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Feng J, Ma T, Ge Z, Lin J, Ding W, Chen H, Zhu W, Zhou S, Tan Y. PKM2 gene regulates the behavior of pancreatic cancer cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:2111-7. [PMID: 25411978 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of the PKM2 gene on the proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis of Panc‑1 and Sw1990 pancreatic cancer cells via its interaction with the mitogen‑activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathways. The expression levels of PKM2 protein in pancreatic cancer cells and the corresponding normal tissues was determined with western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of PKM2 expression was carried out in paraffin‑embedded sections of pancreatic cancer tissue. Two human pancreatic cancer cell lines were cultured in vitro, and a small interfering RNA (siRNA) was designed for the PKM2 gene and transfected into the cells. Cell proliferation was measured via an MTT assay, cell migration and invasion was measured via Transwell® chambers, and the effect of PKM2 on apoptosis was detected from B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2) and Bcl‑2‑associated X protein expression levels. Protein expression levels of the MAPK pathway proteins extracellular signal‑regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), p38 and c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK) and their phosphorylated forms were measured via western blot analysis. The expression level of PKM2 was significantly upregulated in the pancreatic cancer tissue compared with that of the corresponding normal tissue. Downregulation of PKM2 expression reduced the proliferation, migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cell lines, while increasing the levels of apoptosis. Additionally, the expression levels of the phosphorylated‑(p‑)ERK1/2 and p‑p38 of the MAPK pathway in the PKM2 siRNA groups were markedly downregulated compared with those of the controls; however, the expression levels of ERK1/2, p38, JNK, p‑p38 and p‑JNK had no significantly changes compared with those of the control groups. In summary, the PKM2 gene has an important role in the proliferation, invasion, migration and apoptosis of Panc‑1 and Sw1990 pancreatic cancer cells, which may be associated with the expression of ERK1/2 and p38 of the MAPK signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiake Feng
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, P.R. China
| | - Tieliang Ma
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, P.R. China
| | - Zhijun Ge
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, P.R. China
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, P.R. China
| | - Weiliang Ding
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, P.R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, P.R. China
| | - Wenjiao Zhu
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, P.R. China
| | - Sujun Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, P.R. China
| | - Yongfei Tan
- Department of Cardiac and Thoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University, Yixing, Jiangsu 214200, P.R. China
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152
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Aslan E, Adem S. In vitro effects of some flavones on human pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 29:109-13. [PMID: 25388478 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PKM2 is an important target for designing anticancer drug. Inhibitors and activators of this enzyme are suitable molecules for use in treating cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of certain flavones on PKM2. Apigenin, wogonin, flavone, 3-hydroxyflavone, 5-hydroxyflavone, 6-hydroxyflavone, and 7-hydroxyflavone effectively inhibited PKM2, with IC50 in the range of 0.99-2.120 μM. The kinetic study indicated that these compounds acted as noncompetitive with Ki values of 3.53-5.67 μM toward phosphoenolpyruvate. Scutellarin and tangeritin demonstrated strong activation effect with AC50 values < 2 μM. Diosmetin, baicalin, baicalein, and luteolin showed an intermediate-level activator effect. These results demonstrate that flavone and their analogs could serve as leading compounds to develop new potent and selective inhibitor and activator for PKM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Aslan
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cankiri Karatekin University, Cankiri, Turkey.
