151
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Tumor cure by radiation therapy and checkpoint inhibitors depends on pre-existing immunity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7012. [PMID: 29725089 PMCID: PMC5934473 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25482-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is a source of tumor antigen release that has the potential to serve as an endogenous tumor vaccination event. In preclinical models radiation therapy synergizes with checkpoint inhibitors to cure tumors via CD8 T cell responses. To evaluate the immune response initiated by radiation therapy, we used a range of approaches to block the pre-existing immune response artifact initiated by tumor implantation. We demonstrate that blocking immune responses at tumor implantation blocks development of a tumor-resident antigen specific T cell population and prevents tumor cure by radiation therapy combined with checkpoint immunotherapy. These data demonstrate that this treatment combination relies on a pre-existing immune response to cure tumors, and may not be a solution for patients without pre-existing immunity.
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152
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Iurescia S, Fioretti D, Rinaldi M. Targeting Cytosolic Nucleic Acid-Sensing Pathways for Cancer Immunotherapies. Front Immunol 2018; 9:711. [PMID: 29686682 PMCID: PMC5900005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system provides the first line of defense against pathogen infection though also influences pathways involved in cancer immunosurveillance. The innate immune system relies on a limited set of germ line-encoded sensors termed pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), signaling proteins and immune response factors. Cytosolic receptors mediate recognition of danger damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) signals. Once activated, these sensors trigger multiple signaling cascades, converging on the production of type I interferons and proinflammatory cytokines. Recent studies revealed that PRRs respond to nucleic acids (NA) released by dying, damaged, cancer cells, as danger DAMPs signals, and presence of signaling proteins across cancer types suggests that these signaling mechanisms may be involved in cancer biology. DAMPs play important roles in shaping adaptive immune responses through the activation of innate immune cells and immunological response to danger DAMPs signals is crucial for the host response to cancer and tumor rejection. Furthermore, PRRs mediate the response to NA in several vaccination strategies, including DNA immunization. As route of double-strand DNA intracellular entry, DNA immunization leads to expression of key components of cytosolic NA-sensing pathways. The involvement of NA-sensing mechanisms in the antitumor response makes these pathways attractive drug targets. Natural and synthetic agonists of NA-sensing pathways can trigger cell death in malignant cells, recruit immune cells, such as DCs, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells, into the tumor microenvironment and are being explored as promising adjuvants in cancer immunotherapies. In this minireview, we discuss how cGAS–STING and RIG-I–MAVS pathways have been targeted for cancer treatment in preclinical translational researches. In addition, we present a targeted selection of recent clinical trials employing agonists of cytosolic NA-sensing pathways showing how these pathways are currently being targeted for clinical application in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Iurescia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Fioretti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Rinaldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
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153
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Silvestris N, Brunetti O, Pinto R, Petriella D, Argentiero A, Fucci L, Tommasi S, Danza K, De Summa S. Immunological mutational signature in adenosquamous cancer of pancreas: an exploratory study of potentially therapeutic targets. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:453-461. [PMID: 29561217 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1456530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adenosquamous cancer of pancreas (ASCP) is a rare variant of pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It is characterized by poor prognosis and lacks of literature data supporting the choice of systemic therapies. The role of immunotherapy for this malignancy is still unknown. In this study, we evaluated any differences between immune-related genes of PDAC and its adenosquamous variant with the aim to characterize these histothistotypes and eventually identify potential biomarkers useful for an immune-therapy approach in ASCP. METHODS We compared the mutational status of a customized gene panel, including 41 genes involved in immunity checkpoint, inflammation and control of leukocytes, B and T cells proliferation of PDAC and ASCP. Moreover, we evaluated the immunohistochemical expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1). RESULTS We observed a status of 'hypermutation' of genes included in our panel in ASCP (22/41 mutated genes). Furtheremore, PD-L1 was found to be expressed in about 15% of the squamous component of ASCP tissue. CONCLUSION Due to genetic characteristics and to PD-L1 expression in ASCP compared to PDAC tissue, we can conclude that ASCP presents a potential sensitivity to immunological therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Silvestris
- a Medical Oncology Unit and Scientific Directorate , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- b Medical Oncology Unit , Hospital of Barletta , Barletta , Italy
| | - Rosamaria Pinto
- c Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Daniela Petriella
- c Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | | | - Livia Fucci
- e Histopathological Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Stefania Tommasi
- c Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Katia Danza
- c Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
| | - Simona De Summa
- c Pharmacogenetics and Molecular Diagnostic Unit , Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" , Bari , Italy
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154
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Arnold KM, Flynn NJ, Raben A, Romak L, Yu Y, Dicker AP, Mourtada F, Sims-Mourtada J. The Impact of Radiation on the Tumor Microenvironment: Effect of Dose and Fractionation Schedules. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2018; 11:1179064418761639. [PMID: 29551910 PMCID: PMC5846913 DOI: 10.1177/1179064418761639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In addition to inducing lethal DNA damage in tumor and stromal cells, radiation can alter the interactions of tumor cells with their microenvironment. Recent technological advances in planning and delivery of external beam radiotherapy have allowed delivery of larger doses per fraction (hypofractionation) while minimizing dose to normal tissues with higher precision. The effects of radiation on the tumor microenvironment vary with dose and fractionation schedule. In this review, we summarize the effects of conventional and hypofractionated radiation regimens on the immune system and tumor stroma. We discuss how these interactions may provide therapeutic benefit in combination with targeted therapies. Understanding the differential effects of radiation dose and fractionation can have implications for choice of combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Arnold
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Nicole J Flynn
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Adam Raben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Lindsay Romak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Yan Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College & Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam P Dicker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College & Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Firas Mourtada
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College & Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer Sims-Mourtada
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Helen F. Graham Cancer Center & Research Institute, Christiana Care Health System, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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155
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Wang Y, Deng W, Li N, Neri S, Sharma A, Jiang W, Lin SH. Combining Immunotherapy and Radiotherapy for Cancer Treatment: Current Challenges and Future Directions. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:185. [PMID: 29556198 PMCID: PMC5844965 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the approval of anti-CTLA4 therapy (ipilimumab) for late-stage melanoma in 2011, the development of anticancer immunotherapy agents has thrived. The success of many immune-checkpoint inhibitors has drastically changed the landscape of cancer treatment. For some types of cancer, monotherapy for targeting immune checkpoint pathways has proven more effective than traditional therapies, and combining immunotherapy with current treatment strategies may yield even better outcomes. Numerous preclinical studies have suggested that combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy could be a promising strategy for synergistic enhancement of treatment efficacy. Radiation delivered to the tumor site affects both tumor cells and surrounding stromal cells. Radiation-induced cancer cell damage exposes tumor-specific antigens that make them visible to immune surveillance and promotes the priming and activation of cytotoxic T cells. Radiation-induced modulation of the tumor microenvironment may also facilitate the recruitment and infiltration of immune cells. This unique relationship is the rationale for combining radiation with immune checkpoint blockade. Enhanced tumor recognition and immune cell targeting with checkpoint blockade may unleash the immune system to eliminate the cancer cells. However, challenges remain to be addressed to maximize the efficacy of this promising combination. Here we summarize the mechanisms of radiation and immune system interaction, and we discuss current challenges in radiation and immune checkpoint blockade therapy and possible future approaches to boost this combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Weiye Deng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shinya Neri
