouty and Sprouty-related negative regulators of FGF signalling in prostate cancer: a working hypothesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:827462. [PMID: 26075267 PMCID: PMC4449890 DOI: 10.1155/2015/827462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of FGF receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signalling is common in prostate cancer. Normally, to moderate RTK signalling, induction of Sprouty (SPRY) and Sprouty-related (SPRED) antagonists occurs. Whilst decreased SPRY and SPRED has been described in some cancers, their role in prostate cancer is poorly understood. Therefore, we hypothesise that due to the need for tight regulation of RTK signalling, SPRY and SPRED negative regulators provide a degree of redundancy which ensures that a suppression of one or more family member does not lead to disease. Contrary to this, our analyses of prostates from 24-week-old Spry1- or Spry2-deficientmice, either hemizygous (+/-) or homozygous (-/-) for the null allele, revealed a significantly greater incidence of PIN compared to wild-type littermates. We further investigated redundancy of negative regulators in the clinical setting in a preliminary analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus and Oncomine human prostate cancer datasets. Consistent with our hypothesis, in two datasets analysed a significant cosuppression of SPRYs and SPREDs is evident. These findings demonstrate the importance of negative regulators of receptor tyrosine signalling, such as Spry, in the clinical setting, and highlight their importance for future pharmacopeia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Assinder
- Disciplines of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Daniella Beniamen
- Disciplines of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Frank J. Lovicu
- Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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166
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Bernichtein S, Pigat N, Capiod T, Boutillon F, Verkarre V, Camparo P, Viltard M, Méjean A, Oudard S, Souberbielle JC, Friedlander G, Goffin V. High milk consumption does not affect prostate tumor progression in two mouse models of benign and neoplastic lesions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125423. [PMID: 25938513 PMCID: PMC4418739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies that have investigated whether dairy (mainly milk) diets are associated with prostate cancer risk have led to controversial conclusions. In addition, no existing study clearly evaluated the effects of dairy/milk diets on prostate tumor progression, which is clinically highly relevant in view of the millions of men presenting with prostate pathologies worldwide, including benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) or high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). We report here a unique interventional animal study to address this issue. We used two mouse models of fully penetrant genetically-induced prostate tumorigenesis that were investigated at the stages of benign hyperplasia (probasin-Prl mice, Pb-Prl) or pre-cancerous PIN lesions (KIMAP mice). Mice were fed high milk diets (skim or whole) for 15 to 27 weeks of time depending on the kinetics of prostate tumor development in each model. Prostate tumor progression was assessed by tissue histopathology examination, epithelial proliferation, stromal inflammation and fibrosis, tumor invasiveness potency and expression of various tumor markers relevant for each model (c-Fes, Gprc6a, activated Stat5 and p63). Our results show that high milk consumption (either skim or whole) did not promote progression of existing prostate tumors when assessed at early stages of tumorigenesis (hyperplasia and neoplasia). For some parameters, and depending on milk type, milk regimen could even exhibit slight protective effects towards prostate tumor progression by decreasing the expression of tumor-related markers like Ki-67 and Gprc6a. In conclusion, our study suggests that regular milk consumption should not be considered detrimental for patients presenting with early-stage prostate tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bernichtein
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Natascha Pigat
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Capiod
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Florence Boutillon
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Verkarre
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Camparo
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
| | - Mélanie Viltard
- Institute for European Expertise in Physiology, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Méjean
- Urology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Oudard
- Medical Oncology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Souberbielle
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Phosphate Homeostasis Laboratory, Paris, France
- Physiology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Friedlander
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, Phosphate Homeostasis Laboratory, Paris, France
- Physiology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Goffin
- Inserm, U1151, Institut Necker Enfants Malades, PRL/GH Pathophysiology Laboratory, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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167
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Bernichtein S, Pigat N, Camparo P, Latil A, Viltard M, Friedlander G, Goffin V. Anti-inflammatory properties of Lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon®) in a mouse model of prostate hyperplasia. Prostate 2015; 75:706-22. [PMID: 25683150 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Permixon®, the hexanic lipidosterolic extract of saw palmetto Serenoa repens (LSESr), has shown properties that highlight its benefit in the management of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH). To address its actual anti-inflammatory potency, we used a unique pro-inflammatory mouse model of prostate hyperplasia involving prostate-specific over-expression of prolactin transgene (Pb-Prl). METHODS Six month-old Pb-Prl males were administered with Permixon® per os at the daily dose of 100 mg/kg for 28 days. Body and prostate weights were measured weekly and at sacrifice, respectively. Prostate histology was carefully assessed by a pathologist and detailed quantifications of epithelial and stromal compartments were performed using image analysis software. Luminal cell proliferation index was determined using Ki-67 immunostaining, and apoptosis using Bax/Bcl2 mRNA ratio. Tissue inflammation and fibrosis were assessed by histological analyses then quantified using CD45 immunostaining and picrosirius staining, respectively. Expression profiling of selected pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors was performed by quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS In this model, Permixon® significantly decreased tissue weight and proliferation index specifically in the ventral lobe. Although treatment had no noticeable effect on epithelial histology of any lobe, it markedly reduced the histological hallmarks of inflammation in all lobes. This was confirmed by the global down-regulation of prostate pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, with significant reduction of CCR7, CXCL6, IL-6, and IL-17 expression. CONCLUSIONS In this mouse model of prostate hyperplasia, Permixon® exerted potent anti-inflammatory properties in the whole prostate while anti-androgenic effects were lobe-specific, suggesting that distinct LSESr components may be involved in these effects. Our results support the beneficial role of Permixon® treatment for BPH. The relevance of CCR7, CXCL6, IL-6, and IL-17 as potential biomarkers to follow up BPH inflammatory status needs to be assessed.
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168
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de Jesus MM, Negrin AC, Taboga SR, Pinto-Fochi ME, Góes RM. Histopathological alterations in the prostates of Mongolian gerbils exposed to a high-fat diet and di-n-butyl phthalate individually or in combination. Reprod Toxicol 2015; 52:26-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
When the National Institutes of Health Mouse Models of Human Cancer Consortium initiated the Prostate Steering Committee 15 years ago, there were no genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of prostate cancer (PCa). Today, a PubMed search for "prostate cancer mouse model" yields 3,200 publications and this list continues to grow. The first generation of GEM utilized the newly discovered and characterized probasin promoter driving viral oncogenes such as Simian virus 40 large T antigen to yield the LADY and TRAMP models. As the PCa research field has matured, the second generation of models has incorporated the single and multiple molecular changes observed in human disease, such as loss of PTEN and overexpression of Myc. Application of these models has revealed that mice are particularly resistant to developing invasive PCa, and once they achieve invasive disease, the PCa rarely resembles human disease. Nevertheless, these models and their application have provided vital information on human PCa progression. The aim of this review is to provide a brief primer on mouse and human prostate histology and pathology, provide descriptions of mouse models, as well as attempt to answer the age old question: Which GEM model of PCa is the best for my research question?