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153
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Chandra V, Hong KM. Effects of deranged metabolism on epigenetic changes in cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:321-37. [PMID: 25628247 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept of epigenetics is now providing the mechanisms by which cells transfer their new environmental-change-induced phenotypes to their daughter cells. However, how extracellular or cytoplasmic environmental cues are connected to the nuclear epigenome remains incompletely understood. Recently emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic changes are correlated with metabolic changes via chromatin remodeling. As many human complex diseases including cancer harbor both epigenetic changes and metabolic dysregulation, understanding the molecular processes linking them has huge implications for disease pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. In this review, the impacts of metabolic changes on cancer epigenetics are discussed, along with the current knowledge on cancer metabolism and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chandra
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 410-769, Korea
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154
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Wong N, Ojo D, Yan J, Tang D. PKM2 contributes to cancer metabolism. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:184-91. [PMID: 24508027 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of cell metabolism is essential for tumorigenesis, and is regulated by a complex network, in which PKM2 plays a critical role. PKM2 exists as an inactive monomer, less active dimer and active tetramer. While dimeric PKM2 diverts glucose metabolism towards anabolism through aerobic glycolysis, tetrameric PKM2 promotes the flux of glucose-derived carbons for ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation. Equilibrium of the PKM2 dimers and tetramers is critical for tumorigenesis, and is controlled by multiple factors. The PKM2 dimer also promotes aerobic glycolysis by modulating transcriptional regulation. We will discuss the current understanding of PKM2 in regulating cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane Ojo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judy Yan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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155
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Palsson-McDermott EM, Curtis AM, Goel G, Lauterbach MAR, Sheedy FJ, Gleeson LE, van den Bosch MWM, Quinn SR, Domingo-Fernandez R, Johnston DGW, Jiang JK, Jiang JK, Israelsen WJ, Keane J, Thomas C, Clish C, Vander Heiden M, Vanden Heiden M, Xavier RJ, O'Neill LAJ. Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates Hif-1α activity and IL-1β induction and is a critical determinant of the warburg effect in LPS-activated macrophages. Cell Metab 2015; 21:65-80. [PMID: 25565206 PMCID: PMC5198835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages activated by the TLR4 agonist LPS undergo dramatic changes in their metabolic activity. We here show that LPS induces expression of the key metabolic regulator Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2). Activation of PKM2 using two well-characterized small molecules, DASA-58 and TEPP-46, inhibited LPS-induced Hif-1α and IL-1β, as well as the expression of a range of other Hif-1α-dependent genes. Activation of PKM2 attenuated an LPS-induced proinflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype while promoting traits typical of an M2 macrophage. We show that LPS-induced PKM2 enters into a complex with Hif-1α, which can directly bind to the IL-1β promoter, an event that is inhibited by activation of PKM2. Both compounds inhibited LPS-induced glycolytic reprogramming and succinate production. Finally, activation of PKM2 by TEPP-46 in vivo inhibited LPS and Salmonella typhimurium-induced IL-1β production, while boosting production of IL-10. PKM2 is therefore a critical determinant of macrophage activation by LPS, promoting the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Palsson-McDermott
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Anne M Curtis
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gautam Goel
- Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Centre for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Mario A R Lauterbach
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Frederick J Sheedy
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Laura E Gleeson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Mirjam W M van den Bosch
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susan R Quinn
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Raquel Domingo-Fernandez
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Daniel G W Johnston
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Jain-Kang Jiang
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Chemical Genomics Centre, National Centre for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - William J Israelsen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Craig Thomas
- National Institutes of Health (NIH), Chemical Genomics Centre, National Centre for Advancing Translational Sciences, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clary Clish
- Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | - Matthew Vanden Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Ramnik J Xavier
- Centre for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Gastrointestinal Unit and Centre for the Study of Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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156
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Li Z, Yang P, Li Z. The multifaceted regulation and functions of PKM2 in tumor progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:285-96. [PMID: 25064846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells undergo metabolic rewiring from oxidative phosphorylation towards aerobic glycolysis to maintain the increased anabolic requirements for cell proliferation. It is widely accepted that specific expression of the M2 type pyruvate kinase (PKM2) in tumor cells contributes to this aerobic glycolysis phenotype. To date, researchers have uncovered myriad forms of functional regulation for PKM2, which confers a growth advantage on the tumor cells to enable them to adapt to various microenvironmental signals. Here the richness of our understanding on the modulations and functions of PKM2 in tumor progression is reviewed, and some new insights into the paradoxical expression and functional differences of PKM2 in distinct cancer types are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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157
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Abstract
Solid tumours undergo considerable alterations in their metabolism of nutrients in order to generate sufficient energy and biomass for sustained growth and proliferation. During growth, the tumour microenvironment exerts a number of influences (e.g. hypoxia and acidity) that affect cellular biology and the flux or utilisation of fuels including glucose. The tumour spheroid model was used to characterise the utilisation of glucose and describe alterations to the activity and expression of key glycolytic enzymes during the tissue growth curve. Glucose was avidly consumed and associated with the production of lactate and an acidified medium, confirming the reliance on glycolytic pathways and a diminution of oxidative phosphorylation. The expression levels and activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1, pyruvate kinase and lactate dehydrogenase in the glycolytic pathway were measured to assess glycolytic capacity. Similar measurements were made for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the entry point and regulatory step of the pentose-phosphate pathway (PPP) and for cytosolic malate dehydrogenase, a key link to TCA cycle intermediates. The parameters for these key enzymes were shown to undergo considerable variation during the growth curve of tumour spheroids. In addition, they revealed that the dynamic alterations were influenced by both transcriptional and posttranslational mechanisms.