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amrish Sharma
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wen Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Steven H Lin
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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156
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Francica BJ, Ghasemzadeh A, Desbien AL, Theodros D, Sivick KE, Reiner GL, Hix Glickman L, Marciscano AE, Sharabi AB, Leong ML, McWhirter SM, Dubensky TW, Pardoll DM, Drake CG. TNFα and Radioresistant Stromal Cells Are Essential for Therapeutic Efficacy of Cyclic Dinucleotide STING Agonists in Nonimmunogenic Tumors. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:422-433. [PMID: 29472271 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cGAS-STING cytosolic DNA sensing pathway may play an integral role in the initiation of antitumor immune responses. Studies evaluating the immunogenicity of various cyclic dinucleotide (CDN) STING agonists administered by intratumoral (i.t.) injection showed potent induction of inflammation, tumor necrosis, and, in some cases, durable tumor-specific adaptive immunity. However, the specific immune mechanisms underlying these responses remain incompletely defined. The majority of these studies have focused on the effect of CDNs on immune cells but have not conclusively interrogated the role of stromal cells in the acute rejection of the CDN-injected tumor. Here, we revealed a mechanism of STING agonist-mediated tumor response that relied on both stromal and immune cells to achieve tumor regression and clearance. Using knockout and bone marrow chimeric mice, we showed that although bone marrow-derived TNFα was necessary for CDN-induced necrosis, STING signaling in radioresistant stromal cells was also essential for CDN-mediated tumor rejection. These results provide evidence for crosstalk between stromal and hematopoietic cells during CDN-mediated tumor collapse after i.t. administration. These mechanistic insights may prove critical in the clinical development of STING agonists. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(4); 422-33. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Francica
- Aduro Biotech, Berkeley, California
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ali Ghasemzadeh
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Debebe Theodros
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Ariel E Marciscano
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew B Sharabi
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, California
| | | | | | | | - Drew M Pardoll
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles G Drake
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
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157
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Banete A, Seaver K, Bakshi D, Gee K, Basta S. On taking the STING out of immune activation. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:1189-1195. [PMID: 29431896 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mir0917-383r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly a decade ago, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) adaptor protein called stimulator of interferon genes (STING) was found to be critical in the induction of type I IFN production in response to DNA virus infection. STING functions by sensing cytoplasmic DNA and activates key transcription factors, including IFN regulatory factor (IRF)-3 and IRF7, to initiate type I IFN expression. Type I IFNs are vital in immunity against viral infections and can influence cancer cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis. Several studies have shown that STING activation results in potent antitumor activity by generating strong tumor-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses. Moreover, compared with wild-type, STING-knockout mice show greater susceptibility to viral infections. In this review, we discuss the importance of STING signaling during the induction of immune responses, especially those associated with type I IFN in viral infections and tumor immunity. Furthermore, we highlight recent data that unravel how the STING signaling pathway can be negatively regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Banete
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kyle Seaver
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Devyani Bakshi
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katrina Gee
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameh Basta
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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158
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Johnson BA, Yarchoan M, Lee V, Laheru DA, Jaffee EM. Strategies for Increasing Pancreatic Tumor Immunogenicity. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 23:1656-1669. [PMID: 28373364 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has changed the standard of care for multiple deadly cancers, including lung, head and neck, gastric, and some colorectal cancers. However, single-agent immunotherapy has had little effect in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Increasing evidence suggests that the PDAC microenvironment is comprised of an intricate network of signals between immune cells, PDAC cells, and stroma, resulting in an immunosuppressive environment resistant to single-agent immunotherapies. In this review, we discuss differences between immunotherapy-sensitive cancers and PDAC, the complex interactions between PDAC stroma and suppressive tumor-infiltrating cells that facilitate PDAC development and progression, the immunologic targets within these complex networks that are druggable, and data supporting combination drug approaches that modulate multiple PDAC signals, which should lead to improved clinical outcomes. Clin Cancer Res; 23(7); 1656-69. ©2017 AACRSee all articles in this CCR Focus section, "Pancreatic Cancer: Challenge and Inspiration."
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Affiliation(s)
- Burles A Johnson
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Yarchoan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Valerie Lee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniel A Laheru
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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159
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Vatner RE, Janssen EM. STING, DCs and the link between innate and adaptive tumor immunity. Mol Immunol 2017; 110:13-23. [PMID: 29273394 PMCID: PMC6768428 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer and the immune system are intimately related. Much of the bulk of tumors is comprised of stromal leukocytes with immune functions, which serve to both promote and inhibit tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. The T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system are essential for tumor immunity, and these T cells are generated by cross-priming against tumor associated antigens. Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential in this process, serving as the cellular link between innate and adaptive immunity. As a prerequisite for priming of adaptive immune responses, DCs must take up tumor antigens, process them and present them in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). DCs also serve as sensors of innate activation signals from cancer that are necessary for their activation and effective priming of cancer specific T cells. Here we discuss the role of DCs in the sensing of cancer and in priming the adaptive response against tumors. Furthermore, we present the essential role of the Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) signaling pathway in producing type I interferons (IFNs) that are essential in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph E Vatner
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7038, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 234 Goodman Street, ML 0757, Cincinnati, OH 45267, United States.
| | - Edith M Janssen
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 7038, Cincinnati, OH 45229, United States
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160
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Emerging trends in the immunotherapy of pancreatic cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 417:35-46. [PMID: 29242097 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the U.S., claiming approximately 43,000 lives every year. Much like other solid tumors, PC evades the host immune surveillance by manipulating immune cells to establish an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Therefore, targeting and reinstating the patient's immune system could serve as a powerful therapeutic tool. Indeed, immunotherapy has emerged in recent years as a potential adjunct treatment for solid tumors including PC. Immunotherapy modulates the host's immune response to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), eradicates cancer cells by reducing host tolerance to TAAs and provides both short- and long-term protection against the disease. Passive immunotherapies like monoclonal antibodies or engineered T-cell based therapies directly target tumor cells by recognizing TAAs. Active immunotherapies, like cancer vaccines, on the other hand elicit a long-lasting immune response via activation of the patient's immune cells against cancer cells. Several immunotherapy strategies have been tested for anti-tumor responses alone and in combination with standard care in multiple preclinical and clinical studies. In this review, we discuss various immunotherapy strategies used currently and their efficacy in abrogating self-antigen tolerance and immunosuppression, as well as their ability to eradicate PC.
