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Szebeni GJ, Vizler C, Nagy LI, Kitajka K, Puskas LG. Pro-Tumoral Inflammatory Myeloid Cells as Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111958. [PMID: 27886105 PMCID: PMC5133952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the observation of Virchow, it has long been known that the tumor microenvironment constitutes the soil for the infiltration of inflammatory cells and for the release of inflammatory mediators. Under certain circumstances, inflammation remains unresolved and promotes cancer development. Here, we review some of these indisputable experimental and clinical evidences of cancer related smouldering inflammation. The most common myeloid infiltrate in solid tumors is composed of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). These cells promote tumor growth by several mechanisms, including their inherent immunosuppressive activity, promotion of neoangiogenesis, mediation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and alteration of cellular metabolism. The pro-tumoral functions of TAMs and MDSCs are further enhanced by their cross-talk offering a myriad of potential anti-cancer therapeutic targets. We highlight these main pro-tumoral mechanisms of myeloid cells and give a general overview of their phenotypical and functional diversity, offering examples of possible therapeutic targets. Pharmacological targeting of inflammatory cells and molecular mediators may result in therapies improving patient condition and prognosis. Here, we review experimental and clinical findings on cancer-related inflammation with a major focus on creating an inventory of current small molecule-based therapeutic interventions targeting cancer-related inflammatory cells: TAMs and MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabor J Szebeni
- Avidin Ltd., Also kikoto sor 11/D., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Synaptogenex Ltd., Őzsuta utca 20995/1, H-1037 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Vizler
- Department of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Lajos I Nagy
- Avidin Ltd., Also kikoto sor 11/D., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Klara Kitajka
- Department of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Laszlo G Puskas
- Avidin Ltd., Also kikoto sor 11/D., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
- Department of Genetics, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Temesvari krt. 62., H-6726 Szeged, Hungary.
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152
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Finkernagel F, Reinartz S, Lieber S, Adhikary T, Wortmann A, Hoffmann N, Bieringer T, Nist A, Stiewe T, Jansen JM, Wagner U, Müller-Brüsselbach S, Müller R. The transcriptional signature of human ovarian carcinoma macrophages is associated with extracellular matrix reorganization. Oncotarget 2016; 7:75339-75352. [PMID: 27659538 PMCID: PMC5342745 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages occur as resident cells of fetal origin or as infiltrating blood monocyte-derived cells. Despite the critical role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in tumor progression, the contribution of these developmentally and functionally distinct macrophage subsets and their alteration by the tumor microenvironment are poorly understood. We have addressed this question by comparing TAMs from human ovarian carcinoma ascites, resident peritoneal macrophages (pMPHs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). Our study revealed striking a similarity between TAMs and pMPHs, which was considerably greater that the resemblance of TAMs and MDMs, including their transcriptomes, their inflammation-related activation state, the presence of receptors mediating immune functions and the expression of tumor-promoting mediators. Consistent with these results, TAMs phagocytized bacteria, presented peptide antigens and activated cytotoxic T cells within their pathophysiological environment. These observations support the notion that tumor-promoting properties of TAMs may reflect, at least to some extent, normal features of resident macrophages rather than functions induced by the tumor microenvironment. In spite of these surprising similarities between TAMs and pMPHs, bioinformatic analyses identified a TAM-selective signature of 30 genes that are upregulated relative to both pMPHs and MDMs. The majority of these genes is linked to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, supporting a role for TAMs in cancer cell invasion and ovarian cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Finkernagel
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Silke Reinartz
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Lieber
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Till Adhikary
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Annika Wortmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Hoffmann
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Tim Bieringer
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Nist
- Genomics Core Facility, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Stiewe
- Genomics Core Facility, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Julia M. Jansen
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Wagner
- Clinic for Gynecology, Gynecological Oncology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Müller-Brüsselbach
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology (ZTI), Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
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153
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Movahedi K, Van Ginderachter JA. The Ontogeny and Microenvironmental Regulation of Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:775-791. [PMID: 27020982 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Tumor progression is supported by non-cancerous stromal cells, of which tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are prominent constituents. These cells could be considered promising therapeutic targets, but this requires a better understanding of their heterogeneity under the influence of tumor microenvironmental cues and/or ontogenic differences. Recent Advances: The availability of oxygen is an important regulator of the TAM phenotype, as well as of its access to myelopoietic growth factors. Very recent evidence also demonstrated that macrophages can be derived from embryonal precursors or from monocytes post-birth, introducing yet another level of heterogeneity among macrophages. CRITICAL ISSUES The relative contribution of ontogenically distinct macrophages to tumor characteristics is, to a large extent, still an open question. In addition, further knowledge on the role of tumor microenvirontal cues that shape TAMs is warranted. FUTURE DIRECTIONS More detailed insights into the TAM-regulating factors will provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Interference with the phenotypes of TAM, which are known to be immunosuppressive and to contribute to dysfunctional tumor blood vessels, is anticipated to be beneficial in combination with chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 775-791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiavash Movahedi
- 1 Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center , Ghent, Belgium .,2 Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo A Van Ginderachter
- 1 Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Inflammation Research Center , Ghent, Belgium .,2 Lab of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels, Belgium
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154
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Mukherjee S, Baidoo J, Fried A, Atwi D, Dolai S, Boockvar J, Symons M, Ruggieri R, Raja K, Banerjee P. Curcumin changes the polarity of tumor-associated microglia and eliminates glioblastoma. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2838-2849. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Mukherjee
- CUNY Doctoral Program In Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, NY-10016
- Department of Chemistry; City University of New York at The College of Staten Island; NY 10314
- The Center for Developmental Neuroscience, City University of New York at The College of Staten Island; NY 10314
| | - Juliet Baidoo
- CUNY Doctoral Program In Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, NY-10016
- Department of Chemistry; City University of New York at The College of Staten Island; NY 10314
| | - Angela Fried
- The Center for Developmental Neuroscience, City University of New York at The College of Staten Island; NY 10314
| | - Doaa Atwi
- The Center for Developmental Neuroscience, City University of New York at The College of Staten Island; NY 10314
| | - Sukanta Dolai
- CUNY Doctoral Program In Chemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, NY-10016
| | - John Boockvar
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, NY 11030
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, NY 11030
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, NY 11030
| | - Marc Symons
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, NY 11030
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, NY 11030
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, NY 11030
| | - Rosamaria Ruggieri
- Karches Center for Oncology Research, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, NY 11030
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, NY 11030
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, NY 11030
| | - Krishnaswami Raja
- Department of Chemistry; City University of New York at The College of Staten Island; NY 10314
| | - Probal Banerjee
- CUNY Doctoral Program In Biochemistry, CUNY Graduate Center, NY-10016
- Department of Chemistry; City University of New York at The College of Staten Island; NY 10314
- The Center for Developmental Neuroscience, City University of New York at The College of Staten Island; NY 10314
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155
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Oishi S, Takano R, Tamura S, Tani S, Iwaizumi M, Hamaya Y, Takagaki K, Nagata T, Seto S, Horii T, Osawa S, Furuta T, Miyajima H, Sugimoto K. M2 polarization of murine peritoneal macrophages induces regulatory cytokine production and suppresses T-cell proliferation. Immunology 2016; 149:320-328. [PMID: 27421990 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone-marrow-derived macrophages are divided into two phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets, M1 and M2 macrophages. Recently, it was shown that adoptive transfer of M2-polarized peritoneal macrophages reduced the severity of experimental colitis in mice. However, it is still unclear whether peritoneal macrophages possess the same ability to be polarized to cells with functionally different phenotypes and cytokine production patterns as bone-marrow-derived macrophages. To address this question, we examined the ability of peritoneal macrophages to be polarized to the M1 and M2 phenotypes and determined the specific cytokine profiles of cells with each phenotype. We showed that peritoneal macrophages, as well as bone-marrow-derived macrophages, were differentiated into M1 and M2 phenotypes following stimulation with interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-4 (IL-4)/IL-13, respectively. Following in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, M2-polarized peritoneal macrophages predominantly expressed T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines and regulatory cytokines, including IL-4, IL-13, transforming growth factor-β and IL-10, whereas M1-polarized peritoneal macrophages expressed negligible amounts of Th1 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. ELISA showed that M2-polarized peritoneal macrophages produced significantly more IL-10 than M1-polarized peritoneal macrophages. Notably, M2-polarized peritoneal macrophages contributed more to the suppression of T-cell proliferation than did M1-polarized peritoneal macrophages. The mRNA expression of Th2 cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-13, increased in T-cells co-cultured with M2-polarized macrophages. Hence, our findings showed that M2 polarization of peritoneal macrophages induced regulatory cytokine production and suppressed T-cell proliferation in vitro, and that resident peritoneal macrophages could be used as a new adoptive transfer therapy for autoimmune/inflammatory diseases after polarization to the regulatory phenotype ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Oishi
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takano
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tamura
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shinya Tani
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Moriya Iwaizumi
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hamaya
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Takagaki
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshi Nagata
- Department of Health Science, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shintaro Seto
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Horii
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Osawa
- Department of Endoscopic and Photodynamic Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furuta
- Centre for Clinical Research, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyajima
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Sugimoto
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan.