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170
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Jachetti E, Caputo S, Mazzoleni S, Brambillasca CS, Parigi SM, Grioni M, Piras IS, Restuccia U, Calcinotto A, Freschi M, Bachi A, Galli R, Bellone M. Tenascin-C Protects Cancer Stem-like Cells from Immune Surveillance by Arresting T-cell Activation. Cancer Res 2015; 75:2095-108. [PMID: 25808872 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Precociously disseminated cancer cells may seed quiescent sites of future metastasis if they can protect themselves from immune surveillance. However, there is little knowledge about how such sites might be achieved. Here, we present evidence that prostate cancer stem-like cells (CSC) can be found in histopathologically negative prostate draining lymph nodes (PDLN) in mice harboring oncogene-driven prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN). PDLN-derived CSCs were phenotypically and functionally identical to CSC obtained from mPIN lesions, but distinct from CSCs obtained from frank prostate tumors. CSC derived from either PDLN or mPIN used the extracellular matrix protein Tenascin-C (TNC) to inhibit T-cell receptor-dependent T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production. Mechanistically, TNC interacted with α5β1 integrin on the cell surface of T cells, inhibiting reorganization of the actin-based cytoskeleton therein required for proper T-cell activation. CSC from both PDLN and mPIN lesions also expressed CXCR4 and migrated in response to its ligand CXCL12, which was overexpressed in PDLN upon mPIN development. CXCR4 was critical for the development of PDLN-derived CSC, as in vivo administration of CXCR4 inhibitors prevented establishment in PDLN of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Taken together, our work establishes a pivotal role for TNC in tuning the local immune response to establish equilibrium between disseminated nodal CSC and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jachetti
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Cellular Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Caputo
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Cellular Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Mazzoleni
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Neural Stem Cell Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Svetlana Brambillasca
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Cellular Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Martina Parigi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Cellular Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Grioni
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Cellular Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Restuccia
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Calcinotto
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Cellular Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy. Mass Spectrometry Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Freschi
- Unità Operativa Anatomia Patologica, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Bachi
- Mass Spectrometry Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Galli
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Neural Stem Cell Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Bellone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, Cellular Immunology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
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171
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Saffarini CM, McDonnell-Clark EV, Amin A, Huse SM, Boekelheide K. Developmental exposure to estrogen alters differentiation and epigenetic programming in a human fetal prostate xenograft model. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122290. [PMID: 25799167 PMCID: PMC4370592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the most frequent non-cutaneous malignancy in men. There is strong evidence in rodents that neonatal estrogen exposure plays a role in the development of this disease. However, there is little information regarding the effects of estrogen in human fetal prostate tissue. This study explored early life estrogen exposure, with and without a secondary estrogen and testosterone treatment in a human fetal prostate xenograft model. Histopathological lesions, proliferation, and serum hormone levels were evaluated at 7, 30, 90, and 200-day time-points after xenografting. The expression of 40 key genes involved in prostatic glandular and stromal growth, cell-cycle progression, apoptosis, hormone receptors and tumor suppressors was evaluated using a custom PCR array. Epigenome-wide analysis of DNA methylation was performed on whole tissue, and laser capture-microdissection (LCM) isolated epithelial and stromal compartments of 200-day prostate xenografts. Combined initial plus secondary estrogenic exposures had the most severe tissue changes as revealed by the presence of hyperplastic glands at day 200. Gene expression changes corresponded with the cellular events in the KEGG prostate cancer pathway, indicating that initial plus secondary exposure to estrogen altered the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, ultimately resulting in apoptosis inhibition and an increase in cell cycle progression. DNA methylation revealed that differentially methylated CpG sites significantly predominate in the stromal compartment as a result of estrogen-treatment, thereby providing new targets for future investigation. By using human fetal prostate tissue and eliminating the need for species extrapolation, this study provides novel insights into the gene expression and epigenetic effects related to prostate carcinogenesis following early life estrogen exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia M. Saffarini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth V. McDonnell-Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Ali Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Huse
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Simons BW, Durham NM, Bruno TC, Grosso JF, Schaeffer AJ, Ross AE, Hurley PJ, Berman DM, Drake CG, Thumbikat P, Schaeffer EM. A human prostatic bacterial isolate alters the prostatic microenvironment and accelerates prostate cancer progression. J Pathol 2015; 235:478-89. [PMID: 25348195 DOI: 10.1002/path.4472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation is associated with several diseases of the prostate including benign enlargement and cancer, but a causal relationship has not been established. Our objective was to characterize the prostate inflammatory microenvironment after infection with a human prostate-derived bacterial strain and to determine the effect of inflammation on prostate cancer progression. To this end, we mimicked typical human prostate infection with retrograde urethral instillation of CP1, a human prostatic isolate of Escherichia coli. CP1 bacteria were tropic for the accessory sex glands and induced acute inflammation in the prostate and seminal vesicles, with chronic inflammation lasting at least 1 year. Compared to controls, infection induced both acute and chronic inflammation with epithelial hyperplasia, stromal hyperplasia, and inflammatory cell infiltrates. In areas of inflammation, epithelial proliferation and hyperplasia often persist, despite decreased expression of androgen receptor (AR). Inflammatory cells in the prostates of CP1-infected mice were characterized at 8 weeks post-infection by flow cytometry, which showed an increase in macrophages and lymphocytes, particularly Th17 cells. Inflammation was additionally assessed in the context of carcinogenesis. Multiplex cytokine profiles of inflamed prostates showed that distinct inflammatory cytokines were expressed during prostate inflammation and cancer, with a subset of cytokines synergistically increased during concurrent inflammation and cancer. Furthermore, CP1 infection in the Hi-Myc mouse model of prostate cancer accelerated the development of invasive prostate adenocarcinoma, with 70% more mice developing cancer by 4.5 months of age. This study provides direct evidence that prostate inflammation accelerates prostate cancer progression and gives insight into the microenvironment changes induced by inflammation that may accelerate tumour initiation or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Simons
- The Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Linn DE, Bronson RT, Li Z. Genetic interaction between Tmprss2-ERG gene fusion and Nkx3.1-loss does not enhance prostate tumorigenesis in mouse models. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120628. [PMID: 25780911 PMCID: PMC4364018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene fusions involving ETS family transcription factors (mainly TMPRSS2-ERG and TMPRSS2-ETV1 fusions) have been found in ~50% of human prostate cancer cases. Although expression of TMPRSS2-ERG or TMPRSS2-ETV1 fusion alone is insufficient to initiate prostate tumorigenesis, they appear to sensitize prostate epithelial cells for cooperation with additional oncogenic mutations to drive frank prostate adenocarcinoma. To search for such ETS-cooperating oncogenic events, we focused on a well-studied prostate tumor suppressor NKX3.1, as loss of NKX3.1 is another common genetic alteration in human prostate cancer. Previous studies have shown that deletions at 8p21 (harboring NKX3.1) and 21q22 (resulting in TMPRSS2-ERG fusion) were both present in a subtype of prostate cancer cases, and that ERG can lead to epigenetic silencing of NKX3.1 in prostate cancer cells, whereas NKX3.1 can in turn negatively regulate TMPRSS2-ERG fusion expression via suppression of the TMPRSS2 promoter activity. We recently generated knockin mouse models for TMPRSS2-ERG and TMPRSS2-ETV1 fusions, utilizing the endogenous Tmprss2 promoter. We crossed these knockin models to an Nkx3.1 knockout mouse model. In Tmprss2-ERG;Nkx3.1+/- (or -/-) male mice, although we observed a slight but significant upregulation of Tmprss2-ERG fusion expression upon Nkx3.1 loss, we did not detect any significant cooperation between these two genetic events to enhance prostate tumorigenesis in vivo. Furthermore, retrospective analysis of a previously published human prostate cancer dataset revealed that within ERG-overexpressing prostate cancer cases, NKX3.1 loss or deletion did not predict biochemical relapse after radical prostatectomy. Collectively, these data suggest that although TMPRSS2-ERG fusion and loss of NKX3.1 are among the most common mutational events found in prostate cancer, and although each of them can sensitize prostate epithelial cells for cooperating with other oncogenic events, these two events themselves do not appear to cooperate at a significant level in vivo to enhance prostate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E. Linn