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161
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Borriello F, Pietrasanta C, Lai JCY, Walsh LM, Sharma P, O'Driscoll DN, Ramirez J, Brightman S, Pugni L, Mosca F, Burkhart DJ, Dowling DJ, Levy O. Identification and Characterization of Stimulator of Interferon Genes As a Robust Adjuvant Target for Early Life Immunization. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1772. [PMID: 29312305 PMCID: PMC5732947 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunization is key to preventing infectious diseases, a leading cause of death early in life. However, due to age-specific immunity, vaccines often demonstrate reduced efficacy in newborns and young infants as compared to adults. Here, we combined in vitro and in vivo approaches to identify adjuvant candidates for early life immunization. We employed newborn and adult bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) to perform a screening of pattern recognition receptor agonists and found that the stimulator of interferon genes ligand 2′3′-cGAMP (hereafter cGAMP) induces a comparable expression of surface maturation markers in newborn and adult BMDCs. Then, we utilized the trivalent recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) influenza vaccine, Flublok, as a model antigen to investigate the role of cGAMP in adult and early life immunization. cGAMP adjuvantation alone could increase rHA-specific antibody titers in adult but not newborn mice. Remarkably, as compared to alum or cGAMP alone, immunization with cGAMP formulated with alum (Alhydrogel) enhanced newborn rHA-specific IgG2a/c titers ~400-fold, an antibody subclass associated with the development of IFNγ-driven type 1 immunity in vivo and endowed with higher effector functions, by 42 days of life. Highlighting the amenability for successful vaccine formulation and delivery, we next confirmed that cGAMP adsorbs onto alum in vitro. Accordingly, immunization early in life with (cGAMP+alum) promoted IFNγ production by CD4+ T cells and increased the proportions and absolute numbers of CD4+ CXCR5+ PD-1+ T follicular helper and germinal center (GC) GL-7+ CD138+ B cells, suggesting an enhancement of the GC reaction. Adjuvantation effects were apparently specific for IgG2a/c isotype switching without effect on antibody affinity maturation, as there was no effect on rHA-specific IgG avidity. Overall, our studies suggest that cGAMP when formulated with alum may represent an effective adjuvantation system to foster humoral and cellular aspects of type 1 immunity for early life immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borriello
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy.,WAO Center of Excellence, Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Pietrasanta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Jacqueline C Y Lai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lois M Walsh
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Science Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - Pankaj Sharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - David N O'Driscoll
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Juan Ramirez
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Spencer Brightman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lorenza Pugni
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Mosca
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - David J Burkhart
- Biomedical & Pharmaceutical Science Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States
| | - David J Dowling
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ofer Levy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Precision Vaccines Program, Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
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162
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Wang H, Mu X, He H, Zhang XD. Cancer Radiosensitizers. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 39:24-48. [PMID: 29224916 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) is a mainstay treatment for many types of cancer, although it is still a large challenge to enhance radiation damage to tumor tissue and reduce side effects to healthy tissue. Radiosensitizers are promising agents that enhance injury to tumor tissue by accelerating DNA damage and producing free radicals. Several strategies have been exploited to develop highly effective and low-toxicity radiosensitizers. In this review, we highlight recent progress on radiosensitizers, including small molecules, macromolecules, and nanomaterials. First, small molecules are reviewed based on free radicals, pseudosubstrates, and other mechanisms. Second, nanomaterials, such as nanometallic materials, especially gold-based materials that have flexible surface engineering and favorable kinetic properties, have emerged as promising radiosensitizers. Finally, emerging macromolecules have shown significant advantages in RT because these molecules can be combined with biological therapy as well as drug delivery. Further research on the mechanisms of radioresistance and multidisciplinary approaches will accelerate the development of radiosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Number 238, Baidi Road, Tianjin 300192, China; These authors have contributed equally
| | - Xiaoyu Mu
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; These authors have contributed equally
| | - Hua He
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300072, China.
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163
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cGAS/STING Pathway in Cancer: Jekyll and Hyde Story of Cancer Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112456. [PMID: 29156566 PMCID: PMC5713423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed enormous growth in the field of cancer immunity. Mechanistic insights of cancer immunoediting have not only enhanced our understanding but also paved the way to target and/or harness the innate immune system to combat cancer, called cancer immunotherapy. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)/Stimulator of interferon genes(STING) pathway has recently emerged as nodal player in cancer immunity and is currently being explored as potential therapeutic target. Although therapeutic activation of this pathway has shown promising anti-tumor effects in vivo, evidence also indicates the role of this pathway in inflammation mediated carcinogenesis. This review highlights our current understanding of cGAS/STING pathway in cancer, its therapeutic targeting and potential alternate approaches to target this pathway. Optimal therapeutic targeting and artificial tunability of this pathway still demand in depth understanding of cGAS/STING pathway regulation and homeostasis.
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164
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Baird JR, Feng Z, Xiao HD, Friedman D, Cottam B, Fox BA, Kramer G, Leidner RS, Bell RB, Young KH, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. STING expression and response to treatment with STING ligands in premalignant and malignant disease. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187532. [PMID: 29135982 PMCID: PMC5685615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human papilloma virus positive (HPV+) tumors represent a large proportion of anal, vulvar, vaginal, cervical and head and neck squamous carcinomas (HNSCC) and late stage invasive disease is thought to originate from a premalignant state. Cyclic dinucleotides that activate STimulator of INterferon Genes (STING) have been shown to cause rapid regression of a range of advanced tumors. We aimed to investigate STING ligands as a novel treatment for papilloma. We tested therapies in a spontaneous mouse model of papilloma of the face and anogenital region that histologically resembles human HPV-associated papilloma. We demonstrate that STING ligands cause rapid regression of papilloma, associated with T cell infiltration, and are significantly more effective than Imiquimod, a current immunotherapy for papilloma. In humans, we show that STING is expressed in the basal layer of normal skin and lost during keratinocyte differentiation. We found STING was expressed in all HPV-associated cervical and anal dysplasia and was strongly expressed in the cancer cells of HPV+ HNSCC but not in HPV-unrelated HNSCC. We found no strong association between STING expression and progressive disease in non-HPV oral dysplasia and oral pre-malignancies that are not HPV-related. These data demonstrate that STING is expressed in basal cells of the skin and is retained in HPV+ pre-malignancies and advanced cancers, but not in HPV-unrelated HNSCC. However, using a murine HNSCC model that does not express STING, we demonstrate that STING ligands are an effective therapy regardless of expression of STING by the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Baird
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Zipeng Feng
- Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Hong D. Xiao
- Pathology, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - David Friedman
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Ben Cottam
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Bernard A. Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Gwen Kramer
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Rom S. Leidner
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - R. Bryan Bell
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
- The Head and Neck Surgical Institute, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Kristina H. Young
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
- The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Marka R. Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
- The Oregon Clinic, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Robert W. Franz Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, Portland, OR, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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165
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Dhanak D, Edwards JP, Nguyen A, Tummino PJ. Small-Molecule Targets in Immuno-Oncology. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1148-1160. [PMID: 28938090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in understanding the role and molecular mechanisms underlying immune surveillance and control of (pre)malignancies is revolutionizing clinical practice in the treatment of cancer. Presently, multiple biologic drugs targeting the immune checkpoint proteins PD(L)1 or CTLA4 have been approved and/or are in advanced stages of clinical development for many cancers. In addition, combination therapy with these agents and other immunomodulators is being intensively explored with the aim of improving primary response rates or prolonging overall survival. The effectiveness of cancer immunotherapy with biologics is spurring research in alternate approaches including small-molecule-mediated targeting of intracellular pathways modulating the innate and adaptive immune response. This focus of this review is on some of the key intracellular pathways where the development of a small-molecule therapeutic is attractive, tractable, and potentially synergistic with extracellular biologic-mediated immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashyant Dhanak
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA.