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156
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Jiang X, Zhou T, Xiao Y, Yu J, Dou S, Chen G, Wang R, Xiao H, Hou C, Wang W, Shi Q, Feng J, Ma Y, Shen B, Li Y, Han G. Tim-3 promotes tumor-promoting M2 macrophage polarization by binding to STAT1 and suppressing the STAT1-miR-155 signaling axis. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1211219. [PMID: 27757304 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1211219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell Ig mucin-3 (Tim-3), an immune checkpoint inhibitor, shows therapeutic potential. However, the molecular mechanism by which Tim-3 regulates immune responses remains to be determined. In particular, very little is known about how Tim-3 works in innate immune cells. Here, we demonstrated that Tim-3 is involved in the development of tumor-promoting M2 macrophages in colon cancer. Manipulation of the Tim-3 pathway significantly affected the polarization status of intestinal macrophages and the progression of colon cancer. The Tim-3 signaling pathway in macrophages was explored using microarray, co-immunoprecipitation, gene mutation, and high-content analysis. For the first time, we demonstrated that Tim-3 polarizes macrophages by directly binding to STAT1 via residue Y256 and Y263 in its intracellular tail and inhibiting the STAT1-miR-155-SOCS1 signaling axis. We also identified a new signaling adaptor of Tim-3 in macrophages, and, by modulating the Tim-3 pathway, demonstrated the feasibility of altering macrophage polarization as a potential tool for treating this kind of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingwei Jiang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xiao
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital of the Chinese PLA General Hospital , Beijing, China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- The Population and Family Planning Cadres College of Henan Province , Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaijie Dou
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Guojiang Chen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Renxi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - He Xiao
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Hou
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; The Population and Family Planning Cadres College of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qingzhu Shi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Jiannan Feng
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yuanfang Ma
- Institute of Immunology, Medical School of Henan University , Kaifeng, China
| | - Beifen Shen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
| | - Gencheng Han
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Beijing, China
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157
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Makinde AY, Eke I, Aryankalayil MJ, Ahmed MM, Coleman CN. Exploiting Gene Expression Kinetics in Conventional Radiotherapy, Hyperfractionation, and Hypofractionation for Targeted Therapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 2016; 26:254-60. [PMID: 27619247 DOI: 10.1016/j.semradonc.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic changes in the technological delivery of radiation therapy, the repertoire of molecular targets for which pathway inhibitors are available, and the cellular and immunologic responses that can alter long-term clinical outcome provide a potentially unique role for using the radiation-inducible changes as therapeutic targets. Various mathematical models of dose and fractionation are extraordinarily useful in guiding treatment regimens. However, although the model may fit the clinical outcome, a deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular effect of the individual dose size and the adaptation to repeated exposure, called multifraction (MF) adaptation, may provide new therapeutic targets for use in combined modality treatments using radiochemotherapy and radioimmunotherapy. We discuss the potential of using different radiation doses and MF adaptation for targeting transcription factors, immune and inflammatory response, and cell "stemness." Given the complex genetic composition of tumors before treatment and their adaptation to drug treatment, innovative combinations using both the pretreatment molecular data and also the MF-adaptive response to radiation may provide an important role for focused radiation therapy as an integral part of precision medicine and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeola Y Makinde
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.
| | - Iris Eke
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mansoor M Ahmed
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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158
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Guo H, Liu Y, Gu J, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhang P, Li Y. Endostatin inhibits the growth and migration of 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells by skewing macrophage polarity toward the M1 phenotype. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:677-88. [PMID: 27034233 PMCID: PMC11028708 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The phenotypic diversity of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) increases with tumor development. One of the hallmarks of malignancy is the polarization of TAMs from a pro-immune (M1) phenotype to an immunosuppressive (M2) phenotype. However, the molecular basis of this process is still unclear. Endostatin is a powerful inhibitor of angiogenesis capable of suppressing tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we demonstrate that endostatin induces RAW264.7 cell polarization toward the M1 phenotype in vitro. Endostatin has no effect on TAM numbers in vivo, but results in an increased proportion of F4/80(+)Nos2(+) cells and a decreased proportion of F4/80(+)CD206(+) cells. Overexpression of endostatin in RAW264.7 cells resulted in a decrease in the phosphorylation of STAT3, an increase in expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A and placental growth factor, and an increase in the phosphorylation of STAT1, IκBα and p65 proteins compared with controls. These results indicate that endostatin regulates macrophage polarization, promoting the M1 phenotype by targeting NF-κB and STAT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlian Gu
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250013, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianqin Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Prostate Diseases Prevention and Treatment Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, 126 Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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159
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Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset? Front Immunol 2016. [PMID: 27199985 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective resolution program may be able to prevent the progression from non-resolving acute inflammation to persistent chronic inflammation. It has now become evident that coordinated resolution programs initiate shortly after inflammatory responses begin. In this context, several mechanisms provide the fine-tuning of inflammation and create a favorable environment for the resolution phase to take place and for homeostasis to return. In this review, we focus on the events required for an effective transition from the proinflammatory phase to the onset and establishment of resolution. We suggest that several mediators that promote the inflammatory phase of inflammation can simultaneously initiate a program for active resolution. Indeed, several events enact a decrease in the local chemokine concentration, a reduction which is essential to inhibit further infiltration of neutrophils into the tissue. Interestingly, although neutrophils are cells that characteristically participate in the active phase of inflammation, they also contribute to the onset of resolution. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that initiate resolution may be instrumental to develop pro-resolution strategies to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases, in humans. The efforts to develop strategies based on resolution of inflammation have shaped a new area of pharmacology referred to as "resolution pharmacology."
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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160
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Grayfer L, Robert J. Amphibian macrophage development and antiviral defenses. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:60-7. [PMID: 26705159 PMCID: PMC4775336 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage lineage cells represent the cornerstone of vertebrate physiology and immune defenses. In turn, comparative studies using non-mammalian animal models have revealed that evolutionarily distinct species have adopted diverse molecular and physiological strategies for controlling macrophage development and functions. Notably, amphibian species present a rich array of physiological and environmental adaptations, not to mention the peculiarity of metamorphosis from larval to adult stages of development, involving drastic transformation and differentiation of multiple new tissues. Thus it is not surprising that different amphibian species and their respective tadpole and adult stages have adopted unique hematopoietic strategies. Accordingly and in order to establish a more comprehensive view of these processes, here we review the hematopoietic and monopoietic strategies observed across amphibians, describe the present understanding of the molecular mechanisms driving amphibian, an in particular Xenopus laevis macrophage development and functional polarization, and discuss the roles of macrophage-lineage cells during ranavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Grayfer
- Department of Biological Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jacques Robert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
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161
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Porta C, Riboldi E, Ippolito A, Sica A. Molecular and epigenetic basis of macrophage polarized activation. Semin Immunol 2016; 27:237-48. [PMID: 26561250 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are unique cells for origin, heterogeneity and plasticity. At steady state most of macrophages are derived from fetal sources and maintained in adulthood through self-renewing. Despite sharing common progenitors, a remarkable heterogeneity characterized tissue-resident macrophages indicating that local signals educate them to express organ-specific functions. Macrophages are extremely plastic: chromatin landscape and transcriptional programs can be dynamically re-shaped in response to microenvironmental changes. Owing to their ductility, macrophages are crucial orchestrators of both initiation and resolution of immune responses and key supporters of tissue development and functions in homeostatic and pathological conditions. Herein, we describe current understanding of heterogeneity and plasticity of macrophages using the M1-M2 dichotomy as operationally useful simplification of polarized activation. We focused on the complex network of signaling cascades, metabolic pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic changes that control macrophage activation. In particular, this network was addressed in sepsis, as a paradigm of a pathological condition determining dynamic macrophage reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Porta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy.
| | - Elena Riboldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Ippolito
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy.
| | - Antonio Sica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", via Bovio 6, Novara, Italy; Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Via Manzoni 56, Rozzano, Milan 20089, Italy.