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
| | - Roderick T. Bronson
- Rodent Histopathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
| | - Zhe Li
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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174
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Saffarini CM, McDonnell-Clark EV, Amin A, Boekelheide K. A human fetal prostate xenograft model of developmental estrogenization. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:119-28. [PMID: 25633637 PMCID: PMC4409475 DOI: 10.1177/1091581815569364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common disease in older men. Rodent models have demonstrated that an early and later-life exposure to estrogen can lead to cancerous lesions and implicated hormonal dysregulation as an avenue for developing future prostate neoplasia. This study utilizes a human fetal prostate xenograft model to study the role of estrogen in the progression of human disease. Histopathological lesions were assessed in 7-, 30-, 90-, 200-, and 400-day human prostate xenografts. Gene expression for cell cycle, tumor suppressors, and apoptosis-related genes (ie, CDKN1A, CASP9, ESR2, PTEN, and TP53) was performed for 200-day estrogen-treated xenografts. Glandular hyperplasia was observed in xenografts given both an initial and secondary exposure to estradiol in both 200- and 400-day xenografts. Persistent estrogenic effects were verified using immunohistochemical markers for cytokeratin 10, p63, and estrogen receptor α. This model provides data on the histopathological state of the human prostate following estrogenic treatment, which can be utilized in understanding the complicated pathology associated with prostatic disease and early and later-life estrogenic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia M Saffarini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | | | - Ali Amin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kim Boekelheide
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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175
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Liu R, Yi B, Wei S, Yang WH, Hart KM, Chauhan P, Zhang W, Mao X, Liu X, Liu CG, Wang L. FOXP3-miR-146-NF-κB Axis and Therapy for Precancerous Lesions in Prostate. Cancer Res 2015; 75:1714-24. [PMID: 25712341 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-2109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-suppressive activity of FOXP3 has been observed in tumor initiation, but the underlying mechanism still remains largely unknown. Here, we identified a FOXP3-microRNA-146 (miR-146)-NF-κB axis in vitro and in vivo in prostate cancer cells. We observed that FOXP3 dramatically induced the expression of miR-146a/b, which contributed to transcriptional inhibition of IRAK1 and TRAF6, in prostate cancer cell lines. Tissue-specific deletion of Foxp3 in mouse prostate caused a significant reduction of miR-146a and upregulation of NF-κB activation. In addition, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions were observed in miR-146a-mutant mice as well as in Foxp3-mutant mice. Notably, the NF-κB inhibitor bortezomib inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in prostate epithelial cells, attenuating prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia formation in Foxp3-mutant mice. Our data suggest that the FOXP3-miR-146-NF-κB axis has a functional role during tumor initiation in prostate cancer. Targeting the miR-146-NF-κB axis may provide a new therapeutic approach for prostate cancers with FOXP3 defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhua Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Department of Pediatric Surgery, Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shi Wei
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wei-Hsiung Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia
| | - Karen M Hart
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Priyanka Chauhan
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Institute for the Endemic Fluorosis Control, Chinese Center for Endemic Disease Control, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xicheng Mao
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Chang-Gong Liu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Lizhong Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama. Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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176
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Genetically engineered mouse models to study prostate cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2015. [PMID: 25636465 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models have become fundamental tools in the basic and translational research of prostate cancer. There is a plethora of models available to dissect the genetic alterations and aberrant signaling events associated with human prostate cancer and, furthermore, to investigate new and "personalized" therapies to treat the disease. In this chapter, we discuss some of the models recently and currently used to study prostate cancer in vivo, and some considerations when selecting an appropriate model to investigate particular aspects of the disease. We describe the methods required to isolate prostate tumors and conduct basic characterization of the tumor to determine tumor load and histopathology. We also discuss important aspects to be considered when processing samples for further analysis.
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177
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Higgins J, Brogley M, Palanisamy N, Mehra R, Ittmann MM, Li JZ, Tomlins SA, Robins DM. Interaction of the Androgen Receptor, ETV1, and PTEN Pathways in Mouse Prostate Varies with Pathological Stage and Predicts Cancer Progression. Discov Oncol 2015; 6:67-86. [PMID: 25631336 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-014-0215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the impact of common somatic mutations in prostate cancer (PCa) on androgen receptor (AR) signaling, mouse models were designed to perturb sequentially the AR, ETV1, and PTEN pathways. Mice with "humanized" AR (hAR) alleles that modified AR transcriptional strength by varying polyglutamine tract (Q-tract) length were crossed with mice expressing a prostate-specific, AR-responsive ETV1 transgene (ETV1(Tg)). While hAR allele did not grossly affect ETV1-induced neoplasia, ETV1 strongly antagonized global AR regulation and repressed critical androgen-induced differentiation and tumor suppressor genes, such as Nkx3-1 and Hoxb13. When Pten was varied to determine its impact on disease progression, mice lacking one Pten allele (Pten(+/-) ) developed more frequent prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN). Yet, only those with the ETV1 transgene progressed to invasive adenocarcinoma. Furthermore, progression was more frequent with the short Q-tract (stronger) AR, suggesting that the AR, ETV1, and PTEN pathways cooperate in aggressive disease. On the Pten(+/-) background, ETV1 had markedly less effect on AR target genes. However, a strong inflammatory gene expression signature, notably upregulation of Cxcl16, was induced by ETV1. Comparison of mouse and human patient data stratified by the presence of E26 transformation-specific ETS fusion genes highlighted additional factors, some not previously associated with prostate cancer but for which targeted therapies are in development for other diseases. In sum, concerted use of these mouse models illuminates the complex interplay of AR, ETV1, and PTEN pathways in pre-cancerous neoplasia and early tumorigenesis, disease stages difficult to analyze in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Higgins
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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178
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Wang L, Liu R, Ye P, Wong C, Chen GY, Zhou P, Sakabe K, Zheng X, Wu W, Zhang P, Jiang T, Bassetti MF, Jube S, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Zheng P, Liu Y. Intracellular CD24 disrupts the ARF-NPM interaction and enables mutational and viral oncogene-mediated p53 inactivation. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5909. [PMID: 25600590 PMCID: PMC4300525 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CD24 is overexpressed in nearly 70% human cancers, whereas TP53 is the most frequently mutated tumour-suppressor gene that functions in a context-dependent manner. Here we show that both targeted mutation and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) silencing of CD24 retard the growth, progression and metastasis of prostate cancer. CD24 competitively inhibits ARF binding to NPM, resulting in decreased ARF, increase MDM2 and decrease levels of p53 and the p53 target p21/CDKN1A. CD24 silencing prevents functional inactivation of p53 by both somatic mutation and viral oncogenes, including the SV40 large T antigen and human papilloma virus 16 E6-antigen. In support of the functional interaction between CD24 and p53, in silico analyses reveal that TP53 mutates at a higher rate among glioma and prostate cancer samples with higher CD24 mRNA levels. These data provide a general mechanism for functional inactivation of ARF and reveal an important cellular context for genetic and viral inactivation of TP53. P53 is a tumour suppressor that is frequently mutated or downregulated in cancer. Here, Wang et al. show that CD24, a molecule frequently overexpressed in cancer, promotes p53 degradation by disrupting a regulatory ARF–MDM2 interaction, and silencing CD24 prevents the downregulation of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Runhua Liu