| | - James P Edwards
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Ancho Nguyen
- Immuno Oncology Discovery, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
| | - Peter J Tummino
- Discovery Sciences, Janssen Research & Development, 1400 McKean Road, P O Box 776, Spring House, PA 19477, USA
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166
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Xing J, Zhang A, Zhang H, Wang J, Li XC, Zeng MS, Zhang Z. TRIM29 promotes DNA virus infections by inhibiting innate immune response. Nat Commun 2017; 8:945. [PMID: 29038422 PMCID: PMC5643338 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00101-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many double-stranded DNA viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, can establish persistent infection, but the underlying virus-host interactions remain poorly understood. Here we report that in human airway epithelial cells Epstein-Barr virus induces TRIM29, a member of the TRIM family of proteins, to inhibit innate immune activation. Knockdown of TRIM29 in airway epithelial cells enhances type I interferon production, and in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells results in almost complete Epstein-Barr virus clearance. TRIM29 is also highly induced by cytosolic double-stranded DNA in myeloid dendritic cells. TRIM29 -/- mice have lower adenovirus titers in the lung, and are resistant to lethal herpes simplex virus-1 infection due to enhanced production of type I interferon. Mechanistically, TRIM29 induces K48-linked ubiquitination of Stimulator of interferon genes, a key adaptor in double-stranded DNA-sensing pathway, followed by its rapid degradation. These data demonstrate that Epstein-Barr virus and possible other double-stranded DNA viruses use TRIM29 to suppress local innate immunity, leading to the persistence of DNA virus infections.Proteins of the TRIM family have regulatory functions in immune signaling, often via ubiquitination of target proteins. Here, the authors show that TRIM29 is induced upon infection with DNA viruses, resulting in degradation of STING, decreased interferon signaling and increased pathogenicity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Xing
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xian Chang Li
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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167
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Baird JR, Monjazeb AM, Shah O, McGee H, Murphy WJ, Crittenden MR, Gough MJ. Stimulating Innate Immunity to Enhance Radiation Therapy-Induced Tumor Control. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2017; 99:362-373. [PMID: 28871985 PMCID: PMC5604475 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Novel ligands that target Toll-like receptors and other innate recognition pathways represent a potent strategy for modulating innate immunity to generate antitumor immunity. Although many of the current clinically successful immunotherapies target adaptive T-cell responses, both preclinical and clinical studies suggest that adjuvants have the potential to enhance the scope and efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. Radiation may be a particularly good partner to combine with innate immune therapies, because it is a highly efficient means to kill cancer cells but may fail to send the appropriate inflammatory signals needed to act as an efficient endogenous vaccine. This may explain why although radiation therapy is a highly used cancer treatment, true abscopal effects-regression of disease outside the field without additional systemic therapy-are extremely rare. This review focuses on efforts to combine innate immune stimuli as adjuvants with radiation, creating a distinct and complementary approach from T cell-targeted therapies to enhance antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Baird
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Arta M Monjazeb
- Department of Radiation Oncology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California; Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Omid Shah
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Heather McGee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - William J Murphy
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunology, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, Sacramento, California
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon; The Oregon Clinic, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon.
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168
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A positive-feedback loop between tumour infiltrating activated Treg cells and type 2-skewed macrophages is essential for progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Br J Cancer 2017; 117:1631-1643. [PMID: 28949956 PMCID: PMC5729431 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Foxp3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells and M2 macrophages are associated with increased tumour progression. However, the interaction between Treg cells and M2 macrophages remains unclear. METHODS The expression of FoxP3 and CD163 was detected by immunohistochemistry in 65 cases of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). In vitro, the generation of activated Treg (aTreg) cells and M2 macrophages by interactions with their precursor cells were analysed by flow cytometry and ELISA. In vivo, the antitumour effects were assessed by combined targeting aTreg cells and M2 macrophages, and intratumoural immunocytes were analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS In LSCC tissue, accumulation of aTreg cells and M2 macrophages predicted a poor prognosis and were positively associated with each other. In vitro, aTreg cells were induced from CD4+CD25- T cells by cancer cell-activated M2-like macrophages. Consequently, these aTreg cells skewed the differentiation of monocytes towards an M2-like phenotype, thereby forming a positive-feedback loop. Combined targeting aTreg cells and M2 macrophages led to potent antitumour immunity in vivo. CONCLUSIONS The positive-feedback loop between aTreg cells and M2 macrophages is essential to maintain or promote immunosuppression in the tumour microenvironment and may be a potential therapeutic target to inhibit tumour progression.
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169
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Morisada M, Moore EC, Hodge R, Friedman J, Cash HA, Hodge JW, Mitchell JB, Allen CT. Dose-dependent enhancement of T-lymphocyte priming and CTL lysis following ionizing radiation in an engineered model of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 2017; 71:87-94. [PMID: 28688697 PMCID: PMC5528171 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine if direct tumor cell cytotoxicity, antigen release, and susceptibility to T-lymphocyte killing following radiation treatment is dose-dependent. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mouse oral cancer cells were engineered to express full-length ovalbumin as a model antigen. Tumor antigen release with uptake and cross presentation of antigen by antigen presenting cells with subsequent priming and expansion of antigen-specific T-lymphocytes following radiation was modeled in vitro and in vivo. T-lymphocyte mediated killing was measured following radiation treatment using a novel impedance-based cytotoxicity assay. RESULTS Radiation treatment induced dose-dependent induction of executioner caspase activity and apoptosis in MOC1 cells. In vitro modeling of antigen release and T-lymphocyte priming demonstrated enhanced proliferation of OT-1 T-lymphocytes with 8Gy treatment of MOC1ova cells compared to 2Gy. This was validated in vivo following treatment of established MOC1ova tumors and adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T-lymphocytes. Using a novel impedance-based cytotoxicity assay, 8Gy enhanced tumor cell susceptibility to T-lymphocyte killing to a greater degree than 2Gy. CONCLUSION In the context of using clinically-relevant doses of radiation treatment as an adjuvant for immunotherapy, 8Gy is superior to 2Gy for induction of antigen-specific immune responses and enhancing tumor cell susceptibility to T-lymphocyte killing. These findings have significant implications for the design of trials combining radiation and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Morisada
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ellen C Moore
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rachel Hodge
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jay Friedman
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Harrison A Cash
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James W Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - James B Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clint T Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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170
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Sokolowska O, Nowis D. STING Signaling in Cancer Cells: Important or Not? Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 66:125-132. [PMID: 28748479 PMCID: PMC5851689 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0481-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an adaptor protein that plays an important role in the activation of type I interferons in response to cytosolic nucleic acid ligands. Recent evidence indicates involvement of the STING pathway in the induction of antitumor immune response. Therefore, STING agonists are now being extensively developed as a new class of cancer therapeutics. However, little is known about the consequences of activated STING-mediated signaling in cancer cells on the efficacy of the antitumor treatment. It has been shown that activation of the STING-dependent pathway in cancer cells can result in tumor infiltration with immune cells and modulation of the anticancer immune response. Understanding the function of STING pathway in cancer cells might provide important insights into the development of effective therapeutic strategies. This review focuses on the role of STING pathway in cancer cells, the largely unknown topic that has recently emerged to be important in the context of STING-mediated antitumor responses.