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158
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Yuan C, Li Z, Wang Y, Qi B, Zhang W, Ye J, Wu H, Jiang H, Song LN, Yang J, Cheng J. Overexpression of metabolic markers PKM2 and LDH5 correlates with aggressive clinicopathological features and adverse patient prognosis in tongue cancer. Histopathology 2014; 65:595-605. [PMID: 24762230 DOI: 10.1111/his.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and lactate dehydrogenase 5 (LDH5) are two metabolic and oncogenic markers of cancer. In this study, we sought to investigate their expression patterns and prognostic value in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). METHODS AND RESULTS The expression and subcellular localization of PKM2 and LDH5 in TSCC cell lines were determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence. PKM2 and LDH5 abundance was examined by immunohistochemistry in 63 TSCC tumour specimens; their association with multiple clinicopathological parameters and overall patient survival was assessed. The protein levels of PKM2 and LDH5 were both significantly higher in TSCC cells than in an immortalized oral epithelial cell line. Overexpression of PKM2 associated significantly with cervical node metastasis (P = 0.0373), while elevated LDH5 levels correlated significantly with tumour size (P = 0.0094), pathological grade (P = 0.0052), cervical node metastasis (P = 0.0023) and clinical stage (P = 0.0024). Patients with tumours showing an increase in either PKM2 or LDH5 expression displayed significantly reduced overall survival, while patients with tumours overexpressing both proteins showed the worst prognosis with lowest overall survival. Furthermore, PKM2 and LDH5 were identified as independent prognostic predictors for overall patient survival in TSCC. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that overexpression of PKM2 and LDH5 associates with key clinicopathological features and unfavourable prognosis in TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunping Yuan
- Oral Cancer Center, Institute of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, China
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159
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Papadaki C, Sfakianaki M, Lagoudaki E, Giagkas G, Ioannidis G, Trypaki M, Tsakalaki E, Voutsina A, Koutsopoulos A, Mavroudis D, Georgoulias V, Souglakos J. PKM2 as a biomarker for chemosensitivity to front-line platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1757-64. [PMID: 25233397 PMCID: PMC4453739 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumour cells exclusively express the embryonic M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2). PKM2 expression levels have been correlated with the effect of platinum compounds in cancer cell lines and xenograft models. The potential predictive role of PKM2 in patients with metastatic/advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line was investigated. METHODS Quantitative real-time PCR was used to assess the expression of PKM2 in tumour samples from 148 and 157 NSCLC patients in the training and the validation set, respectively. All patients received front-line platinum-based chemotherapy. PKM2 mRNA expression was also analysed in a control group of 85 NSCLC patients treated with non-platinum containing regimens. RESULTS In the training set, high PKM2 mRNA levels were associated with decreased progression-free survival (PFS; 4.9 months vs 6.4, P=0.006), overall survival (OS; 10.1 vs 17.0 months, P=0.01) and disease control rate (DCR; 57.7% vs 74.3%; P=0.021) compared to patients with low PKM2 levels. In the validation set, high PKM2 mRNA levels were also associated with deceased PFS (3.7 vs 5.9 months, P=0.006), OS (8.3 vs 16.8 months, P=0.003) and DCR (57.7% vs 70.9%; P=0.049) compared to those with low PKM2 mRNA levels. There was no correlation between the PKM2 mRNA levels and the PFS (5.6 vs 5.9, P=0.43) or the OS (9.8 vs 10.1, P=0.51) in the control group. Multivariate analysis revealed high PKM2 mRNA expression as an independent predictive factor for the poor patients' outcome. CONCLUSIONS PKM2 expression may be a predictive biomarker of platinum sensitivity in advanced NSCLC patients treated with platinum-based chemotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Bevacizumab
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/secondary
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/secondary
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Deoxycytidine/administration & dosage
- Deoxycytidine/analogs & derivatives
- Docetaxel
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Glutamates/administration & dosage
- Guanine/administration & dosage
- Guanine/analogs & derivatives
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Pemetrexed
- Platinum/administration & dosage
- Prognosis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Survival Rate
- Taxoids/administration & dosage
- Thyroid Hormones/genetics
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Gemcitabine
- Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- C Papadaki
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - M Sfakianaki
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - E Lagoudaki
- Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece
| | - G Giagkas
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - G Ioannidis
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - M Trypaki
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - E Tsakalaki
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - A Voutsina
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - A Koutsopoulos
- Department of Pathology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece
| | - D Mavroudis
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece
| | - V Georgoulias
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece
| | - J Souglakos
- Laboratory of Tumor Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, 71003 Crete, Greece
- Department of Medical Oncology, University General Hospital of Heraklion, Heraklion, 71110 Crete, Greece