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162
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Sugimoto MA, Sousa LP, Pinho V, Perretti M, Teixeira MM. Resolution of Inflammation: What Controls Its Onset? Front Immunol 2016; 7:160. [PMID: 27199985 PMCID: PMC4845539 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective resolution program may be able to prevent the progression from non-resolving acute inflammation to persistent chronic inflammation. It has now become evident that coordinated resolution programs initiate shortly after inflammatory responses begin. In this context, several mechanisms provide the fine-tuning of inflammation and create a favorable environment for the resolution phase to take place and for homeostasis to return. In this review, we focus on the events required for an effective transition from the proinflammatory phase to the onset and establishment of resolution. We suggest that several mediators that promote the inflammatory phase of inflammation can simultaneously initiate a program for active resolution. Indeed, several events enact a decrease in the local chemokine concentration, a reduction which is essential to inhibit further infiltration of neutrophils into the tissue. Interestingly, although neutrophils are cells that characteristically participate in the active phase of inflammation, they also contribute to the onset of resolution. Further understanding of the molecular mechanisms that initiate resolution may be instrumental to develop pro-resolution strategies to treat complex chronic inflammatory diseases, in humans. The efforts to develop strategies based on resolution of inflammation have shaped a new area of pharmacology referred to as “resolution pharmacology.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Sugimoto
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Lirlândia P Sousa
- Laboratório de Sinalização Inflamação, Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Laboratório de Resolução da Resposta Inflamatória, Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Mauro M Teixeira
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais , Belo Horizonte , Brazil
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163
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Jackaman C, Yeoh TL, Acuil ML, Gardner JK, Nelson DJ. Murine mesothelioma induces locally-proliferating IL-10(+)TNF-α(+)CD206(-)CX3CR1(+) M3 macrophages that can be selectively depleted by chemotherapy or immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2016; 5:e1173299. [PMID: 27471652 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2016.1173299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We used a murine model to monitor changes to myeloid cell subsets, i.e., myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), M1 macrophages that secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and express CD40 and CD80 and suppressive M2 macrophages that secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and express CD206 and CX3CR1, during mesothelioma progression and during chemotherapy or immunotherapy-induced tumor regression. In vitro studies showed that mesothelioma-conditioned media generated CD206(-)CX3CR1(+)MCP-1(+)TGF-β(+) macrophages that induced T cell proliferation but prevented T cell IFNγ production. In vivo studies showed that co-inoculation of macrophages with mesothelioma cells led to faster tumor growth, and depleting macrophages using anti-F4/80 antibody induced tumor regression. Flow cytometry revealed increasing levels of different suppressive myeloid cells in lymphoid organs: MDSCs dominated bone marrow (BM) and spleens, M2 macrophages dominated tumor-draining lymph nodes (DLN) and a mixed IL-10(+)TNF-α(+)CD206(-)CX3CR1(+) M1/M2 (M3) macrophage subset dominated the mesothelioma microenvironment. Ki67 staining and cell cycle analysis showed that tumor-associated M1 and M3, but not M2, macrophages were proliferating in situ, with M1 cells arrested in the G1 phase while M3 cells progressed to mitosis. Immunohistochemistry showed that M1 and M3 cells were co-located supporting the hypothesis that M1 cells transition to M3 cells during proliferation. Gemcitabine reduced tumor-associated M3 and MDSCs, but not M2 macrophages, the latter likely contributing to the tumor outgrowth seen following treatment cessation. In contrast, IL-2/agonist anti-CD40 antibody therapy reduced M3 cells and polarized macrophages into M1 cells coinciding with tumor regression. These data show that myeloid cells, particularly M3 cells, represent a therapeutic target for the generation of antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Jackaman
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, WA, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Teong L Yeoh
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, WA, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Manyual L Acuil
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, WA, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Joanne K Gardner
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, WA, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Delia J Nelson
- Immunology and Cancer Group, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, WA, Australia; Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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164
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Rinkenbaugh AL, Baldwin AS. The NF-κB Pathway and Cancer Stem Cells. Cells 2016; 5:cells5020016. [PMID: 27058560 PMCID: PMC4931665 DOI: 10.3390/cells5020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The NF-κB transcription factor pathway is a crucial regulator of inflammation and immune responses. Additionally, aberrant NF-κB signaling has been identified in many types of cancer. Downstream of key oncogenic pathways, such as RAS, BCR-ABL, and Her2, NF-κB regulates transcription of target genes that promote cell survival and proliferation, inhibit apoptosis, and mediate invasion and metastasis. The cancer stem cell model posits that a subset of tumor cells (cancer stem cells) drive tumor initiation, exhibit resistance to treatment, and promote recurrence and metastasis. This review examines the evidence for a role for NF-κB signaling in cancer stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Rinkenbaugh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Albert S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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165
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Multhoff G, Habl G, Combs SE. Rationale of hyperthermia for radio(chemo)therapy and immune responses in patients with bladder cancer: Biological concepts, clinical data, interdisciplinary treatment decisions and biological tumour imaging. Int J Hyperthermia 2016; 32:455-63. [PMID: 27050781 DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2016.1152632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer, the most common tumour of the urinary tract, ranks fifth among all tumour entities. While local treatment or intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) provides a treatment option for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer of low grade, surgery or radio(chemo)therapy (RT) are frequently applied in high grade tumours. It remains a matter of debate whether surgery or RT is superior with respect to clinical outcome and quality of life. Surgical resection of bladder cancer can be limited by acute side effects, whereas, RT, which offers a non-invasive treatment option with organ- and functional conservation, can cause long-term side effects. Bladder toxicity by RT mainly depends on the total irradiation dose, fraction size and tumour volume. Therefore, novel approaches are needed to improve clinical outcome. Local tumour hyperthermia is currently used either as an ablation therapy or in combination with RT to enhance anti-tumour effects. In combination with RT an increase of the temperature in the bladder stimulates the local blood flow and as a result can improve the oxygenation state of the tumour, which in turn enhances radiation-induced DNA damage and drug toxicity. Hyperthermia at high temperatures can also directly kill cells, particularly in tumour areas which are poorly perfused, hypoxic or have a low tissue pH. This review summarises current knowledge relating to the role of hyperthermia in RT to treat bladder cancer, the induction and manifestation of immunological responses induced by hyperthermia, and the utilisation of the stress proteins as tumour-specific targets for tumour detection and monitoring of therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Multhoff
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Munich ;,b Department of Innovative Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Sciences , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany
| | - Gregor Habl
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Munich
| | - Stephanie E Combs
- a Department of Radiation Oncology , Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar , Munich ;,b Department of Innovative Radiation Oncology, Department of Radiation Sciences , Helmholtz Zentrum München , Neuherberg , Germany
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166
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Liu H, Zhang H, Shen Z, Lin C, Wang X, Qin J, Qin X, Xu J, Sun Y. Increased Expression of CSF-1 Associates With Poor Prognosis of Patients With Gastric Cancer Undergoing Gastrectomy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2675. [PMID: 26945355 PMCID: PMC4782839 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical significance of diametrically polarized tumor-associated macrophages in gastric cancer has been elucidated in our previous study, whereas the role of cytokines that orchestrate tumor-associated macrophages polarization in gastric cancer remains elusive. The study aims to evaluate the prognostic value of colony-stimulating factor-1 expression in patients with gastric cancer. We examined the colony-stimulating factor-1 expression in tumor tissues by immunohistochemical staining in retrospectively enrolled 365 patients with gastric cancer undergoing gastrectomy at Zhongshan Hospital during 2008. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression models were used to evaluate the prognostic value of colony-stimulating factor-1 expression and its association with clinicopathological factors. A predictive nomogram by integrating colony-stimulating factor-1 expression with the TNM staging system was generated for overall survival evaluation of the patients. High colony-stimulating factor-1 expression predicted an unfavorable outcome in gastric cancer. The colony-stimulating factor-1 expression in tumor tissue could give a further discrimination for the prognosis of gastric cancer patients. Cox multivariate analysis identified the colony-stimulating factor-1 expression as an independent prognostic factor. The generated nomogram performed well in predicting the 3- and 5-year overall survival of gastric cancer patients.T he colony-stimulating factor-1 is a potential independent adverse prognosticator for gastric cancer patients, which could be integrated with the tumor-associated macrophages staging system to improve the predictive accuracy for overall survival, especially in advanced tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- From the Department of General Surgery (HL, HZ, ZS, CL, XW, JQ, XQ, YS), Zhongshan Hospital; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (JX), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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167
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The Alternative Faces of Macrophage Generate Osteoclasts. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:9089610. [PMID: 26977415 PMCID: PMC4761668 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9089610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of how osteoclasts are generated and whether they can be altered by inflammatory stimuli is a topic of particular interest for osteoclastogenesis. It is known that the monocyte/macrophage lineage gives rise to osteoclasts (OCs) by the action of macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB ligand (RANKL), which induce cell differentiation through their receptors, c-fms and RANK, respectively. The multinucleated giant cells (MGCs) generated by the engagement of RANK/RANKL are typical OCs. Nevertheless, very few studies have addressed the question of which subset of macrophages generates OCs. Indeed, two main subsets of macrophages are postulated, the inflammatory or classically activated type (M1) and the anti-inflammatory or alternatively activated type (M2). It has been proposed that macrophages can be polarized in vitro towards a predominantly M1 or M2 phenotype with the addition of granulocyte macrophage- (GM-) CSF or M-CSF, respectively. Various inflammatory stimuli known to induce macrophage polarization, such as LPS or TNF-α, can alter the type of MGC obtained from RANKL-induced differentiation. This review aims to highlight the role of immune-related stimuli and factors in inducing macrophages towards the osteoclastogenesis choice.