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171
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Ager CR, Reilley MJ, Nicholas C, Bartkowiak T, Jaiswal AR, Curran MA. Intratumoral STING Activation with T-cell Checkpoint Modulation Generates Systemic Antitumor Immunity. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:676-684. [PMID: 28674082 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated manipulation of independent immune regulatory pathways in the tumor microenvironment-including blockade of T-cell checkpoint receptors and reversal of suppressive myeloid programs-can render aggressive cancers susceptible to immune rejection. Elevated toxicity associated with combination immunotherapy, however, prevents translation of the most efficacious regimens. We evaluated T-cell checkpoint-modulating antibodies targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and 4-1BB together with myeloid agonists targeting either STING or Flt3 in the TRAMP-C2 model of prostate cancer to determine whether low-dose intratumoral delivery of these agents could elicit systemic control of multifocal disease. Intratumoral administration of the STING agonist cyclic di-GMP (CDG) or Flt3 Ligand (Flt3L) augmented the therapeutic effect of systemic triple checkpoint modulation and promoted the cure of 75% of mice with bilateral TRAMP-C2; however, when all agents were administered locally, only CDG mobilized abscopal immunity. Combination efficacy correlated with globally enhanced ratios of CD8+ T cells to regulatory T cells (Treg), macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and downregulation of the M2 marker CD206 on tumor-associated macrophages. Flt3L improved CD8+ T-cell and dendritic cell infiltration of tumors, but was diminished in efficacy by concomitant Treg expansion. Although intratumoral CDG/checkpoint therapy invokes substantial ulceration at the injection site, reduced CDG dosing can preserve tissue integrity without sacrificing therapeutic benefit. For high-order combinations of T-cell checkpoint antibodies and local myeloid agonists, systemic antibody administration provides the greatest efficacy; however, local administration of CDG and antibody provides substantial systemic benefit while minimizing the potential for immune-related adverse events. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(8); 676-84. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey R Ager
- Immunology Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Matthew J Reilley
- Division of Cancer Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Courtney Nicholas
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Todd Bartkowiak
- Immunology Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ashvin R Jaiswal
- Immunology Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas.,Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Curran
- Immunology Program, University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, Texas. .,Department of Immunology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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172
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Dahal LN, Dou L, Hussain K, Liu R, Earley A, Cox KL, Murinello S, Tracy I, Forconi F, Steele AJ, Duriez PJ, Gomez-Nicola D, Teeling JL, Glennie MJ, Cragg MS, Beers SA. STING Activation Reverses Lymphoma-Mediated Resistance to Antibody Immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3619-3631. [PMID: 28512240 PMCID: PMC5500176 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tumors routinely attract and co-opt macrophages to promote their growth, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Macrophages are also the key effector cell for mAb therapies. Here we report that the tumor microenvironment creates an immunosuppressive signature on tumor-associated macrophages (TAM), which favors expression of inhibitory rather than activating Fcγ receptors (FcγR), thereby limiting the efficacy of mAb immunotherapy. We assessed a panel of TLR and STING agonists (a) for their ability to reprogram macrophages to a state optimal for mAb immunotherapy. Both STINGa and TLRa induced cytokine release, modulated FcγR expression, and augmented mAb-mediated tumor cell phagocytosis in vitro However, only STINGa reversed the suppressive FcγR profile in vivo, providing strong adjuvant effects to anti-CD20 mAb in murine models of lymphoma. Potent adjuvants like STINGa, which can improve FcγR activatory:inhibitory (A:I) ratios on TAM, are appealing candidates to reprogram TAM and curb tumor-mediated immunosuppression, thereby empowering mAb efficacy. Cancer Res; 77(13); 3619-31. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekh N Dahal
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Lang Dou
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Khiyam Hussain
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Rena Liu
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Earley
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Kerry L Cox
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Salome Murinello
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Tracy
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Steele
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick J Duriez
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Cancer Research UK and NIHR Experimental Cancer Medicine Centres, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica L Teeling
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J Glennie
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom.
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173
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STING signaling in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy: A friend or foe? Cancer Lett 2017; 402:203-212. [PMID: 28602976 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a DNA sensor and an important cytoplasmic adaptor for other DNA sensors, such as Z-DNA binding protein 1 (DAI), DEAD-box helicase 41 (DDX41), and interferon-γ-inducible protein 16 (IFI16). The activation of STING signaling leads to the production of type I interferons and some other pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are critical for host defense against viral infection. Recent accumulating evidences suggest that STING is also involved in tumor development. However, the role of STING signaling in tumorigenesis is complicated, and a comprehensive review is still lacking. In this paper, we provided an overview of the dual role of STING signaling in tumor development from clinical significance to fundamental mechanisms, as well as its pre-clinical application in cancer therapy.
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174
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Friedman D, Baird JR, Young KH, Cottam B, Crittenden MR, Friedman S, Gough MJ, Newell P. Programmed cell death-1 blockade enhances response to stereotactic radiation in an orthotopic murine model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2017; 47:702-714. [PMID: 27501850 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM Small, solitary hepatocellular carcinoma is curable with stereotactic radiation or other methods of tumor ablation, however, regional and systemic tumor recurrence occurs in over 70% of patients. Here we describe the ability of immunoradiotherapy to induce an antitumor immune response and delay the growth of tumors in immunocompetent mice. METHODS A syngeneic hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Hep-55.1c) was injected directly into the livers of C57BL/6 mice using ultrasound guidance, then tumors were treated with stereotactic radiation using a Small Animal Radiation Research Platform with computed tomography guidance. RESULTS Delivery of three doses of 250 μg anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (αPD-1) antibody concurrently with 30 Gy stereotactic body radiation therapy in three fractions reduced the growth rate of tumors and improved survival (P < 0.05). Combined treatment was associated with increased CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in the tumor; depletion of CD8 T cells eliminated the efficacy of combined treatment. Combined treatment also induced expression of programmed cell death-1 ligand expression on tumor-infiltrating macrophages, and the tumors grew rapidly after αPD-1 treatment was discontinued. CONCLUSIONS Tumor response to stereotactic radiation can be augmented by concurrent treatment with αPD-1. The efficacy of this combination therapy was transient, however, and treatment induced markers of adaptive immune resistance. These data are promising, but also indicate that mechanisms of immune resistance will need to be durably overcome for this combination to generate lasting immunity to protect against tumor recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Friedman
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jason R Baird
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kristina H Young
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon.,The Oregon Clinic, Division of Radiation Oncology, Portland, Oregon
| | - Benjamin Cottam
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon.,The Oregon Clinic, Division of Radiation Oncology, Portland, Oregon
| | - Scott Friedman
- Division of Liver Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon
| | - Pippa Newell
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Cancer Center, Portland, Oregon.,The Oregon Clinic, Division of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Portland, Oregon
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175
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Foote JB, Kok M, Leatherman JM, Armstrong TD, Marcinkowski BC, Ojalvo LS, Kanne DB, Jaffee EM, Dubensky TW, Emens LA. A STING Agonist Given with OX40 Receptor and PD-L1 Modulators Primes Immunity and Reduces Tumor Growth in Tolerized Mice. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:468-479. [PMID: 28483787 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling induces IFNβ production by intratumoral dendritic cells (DC), driving T-cell priming and recruitment into the tumor microenvironment (TME). We examined to what extent preexisting antigen-specific tolerance influenced the efficacy of in situ delivery of a potent STING-activating cyclic dinucleotide (CDN), ADU S-100, against established HER-2+ breast tumors. ADU S-100 induced HER-2-specific CD8+ T-cell priming and durable tumor clearance in 100% of nontolerant parental FVB/N mice. In contrast, ADU S-100 did not sufficiently prime HER-2-specific CD8+ T cells in tolerant neu/N mice, resulting in only delayed tumor growth and tumor clearance in 10% of the mice. No differences in IFNβ production, DC priming, or HER-2-specific CD8+ T-cell trafficking were detected between FVB/N and neu/N mice. However, activation and expansion of HER-2-specific CD8+ T cells were defective in neu/N mice. Immune cell infiltrates of untreated tumor-bearing neu/N mice expressed high numbers of PD1 and OX40 receptors on their CD8+ T cells, and PD-L1 was highly expressed on both myeloid and tumor cells. Modulating PD-L1 and OX40 receptor signaling combined with intratumoral ADU S-100 administration enhanced HER-2-specific CD8+ T-cell activity, clearing tumors in 40% of neu/N mice. Thus, intratumoral STING agonists could potently prime tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T-cell responses, and adding PD-L1 blockade and OX40 receptor activation can overcome antigen-enforced immune tolerance to induce tumor regression. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(6); 468-79. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy B Foote
- Department of Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marleen Kok