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA
| | - Peiying Ye
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Chunshu Wong
- 1] Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA [2] Program of Immunology, Integrated Biomedical Graduate Program, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48103, USA
| | - Guo-Yun Chen
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Penghui Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Kaoru Sakabe
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | | | - Wei Wu
- OncoImmune, Inc., Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Taijiao Jiang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Michael F Bassetti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - Sandro Jube
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Pan Zheng
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Center for Cancer and Immunology Research and Division of Pathology, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
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179
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Silveira CP, Apolinário LM, Fávaro WJ, Paula AJ, Durán N. Hybrid biomaterial based on porous silica nanoparticles and Pluronic F-127 for sustained release of sildenafil: in vivo study on prostate cancer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra15006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe here a drug depot hydrogel system comprising sildenafil (Viagra®) incorporated in mesoporous silica nanoparticles (60 nm) and conjugated with a thermosensitive poloxamer, which presents a high efficiency against prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. P. Silveira
- Institute of Chemistry
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | - L. M. Apolinário
- Depart. Struct. Funct. Biol
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
- Campinas
- Brazil
| | - W. J. Fávaro
- Depart. Struct. Funct. Biol
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
- Campinas
- Brazil
- Farmabrasilis R&D Division
| | - A. J. Paula
- Solid-Biological Interface Group (SolBIN)
- Departamento de Física
- Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC)
- Fortaleza
- Brazil
| | - N. Durán
- Institute of Chemistry
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP)
- Campinas
- Brazil
- Farmabrasilis R&D Division
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180
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de Melo Neto JS, de Campos Gomes F, Pinheiro PFF, Pereira S, Scarano WR, Fávaro WJ, Domeniconi RF. The effects of high doses of nandrolone decanoate and exercise on prostate microvasculature of adult and older rats. Life Sci 2015; 121:16-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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181
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Lin D, Xue H, Wang Y, Wu R, Watahiki A, Dong X, Cheng H, Wyatt AW, Collins CC, Gout PW, Wang Y. Next generation patient-derived prostate cancer xenograft models. Asian J Androl 2014; 16:407-12. [PMID: 24589467 PMCID: PMC4023366 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.125394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need for more effective therapeutic approaches for prostate cancer. Research in this area, however, has been seriously hampered by a lack of clinically relevant, experimental in vivo models of the disease. This review particularly focuses on the development of prostate cancer xenograft models based on subrenal capsule grafting of patients’ tumor tissue into nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice. This technique allows successful development of transplantable, patient-derived cancer tissue xenograft lines not only from aggressive metastatic, but also from localized prostate cancer tissues. The xenografts have been found to retain key biological properties of the original malignancies, including histopathological and molecular characteristics, tumor heterogeneity, response to androgen ablation and metastatic ability. As such, they are highly clinically relevant and provide valuable tools for studies of prostate cancer progression at cellular and molecular levels, drug screening for personalized cancer therapy and preclinical drug efficacy testing; especially when a panel of models is used to cover a broader spectrum of the disease. These xenograft models could therefore be viewed as next-generation models of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuzhuo Wang
- The Vancouver Prostate Centre, Vancouver General Hospital; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, British Columbia Cancer Agency and Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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182
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Zanatelli M, Silva DAL, Shinohara FZ, Góes RM, Santos FCA, Vilamaior PSL, Taboga SR. Actions of oestradiol and progesterone on the prostate in female gerbils: reversal of the histological effects of castration. Reprod Fertil Dev 2014; 26:540-50. [PMID: 23677028 DOI: 10.1071/rd12302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The female prostate is a functionally active gland in several mammalian species, including humans and rodents. Investigations of prostate morphophysiology during the phases of the oestrous cycle have shown that the female prostate is influenced by fluctuations in serum concentrations of oestradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of combined prolonged administration of E2 and P4 on the prostate in ovariectomised female gerbils. Ovariectomy caused atrophy and decreased glandular secretory activity. Administration of E2 and P4 (0.1mgkg(-1) diluted in 0.1mL of mineral oil, every 48h over 30 days) resulted in a recovery of overall prostate structure, as evidenced by increased epithelial height, mass and prostatic secretory activity, without leading the appearance of significant lesions. Evaluation of androgen receptor (AR) expression revealed increased immunoreactivity in the E2+P4-treated group. Immunostaining for oestrogen receptor (ER) α was decreased in the castrated groups, but increased in the group subjected to hormone treatment. There were no significant differences in ERβ immunoreactivity among the groups. Assessment of cell proliferation revealed greater immunoreactivity in the treated group. Together, the results indicate that the interaction between E2 and P4 may be responsible for maintaining female prostate gland histophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Zanatelli
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego A L Silva
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Filipe Z Shinohara
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, R. Monteiro Lobato 255, 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rejane M Góes
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, R Cristovão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C A Santos
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, CP 131, 74001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Patricia S L Vilamaior
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, R Cristovão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sebastião R Taboga
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Microanalysis, Department of Biology, São Paulo State University, R Cristovão Colombo, 2265, 15054-000, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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183
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Burcham GN, Cresswell GM, Snyder PW, Chen L, Liu X, Crist SA, Henry MD, Ratliff TL. Impact of prostate inflammation on lesion development in the POET3(+)Pten(+/-) mouse model of prostate carcinogenesis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3176-91. [PMID: 25455686 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Evidence linking prostatitis and prostate cancer development is contradictory. To study this link, the POET3 mouse, an inducible model of prostatitis, was crossed with a Pten-loss model of prostate cancer (Pten(+/-)) containing the ROSA26 luciferase allele to monitor prostate size. Prostatitis was induced, and prostate bioluminescence was tracked over 12 months, with lesion development, inflammation, and cytokine expression analyzed at 4, 8, and 12 months and compared with mice without induction of prostatitis. Acute prostatitis led to more proliferative epithelium and enhanced bioluminescence. However, 4 months after initiation of prostatitis, mice with induced inflammation had lower grade pre-neoplastic lesions. A trend existed toward greater development of carcinoma 12 months after induction of inflammation, including one of two mice with carcinoma developing perineural invasion. Two of 18 mice at the later time points developed lesions with similarities to proliferative inflammatory atrophy, including one mouse with associated carcinoma. Pten(+/-) mice developed spontaneous inflammation, and prostatitis was similar among groups of mice at 8 and 12 months. Analyzed as one cohort, lesion number and grade were positively correlated with prostatitis. Specifically, amounts of CD11b(+)Gr1(+) cells were correlated with lesion development. These results support the hypothesis that myeloid-based inflammation is associated with lesion development in the murine prostate, and previous bouts of CD8-driven prostatitis may promote invasion in the Pten(+/-) model of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant N Burcham
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Heeke Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Southern Indiana Purdue Agricultural Center, Dubois, Indiana
| | - Gregory M Cresswell
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Paul W Snyder
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Long Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Xiaoqi Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Scott A Crist
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Michael D Henry
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics and Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Timothy L Ratliff
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana; Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana.