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168
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Li Y, Zhao L, Shi B, Ma S, Xu Z, Ge Y, Liu Y, Zheng D, Shi J. Functions of miR-146a and miR-222 in Tumor-associated Macrophages in Breast Cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18648. [PMID: 26689540 PMCID: PMC4686897 DOI: 10.1038/srep18648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play critical roles in promoting tumor progression and invasion. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying TAM regulation remain to be further investigated and may make significant contributions to cancer treatment. Mammalian microRNAs (miRNAs) have recently been identified as important regulators of gene expression that function by repressing specific target genes mainly at the post-transcriptional level. However, systematic studies of the functions and mechanisms of miRNAs in TAMs in tumor tissues are rare. In this study, miR-146a and miR-222 were shown to be significantly decreased in TAMs associated with the up-regulated NF-κB p50 subunit. miR-146a promoted the expression of some M2 macrophage phenotype molecules, and miR-146a antagomir transfected RAW264.7 monocyte-macrophage cells inhibited 4T1 tumor growth in vivo. Meanwhile, overexpression of miR-222 inhibited TAM chemotaxis, and miR-222 in TAMs inhibited 4T1 tumor growth by targeting CXCL12 and inhibiting CXCR4. These data revealed that miRNAs influence breast tumor growth by promoting the M2 type polarization or regulating the recruitment of TAMs. These observations suggest that endogenous miRNAs may exert an important role in controlling the polarization and function of TAMs in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshuang Li
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
- Research center, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050011, China
| | - Bianhua Shi
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Sisi Ma
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Zhenbiao Xu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yehua Ge
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yanxin Liu
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Dexian Zheng
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Juan Shi
- National Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
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169
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Ren K, Jin C, Ma P, Ren Q, Jia Z, Zhu D. Ginsenoside Rd alleviates mouse acute renal ischemia/reperfusion injury by modulating macrophage phenotype. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:196-202. [PMID: 27158241 PMCID: PMC4845042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rd (GSRd), a main component of the root of Panax ginseng, exhibits anti-inflammation functions and decreases infarct size in many injuries and ischemia diseases such as focal cerebral ischemia. M1 Macrophages are regarded as one of the key inflammatory cells having functions for disease progression. Methods To investigate the effect of GSRd on renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) and macrophage functional status, and their regulatory role on mouse polarized macrophages in vitro, GSRd (10–100 mg/kg) and vehicle were applied to mice 30 min before renal IRI modeling. Renal functions were reflected by blood serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen level and histopathological examination. M1 polarized macrophages infiltration was identified by flow cytometry analysis and immunofluorescence staining with CD11b+, iNOS+/interleukin-12/tumor necrosis factor-α labeling. For the in vitro study, GSRd (10–100 μg/mL) and vehicle were added in the culture medium of M1 macrophages to assess their regulatory function on polarization phenotype. Results In vivo data showed a protective role of GSRd at 50 mg/kg on Day 3. Serum level of serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen significantly dropped compared with other groups. Reduced renal tissue damage and M1 macrophage infiltration showed on hematoxylin–eosin staining and flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining confirmed this improvement. With GSRd administration, in vitro cultured M1 macrophages secreted less inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-12 and tumor necrosis factor-α. Furthermore, macrophage polarization-related pancake-like morphology gradually changed along with increasing concentration of GSRd in the medium. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that GSRd possess a protective function against renal ischemia/reperfusion injury via downregulating M1 macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixi Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Jin
- Department of General Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Pengfei Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qinyou Ren
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhansheng Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Daocheng Zhu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Olsson A, Nakhlé J, Sundstedt A, Plas P, Bauchet AL, Pierron V, Bruetschy L, Deronic A, Törngren M, Liberg D, Schmidlin F, Leanderson T. Tasquinimod triggers an early change in the polarization of tumor associated macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2015; 3:53. [PMID: 26673090 PMCID: PMC4678646 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-015-0098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tasquinimod (a quinoline-3-carboxyamide) is a small molecule immunotherapy with demonstrated effects on the tumor microenvironment (TME) involving immunomodulation, anti-angiogenesis and inhibition of metastasis. A target molecule of tasquinimod is the inflammatory protein S100A9 which has been shown to affect the accumulation and function of suppressive myeloid cell subsets in tumors. Given the major impact of myeloid cells to the tumor microenvironment, manipulation of this cell compartment is a desirable goal in cancer therapeutics. Methods To understand the consequences of tasquinimod treatment on the TME, we evaluated early treatment effects in tumor infiltrating myeloid cells. Cellular phenotypes were studied by flow cytometry while gene expression both in tumor tissue and in isolated CD11b+ cells or tumor cells were measured by real time-PCR. Effects on angiogenesis were monitored by changes in CD31 levels and by gene expression in tumor tissue. Effects on cytokine levels in tumor tissue and serum were determined by multiplex analysis. Results The MC38-C215 colon carcinoma tumors showed a substantial infiltration of primarily myeloid cells that were dominated by Ly6ClowF4/80+CD206+ M2-polarized tumor associated macrophages (TAMs), an immuno-suppressive and pro-angiogenic cell population. Here, we show that tasquinimod treatment induces an anti-tumor effect which is subsequent to a reduction in tumor infiltrating CD206+ M2 macrophages and a simultaneous increase in M1 macrophages expressing MHC class II and CD86. The tasquinimod-induced changes in TAM polarization were evident within 24 h of exposure, emphasizing the ability of tasquinimod to rapidly reprogram the tumor microenvironment. This change in the tumor associated myeloid compartment preceded an increased IL12-production within the tumor and a decrease in tumor neovascularization. The switch in TAM polarization by tasquinimod was confirmed in the 4T1 breast cancer model where tasquinimod also reduce lung metastasis development. Conclusion Our data show that tasquinimod affects tumor infiltrating myeloid cells early after exposure, leading to a change in phenotype from pro-angiogenic and immunosuppressive M2-like TAMs to pro-inflammatory M1-like macrophages. These changes are consistent with the effects of tasquinimod seen on tumor vascularization, immune suppression and metastasis giving further insights to the anti-tumor mechanism of action of tasquinimod. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40425-015-0098-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Nakhlé
- Global Drug Discovery Department, IPSEN Innovation, 91966 Les Ulis, France
| | | | - Pascale Plas
- Global Drug Discovery Department, IPSEN Innovation, 91966 Les Ulis, France
| | - Anne-Laure Bauchet
- Global Drug Discovery Department, IPSEN Innovation, 91966 Les Ulis, France
| | - Valérie Pierron
- Global Drug Discovery Department, IPSEN Innovation, 91966 Les Ulis, France
| | - Luce Bruetschy
- Global Drug Discovery Department, IPSEN Innovation, 91966 Les Ulis, France
| | | | | | | | - Fabien Schmidlin
- Global Drug Discovery Department, IPSEN Innovation, 91966 Les Ulis, France
| | - Tomas Leanderson
- Active Biotech AB, Lund, Sweden.,Immunology Group, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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171
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D'Ignazio L, Bandarra D, Rocha S. NF-κB and HIF crosstalk in immune responses. FEBS J 2015; 283:413-24. [PMID: 26513405 PMCID: PMC4864946 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia and inflammation have been associated with a number of pathological conditions, in particular inflammatory diseases. While hypoxia is mainly associated with the activation of hypoxia‐inducible factors (HIFs), inflammation activates the family of transcription factor called nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB). An extensive crosstalk between these two main molecular players involved in hypoxia and inflammation has been demonstrated. This crosstalk includes common activating stimuli, shared regulators and targets. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of NF‐κB and HIF in the context of the immune response. We review the crosstalk between HIF and NF‐κB in the control of the immune response in different immune cell types including macrophages, neutrophils and B and T cells. Furthermore the importance of the molecular crosstalk between HIFs and NF‐κB for a variety of medical conditions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura D'Ignazio
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Daniel Bandarra
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
| | - Sonia Rocha
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
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Tan HY, Wang N, Man K, Tsao SW, Che CM, Feng Y. Autophagy-induced RelB/p52 activation mediates tumour-associated macrophage repolarisation and suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma by natural compound baicalin. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1942. [PMID: 26492375 PMCID: PMC4632300 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The plasticity of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) has implicated an influential role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Repolarisation of TAM towards M1 phenotype characterises an immune-competent microenvironment that favours tumour regression. To investigate the role and mechanism of TAM repolarisation in suppression of HCC by a natural compound baicalin, Orthotopic HCC implantation model was used to investigate the effect of baicalin on HCC; liposome-clodronate was introduced to suppress macrophage populations in mice; bone marrow-derived monocytes (BMDMs) were induced to unpolarised, M1-like, M2-like macrophages and TAM using different conditioned medium. We observed that oral administration of baicalin (50 mg/kg) completely blocked orthotopic growth of implanted HCC. Suppression of HCC by baicalin was diminished when mice macrophage was removed by clodronate treatment. Baicalin induced repolarisation of TAM to M1-like phenotype without specific toxicity to either phenotype of macrophages. Baicalin initiated TAM reprogramming to M1-like macrophage, and promoted pro-inflammatory cytokines production. Co-culturing of HCC cells with baicalin-treated TAMs resulted in reduced proliferation and motility in HCC. Baicalin had minimal effect on derivation of macrophage polarisation factors by HCC cells, while directly induced repolarisation of TAM and M2-like macrophage. This effect was associated with elevated autophagy, and transcriptional activation of RelB/p52 pathway. Suppression of autophagy or RelB abolished skewing of baicalin-treated TAM. Autophagic degradation of TRAF2 in baicalin-treated TAM might be responsible for RelB/p52 activation. Our findings unveil the essential role of TAM repolarisation in suppressive effect of baicalin on HCC, which requires autophagy-associated activation of RelB/p52.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Tan
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - N Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - K Man
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - S-W Tsao
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - C-M Che
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry, Chemical Biology Center and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Y Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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173
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Zhang H, Wang X, Shen Z, Xu J, Qin J, Sun Y. Infiltration of diametrically polarized macrophages predicts overall survival of patients with gastric cancer after surgical resection. Gastric Cancer 2015; 18:740-50. [PMID: 25231913 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-014-0422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the most predominant tumor-infiltrating immune cells, are emerging prognostic factors and therapeutic targets for personalized therapy against malignant neoplasms. We aimed to evaluate the prognostic significance of diametrically polarized TAMs in gastric cancer and generate a predictive nomogram to refine a risk stratification system. METHODS We evaluated polarized functional status of infiltrated TAMs by immunohistochemical staining of CD68, CD11c, and CD206 in 180 consecutive gastric cancer patients from Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China. Prognostic values were assessed in these patients. We created a predictive nomogram by integrating polarized TAMs with the TNM staging system for overall survival of gastric cancer patients. RESULTS CD68(+) TAMs display polarized programs comprising CD11c(+) proinflammatory macrophages (M1) and CD206(+) immunosuppressive macrophages (M2) that configure versatile infiltration files in gastric cancer. CD11c(+) TAMs negatively correlated with lymph node metastasis (p = 0.012), whereas CD206(+) TAMs correlated with the Lauren classification (p = 0.031). No prognostic difference was observed for overall survival for CD68 density (high vs low, p = 0.1031), whereas high versus low CD11c density (p < 0.0001) and low vs high CD206 density (p = 0.0105) indicate better overall survival. Multivariate Cox regression analysis identified CD11c and CD206 as independent prognostic factors (p < 0.001 and p = 0.030, respectively), which could be integrated with the TNM staging system to generate a predictive nomogram for patient outcomes. CONCLUSION Infiltration of polarized TAMs, a novel identified independent prognostic factor, could be combined with the TNM stage to refine a risk stratification system and better stratify patients with different prognosis. Tipping TAMs to an antitumoral phenotype might be a promising therapeutic target for postoperative treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xuefei Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhenbin Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Key Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Research, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 138 Yi Xue Yuan Road, PO Box 103, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Jing Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yihong Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, 180 Feng Lin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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174
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Current Concept and Update of the Macrophage Plasticity Concept: Intracellular Mechanisms of Reprogramming and M3 Macrophage "Switch" Phenotype. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:341308. [PMID: 26366410 PMCID: PMC4561113 DOI: 10.1155/2015/341308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages play a key role in immunity. In this review, we consider the traditional notion of macrophage plasticity, data that do not fit into existing concepts, and a hypothesis for existence of a new switch macrophage phenotype. Depending on the microenvironment, macrophages can reprogram their phenotype toward the proinflammatory M1 phenotype or toward the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. Macrophage reprogramming involves well-coordinated changes in activities of signalling and posttranslational mechanisms. Macrophage reprogramming is provided by JNK-, PI3K/Akt-, Notch-, JAK/STAT-, TGF-β-, TLR/NF-κB-, and hypoxia-dependent pathways. Posttranscriptional regulation is based on micro-mRNA. We have hypothesized that, in addition to the M1 and M2 phenotypes, an M3 switch phenotype exists. This switch phenotype responds to proinflammatory stimuli with reprogramming towards the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype or, contrarily, it responds to anti-inflammatory stimuli with reprogramming towards the proinflammatory M1 phenotype. We have found signs of such a switch phenotype in lung diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of macrophage reprogramming will assist in the selection of new therapeutic targets for correction of impaired immunity.