- Department of Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - James M Leatherman
- Department of Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Todd D Armstrong
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bridget C Marcinkowski
- Department of Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laureen S Ojalvo
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.,Kelly Gynecologic Oncology Service, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Skip Viragh Center for Pancreatic Cancer Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Leisha A Emens
- Department of Oncology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland. .,Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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176
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Abstract
The microbiota is composed of commensal bacteria and other microorganisms that live on the epithelial barriers of the host. The commensal microbiota is important for the health and survival of the organism. Microbiota influences physiological functions from the maintenance of barrier homeostasis locally to the regulation of metabolism, haematopoiesis, inflammation, immunity and other functions systemically. The microbiota is also involved in the initiation, progression and dissemination of cancer both at epithelial barriers and in sterile tissues. Recently, it has become evident that microbiota, and particularly the gut microbiota, modulates the response to cancer therapy and susceptibility to toxic side effects. In this Review, we discuss the evidence for the ability of the microbiota to modulate chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy with a focus on the microbial species involved, their mechanism of action and the possibility of targeting the microbiota to improve anticancer efficacy while preventing toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Roy
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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177
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Abstract
The past decade of cancer research has been marked by a growing appreciation of the role of immunity in cancer. Mutations in the tumour genome can cause tumours to express mutant proteins that are tumour specific and not expressed on normal cells (neoantigens). These neoantigens are an attractive immune target because their selective expression on tumours may minimize immune tolerance as well as the risk of autoimmunity. In this Review we discuss the emerging evidence that neoantigens are recognized by the immune system and can be targeted to increase antitumour immunity. We also provide a framework for personalized cancer immunotherapy through the identification and selective targeting of individual tumour neoantigens, and present the potential benefits and obstacles to this approach of targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Yarchoan
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Burles A Johnson
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Eric R Lutz
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Daniel A Laheru
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Jaffee
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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178
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Gadkaree SK, Fu J, Sen R, Korrer MJ, Allen C, Kim YJ. Induction of tumor regression by intratumoral STING agonists combined with anti-programmed death-L1 blocking antibody in a preclinical squamous cell carcinoma model. Head Neck 2017; 39:1086-1094. [PMID: 28323387 DOI: 10.1002/hed.24704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) are bacterial intracellular messengers that have demonstrated antitumor activity in melanoma and breast tumors, although their role in immunotherapy of head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCCs) has not been well investigated. METHODS We measured primary tumor growth rates, mechanism of antitumor activity, and efficacy of programmed death-L1 blockade combinatorial therapy in SCCFVII tumor-bearing C3H/HeOUJ mice undergoing intratumoral injections with RR-cyclic-di-guanine (synthetic CDG), CDG (natural cyclic-di-guanine), R848 (TLR 7/8 agonist), or phosphate buffered saline (PBS, control). RESULTS Intratumoral CDN treatment groups showed decreased tumor size and enhanced splenocyte Th1 response when compared to the PBS treatment control group (p < .05). The RR-CDG tumor microenvironment showed upregulated interferon (IFN)-γ+CD8+ and programmed death-L1. Combining programmed death-L1 blocking antibody with RR-CDG induced regression of established tumors. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the antitumor effects of CDNs in a HNSCC cell line. These preclinical data strongly support the future clinical development of intratumoral CDN in patients with HNSCC. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1086-1094, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shekhar K Gadkaree
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Juan Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rupashree Sen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Korrer
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Clint Allen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Young J Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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179
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Hoopes PJ, Wagner RJ, Song A, Osterberg B, Gladstone DJ, Bursey AA, Fiering SN, Giustini AJ. The effect of hypofractionated radiation and magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia on tumor immunogenicity and overall treatment response. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 10066:100660D. [PMID: 29515284 PMCID: PMC5837053 DOI: 10.1117/12.2255981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
It is now known that many tumors develop molecular signals (immune checkpoint modulators) that inhibit an effective tumor immune response. New information also suggest that even well-known cancer treatment modalities such as radiation and hyperthermia generate potentially beneficial immune responses that have been blocked or mitigated by such immune checkpoints, or similar molecules. The cancer therapy challenge is to; a) identify these treatment-based immune signals (proteins, antigens, etc.); b) the treatment doses or regimens that produce them; and c) the mechanisms that block or have the potential to promote them. The goal of this preliminary study, using the B6 mouse - B16 tumor model, clinically relevant radiation doses and fractionation schemes (including those used clinically in hypofractionated radiation therapy), magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (mNPH) and sophisticated protein, immune and tumor growth analysis techniques and modulators, is to determine the effect of specific radiation or hyperthermia alone and combined on overall treatment efficacy and immunologic response mechanisms. Preliminary analysis suggests that radiation dose (10 Gy vs. 2 Gy) significantly alters the mechanism of cell death (apoptosis vs. mitosis vs. necrosis) and the resulting immunogenicity. Our hypothesis and data suggest this difference is protein/antigen and immune recognition-based. Similarly, our evidence suggest that radiation doses larger than the conventional 2 Gy dose and specific hyperthermia doses and techniques (including mNP hyperthermia treatment) can be immunologically different, and potentially superior to, the radiation and heat therapy regimens that are typically used in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jack Hoopes
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Robert J Wagner
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Ailin Song
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Bjorn Osterberg
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - David J Gladstone
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Alicea A Bursey
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
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180
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Koshy ST, Cheung AS, Gu L, Graveline AR, Mooney DJ. Liposomal Delivery Enhances Immune Activation by STING Agonists for Cancer Immunotherapy. ADVANCED BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 1:1600013. [PMID: 30258983 PMCID: PMC6152940 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201600013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical to realizing the potential of cancer immunotherapy strategies. Agonists of stimulator of interferon genes (STING), a cytosolic immune adaptor protein, have been shown to induce potent anti-tumor activity when delivered into the TME. However, the anionic properties of STING agonists make them poorly membrane permeable, and limit their ability to engage STING in the cytosol of responding cells. In this study, cationic liposomes with varying surface polyethylene glycol (PEG) levels were used to encapsulate cGAMP to facilitate its cytosolic delivery. In vitro studies with antigen-presenting cells (APCs) revealed that liposomal formulations substantially improved the cellular uptake of cGAMP and pro-inflammatory gene induction relative to free drug. Liposomal encapsulation allowed cGAMP delivery to metastatic melanoma tumors in the lung, leading to anti-tumor activity, whereas free drug produced no effect at the same dose. Injection of liposomal cGAMP into orthotopic melanoma tumors showed retention of cGAMP at the tumor site and co-localization with tumor-associated APCs. Liposomal delivery induced regression of injected tumors and produced immunological memory that protected previously treated mice from rechallenge with tumor cells. These results show that liposomal delivery improves STING agonist activity, and could improve their utility in clinical oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep T Koshy
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander S Cheung
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Luo Gu
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Amanda R Graveline
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David J Mooney
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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181
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Pépin G, Gantier MP. cGAS-STING Activation in the Tumor Microenvironment and Its Role in Cancer Immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1024:175-194. [PMID: 28921470 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5987-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) is a key mediator in the immune response to cytoplasmic DNA sensed by cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). After synthesis by cGAS, cGAMP acts as a second messenger activating STING in the cell harboring cytoplasmic DNA but also in adjacent cells through gap junction transfer. While the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in pathogen detection is now well established, its importance in cancer immunity has only recently started to emerge. Nonetheless, STING appears to be an essential component in the recruitment of immune cells to the tumor microenvironment, which is paramount to immune clearance of the tumor. This review presents an overview of the growing literature around the role of the cGAS-STING pathway in the tumor microenvironment, with a specific focus on the role that cancer cells may play in the direct activation of this pathway, and its amplification through cell-cell transfer of cGAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geneviève Pépin
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia. .,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.