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184
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Williams KA, Lee M, Hu Y, Andreas J, Patel SJ, Zhang S, Chines P, Elkahloun A, Chandrasekharappa S, Gutkind JS, Molinolo AA, Crawford NPS. A systems genetics approach identifies CXCL14, ITGAX, and LPCAT2 as novel aggressive prostate cancer susceptibility genes. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004809. [PMID: 25411967 PMCID: PMC4238980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although prostate cancer typically runs an indolent course, a subset of men develop aggressive, fatal forms of this disease. We hypothesize that germline variation modulates susceptibility to aggressive prostate cancer. The goal of this work is to identify susceptibility genes using the C57BL/6-Tg(TRAMP)8247Ng/J (TRAMP) mouse model of neuroendocrine prostate cancer. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was performed in transgene-positive (TRAMPxNOD/ShiLtJ) F2 intercross males (n = 228), which facilitated identification of 11 loci associated with aggressive disease development. Microarray data derived from 126 (TRAMPxNOD/ShiLtJ) F2 primary tumors were used to prioritize candidate genes within QTLs, with candidate genes deemed as being high priority when possessing both high levels of expression-trait correlation and a proximal expression QTL. This process enabled the identification of 35 aggressive prostate tumorigenesis candidate genes. The role of these genes in aggressive forms of human prostate cancer was investigated using two concurrent approaches. First, logistic regression analysis in two human prostate gene expression datasets revealed that expression levels of five genes (CXCL14, ITGAX, LPCAT2, RNASEH2A, and ZNF322) were positively correlated with aggressive prostate cancer and two genes (CCL19 and HIST1H1A) were protective for aggressive prostate cancer. Higher than average levels of expression of the five genes that were positively correlated with aggressive disease were consistently associated with patient outcome in both human prostate cancer tumor gene expression datasets. Second, three of these five genes (CXCL14, ITGAX, and LPCAT2) harbored polymorphisms associated with aggressive disease development in a human GWAS cohort consisting of 1,172 prostate cancer patients. This study is the first example of using a systems genetics approach to successfully identify novel susceptibility genes for aggressive prostate cancer. Such approaches will facilitate the identification of novel germline factors driving aggressive disease susceptibility and allow for new insights into these deadly forms of prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is a remarkably common disease, and in 2014 it is estimated that it will account for 27% of new cancer cases in men in the US. However, less than 13% those diagnosed will succumb to prostate cancer, with most men dying from unrelated causes. The tests used to identify men at risk of fatal prostate cancer are inaccurate, which leads to overtreatment, unnecessary patient suffering, and represents a significant public health burden. Many studies have shown that hereditary genetic variation significantly alters susceptibility to fatal prostate cancer, although the identities of genes responsible for this are mostly unknown. Here, we used a mouse model of prostate cancer to identify such genes. We introduced hereditary genetic variation into this mouse model through breeding, and used a genetic mapping technique to identify 35 genes associated with aggressive disease. The levels of three of these genes were consistently abnormal in human prostate cancers with a more aggressive disease course. Additionally, hereditary differences in these same three genes were associated with markers of fatal prostate cancer in men. This approach has given us unique insights into how hereditary variation influences fatal forms of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra A. Williams
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Minnkyong Lee
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ying Hu
- Center for Biomedical Informatics and Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Andreas
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shashank J. Patel
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Suiyuan Zhang
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Chines
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Abdel Elkahloun
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Settara Chandrasekharappa
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - J. Silvio Gutkind
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alfredo A. Molinolo
- Oral & Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Nigel P. S. Crawford
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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185
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Ihnatovych I, Sielski NL, Hofmann WA. Selective expression of myosin IC Isoform A in mouse and human cell lines and mouse prostate cancer tissues. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108609. [PMID: 25259793 PMCID: PMC4178219 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin IC is a single headed member of the myosin superfamily. We recently identified a novel isoform and showed that the MYOIC gene in mammalian cells encodes three isoforms (isoforms A, B, and C). Furthermore, we demonstrated that myosin IC isoform A but not isoform B exhibits a tissue specific expression pattern. In this study, we extended our analysis of myosin IC isoform expression patterns by analyzing the protein and mRNA expression in various mammalian cell lines and in various prostate specimens and tumor tissues from the transgenic mouse prostate (TRAMP) model by immunoblotting, qRT-PCR, and by indirect immunohistochemical staining of paraffin embedded prostate specimen. Analysis of a panel of mammalian cell lines showed an increased mRNA and protein expression of specifically myosin IC isoform A in a panel of human and mouse prostate cancer cell lines but not in non-cancer prostate or other (non-prostate-) cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we demonstrate that myosin IC isoform A expression is significantly increased in TRAMP mouse prostate samples with prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) lesions and in distant site metastases in lung and liver when compared to matched normal tissues. Our observations demonstrate specific changes in the expression of myosin IC isoform A that are concurrent with the occurrence of prostate cancer in the TRAMP mouse prostate cancer model that closely mimics clinical prostate cancer. These data suggest that elevated levels of myosin IC isoform A may be a potential marker for the detection of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanna Ihnatovych
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Neil L. Sielski
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Wilma A. Hofmann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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186
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Vaz CV, Maia CJ, Marques R, Gomes IM, Correia S, Alves MG, Cavaco JE, Oliveira PF, Socorro S. Regucalcin is an androgen-target gene in the rat prostate modulating cell-cycle and apoptotic pathways. Prostate 2014; 74:1189-98. [PMID: 24975685 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regucalcin (RGN) is a calcium (Ca(2+) )-binding protein underexpressed in prostate adenocarcinoma comparatively to non-neoplastic prostate or benign prostate hyperplasia cases. Moreover, RGN expression is negatively associated with the cellular differentiation of prostate adenocarcinoma, suggesting that loss of RGN may be associated with tumor onset and progression. However, the RGN actions over the control of prostate cell growth have not been investigated. METHODS Androgens are implicated in the promotion of prostate cell proliferation, thus we studied the in vivo effect of androgens on RGN expression in rat prostate. The role of RGN modulating cell proliferation and apoptotic pathways in rat prostate was investigated using transgenic animals (Tg-RGN) overexpressing the protein. RESULTS In vivo stimulation with 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) down-regulated RGN expression in rat prostate. Cell proliferation index and prostate weight were reduced in Tg-RGN, which was concomitant with altered expression of cell-cycle regulators. Tg-RGN presented diminished expression of the oncogene H-ras and increased expression of cell-cycle inhibitor p21. Levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2, as well as the Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio were increased in prostates overexpressing RGN. Both caspase-3 expression and enzyme activity were decreased in the prostates of Tg-RGN. CONCLUSIONS Overexpression of RGN resulted in inhibition of cell proliferation and apoptotic pathways, which demonstrated its role maintaining prostate growth balance. Thus, deregulation of RGN expression may be an important event favoring the development of prostate cancer. Moreover, the DHT effect down-regulating RGN expression in rat prostate highlighted for the importance of this protein in prostatic physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cátia V Vaz
- CICS-UBI, Health Sciences Research Centre, University of Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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187
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Prostate anatomy in motheaten viable (me(v)) mice with mutations in the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Actas Urol Esp 2014; 38:438-44. [PMID: 24819344 DOI: 10.1016/j.acuro.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study prostate and seminal vesicle anatomy in viable motheaten (mev) with mutations in PTPN6 gene leading to a severe reduction in the activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1. Homozygous mev mice exhibit multiple anomalies that include immunodeficiencies, increased proliferation of macrophage, neutrophil, and erythrocyte progenitors, decreased bone density and sterility. MATERIAL AND METHOD We analyzed macro- and microscopic anatomy of the seminal vesicle and prostate macro- and microscopic anatomy of 5 mev/mev and 8 wt/wt adult 7 week old mice. Computerized morphometric analysis was performed to measure the relative changes appearing in the epithelial volume of the different prostatic lobes. RESULTS All mice studied revealed normal genital organs (penis, testis, epididymis, vas deferens) and bladder. The seminal vesicle was absent in all mev/mev individuals analyzed, being normal and very noticeable in wt/wt mice. The different glands that compose the prostatic complex (anterior, ventral and dorso-lateral prostate) were atrophied in mev/mev mice: anterior prostate 0.4 times, ventral 0.19 times, dorsal 0.35 times and lateral 0.28 times those of the respective regions in wt/wt mice. Microscopically, mev/mev mice revealed scarce and large prostatic ducts, acini severely atrophic with empty lumen and scarce loose epithelial component forming tufts and infoldings, and hyperplastic changes in fibromuscular stroma. CONCLUSIONS The prostate of mev/mev mice exhibits signs of aberrant differentiation and the resulting phenotype may be related to the loss of function of SHP-1. Prostatic anomalies in these mice affect, together with defects in sperm maduration, for their sterility. These data suggest SHP-1 plays an important role in prostate epithelial morphogenesis.