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175
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Genin M, Clement F, Fattaccioli A, Raes M, Michiels C. M1 and M2 macrophages derived from THP-1 cells differentially modulate the response of cancer cells to etoposide. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:577. [PMID: 26253167 PMCID: PMC4545815 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1546-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 622] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are present in high density in solid tumors. TAMs share many characteristics with alternatively activated macrophages, also called M2. They have been shown to favor tumor development and a role in chemoresistance has also been suggested. Here, we investigated the effects of M2 in comparison to M1 macrophages on cancer cell sensitivity to etoposide. Methods We set up a model of macrophage polarization, starting from THP-1 monocytes differentiated into macrophages using PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate). Once differentiated (M0 macrophages), they were incubated with IL-4 and IL-13 in order to obtain M2 polarized macrophages or with IFN-gamma and LPS for classical macrophage activation (M1). To mimic the communication between cancer cells and TAMs, M0, M1 or M2 macrophages and HepG2 or A549 cancer cells were co-cultured during respectively 16 (HepG2) or 24 (A549) hours, before etoposide exposure for 24 (HepG2) or 16 (A549) hours. After the incubation, the impact of etoposide on macrophage polarization was studied and cancer cell apoptosis was assessed by western-blot for cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP-1 protein, caspase activity assay and FACS analysis of Annexin V and PI staining. Results mRNA and protein expression of M1 and M2 markers confirmed the polarization of THP-1-derived macrophages, which provide a new, easy and well-characterized model of polarized human macrophages. Etoposide-induced cancer cell apoptosis was markedly reduced in the presence of THP-1 M2 macrophages, while apoptosis was increased in cells co-cultured with M1 macrophages. On the other hand, etoposide did not influence M1 or M2 polarization. Conclusions These results evidence for the first time a clear protective effect of M2 on the contrary to M1 macrophages on etoposide-induced cancer cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Genin
- URBC, NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Martine Raes
- URBC, NARILIS, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
| | - Carine Michiels
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, NARILIS, University of Namur, 61 rue de Bruxelles, 5000, Namur, Belgium.
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176
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NF-κBp65 and Expression of Its Pro-Inflammatory Target Genes Are Upregulated in the Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Cachectic Cancer Patients. Nutrients 2015; 7:4465-79. [PMID: 26053616 PMCID: PMC4488796 DOI: 10.3390/nu7064465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia, of which the most notable symptom is severe and rapid weight loss, is present in the majority of patients with advanced cancer. Inflammatory mediators play an important role in the development of cachexia, envisaged as a chronic inflammatory syndrome. The white adipose tissue (WAT) is one of the first compartments affected in cancer cachexia and suffers a high rate of lipolysis. It secretes several cytokines capable of directly regulating intermediate metabolism. A common pathway in the regulation of the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in WAT is the activation of the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B (NF-κB). We have examined the gene expression of the subunits NF-κBp65 and NF-κBp50, as well as NF-κBp65 and NF-κBp50 binding, the gene expression of pro-inflammatory mediators under NF-κB control (IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ, TNF-α, MCP-1), and its inhibitory protein, nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha (IκB-α). The observational study involved 35 patients (control group, n = 12 and cancer group, n = 23, further divided into cachectic and non-cachectic). NF-κBp65 and its target genes expression (TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1 and IκB-α) were significantly higher in cachectic cancer patients. Moreover, NF-κBp65 gene expression correlated positively with the expression of its target genes. The results strongly suggest that the NF-κB pathway plays a role in the promotion of WAT inflammation during cachexia.
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177
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Chávez-Galán L, Olleros ML, Vesin D, Garcia I. Much More than M1 and M2 Macrophages, There are also CD169(+) and TCR(+) Macrophages. Front Immunol 2015; 6:263. [PMID: 26074923 PMCID: PMC4443739 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are considered to be precursor cells of the mononuclear phagocytic system, and macrophages are one of the leading members of this cellular system. Macrophages play highly diverse roles in maintaining an organism's integrity by either directly participating in pathogen elimination or repairing tissue under sterile inflammatory conditions. There are different subpopulations of macrophages and each one has its own characteristics and functions. In this review, we summarize present knowledge on the polarization of macrophages that allows the generation of subpopulations called classically activated macrophages or M1 and alternative activated macrophages or M2. Furthermore, there are macrophages that their origin and characterization still remain unclear but have been involved as main players in some human pathologies. Thus, we also review three other categories of macrophages: tumor-associated macrophages, CD169(+) macrophages, and the recently named TCR(+) macrophages. Based on the literature, we provide information on the molecular characterization of these macrophage subpopulations and their specific involvement in several human pathologies such as cancer, infectious diseases, obesity, and asthma. The refined characterization of the macrophage subpopulations can be useful in designing new strategies, supplementing those already established for the treatment of diseases using macrophages as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Chávez-Galán
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, National Institute of Respiratory Diseases Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria L. Olleros
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Vesin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Irene Garcia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Centre Medical Universitaire (CMU), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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178
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Xue J, Sharma V, Hsieh MH, Chawla A, Murali R, Pandol SJ, Habtezion A. Alternatively activated macrophages promote pancreatic fibrosis in chronic pancreatitis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7158. [PMID: 25981357 PMCID: PMC4632846 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a progressive and irreversible inflammatory and fibrotic disease with no cure. Unlike acute pancreatitis (AP), we find that alternatively activated macrophages (AAMs) are dominant in mouse and human CP. AAMs are dependent on interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 signalling, and we show that mice lacking IL-4Rα, myeloid-specific IL-4Rα and IL-4/IL-13 were less susceptible to pancreatic fibrosis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that mouse and human pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) are a source of IL-4/IL-13. Notably, we show that pharmacologic inhibition of IL-4/IL-13 in human ex vivo studies as well as in established mouse CP decreases pancreatic AAMs and fibrosis. We identify a critical role for macrophages in pancreatic fibrosis and in turn PSCs as important inducers of macrophage-alternative activation. Our study challenges and identifies pathways involved in crosstalk between macrophages and PSCs that can be targeted to reverse or halt pancreatic fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xue
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Vishal Sharma
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Michael H Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Department of Physiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Research division of immunology, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Research division of immunology, Department of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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179
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Bradford JW, Baldwin AS. IKK/nuclear factor-kappaB and oncogenesis: roles in tumor-initiating cells and in the tumor microenvironment. Adv Cancer Res 2015; 121:125-145. [PMID: 24889530 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800249-0.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The IKK/nuclear factor-kappaB pathway (NF-κB) is critical in proper immune function, cell survival, apoptosis, cellular proliferation, synaptic plasticity, and even memory. While NF-κB is crucial for both innate and adaptive immunity, defective regulation of this master transcriptional regulator is seen in a variety of diseases including autoimmune disease, neurodegenerative disease, and, important to this review, cancer. While NF-κB functions in cancer to promote a number of critical oncogenic functions, here we discuss the importance of the NF-κB signaling pathway in contributing to cancer through promotion of the tumor microenvironment and through maintenance/expansion of tumor-initiating cells, processes that appear to be functionally interrelated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W Bradford
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Albert S Baldwin
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA.