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160
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Chang YL, Gao HW, Chiang CP, Wang WM, Huang SM, Ku CF, Liu GY, Hung HC. Human mitochondrial NAD(P)(+)-dependent malic enzyme participates in cutaneous melanoma progression and invasion. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 135:807-815. [PMID: 25202825 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the most life-threatening neoplasm of the skin, accounting for most of the skin cancer deaths. Accumulating evidence suggests that targeting metabolism is an appealing strategy for melanoma therapy. Mitochondrial NAD(P)(+)-dependent malic enzyme (ME2), an oxidative decarboxylase, was evaluated for its biological significance in cutaneous melanoma progression. ME2 mRNA and protein expression significantly increased during melanoma progression, as evidenced by Gene Expression Omnibus analysis and immunohistochemistry on clinically annotated tissue microarrays, respectively. In addition, ME2 knockdown attenuated melanoma cell proliferation in vitro. ME2 ablation resulted in reduced cellular ATP levels and elevated cellular reactive oxygen species production, which activated the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway and inhibited acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Furthermore, ME2 expression was associated with cell migration and invasion. ME2 knockdown decreased anchorage-independent growth in vitro and tumor cell growth in vivo. These results suggested that ME2 might be an important factor in melanoma progression and a novel biomarker of invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Lung Chang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Wei Gao
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Ping Chiang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ming Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Fen Ku
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guang-Yaw Liu
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology and Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Chih Hung
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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161
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Cao Y, Rathmell JC, Macintyre AN. Metabolic reprogramming towards aerobic glycolysis correlates with greater proliferative ability and resistance to metabolic inhibition in CD8 versus CD4 T cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104104. [PMID: 25090630 PMCID: PMC4121309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T lymphocytes (T cells) undergo metabolic reprogramming after activation to provide energy and biosynthetic materials for growth, proliferation and differentiation. Distinct T cell subsets, however, adopt metabolic programs specific to support their needs. As CD4 T cells coordinate adaptive immune responses while CD8 T cells become cytotoxic effectors, we compared activation-induced proliferation and metabolic reprogramming of these subsets. Resting CD4 and CD8 T cells were metabolically similar and used a predominantly oxidative metabolism. Following activation CD8 T cells proliferated more rapidly. Stimulation led both CD4 and CD8 T cells to sharply increase glucose metabolism and adopt aerobic glycolysis as a primary metabolic program. Activated CD4 T cells, however, remained more oxidative and had greater maximal respiratory capacity than activated CD8 T cells. CD4 T cells were also associated with greater levels of ROS and increased mitochondrial content, irrespective of the activation context. CD8 cells were better able, however, to oxidize glutamine as an alternative fuel source. The more glycolytic metabolism of activated CD8 T cells correlated with increased capacity for growth and proliferation, along with reduced sensitivity of cell growth to metabolic inhibition. These specific metabolic programs may promote greater growth and proliferation of CD8 T cells and enhance survival in diverse nutrient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Cao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Sarah W. Stedman Center for Nutrition and Metabolism, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey C. Rathmell
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Sarah W. Stedman Center for Nutrition and Metabolism, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
| | - Andrew N. Macintyre
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Department of Immunology, Sarah W. Stedman Center for Nutrition and Metabolism, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States of America
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162
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Wong N, Yan J, Ojo D, De Melo J, Cutz JC, Tang D. Changes in PKM2 associate with prostate cancer progression. Cancer Invest 2014; 32:330-8. [PMID: 24884829 DOI: 10.3109/07357907.2014.919306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is essential for aerobic glycolysis, the dominant metabolic pathway utilized by cancer cells. To determine the association of PKM2 with prostate cancer (PC), we examined 29 primary PC and three lymph node metastatic tumors; elevation of PKM2 was observed in Gleason 8-10 tumors compared to Gleason 6-7 carcinomas. High PKM2 was detected by immunohistochemistry in more aggressive xenograft tumors derived from PC stem-like cells (PCSCs) compared to those produced from non-PCSCs. While PCSCs and non-PCSCs expressed comparable levels of PKM2, distinct posttranslational modifications were observed. Collectively, upregulation and specific modification to PKM2 associate with PC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University,1
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163