| | - Michael P Gantier
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia.,Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3168, Australia
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182
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Hoopes PJ, Mazur CM, Osterberg B, Song A, Gladstone DJ, Steinmetz NF, Veliz FA, Bursey AA, Wagner RJ, Fiering SN. Effect of intra-tumoral magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia and viral nanoparticle immunogenicity on primary and metastatic cancer. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 10066:100660G. [PMID: 29203952 PMCID: PMC5711520 DOI: 10.1117/12.2256062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Although there is long association of medical hyperthermia and immune stimulation, the relative lack of a quantifiable and reproducible effect has limited the utility and advancement of this relationship in preclinical/clinical cancer and non-cancer settings. Recent cancer-based immune findings (immune checkpoint modulators etc.) including improved mechanistic understanding and biological tools now make it possible to modify and exploit the immune system to benefit conventional cancer treatments such as radiation and hyperthermia. Based on the prior experience of our research group including; cancer-based heat therapy, magnetic nanoparticle (mNP) hyperthermia, radiation biology, cancer immunology and Cowpea Mosaic Virus that has been engineered to over express antigenic proteins without RNA or DNA (eCPMV/VLP). This research was designed to determine if and how the intra-tumoral delivery of mNP hyperthermia and VLP can work together to improve local and systemic tumor treatment efficacy. Using the C3H mouse/MTG-B mammary adenocarcinoma cell model and the C57-B6 mouse/B-16-F10 melanoma cancer cell model, our data suggests the appropriate combination of intra-tumoral mNP heat (e.g. 43°C/30-60 minutes) and VLP (100 μg/200 mm3 tumor) not only result in significant primary tumor regression but the creation a systemic immune reaction that has the potential to retard secondary tumor growth (abscopal effect) and resist tumor rechallenge. Molecular data from these experiments suggest treatment based cell damage and immune signals such as Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 70/90, calreticulin, MTA1 and CD47 are potential targets that can be exploited to enhance the local and systemic (abscopal effect) immune potential of hyperthermia cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jack Hoopes
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | | | - Bjorn Osterberg
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Ailin Song
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - David J Gladstone
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | | | | | - Alicea A Bursey
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Robert J Wagner
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
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183
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Hoopes PJ, Moodie KL, Petryk AA, Petryk JD, Sechrist S, Gladstone DJ, Steinmetz NF, Veliz FA, Bursey AA, Wagner RJ, Rajan A, Dugat D, Crary-Burney M, Fiering SN. Hypo-fractionated Radiation, Magnetic Nanoparticle Hyperthermia and a Viral Immunotherapy Treatment of Spontaneous Canine Cancer. PROCEEDINGS OF SPIE--THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING 2017; 10066:1006605. [PMID: 29203951 PMCID: PMC5711517 DOI: 10.1117/12.2256213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that cancer treatments such as radiation and hyperthermia, which have conventionally been viewed to have modest immune based anti-cancer effects, may, if used appropriately stimulate a significant and potentially effective local and systemic anti-cancer immune effect (abscopal effect) and improved prognosis. Using eight spontaneous canine cancers (2 oral melanoma, 3 oral amelioblastomas and 1 carcinomas), we have shown that hypofractionated radiation (6 x 6 Gy) and/or magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia (2 X 43°C / 45 minutes) and/or an immunogenic virus-like nanoparticle (VLP, 2 x 200 μg) are capable of delivering a highly effective cancer treatment that includes an immunogenic component. Two tumors received all three therapeutic modalities, one tumor received radiation and hyperthermia, two tumors received radiation and VLP, and three tumors received only mNP hyperthermia. The treatment regimen is conducted over a 14-day period. All patients tolerated the treatments without complication and have had local and distant tumor responses that significantly exceed responses observed following conventional therapy (surgery and/or radiation). The results suggest that both hypofractionated radiation and hyperthermia have effective immune responses that are enhanced by the intratumoral VLP treatment. Molecular data from these tumors suggest Heat Shock Protein (HSP) 70/90, calreticulin and CD47 are targets that can be exploited to enhance the local and systemic (abscopal effect) immune potential of radiation and hyperthermia cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jack Hoopes
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Karen L Moodie
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | | | - James D Petryk
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | | | - David J Gladstone
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | | | | | - Alicea A Bursey
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Robert J Wagner
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Ashish Rajan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK
| | | | - Margaret Crary-Burney
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
| | - Steven N Fiering
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College 1 Rope Ferry Road, Hanover, NH, USA 03755
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184
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Deng C, Jia M, Wei G, Tan T, Fu Y, Gao H, Sun X, Zhang Q, Gong T, Zhang Z. Inducing Optimal Antitumor Immune Response through Coadministering iRGD with Pirarubicin Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Breast Cancer Therapy. Mol Pharm 2016; 14:296-309. [PMID: 27936775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caifeng Deng
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengdi Jia
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guangfei Wei
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tiantian Tan
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- School
of Pharmacy, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610083, China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key
Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of
Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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185
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Moore E, Clavijo PE, Davis R, Cash H, Van Waes C, Kim Y, Allen C. Established T Cell-Inflamed Tumors Rejected after Adaptive Resistance Was Reversed by Combination STING Activation and PD-1 Pathway Blockade. Cancer Immunol Res 2016; 4:1061-1071. [PMID: 27821498 PMCID: PMC5134907 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-16-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma harbor T cell-inflamed and non-T cell-inflamed tumors. Despite this, only 20% of patients respond to checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. Lack of induction of innate immunity through pattern-recognition receptors, such as the stimulator of interferon (IFN) genes (STING) receptor, may represent a significant barrier to the development of effective antitumor immunity. Here, we demonstrate robust control of a T cell-inflamed (MOC1), but not non-T cell-inflamed (MOC2), model of head and neck cancer by activation of the STING pathway with the synthetic cyclic dinucleotide RP,RP dithio-c-di-GMP. Rejection or durable tumor control of MOC1 tumors was dependent upon a functional STING receptor and CD8 T lymphocytes. STING activation resulted in increased tumor microenvironment type 1 and type 2 IFN and greater expression of PD-1 pathway components in vivo Established MOC1 tumors were rejected and distant tumors abscopally controlled, after adaptive immune resistance had been reversed by the addition of PD-L1 mAb. These findings suggest that PD-1 pathway blockade may reverse adaptive immune resistance following cyclic dinucleotide treatment, enhancing both local and systemic antitumor immunity. Cancer Immunol Res; 4(12); 1061-71. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Moore
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul E Clavijo
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ruth Davis
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Harrison Cash
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Young Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Clint Allen
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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186