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180
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Pirilä E, Väyrynen O, Sundquist E, Päkkilä K, Nyberg P, Nurmenniemi S, Pääkkönen V, Pesonen P, Dayan D, Vered M, Uhlin-Hansen L, Salo T. Macrophages modulate migration and invasion of human tongue squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120895. [PMID: 25811194 PMCID: PMC4374792 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) has a high mortality rate and the incidence is rising worldwide. Despite advances in treatment, the disease lacks specific prognostic markers and treatment modality. The spreading of OTSCC is dependent on the tumor microenvironment and involves tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Although the presence of TAMs is associated with poor prognosis in OTSCC, the specific mechanisms underlying this are still unknown. The aim here was to investigate the effect of macrophages (Mfs) on HSC-3 tongue carcinoma cells and NF-kappaB activity. We polarized THP-1 cells to M1 (inflammatory), M2 (TAM-like) and R848 (imidazoquinoline-treated) type Mfs. We then investigated the effect of Mfs on HSC-3 cell migration and NF-kappaB activity, cytokine production and invasion using several different in vitro migration models, a human 3D tissue invasion model, antibody arrays, confocal microscopy, immunohistochemistry and a mouse invasion model. We found that in co-culture studies all types of Mfs fused with HSC-3 cells, a process which was partially due to efferocytosis. HSC-3 cells induced expression of epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor-beta in co-cultures with M2 Mfs. Direct cell-cell contact between M2 Mfs and HSC-3 cells induced migration and invasion of HSC-3 cells while M1 Mfs reduced HSC-3 cell invasion. M2 Mfs had an excess of NF-kappaB p50 subunit and a lack of p65 subunits both in the presence and absence of HSC-3 cells, indicating dysregulation and pro-tumorigenic NF-kappaB activation. TAM-like cells were abundantly present in close vicinity to carcinoma cells in OTSCC patient samples. We conclude that M2 Mfs/TAMs have an important role in OTSCC regulating adhesion, migration, invasion and cytokine production of carcinoma cells favouring tumor growth. These results demonstrate that OTSCC patients could benefit from therapies targeting TAMs, polarizing TAM-like M2 Mfs to inflammatory macrophages and modulating NF-kappaB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Pirilä
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Otto Väyrynen
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Elias Sundquist
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kaisa Päkkilä
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pia Nyberg
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sini Nurmenniemi
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Virve Pääkkönen
- Department of Pedodontics, Cariology and Endodontology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Paula Pesonen
- Department of Community Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Dan Dayan
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Marilena Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Lars Uhlin-Hansen
- Institute of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Northern Norway, Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Tuula Salo
- Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Diagnostics and Oral Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
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181
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Peng J, Tsang JY, Ho DH, Zhang R, Xiao H, Li D, Zhu J, Wang F, Bian Z, Lui VC, Xu A, Tam PK, Lamb JR, Xia H, Chen Y. Modulatory effects of adiponectin on the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages. Int J Cancer 2015; 137:848-58. [PMID: 25694398 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of macrophages with selective functional phenotypes partially arises in respective to their microenvironment. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) may promote disease progression with tumor specific manner. Here we report that in pediatric malignant soft-tissue tumors, the presence of TAMs and expression of adiponectin (APN) are heterogeneous. Both APN and TAMs had high expression in rhabdomyosarcoma, especially in the malignant subtype, alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. To investigate the mode of action of APN on TAM activation, a murine MN/MCA1 sarcoma model was used. The Results revealed that exogenous APN had no effect on MN/MCA1 proliferation but tumor size was markedly reduced in apn(-/-) mice versus WT controls. The accumulation of TAMs in apn(-/-) mice was also reduced which correlated to downregulated serum levels of MCP-1. Likewise, TAMs in apn(-/-) mice exhibited a M1-like phenotype, characterized by increase in MHC II(high) population and M1 phenotypic markers, such as iNOS gene and serum TNF-α accompanied by a decrease in M2 markers, namely YM1 gene and serum IL-10. In addition, APN deficiency increased the number of CD4(+) T cells, CD8(+) T cells and NK cells in tumors and reduced tumor metastasis. The altered phenotype of TAMs in apn(-/-) mice was associated with a marked decrease in phospho-p38 and treatment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor significantly reduced tumor size and increased MHC II expression on TAMs in WT mice, implying p38 MAPK signaling pathway may contribute to APN-mediated TAM polarization. Collectively, our findings suggest that APN may have a potential role in regulating soft tissue sarcoma growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Peng
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Julia Y Tsang
- Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, the Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Derek H Ho
- Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Chemistry, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ruizhong Zhang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Haitao Xiao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Daxu Li
- Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fenghua Wang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Bian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vincent C Lui
- Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paul K Tam
- Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jonathan R Lamb
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Huimin Xia
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Surgery, the University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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182
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Banerjee S, Halder K, Ghosh S, Bose A, Majumdar S. The combination of a novel immunomodulator with a regulatory T cell suppressing antibody (DTA-1) regress advanced stage B16F10 solid tumor by repolarizing tumor associated macrophages in situ. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e995559. [PMID: 25949923 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2014.995559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor associated macrophages and tumor infiltrating regulatory T cells greatly hamper host-protective antitumor responses. Therefore, we utilized a novel immunomodulator, heat-killed Mycobacterium indicus pranii (Mw), to repolarize TAM and an agonistic GITR antibody (DTA-1) to reduce intratumoral regulatory T cell frequency for generation of a host-protective antitumor response. Although, the combination of Mw and DTA-1was found to be effective against advanced stage tumors, however, Mw or DTA-1 failed to do so when administered individually. The presence of high level of regulatory T cells abrogated the only Mw induced antitumor functions, whereas only DTA-1 treatment was found to be ineffective due to its inability to induce TAM repolarization in vivo. The combination therapy was found to be effective since DTA-1 treatment reduced the frequency of regulatory T cells to such an extent where they could not attenuate Mw induced TAM repolarization in vivo. Therefore, the combination therapy involving Mw and DTA-1 may be utilized to the success of advanced stage solid tumor immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kuntal Halder
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute ; Kolkata, India
| | - Sweta Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute ; Kolkata, India
| | - Anamika Bose
- Division of Molecular Medicine; Bose Institute ; Kolkata, India
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183
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Jinushi M, Komohara Y. Tumor-associated macrophages as an emerging target against tumors: Creating a new path from bench to bedside. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:123-30. [PMID: 25595840 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are a critical component of tumor microenvironments, which affect tumor growth, tumor angiogenesis, immune suppression, metastasis and chemoresistance. There is emerging evidence that many anticancer modalities currently used in the clinic have unique and distinct properties that modulate the recruitment, polarization and tumorigenic activities of macrophages in the tumor microenvironments. Educated tumor-associated macrophages significantly impact the clinical efficacies of and resistance to these anticancer modalities. Moreover, the development of drugs targeting tumor-associated macrophages, especially c-Fms kinase inhibitors and humanized antibodies targeting colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor, are in early clinical stages and show promising benefit for cancer patients. These experimental and clinical findings prompted us to further evaluate the potential targets that exhibit tumorigenic and immunosuppressive potential in a manner specific for tumor associated macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Jinushi
- Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan; Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Komohara
- Department of Cell Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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184
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Loss of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 alters macrophage polarization and reduces NFκB activation in the foreign body response. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:37-47. [PMID: 25242651 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of biomaterials elicits a foreign body response characterized by fusion of macrophages to form foreign body giant cells and fibrotic encapsulation. Studies of the macrophage polarization involved in this response have suggested that alternative (M2) activation is associated with more favorable outcomes. Here we investigated this process in vivo by implanting mixed cellulose ester filters or polydimethylsiloxane disks in the peritoneal cavity of wild-type (WT) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) knockout mice. We analyzed classical (M1) and alternative (M2) gene expression via quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in both non-adherent cells isolated by lavage and implant-adherent cells. Our results show that macrophages undergo unique activation that displays features of both M1 and M2 polarization including induction of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF), which induces the expression and nuclear translocation of p50 and RelA determined by immunofluorescence and Western blot. Both processes were compromised in fusion-deficient MCP-1 KO macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, inclusion of BAY 11-7028, an inhibitor of NFκB activation, reduced nuclear translocation of RelA and fusion in WT macrophages. Our studies suggest that peritoneal implants elicit a unique macrophage polarization phenotype leading to induction of TNF and activation of the NFκB pathway.