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Sawayama H, Ishimoto T, Sugihara H, Miyanari N, Miyamoto Y, Baba Y, Yoshida N, Baba H. Clinical impact of the Warburg effect in gastrointestinal cancer (review). Int J Oncol 2014; 45:1345-54. [PMID: 25070157 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells exhibit altered glucose metabolism, termed the Warburg effect, which is described by the increased uptake of glucose and the conversion of glucose to lactate in cancer cells under adequate oxygen tension. Recent genetic and metabolic analyses have provided insights into the molecular mechanisms of genes that are involved in the Warburg effect and tumorigenesis. The aim of this review was to discuss significant molecular insights into clinical impacts of the Warburg effect such as oncogenic alterations and overexpression of transcriptional factors (c-Myc and hypoxia-inducible factor), metabolite transporters (glucose transporters) and glycolytic enzymes (hexokinases 2, pyruvate kinase M2, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 1, lactate dehydrogenase A). Overexpression of transcriptional factors, metabolite transporters and glycolytic enzymes was associated with poor prognosis and may be associated with chemoradiotherapy resistance in multiple gastrointestinal cancer cell types. Novel small molecules targeting these enzymes or transporters exert anti-proliferative effects. Glycolytic enzymes and metabolite transporters may be significant biomarkers for predicting cancer prognosis and may be therapeutic targets in gastrointestinal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Sawayama
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Ishimoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Sugihara
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Nobutomo Miyanari
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Kumamoto Medical Center, Kumamoto 860-0008, Japan
| | - Yuji Miyamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Naoya Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hideo Baba
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan
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164
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Edmunds LR, Sharma L, Kang A, Lu J, Vockley J, Basu S, Uppala R, Goetzman ES, Beck ME, Scott D, Prochownik EV. c-Myc programs fatty acid metabolism and dictates acetyl-CoA abundance and fate. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:25382-92. [PMID: 25053415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.580662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
myc(-/-) rat fibroblasts (KO cells) differ from myc(+/+) (WT) cells and KO cells with enforced Myc re-expression (KO-Myc cells) with respect to mitochondrial structure and function, utilization of glucose and glutamine as energy-generating substrates, and ATP levels. Specifically, KO cells demonstrate low levels of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, dysfunctional mitochondria and electron transport chain complexes, and depleted ATP stores. We examined here how these cells adapt to their energy-deficient state and how they differ in their uptake and utilization of long- and medium-chain fatty acids such as palmitate and octanoate, respectively. Metabolic tracing of these molecules showed that KO cells preferentially utilize them as β-oxidation substrates and that, rather than directing them into phospholipids, preferentially store them as neutral lipids. KO cell transcriptional profiling and functional assays revealed a generalized up-regulation of pathways involved in fatty acid transport and catabolism as well as evidence that these cells attempt to direct acetyl-CoA into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle for ATP production rather than utilizing it for anabolic purposes. Additional evidence to support this idea included the finding that AMP-dependent protein kinase was constitutively activated in KO cells. The complex control of pyruvate dehydrogenase, which links glycolysis to the TCA cycle, was also maximized to ensure the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA. Despite these efforts to maximize acetyl-CoA for energy-generating purposes, its levels remained chronically low in KO cells. This suggests that tumor cells with Myc deregulation might be susceptible to novel therapies that limit acetyl-CoA availability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Audry Kang
- From the Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Jie Lu
- From the Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and
| | - Jerry Vockley
- Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Shrabani Basu
- Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Radha Uppala
- Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Eric S Goetzman
- Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Megan E Beck
- Medical Genetics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC), Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
| | - Donald Scott
- the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Bone Disease, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
| | - Edward V Prochownik
- From the Divisions of Hematology/Oncology and the Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15219, and the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15224
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165
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Chen L, Shi Y, Liu S, Cao Y, Wang X, Tao Y. PKM2: the thread linking energy metabolism reprogramming with epigenetics in cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:11435-45. [PMID: 24972138 PMCID: PMC4139791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150711435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metabolism reprogramming or alterations in epigenetics are linked to an incidence of cancer. It is apparent that epigenetic changes have been found in tumors, therefore, the complete epigenome and entire pathways relevant to cell metabolism are subject to epigenetic dysregulation. Here, we review the pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) isoform, a glycolytic enzyme involved in ATP generation and pyruvate production, which plays an essential role in tumor metabolism and growth, and also functions as a protein kinase that phosphorylates histones during genes transcription and chromatin remodeling. We also discuss the potential role of PKM2 in the dynamic integration between metabolic reprogramming and alterations in epigenetics during carcinogenesis and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Ying Shi