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Bose D, Su Y, Marcus A, Raulet DH, Hammond MC. An RNA-Based Fluorescent Biosensor for High-Throughput Analysis of the cGAS-cGAMP-STING Pathway. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:1539-1549. [PMID: 27889408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In mammalian cells, the second messenger (2'-5',3'-5') cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate (2',3'-cGAMP), is produced by the cytosolic DNA sensor cGAMP synthase (cGAS), and subsequently bound by the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) to trigger interferon response. Thus, the cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway plays a critical role in pathogen detection, as well as pathophysiological conditions including cancer and autoimmune disorders. However, studying and targeting this immune signaling pathway has been challenging due to the absence of tools for high-throughput analysis. We have engineered an RNA-based fluorescent biosensor that responds to 2',3'-cGAMP. The resulting "mix-and-go" cGAS activity assay shows excellent statistical reliability as a high-throughput screening (HTS) assay and distinguishes between direct and indirect cGAS inhibitors. Furthermore, the biosensor enables quantitation of 2',3'-cGAMP in mammalian cell lysates. We envision this biosensor-based assay as a resource to study the cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway in the context of infectious diseases, cancer immunotherapy, and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debojit Bose
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yichi Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Assaf Marcus
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David H Raulet
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ming C Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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187
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Bryan RB, Gough MJ, Seung SK, Jutric Z, Weinberg AD, Fox BA, Crittenden MR, Leidner RS, Curti B. Cytoreductive surgery for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in the new age of immunotherapy. Oral Oncol 2016; 61:166-76. [PMID: 27614589 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cytoreductive surgery is an approach to cancer treatment that aims to reduce the number of cancer cells via resection of primary tumor or metastatic deposits, in an effort to minimize a potentially immunosuppressive tumor burden, palliate symptoms, and prevent complications. Furthermore, it provides a platform for investigation of biomarkers with the goal of optimizing immunotherapy to reverse the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and enhance adaptive immune responses. Ultimately, our group aims to exploit the concept that successful cancer therapy is dependent upon an effective immune response. Surgery will remain an integral part of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treatment in the future, even as checkpoint inhibitors, co-stimulatory molecules, vaccines, adoptive T cell therapy and other novel agents enter clinical routine. Cytoreductive resection may provide an effective platform for immunotherapy and biomarker directed interventions to improve outcomes for patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bryan Bryan
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, United States; Providence Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Program and Clinic, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 6N50, Portland, OR 97213, United States; Head and Neck Institute, 1849 NW Kearney, Suite 300, Portland, OR 97209, United States.
| | - Michael J Gough
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, United States
| | - Steven K Seung
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, United States; Providence Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Program and Clinic, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 6N50, Portland, OR 97213, United States; The Oregon Clinic, Department of Radiation Oncology, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, United States
| | - Zeljka Jutric
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, United States
| | - Andrew D Weinberg
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, United States
| | - Bernard A Fox
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, United States
| | - Marka R Crittenden
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, United States; Providence Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Program and Clinic, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 6N50, Portland, OR 97213, United States; The Oregon Clinic, Department of Radiation Oncology, 4805 NE Glisan St., Portland, OR 97213, United States
| | - Rom S Leidner
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, United States; Providence Oral, Head and Neck Cancer Program and Clinic, Providence Cancer Center, Providence Portland Medical Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 6N50, Portland, OR 97213, United States
| | - Brendan Curti
- Earle A. Chiles Research Institute at Providence Cancer Center, 4805 NE Glisan St. Suite 2N35, Portland, OR 97213, United States
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188
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Gasser S, Zhang WYL, Tan NYJ, Tripathi S, Suter MA, Chew ZH, Khatoo M, Ngeow J, Cheung FSG. Sensing of dangerous DNA. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 165:33-46. [PMID: 27614000 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The presence of damaged and microbial DNA can pose a threat to the survival of organisms. Cells express various sensors that recognize specific aspects of such potentially dangerous DNA. Recognition of damaged or microbial DNA by sensors induces cellular processes that are important for DNA repair and inflammation. Here, we review recent evidence that the cellular response to DNA damage and microbial DNA are tightly intertwined. We also discuss insights into the parameters that enable DNA sensors to distinguish damaged and microbial DNA from DNA present in healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Gasser
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore.
| | - Wendy Y L Zhang
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Nikki Yi Jie Tan
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Shubhita Tripathi
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Manuel A Suter
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Zhi Huan Chew
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore; NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - Muznah Khatoo
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Joanne Ngeow
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore; Divsion of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, 11 Hospital Drive, 169610, Singapore; Oncology Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, 169857, Singapore
| | - Florence S G Cheung
- Immunology Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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189
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Davis RJ, Van Waes C, Allen CT. Overcoming barriers to effective immunotherapy: MDSCs, TAMs, and Tregs as mediators of the immunosuppressive microenvironment in head and neck cancer. Oral Oncol 2016; 58:59-70. [PMID: 27215705 PMCID: PMC4912416 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A significant subset of head and neck cancers display a T-cell inflamed phenotype, suggesting that patients with these tumors should respond to therapeutic approaches aimed at strengthening anti-tumor immune responses. A major barrier to the development of an effective anti-tumor immune response, at baseline or in response to immunotherapy, is the development of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Several well described mechanisms of effector immune cell suppression in the head and neck cancer microenvironment are discussed here, along with updates on current trials designed to translate what we have learned from pre-clinical and correlative clinical studies into improved responses in patients with head and neck cancer following immune activating therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth J Davis
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clint T Allen
- Tumor Biology Section, Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.
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190
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Corrales L, McWhirter SM, Dubensky TW, Gajewski TF. The host STING pathway at the interface of cancer and immunity. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:2404-11. [PMID: 27367184 DOI: 10.1172/jci86892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A major subset of human cancers shows evidence for spontaneous adaptive immunity, which is reflected by the presence of infiltrating CD8+ T cells specific for tumor antigens within the tumor microenvironment. This observation has raised the question of which innate immune sensing pathway might detect the presence of cancer and lead to a natural adaptive antitumor immune response in the absence of exogenous infectious pathogens. Evidence for a critical functional role for type I IFNs led to interrogation of candidate innate immune sensing pathways that might be triggered by tumor presence and induce type I IFN production. Such analyses have revealed a major role for the stimulator of IFN genes pathway (STING pathway), which senses cytosolic tumor-derived DNA within the cytosol of tumor-infiltrating DCs. Activation of this pathway is correlated with IFN-β production and induction of antitumor T cells. Based on the biology of this natural immune response, pharmacologic agonists of the STING pathway are being developed to augment and optimize STING activation as a cancer therapy. Intratumoral administration of STING agonists results in remarkable therapeutic activity in mouse models, and STING agonists are being carried forward into phase I clinical testing.
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