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185
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Jikihara H, Qi G, Nozoe K, Hirokawa M, Sato H, Sugihara Y, Shimamoto F. Aged garlic extract inhibits 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon tumor development by suppressing cell proliferation. Oncol Rep 2014; 33:1131-40. [PMID: 25573280 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Garlic and its constituents are reported to have a preventive effect against colorectal cancer in animal models. Aged garlic extract (AGE), which is produced by natural extraction from fresh garlic for more than 10 months in aqueous ethanol, also has reputed chemopreventive effects on colon carcinogenesis, but has never been studied for its effects on colon cancer development. We investigated the antitumor effects of AGE in rats with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced carcinogenesis, and the mechanism of AGE in human colon cancer cell proliferation. F344 rats randomly divided into three groups were administered DMH (20 mg/kg weight) subcutaneously once a week for 8 weeks in a basal diet. After the last injection, one group of rats was then moved onto a basal diet containing 3% wt/wt AGE, and rats were sacrificed at 8 or 31 weeks. The number of aberrant crypt foci (ACF), histological type of tumor and proliferative activity of the tumor lesions were analyzed by macroscopic, pathological and immunohistochemical methods. DLD-1 human colon cancer cells were utilized to investigate the effect of AGE on anti-cell proliferation. AGE decreased the number of ACF but had no effect on gross tumor pathology. AGE showed a lower number of adenoma and adenocarcinoma lesions by histological analysis. Immunohistochemical staining indicated that AGE suppressed the proliferative activity in adenoma and adenocarcinoma lesions, but showed no effect on normal colon mucosa. Moreover, we demonstrated that AGE delayed cell cycle progression by downregulating cyclin B1 and cdk1 expression via inactivation of NF-κB in the human colorectal cancer cells but did not induce apoptosis. These findings suggest that AGE has an antitumor effect through suppression of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Jikihara
- Program in Biological System Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Guangying Qi
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Human Culture Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Koichiro Nozoe
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Human Culture Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Mayumi Hirokawa
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Human Culture Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sato
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Human Culture Science, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Yuka Sugihara
- Program in Biological System Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
| | - Fumio Shimamoto
- Program in Biological System Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, Minami-ku, Hiroshima 734-8558, Japan
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186
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Mitchell RA, Yaddanapudi K. Stromal-dependent tumor promotion by MIF family members. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2969-78. [PMID: 25277536 PMCID: PMC4293307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are composed of a heterogeneous population of cells that interact with each other and with soluble and insoluble factors that, when combined, strongly influence the relative proliferation, differentiation, motility, matrix remodeling, metabolism and microvessel density of malignant lesions. One family of soluble factors that is becoming increasingly associated with pro-tumoral phenotypes within tumor microenvironments is that of the migration inhibitory factor family which includes its namesake, MIF, and its only known family member, D-dopachrome tautomerase (D-DT). This review seeks to highlight our current understanding of the relative contributions of a variety of immune and non-immune tumor stromal cell populations and, within those contexts, will summarize the literature associated with MIF and/or D-DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Mitchell
- JG Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
| | - Kavitha Yaddanapudi
- JG Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States
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187
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Liu M, Du K, Fu Z, Zhang S, Wu X. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha up-regulates the expression of phospholipase D2 in colon cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Med Oncol 2014; 32:394. [DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0394-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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188
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Wang N, Liang H, Zen K. Molecular mechanisms that influence the macrophage m1-m2 polarization balance. Front Immunol 2014; 5:614. [PMID: 25506346 PMCID: PMC4246889 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1277] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As an essential component of innate immunity, macrophages have multiple functions in both inhibiting or promoting cell proliferation and tissue repair. Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of macrophages. Classical M1 and alternative M2 activation of macrophages, mirroring the Th1–Th2 polarization of T cells, represent two extremes of a dynamic changing state of macrophage activation. M1-type macrophages release cytokines that inhibit the proliferation of surrounding cells and damage contiguous tissue, and M2-type macrophages release cytokines that promote the proliferation of contiguous cells and tissue repair. M1–M2 polarization of macrophage is a tightly controlled process entailing a set of signaling pathways, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory networks. An imbalance of macrophage M1–M2 polarization is often associated with various diseases or inflammatory conditions. Therefore, identification of the molecules associated with the dynamic changes of macrophage polarization and understanding their interactions is crucial for elucidating the molecular basis of disease progression and designing novel macrophage-mediated therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China ; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology (JERC-MBB), Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China ; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology (JERC-MBB), Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China ; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology (JERC-MBB), Nanjing University School of Life Sciences , Nanjing , China
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189
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Henan X, Toyota N, Yanjiang X, Fujita Y, Zhijun H, Touma M, Qiong W, Sugimoto K. Enhancement of phagocytosis and cytotoxicity in macrophages by tumor-derived IL-18 stimulation. BMB Rep 2014; 47:286-91. [PMID: 24286318 PMCID: PMC4163866 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2014.47.5.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inoculation of mice with the murine NFSA cell line caused the formation of large tumors with necrotic tumor cores. FACS analysis revealed accumulations of CD11b+ cells in the tumors. Microarray analysis indicated that the NFSA cells expressed a high level of the pro-inflammatory factor interleukin-18 (il-18), which is known to play a critical role in macrophages. However, little is known about the physiological function of IL-18-stimulated macrophages. Here, we provide direct evidence that IL-18 enhances the phagocytosis of RAW264 cells and peritoneal macrophages, accompanied by the increased expression of tumor necrosis factor (tnf-α), interleukin-6 (il-6) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2). IL-18-stimulated RAW264 cells showed an enhanced cytotoxicity to endothelial F-2 cells via direct cell-to-cell interaction and the secretion of soluble mediators. Taken together, our results demonstrate that tumor-derived IL-18 plays an important role in the phagocytosis of macrophages and that IL-18-stimulated macrophages may damage tumor endothelial cells. [BMB Reports 2014; 47(5): 286-291]
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Henan
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Naoka Toyota
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Xing Yanjiang
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yuuki Fujita
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Huang Zhijun
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Maki Touma
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
| | - Wu Qiong
- School of Life Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Kenkichi Sugimoto
- Department of Cell Science, Faculty of Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata 950-2181, Japan
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190
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Kono Y, Kawakami S, Higuchi Y, Maruyama K, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Antitumor effect of nuclear factor-κB decoy transfer by mannose-modified bubble lipoplex into macrophages in mouse malignant ascites. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1049-55. [PMID: 24850474 PMCID: PMC4317846 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with malignant ascites (MAs) display several symptoms, such as dyspnea, nausea, pain, and abdominal tenderness, resulting in a significant reduction in their quality of life. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play a crucial role in MA progression. Because TAMs have a tumor-promoting M2 phenotype, conversion of the M2 phenotypic function of TAMs would be promising for MA treatment. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a master regulator of macrophage polarization. Here, we developed targeted transfer of a NF-κB decoy into TAMs by ultrasound (US)-responsive, mannose-modified liposome/NF-κB decoy complexes (Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes) in a mouse peritoneal dissemination model of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma. In addition, we investigated the effects of NF-κB decoy transfection into TAMs on MA progression and mouse survival rates. Intraperitoneal injection of Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes and US exposure transferred the NF-κB decoy into TAMs effectively. When the NF-κB decoy was delivered into TAMs by this method in the mouse peritoneal dissemination model, mRNA expression of the Th2 cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 in TAMs was decreased significantly. In contrast, mRNA levels of Th1 cytokines (IL-12, tumor necrosis factor-α, and IL-6) were increased significantly. Moreover, the expression level of vascular endothelial growth factor in ascites was suppressed significantly, and peritoneal angiogenesis showed a reduction. Furthermore, NF-κB decoy transfer into TAMs significantly decreased the ascitic volume and number of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells in ascites, and prolonged mouse survival. In conclusion, we transferred a NF-κB decoy efficiently by Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes with US exposure into TAMs, which may be a novel approach for MA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kono
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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191
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Torroella-Kouri M, Rodríguez D, Caso R. Alterations in macrophages and monocytes from tumor-bearing mice: evidence of local and systemic immune impairment. Immunol Res 2014; 57:86-98. [PMID: 24203436 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are cells of the innate immune system involved in critical activities such as maintaining tissue homeostasis and immune surveillance. Pro-inflammatory macrophages M1 are responsible for the inflammatory response, while M2 macrophages are associated with the immunosuppressive repair phase of tissue remodeling. Most cancers are associated with chronic inflammation, and a high number of macrophages in tumors have been associated with tumor progression. Much effort has been made in elucidating the mechanisms through which macrophages contribute to tumor development, yet much less is known about the initial mechanisms by which tumors modify macrophages. Our work has focused on identifying the mechanisms by which macrophages from tumor hosts are modified by tumors. We have shown that peritoneal macrophages are significantly altered in mice bearing advanced mammary tumors and are not M1 or M2 polarized, but express a mixture of both transcriptional programs. These macrophages are less differentiated and more prone to apoptosis, resulting in increased myelopoiesis as a compensation to regenerate macrophage progenitors in the marrow. Macrophages in the tumor microenvironment are also neither M1 nor M2 cells and through a display of different mechanisms are even more impaired than their peripheral counterparts. Finally, systemic blood monocytes, precursors of tissue macrophages, are also altered in tumor bearers and show a mixed program of pro- and anti-inflammatory functions. We conclude that there is evidence for local and systemic immune impairment in tumor hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Torroella-Kouri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1600 NW 10th Ave, Rosentiel Medical School Building, Room 3123A, Miami, FL, 33136, USA,
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192
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Tang R, Zhang G, Chen SY. Response gene to complement 32 protein promotes macrophage phagocytosis via activation of protein kinase C pathway. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:22715-22722. [PMID: 24973210 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.566653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage phagocytosis plays an important role in host defense. The molecular mechanism, especially factors regulating the phagocytosis, however, is not completely understood. In the present study, we found that response gene to complement 32 (RGC-32) is an important regulator of phagocytosis. Although RGC-32 is induced and abundantly expressed in macrophage during monocyte-macrophage differentiation, RGC-32 appears not to be important for this process because RGC-32-deficient bone marrow progenitor can normally differentiate to macrophage. However, both peritoneal macrophages and bone marrow-derived macrophages with RGC-32 deficiency exhibit significant defects in phagocytosis, whereas RGC-32-overexpressed macrophages show increased phagocytosis. Mechanistically, RGC-32 is recruited to macrophage membrane where it promotes F-actin assembly and the formation of phagocytic cups. RGC-32 knock-out impairs F-actin assembly. RGC-32 appears to interact with PKC to regulate PKC-induced phosphorylation of F-actin cross-linking protein myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate. Taken together, our results demonstrate for the first time that RGC-32 is a novel membrane regulator for macrophage phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Gui Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and
| | - Shi-You Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 and; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China.