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Shuang Liu
- Center for Medicine Research, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiang Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Yongguang Tao
- Cancer Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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166
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Hu ZY, Xiao L, Bode AM, Dong Z, Cao Y. Glycolytic genes in cancer cells are more than glucose metabolic regulators. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 92:837-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1174-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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167
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Iqbal MA, Gupta V, Gopinath P, Mazurek S, Bamezai RNK. Pyruvate kinase M2 and cancer: an updated assessment. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2685-92. [PMID: 24747424 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by high glycolytic rates to support energy regeneration and anabolic metabolism, along with the expression of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2). The latter catalyzes the last step of glycolysis and reprograms the glycolytic flux to feed the special metabolic demands of proliferating cells. Besides, PKM2 has moonlight functions, such as gene transcription, favoring cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests a critical role played by the low-activity-dimeric PKM2 in tumor progression, supported by the identification of mutations which result in the down-regulation of its activity and tumorigenesis in a nude mouse model. This review discusses PKM2 regulation and the benefits it confers to cancer cells. Further, conflicting views on PKM2's role in cancer, its therapeutic relevance and future directions in the field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Askandar Iqbal
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vibhor Gupta
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Prakasam Gopinath
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sybille Mazurek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rameshwar N K Bamezai
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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168
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Qin X, Du Y, Chen X, Li W, Zhang J, Yang J. Activation of Akt protects cancer cells from growth inhibition induced by PKM2 knockdown. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:20. [PMID: 24735734 PMCID: PMC4108064 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PKM2 is an attractive target for cancer therapy, however, for many cancer cells, PKM2 knockdown only leads to a modest impairment of survival and proliferation. It is not known whether PKM2 knockdown rewires cell signaling pathways in these “PKM2 knockdown resistant” cells, and whether the rewired pathways are needed for their survival. Findings In present study, we investigated the effects of PKM2 knockdown on cellular signaling pathways in “PKM2 knockdown resistant” cancer cells. We found that knockdown of PKM2 leads to activation of Akt. Furthermore, we revealed that activation of Akt in PKM2 knockdown cells is a result of glycolysis disruption. Inhibiton of PI3K-Akt signaling pathway leads to significant growth inhibition and apoptosis in PKM2 knockdown cells. Conclusions Overall, our results indicate that activation of Akt is necessary for the survival of PKM2 knockdown cells. Combing PKM2 knockdown with PI3K or Akt inhibitors may lead to a better chance to kill tumors. Our research may provide an unexpected opportunity for the development and implementation of drugs targeting cell metabolism and aberrant Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Qin
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Yuping Du
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Xing Chen
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China
| | - Wuyan Li
- Department of Engineering Science, Muskingum University, 163 Stormont St, New Concord, OH 43762, USA
| | - Jinghong Zhang
- School of Biomedical Science and Institutes of Molecule Medicine, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jinbo Yang
- School of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, P. R. China ; Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland OH 44195, USA
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169
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Abstract
AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC has been shown to promote cancer progression and development. Overexpression of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC correlates with angiogenesis, metastasis, and chemoresistance to various chemotherapy agents in cancer cells originating from a variety of tissues. In this chapter, we focus on the role of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in drug resistance. Mechanistic studies have shown that AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC is involved in classical oncogenic pathways including Ha-Ras, myc, NFκB, and PI3K/Akt. AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC also promotes protective autophagy by activating AMP kinase and autophagy-related gene 5. Another reported mechanism by which AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC regulates drug resistance is by increasing loading of multidrug resistance gene (MDR) 1 mRNA to the polysome, thereby facilitating MDR1 protein translation. More recently, a novel function for AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC as an RNA-binding protein was elucidated, which has the potential to impact expression of drug sensitivity or resistance genes. Finally, AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC acts in microRNA-directed gene silencing via an interaction with staphylococcal nuclease and tudor domain containing 1, a component of the RNA-induced silencing complex. Altered microRNA expression and activity induced by AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC represent an additional way that AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC may cause drug resistance in cancer. The multiple functions of AEG-1/MTDH/LYRIC in drug resistance highlight that it is a viable target as an anticancer agent for a wide variety of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Meng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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170