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188
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Wang ZA, Toivanen R, Bergren SK, Chambon P, Shen MM. Luminal cells are favored as the cell of origin for prostate cancer. Cell Rep 2014; 8:1339-46. [PMID: 25176651 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 06/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of cell types of origin for cancer has important implications for tumor stratification and personalized treatment. For prostate cancer, the cell of origin has been intensively studied, but it has remained unclear whether basal or luminal epithelial cells, or both, represent cells of origin under physiological conditions in vivo. Here, we use a novel lineage-tracing strategy to assess the cell of origin in a diverse range of mouse models, including Nkx3.1(+/-); Pten(+/-), Pten(+/-), Hi-Myc, and TRAMP mice, as well as a hormonal carcinogenesis model. Our results show that luminal cells are consistently the observed cell of origin for each model in situ; however, explanted basal cells from these mice can generate tumors in grafts. Consequently, we propose that luminal cells are favored as cells of origin in many contexts, whereas basal cells only give rise to tumors after differentiation into luminal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu A Wang
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Roxanne Toivanen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Sarah K Bergren
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Pierre Chambon
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR7104, INSERM U964, 67400 Illkirch, France
| | - Michael M Shen
- Departments of Medicine, Genetics and Development, Urology, and Systems Biology, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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189
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Lucas JM, Heinlein C, Kim T, Hernandez SA, Malik MS, True LD, Morrissey C, Corey E, Montgomery B, Mostaghel E, Clegg N, Coleman I, Brown CM, Schneider EL, Craik C, Simon JA, Bedalov A, Nelson PS. The androgen-regulated protease TMPRSS2 activates a proteolytic cascade involving components of the tumor microenvironment and promotes prostate cancer metastasis. Cancer Discov 2014; 4:1310-25. [PMID: 25122198 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-13-1010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED TMPRSS2 is an androgen-regulated cell-surface serine protease expressed predominantly in prostate epithelium. TMPRSS2 is expressed highly in localized high-grade prostate cancers and in the majority of human prostate cancer metastases. Through the generation of mouse models with a targeted deletion of Tmprss2, we demonstrate that the activity of this protease regulates cancer cell invasion and metastasis to distant organs. By screening combinatorial peptide libraries, we identified a spectrum of TMPRSS2 substrates that include pro-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). HGF activated by TMPRSS2 promoted c-MET receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, and initiated a proinvasive epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition phenotype. Chemical library screens identified a potent bioavailable TMPRSS2 inhibitor that suppressed prostate cancer metastasis in vivo. Together, these findings provide a mechanistic link between androgen-regulated signaling programs and prostate cancer metastasis that operate via context-dependent interactions with extracellular constituents of the tumor microenvironment. SIGNIFICANCE The vast majority of prostate cancer deaths are due to metastasis. Loss of TMPRSS2 activity dramatically attenuated the metastatic phenotype through mechanisms involving the HGF-c-MET axis. Therapeutic approaches directed toward inhibiting TMPRSS2 may reduce the incidence or progression of metastasis in patients with prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M Lucas
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cynthia Heinlein
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tom Kim
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susana A Hernandez
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Muzdah S Malik
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lawrence D True
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Colm Morrissey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Eva Corey
- Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bruce Montgomery
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Elahe Mostaghel
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Nigel Clegg
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Christopher M Brown
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eric L Schneider
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Charles Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Julian A Simon
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Antonio Bedalov
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Division of Human Biology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Division of Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington. Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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190
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PSGR promotes prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer xenograft growth through NF-κB. Oncogenesis 2014; 3:e114. [PMID: 25111863 PMCID: PMC5189964 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2014.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate-specific G-protein-coupled receptor (PSGR), a member of the olfactory subfamily of G-protein-coupled receptors, is specifically expressed in human prostate tissue and overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa). This expression pattern suggests a possible role in PCa initiation and progression. We developed a PSGR transgenic mouse model driven by a probasin promoter and investigated the role of PSGR in prostate malignancy. Overexpression of PSGR induced a chronic inflammatory response that ultimately gave rise to premalignant mouse prostate intraepithelial neoplasia lesions in later stages of life. PSGR-overexpressing LnCaP cells in prostate xenografts formed larger tumors compared with normal LnCaP cancer cells, suggesting a role of PSGR in the promotion of tumor development. Furthermore, we identified nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) or RELA as a key downstream target activated by PSGR signaling. We also show that this regulation was mediated in part by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/AKT) pathway, highlighting a collaborative role between PI3K/AKT and NF-κB during tumor inflammation downstream of PSGR in the initial phases of prostate disease.Oncogenesis (2014) 3, e114; doi:10.1038/oncsis.2014.29; published online 11 August 2014.