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193
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Goswami K, Barik S, Sarkar M, Bhowmick A, Biswas J, Bose A, Baral R. Targeting STAT3 phosphorylation by neem leaf glycoprotein prevents immune evasion exerted by supraglottic laryngeal tumor induced M2 macrophages. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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194
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Kaimala S, Mohamed YA, Nader N, Issac J, Elkord E, Chouaib S, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, al-Ramadi BK. Salmonella-mediated tumor regression involves targeting of tumor myeloid suppressor cells causing a shift to M1-like phenotype and reduction in suppressive capacity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:587-99. [PMID: 24668365 PMCID: PMC11028470 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The effectiveness of attenuated Salmonella in inhibiting tumor growth has been demonstrated in many therapeutic models, but the precise mechanisms remain incompletely understood. In this study, we show that the anti-tumor capacity of Salmonella depends on a functional MyD88-TLR pathway and is independent of adaptive immune responses. Since myeloid suppressor cells play a critical role in tumor growth, we investigated the consequences of Salmonella treatment on myeloid cell recruitment, phenotypic characteristics, and functional activation in spleen and tumor tissue of B16.F1 melanoma-bearing mice. Salmonella treatment led to increased accumulation of splenic and intratumoral CD11b(+)Gr-1(+) myeloid cells, exhibiting significantly increased expression of various activation markers such as MHC class II, costimulatory molecules, and Sca-1/Ly6A proteins. Gene expression analysis showed that Salmonella treatment induced expression of iNOS, arginase-1 (ARG1), and IFN-γ in the spleen, but down-regulated IL-4 and TGF-β. Within the tumor, expression of iNOS, IFN-γ, and S100A9 was markedly increased, but ARG1, IL-4, TGF-β, and VEGF were inhibited. Functionally, splenic CD11b(+) cells maintained their suppressive capacity following Salmonella treatment, but intratumoral myeloid cells had significantly reduced suppressive capacity. Our findings demonstrate that administration of attenuated Salmonella leads to phenotypic and functional maturation of intratumoral myeloid cells making them less suppressive and hence enhancing the host's anti-tumor immune response. Modalities that inhibit myeloid suppressor cells may be useful adjuncts in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneesh Kaimala
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yassir A. Mohamed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nancy Nader
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jincy Issac
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eyad Elkord
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salem Chouaib
- Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, Unite 753, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Maria J. Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basel K. al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, P.O. Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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195
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Feng L, Song P, Zhou H, Li A, Ma Y, Zhang X, Liu H, Xu G, Zhou Y, Wu X, Shen Y, Sun Y, Wu X, Xu Q. Pentamethoxyflavanone regulates macrophage polarization and ameliorates sepsis in mice. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 89:109-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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196
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Krawczyk M, Emerson BM. p50-associated COX-2 extragenic RNA (PACER) activates COX-2 gene expression by occluding repressive NF-κB complexes. eLife 2014; 3:e01776. [PMID: 24843008 PMCID: PMC4017649 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated expression of COX-2 has been causally linked to development, progression, and outcome of several types of human cancer. We describe a novel fundamental level of transcriptional control of COX-2 expression. Using primary human mammary epithelial cells and monocyte/macrophage cell lines, we show that the chromatin boundary/insulator factor CTCF establishes an open chromatin domain and induces expression of a long non-coding RNA within the upstream promoter region of COX-2. Upon induction of COX-2 expression, the lncRNA associates with p50, a repressive subunit of NF-κB, and occludes it from the COX-2 promoter, potentially facilitating interaction with activation-competent NF-κB p65/p50 dimers. This enables recruitment of the p300 histone acetyltransferase, a domain-wide increase in histone acetylation and assembly of RNA Polymerase II initiation complexes. Our findings reveal an unexpected mechanism of gene control by lncRNA-mediated repressor occlusion and identify the COX-2-lncRNA, PACER, as a new potential target for COX-2-modulation in inflammation and cancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01776.001 To produce a protein a cell must first transcribe the DNA in a gene to make a messenger RNA molecule, which is then translated to make the protein. However, cells also produce other types of RNA molecules which do not become proteins. MicroRNAs, for example, regulate the expression of genes as proteins, while the role of other RNA molecules called long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) is not well understood. Now Krawczyk and Emerson have found an lncRNA that controls a gene called COX-2 that is often implicated in breast, colon, prostate, and lung cancer. This RNA molecule, which is called PACER, originates near the start of the COX-2 gene, but it cannot be messenger RNA because it does not contain the instructions to make the COX-2 protein, and it is too long to be a microRNA. Further experiments showed that the newly discovered lncRNA activates the expression of the COX-2 gene. Krawczyk and Emerson found that PACER attracts enzymes that spotlight genes that need to be activated, thus increasing the transcription of these genes to make messenger RNA. Genes can also be switched on and off by various molecules binding to nearby DNA, and PACER encourages the activation of COX-2 by keeping away the molecules that might switch it off. In addition to shedding new light on the role of lncRNAs, these results suggest that PACER could be a suitable therapeutic target in cancers that involve the COX-2 gene. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.01776.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Krawczyk
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
| | - Beverly M Emerson
- Regulatory Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, United States
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197
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Yang Y, Ma B, Li L, Jin Y, Ben W, Zhang D, Jiang K, Feng S, Huang L, Zheng J. CDK2 and CDK4 play important roles in promoting the proliferation of SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells induced by tumor-associated macrophages. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2759-68. [PMID: 24700371 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A large quantity of M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is present in the tissue, ascitic fluid and peritoneum of ovarian cancer patients. A thorough understanding of the roles of M2-TAM in the development of ovarian cancer may provide new insight into the treatment of this disease. The rapid advancement of omics techniques presents a great challenge to biologists to extract meaningful biological information from vast pools of data. In the present study, using microarray method, we identified 996 genes in SKOV3 ovarian carcinoma cells that underwent expression level changes under the influence of TAMs. Subsequently, based on the protein-protein interactions network and the differentially expressed genes, a network showing the influence of TAMs on SKOV3 cells was constructed. The resulting network was analyzed with CFinder software and four modules were found; these modules were further analyzed using David software to perform functional annotations. It was found that module I was mainly related to tumorigenesis and cell cycle. Hence, 31 genes in module I were analyzed with Cytoscape software to generate a gene-function network, which revealed that four gene proteins (E2F1, RB1, CDK2 and CDK4) were functional. Based on literature review, we postulated that CDK2 and CDK4 were key players in the network. In the subsequent molecular experiments, western blot analysis and kinase activity detection demonstrated that TAMs can significantly boost the expression levels and activities of CDK2 and CDK4 in SKOV3 cells. With 3H-TdR incorporation and flow cytometry assay, the proliferation and cell cycle distribution of SKOV3 cells were detected in the absence or presence of CDK2 and CDK4 inhibitors and the results confirmed that the two kinases played a key role in TAM cells enhancing SKOV3 cell proliferation by promoting G0/G1 to S transition. In the present study, we identified the specific changes in the gene expression profile of SKOV3 cells under the influence of TAMs and explored a method for analyzing the gene expression profile data. The results may aid in the design of subsequent molecular experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Biao Ma
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Ling Li
- School of Computing, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, CT2 7NF, UK
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ben
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Keping Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Shujun Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, P.R. China
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198
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Kühnemuth B, Michl P. The role of CUX1 in antagonizing NF-κB signaling in TAMs. Oncoimmunology 2014; 3:e28270. [PMID: 25050198 PMCID: PMC4063149 DOI: 10.4161/onci.28270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages represent a major component of the tumor microenvironment and contribute to neoplasia initiation and cancer progression. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena are only partially understood. Manipulating the transcriptional activity of the macrophage functional specification factor NF-κB by virtue of a novel regulatory factor cut-like homeobox 1 (CUX1) may provide a potential target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kühnemuth
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Philipps-University Marburg; Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Michl
- Department of Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism; Philipps-University Marburg; Marburg, Germany
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199
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Karnevi E, Andersson R, Rosendahl AH. Tumour‐educated macrophages display a mixed polarisation and enhance pancreatic cancer cell invasion. Immunol Cell Biol 2014; 92:543-52. [PMID: 24662521 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Karnevi
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Roland Andersson
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Ann H Rosendahl
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Oncology, Clinical Sciences Lund, Skåne University Hospital, Lund UniversityLundSweden
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200
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Kono Y, Kawakami S, Higuchi Y, Maruyama K, Yamashita F, Hashida M. Tumour-associated macrophages targeted transfection with NF-κB decoy/mannose-modified bubble lipoplexes inhibits tumour growth in tumour-bearing mice. J Drug Target 2014; 22:439-49. [PMID: 24579693 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2014.880443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumour-associated macrophages (TAM) exhibit an M2 phenotype that promotes tumour progression, and conversion of M2 TAM toward a tumouricidal M1 phenotype is a promising anti-cancer therapy. As NF-κB is a key regulator of macrophage polarization, we developed an in vivo TAM-targeting delivery system that combines mannose-modified bubble liposomes/NF-κB decoy complexes (Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes) and ultrasound (US) exposure. We investigated the effects of NF-κB decoy transfection on TAM phenotype in solid tumour-bearing mice. Post-transfection tumour growth and survival rates were also recorded. Th2 cytokine (IL-10) level in TAM was significantly lower by NF-κB decoy transfection using Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes and US exposure, while Th1 cytokine levels (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6) were significantly higher when compared with controls. In addition, mRNA levels of vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and arginase were significantly lower in TAM post-NF-κB decoy transfection. Importantly, TAM-targeted NF-κB decoy transfection inhibited tumour growth and prolonged survival rates in mice. Therefore, TAM-targeted NF-κB decoy transfection using Man-PEG bubble lipoplexes and US exposure may be an effective approach for anti-cancer therapy based on TAM phenotypic conversion from M2 toward M1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kono
- Department of Drug Delivery Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
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