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Mattarocci S, Abbruzzese C, Mileo AM, Carosi M, Pescarmona E, Vico C, Federico A, Vizza E, Corrado G, Arisi I, Felsani A, Paggi MG. Identification of pivotal cellular factors involved in HPV-induced dysplastic and neoplastic cervical pathologies. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:463-70. [PMID: 24105779 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cervical carcinoma represents the paradigm of virus-induced cancers, where virtually all cervical cancers come from previous "high-risk" HPV infection. The persistent expression of the HPV viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 is responsible for the reprogramming of fundamental cellular functions in the host cell, thus generating a noticeable, yet only partially explored, imbalance in protein molecular networks and cell signaling pathways. Eighty-eight cellular factors, identified as HPV direct or surrogate targets, were chosen and monitored in a retrospective analysis for their mRNA expression in HPV-induced cervical lesions, from dysplasia to cancer. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was performed by using formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded archival samples. Gene expression analysis identified 40 genes significantly modulated in LSIL, HSIL, and squamous cervical carcinoma. Interestingly, among these, the expression level of a panel of four genes, TOP2A, CTNNB1, PFKM, and GSN, was able to distinguish between normal tissues and cervical carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry was also done to assess protein expression of two genes among those up-regulated during the transition between dysplasia and carcinoma, namely E2F1 and CDC25A, and their correlation with clinical parameters. Besides the possibility of significantly enhancing the use of some of these factors in diagnostic or prognostic procedures, these data clearly outline specific pathways, and thus key biological processes, altered in cervical dysplasia and carcinoma. Deeper insight on how these molecular mechanisms work may help widen the spectrum of novel innovative approaches to these virus-induced cell pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mattarocci
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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171
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Iqbal MA, Siddiqui FA, Chaman N, Gupta V, Kumar B, Gopinath P, Bamezai RNK. Missense mutations in pyruvate kinase M2 promote cancer metabolism, oxidative endurance, anchorage independence, and tumor growth in a dominant negative manner. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8098-105. [PMID: 24492614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.515742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was designed to examine the functional relevance of two heterozygous mutations (H391Y and K422R), observed earlier by us in the Bloom syndrome condition. Cells stably expressing exogenous wild-type or mutant PKM2 (K422R or H391Y) or co-expressing both wild type and mutant (PKM2-K422R or PKM2-H391Y) were assessed for cancer metabolism and tumorigenic potential. Interestingly, cells co-expressing PKM2 and mutant (K422R or H391Y) showed significantly aggressive cancer metabolism as compared with cells expressing either wild-type or mutant PKM2 independently. A similar trend was observed for oxidative endurance, tumorigenic potential, cellular proliferation, and tumor growth. These observations signify the dominant negative nature of mutations. Remarkably, PKM2-H391Y co-expressed cells showed a maximal effect on all the studied parameters. Such a dominant negative impaired function of PKM2 in tumor development is not known; this study demonstrates for the first time the possible predisposition of Bloom syndrome patients with impaired PKM2 activity to cancer and the importance of studying genetic variations in PKM2 in the future to understand their relevance in cancer in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Askandar Iqbal
- From the National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehrauli Road, New Delhi, 110067 India
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172
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Fan FT, Shen CS, Tao L, Tian C, Liu ZG, Zhu ZJ, Liu YP, Pei CS, Wu HY, Zhang L, Wang AY, Zheng SZ, Huang SL, Lu Y. PKM2 regulates hepatocellular carcinoma cell epithelial-mesenchymal transition and migration upon EGFR activation. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:1961-70. [PMID: 24716919 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.5.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2(PKM2) was first found in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), and its expression has been thought to correlate with prognosis. A large number of studies have demonstrated that epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a crucial event in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and associated metastasis, resulting in enhanced malignancy of HCC. However, the roles of PKM2 in HCC EMT and metastasis remain largely unknown. The present study aimed to determine the effects of PKM2 in EGF-induced HCC EMT and elucidate the molecular mechanisms in vitro. Our results showed that EGF promoted EMT in HCC cell lines as evidenced by altered morphology, expression of EMT-associated markers, and enhanced invasion capacity. Furthermore, the present study also revealed that nuclear translocation of PKM2, which is regulated by ERK pathway, regulated β-catenin-TCF/LEF-1 transcriptional activity and associated EMT in HCC cell lines. These discoveries provide evidence of novel roles of PKM2 in the progression of HCC and potential therapeutic target for advanced cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Tian Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China; E-mail :