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191
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Brayton CF, Treuting PM, Ward JM. Pathobiology of aging mice and GEM: background strains and experimental design. Vet Pathol 2014; 49:85-105. [PMID: 22215684 DOI: 10.1177/0300985811430696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of induced and spontaneous mutant mice and genetically engineered mice (and combinations thereof) to study cancers and other aging phenotypes to advance improved functional human life spans will involve studies of aging mice. Genetic background contributes to pathology phenotypes and to causes of death as well as to longevity. Increased recognition of expected phenotypes, experimental variables that influence phenotypes and research outcomes, and experimental design options and rationales can maximize the utility of genetically engineered mice (GEM) models to translational research on aging. This review aims to provide resources to enhance the design and practice of chronic and longevity studies involving GEM. C57BL6, 129, and FVB/N strains are emphasized because of their widespread use in the generation of knockout, transgenic, and conditional mutant GEM. Resources are included also for pathology of other inbred strain families, including A, AKR, BALB/c, C3H, C57L, C58, CBA, DBA, GR, NOD.scid, SAMP, and SJL/J, and non-inbred mice, including 4WC, AB6F1, Ames dwarf, B6, 129, B6C3F1, BALB/c,129, Het3, nude, SENCAR, and several Swiss stocks. Experimental strategies for long-term cross-sectional and longitudinal studies to assess causes of or contributors to death, disease burden, spectrum of pathology phenotypes, longevity, and functional healthy life spans (health spans) are compared and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F Brayton
- Johns Hopkins University, 733 North Broadway, BRB Ste 851, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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192
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Omori A, Miyagawa S, Ogino Y, Harada M, Ishii K, Sugimura Y, Ogino H, Nakagata N, Yamada G. Essential roles of epithelial bone morphogenetic protein signaling during prostatic development. Endocrinology 2014; 155:2534-44. [PMID: 24731097 PMCID: PMC4060178 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-2054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostate is a male sex-accessory organ. The prostatic epithelia consist primarily of basal and luminal cells that differentiate from embryonic urogenital sinus epithelia. Prostate tumors are believed to originate in the basal and luminal cells. However, factors that promote normal epithelial differentiation have not been well elucidated, particularly for bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling. This study shows that Bmp signaling prominently increases during prostatic differentiation in the luminal epithelia, which is monitored by the expression of phosphorylated Smad1/5/8. To elucidate the mechanism of epithelial differentiation and the function of Bmp signaling during prostatic development, conditional male mutant mouse analysis for the epithelial-specific Bmp receptor 1a (Bmpr1a) was performed. We demonstrate that Bmp signaling is indispensable for luminal cell maturation, which regulates basal cell proliferation. Expression of the prostatic epithelial regulatory gene Nkx3.1 was significantly reduced in the Bmpr1a mutants. These results indicate that Bmp signaling is a key factor for prostatic epithelial differentiation, possibly by controlling the prostatic regulatory gene Nkx3.1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/genetics
- Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptors, Type I/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Epithelium/metabolism
- Epithelium/pathology
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Phosphorylation
- Prostate/metabolism
- Prostate/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Smad Proteins/metabolism
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Omori
- Department of Developmental Genetics (A.O., G.Y.), Institute of Advanced Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, 641-8509, Japan; Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (S.M., Y.O.), National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Science, Okazaki, 444-8787, Japan; Department of Clinical Anatomy (M.H.), Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, 113-8591, Japan; Department of Oncologic Pathology (K.I.), and Nephro-Urologic Surgery and Andrology (Y.S.), Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan; Department of Animal Bioscience (H.O.), Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, Nagahama, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan; and Division of Reproductive Engineering (N.N.), Center for Animal Resources and Development (CARD), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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193
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De Velasco MA, Tanaka M, Yamamoto Y, Hatanaka Y, Koike H, Nishio K, Yoshikawa K, Uemura H. Androgen deprivation induces phenotypic plasticity and promotes resistance to molecular targeted therapy in a PTEN-deficient mouse model of prostate cancer. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2142-53. [PMID: 24986896 PMCID: PMC4146423 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The transformation to castration-resistant prostate cancer drives cell plasticity that promotes intra-tumor heterogeneity and contributes to therapeutic resistance. Castration-resistant prostate cancer is an incurable heterogeneous disease that is characterized by a complex multistep process involving different cellular and biochemical changes brought on by genetic and epigenetic alterations. These changes lead to the activation or overexpression of key survival pathways that also serve as potential therapeutic targets. Despite promising preclinical results, molecular targeted therapies aimed at such signaling pathways have so far been dismal. In the present study, we used a PTEN-deficient mouse model of prostate cancer to show that plasticity in castration-resistant tumors promotes therapeutic escape. Unlike castration-naïve tumors which depend on androgen receptor and PI3K/AKT signal activation for growth and survival, castration-resistant tumors undergo phenotypic plasticity leading to increased intratumoral heterogeneity. These tumors attain highly heterogeneous phenotypes that are characterized by cancer cells relying on alternate signal transduction pathways for growth and survival, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase and janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription, and losing their dependence on PI3K signaling. These features thus enabled castration-resistant tumors to become insensitive to the therapeutic effects of PI3K/AKT targeted therapy. Overall, our findings provide evidence that androgen deprivation drives phenotypic plasticity in prostate cancer cells and implicate it as a crucial contributor to therapeutic resistance in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Therefore, incorporating intratumoral heterogeneity in a dynamic tumor model as a part of preclinical efficacy determination could improve prediction for response and provide better rationale for the development of more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A De Velasco
- Department of Urology and Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan,
| | - Motoyoshi Tanaka
- Department of Urology, Iga City General Hospital, Iga, Mie 518-0823, Japan and
| | | | | | | | - Kazuto Nishio
- Department of Genome Biology, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yoshikawa
- Promoting Center for Clinical Research, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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194
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Wong L, Hutson PR, Bushman W. Prostatic inflammation induces fibrosis in a mouse model of chronic bacterial infection. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100770. [PMID: 24950301 PMCID: PMC4065064 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation of the prostate is strongly correlated with development of lower urinary tract symptoms and several studies have implicated prostatic fibrosis in the pathogenesis of bladder outlet obstruction. It has been postulated that inflammation induces prostatic fibrosis but this relationship has never been tested. Here, we characterized the fibrotic response to inflammation in a mouse model of chronic bacterial-induced prostatic inflammation. Transurethral instillation of the uropathogenic E. coli into C3H/HeOuJ male mice induced persistent prostatic inflammation followed by a significant increase in collagen deposition and hydroxyproline content. This fibrotic response to inflammation was accompanied with an increase in collagen synthesis determined by the incorporation of 3H-hydroxyproline and mRNA expression of several collagen remodeling-associated genes, including Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1, Mmp2, Mmp9, and Lox. Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation of inflammation severity with collagen deposition and immunohistochemical staining revealed that CD45+VIM+ fibrocytes were abundant in inflamed prostates at the time point coinciding with increased collagen synthesis. Furthermore, flow cytometric analysis demonstrated an increased percentage of these CD45+VIM+ fibrocytes among collagen type I expressing cells. These data show–for the first time–that chronic prostatic inflammation induces collagen deposition and implicates fibrocytes in the fibrotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letitia Wong
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Hutson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Wade Bushman
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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195
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Sun X, Fu X, Li J, Xing C, Frierson HF, Wu H, Ding X, Ju T, Cummings RD, Dong JT. Deletion of atbf1/zfhx3 in mouse prostate causes neoplastic lesions, likely by attenuation of membrane and secretory proteins and multiple signaling pathways. Neoplasia 2014; 16:377-89. [PMID: 24934715 PMCID: PMC4198693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The ATBF1/ZFHX3 gene at 16q22 is the second most frequently mutated gene in human prostate cancer and has reduced expression or mislocalization in several types of human tumors. Nonetheless, the hypothesis that ATBF1 has a tumor suppressor function in prostate cancer has not been tested. In this study, we examined the role of ATBF1 in prostatic carcinogenesis by specifically deleting Atbf1 in mouse prostatic epithelial cells. We also examined the effect of Atbf1 deletion on gene expression and signaling pathways in mouse prostates. Histopathologic analyses showed that Atbf1 deficiency caused hyperplasia and mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN) primarily in the dorsal prostate but also in other lobes. Hemizygous deletion of Atbf1 also increased the development of hyperplasia and mPIN, indicating a haploinsufficiency of Atbf1. The mPIN lesions expressed luminal cell markers and harbored molecular changes similar to those in human PIN and prostate cancer, including weaker expression of basal cell marker cytokeratin 5 (Ck5), cell adhesion protein E-cadherin, and the smooth muscle layer marker Sma; elevated expression of the oncoproteins phospho-Erk1/2, phospho-Akt and Muc1; and aberrant protein glycosylation. Gene expression profiling revealed a large number of genes that were dysregulated by Atbf1 deletion, particularly those that encode for secretory and cell membrane proteins. The four signaling networks that were most affected by Atbf1 deletion included those centered on Erk1/2 and IGF1, Akt and FSH, NF-κB and progesterone and β-estradiol. These findings provide in vivo evidence that ATBF1 is a tumor suppressor in the prostate, suggest that loss of Atbf1 contributes to tumorigenesis by dysregulating membrane and secretory proteins and multiple signaling pathways, and provide a new animal model for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaoying Fu
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322; Department of Pathology, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Changsheng Xing
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Henry F Frierson
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Xiaokun Ding
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Tongzhong Ju
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | | | - Jin-Tang Dong
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, GA 30322.
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196
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197
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Cardiff RD, Miller CH, Munn RJ. Analysis of mouse model pathology: a primer for studying the anatomic pathology of genetically engineered mice. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014; 2014:561-80. [PMID: 24890215 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.top069922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This primer of pathology is intended to introduce investigators to the structure (morphology) of cancer with an emphasis on genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models (GEMMs). We emphasize the necessity of using the entire biological context for the interpretation of anatomic pathology. Because the primary investigator is responsible for almost all of the information and procedures leading up to microscopic examination, they should also be responsible for documentation of experiments so that the microscopic interpretation can be rendered in context of the biology. The steps involved in this process are outlined, discussed, and illustrated. Because GEMMs are unique experimental subjects, some of the more common pitfalls are discussed. Many of these errors can be avoided with attention to detail and continuous quality assurance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert D Cardiff
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Center for Genomic Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Claramae H Miller
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Center for Genomic Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Robert J Munn
- Center for Comparative Medicine and Center for Genomic Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616
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198
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Zhang Q, Liu S, Zhang Q, Xiong Z, Wang AR, Myers L, Melamed J, Tang WW, You Z. Interleukin-17 promotes development of castration-resistant prostate cancer potentially through creating an immunotolerant and pro-angiogenic tumor microenvironment. Prostate 2014; 74:869-79. [PMID: 24691769 PMCID: PMC4063299 DOI: 10.1002/pros.22805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-17 (IL-17) has been demonstrated to promote formation and growth of hormone-naïve prostate adenocarcinoma in mice. IL-17's role in development of castration-resistant prostate cancer is unknown. In the present study, we investigated IL-17's role in castration-resistant prostate cancer in a mouse model. METHODS IL-17 receptor C (IL-17RC) deficient mice were interbred with Pten conditional mutant mice to produce RC(+) mice that maintained IL-17RC expression and RC(-) mice that were IL-17RC deficient. Male RC(+) and RC(-) mice were Pten-null and were castrated at 16 weeks of age when invasive prostate cancer had already formed. At 30 weeks of age, all male mice were analyzed for the prostate phenotypes. RESULTS RC(-) mice displayed prostates that were smaller than RC(+) mice. Approximately 23% of prostatic glands in RC(-) mice, in contrast to 65% of prostatic glands in RC(+) mice, developed invasive adenocarcinomas. Compared to castrate RC(+) mice, castrate RC(-) mouse prostate had lower rates of cellular proliferation and higher rates of apoptosis as well as lower levels of MMP7, YBX1, MTA1, and UBE2C proteins. In addition, castrate RC(-) mouse prostate had less angiogenesis, which was associated with decreased levels of COX-2 and VEGF. Moreover, castrate RC(-) mouse prostate had fewer inflammatory cells including lymphocytes, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings suggest that IL-17 promotes development of invasive prostate adenocarcinomas under castrate conditions, potentially through creating an immunotolerant and pro-angiogenic tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Zhang
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Sen Liu
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Qingsong Zhang
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Zhenggang Xiong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Alun R. Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Leann Myers
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
| | - Jonathan Melamed
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
| | - Wendell W. Tang
- Department of Pathology, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana 70121
| | - Zongbing You
- Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Tulane Cancer Center and Louisiana Cancer Research Consortium, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Tulane Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
- Corresponding Author: Zongbing You, Department of Structural & Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave SL 49, New Orleans, LA 70112; Phone: 504-988-0467; FAX: 504-988-1687;
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199
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Vourganti S, Donaldson J, Johnson L, Turkbey B, Bratslavsky G, Kotula L. Defining the radiobiology of prostate cancer progression: An important question in translational prostate cancer research. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:805-812. [PMID: 24879423 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214536669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies affecting men worldwide. High mortality rates from advanced and metastatic prostate cancer in the United States are contrasted by a relatively indolent course in the majority of cases. This gives hope for finding methods that could direct personalized diagnostic, preventative, and treatment approaches to patients with prostate cancer. Recent advances in multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MP-MRI) offer a noninvasive diagnostic intervention which allows correlation of prostate tumor image characteristics with underlying biologic evidence of tumor progression. The power of MP-MRI includes examination of both local invasion and nodal disease and might overcome the challenges of analyzing the multifocal nature of prostate cancer. Future directions include a careful analysis of the genomic signature of individual prostatic lesions utilizing image-guided biopsies. This review examines the diagnostic potential of MRI in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Vourganti
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Jeffrey Donaldson
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Linda Johnson
- Molecular Imaging Program, Urologic Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Baris Turkbey
- Molecular Imaging Program, Urologic Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Gennady Bratslavsky
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Leszek Kotula
- Department of Urology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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200
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Berman-Booty LD, Thomas-Ahner JM, Bolon B, Oglesbee MJ, Clinton SK, Kulp SK, Chen CS, La Perle KMD. Extra-prostatic transgene-associated neoplastic lesions in transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice. Toxicol Pathol 2014; 43:186-97. [PMID: 24742627 DOI: 10.1177/0192623314531351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Male transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice are frequently used in prostate cancer research because their prostates consistently develop a series of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions. Disease progression in TRAMP mouse prostates culminates in metastatic, poorly differentiated carcinomas with neuroendocrine features. The androgen dependence of the rat probasin promoter largely limits transgene expression to the prostatic epithelium. However, extra-prostatic transgene-positive lesions have been described in TRAMP mice, including renal tubuloacinar carcinomas, neuroendocrine carcinomas of the urethra, and phyllodes-like tumors of the seminal vesicle. Here, we describe the histologic and immunohistochemical features of 2 novel extra-prostatic lesions in TRAMP mice: primary anaplastic tumors of uncertain cell origin in the midbrain and poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas of the submandibular salivary gland. These newly characterized tumors apparently result from transgene expression in extra-prostatic locations rather than representing metastatic prostate neoplasms because lesions were identified in both male and female mice and in male TRAMP mice without histologically apparent prostate tumors. In this article, we also calculate the incidences of the urethral carcinomas and renal tubuloacinar carcinomas, further elucidate the biological behavior of the urethral carcinomas, and demonstrate the critical importance of complete necropsies even when evaluating presumably well characterized phenotypes in genetically engineered mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa D Berman-Booty
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Present address: Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jennifer M Thomas-Ahner
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Brad Bolon
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Michael J Oglesbee
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven K Clinton
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel K Kulp
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, China
| | - Krista M D La Perle
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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