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173
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Jóźwiak P, Forma E, Bryś M, Krześlak A. O-GlcNAcylation and Metabolic Reprograming in Cancer. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:145. [PMID: 25250015 PMCID: PMC4158873 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cancer metabolism has received considerable attention over the past decade, our knowledge on its specifics is still fragmentary. Altered cellular metabolism is one of the most important hallmarks of cancer. Cancer cells exhibit aberrant glucose metabolism characterized by aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon known as Warburg effect. Accelerated glucose uptake and glycolysis are main characteristics of cancer cells that allow them for intensive growth and proliferation. Accumulating evidence suggests that O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), an enzyme responsible for modification of proteins with N-acetylglucosamine, may act as a nutrient sensor that links hexosamine biosynthesis pathway to oncogenic signaling and regulation of factors involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Recent studies suggest that metabolic reprograming in cancer is connected to changes at the epigenetic level. O-GlcNAcylation seems to play an important role in the regulation of the epigenome in response to cellular metabolic status. Through histone modifications and assembly of gene transcription complexes, OGT can impact on expression of genes important for cellular metabolism. This paper reviews recent findings related to O-GlcNAc-dependent regulation of signaling pathways, transcription factors, enzymes, and epigenetic changes involved in metabolic reprograming of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Jóźwiak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Forma
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bryś
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Krześlak
- Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- *Correspondence: Anna Krześlak, Department of Cytobiochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, Lodz 90-236, Poland e-mail:
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174
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Hjerpe E, Egyhazi Brage S, Carlson J, Frostvik Stolt M, Schedvins K, Johansson H, Shoshan M, Avall-Lundqvist E. Metabolic markers GAPDH, PKM2, ATP5B and BEC-index in advanced serous ovarian cancer. BMC Clin Pathol 2013; 13:30. [PMID: 24252137 PMCID: PMC3874631 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6890-13-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A deregulated energy metabolism is a hallmark of malignant disease that offers possible future targets for treatment. We investigated the prognostic value of the glycolytic enzymes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and pyruvate kinase type M2 (PKM2), mitochondrial β-F1-ATPase (ATP5B) and the bioenergetic cellular (BEC) index in advanced ovarian cancer. Methods Fresh tumor samples were prospectively collected from 123 patients undergoing primary surgery for suspected advanced ovarian cancer. Of these, 57 met the eligibility criteria; stage IIC-IV, serous or endometrioid subtype, specimens containing ≥ 50% tumor cells and patients receiving platinum-based chemotherapy. An adequate amount of mRNA could be extracted in all but one case, with a resultant study population of 56 patients. Eighty-six percent of cases had serous tumors, and 93% were grade 2–3. GAPDH, PKM2 and ATP5B mRNA- and protein expression was assessed by real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. We estimated the association with platinum-free interval (PFI) and overall survival (OS) by Cox proportional hazards models. Median follow-up was 60 months. Results High GAPDH mRNA levels (HR 2.1, 95% CI 1.0-4.5) and low BEC-index (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.23-0.95) were both independently associated with shorter PFI. Median PFI for patients with high GAPDH mRNA was 5.0 months compared to 10.1 months for low expression cases (p = 0.031). Similarly, median PFI for patients with low BEC-index based on mRNA was 5.3 months compared to 9.8 months for high BEC-index cases (p = 0.028). Conclusions High GAPDH or low BEC-index mRNA expression indicate early disease progression in advanced serous ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Hjerpe
- Department of Oncology, Unit for Gynecologic Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-17176, Stockholm, Sweden.
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175
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Abstract
Inflammatory immune cells, when activated, display much the same metabolic profile as a glycolytic tumor cell. This involves a shift in metabolism away from oxidative phosphorylation towards aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. The result of this change in macrophages is to rapidly provide ATP and metabolic intermediates for the biosynthesis of immune and inflammatory proteins. In addition, a rise in certain tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates occurs notably in citrate for lipid biosynthesis, and succinate, which activates the transcription factor Hypoxia-inducible factor. In this review we take a look at the emerging evidence for a role for the Warburg effect in the immune and inflammatory responses. The reprogramming of metabolic pathways in macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells could have relevance in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and metabolic diseases and might provide novel therapeutic strategies.
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176
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Tung S, Shi Y, Wong K, Zhu F, Gorczynski R, Laister RC, Minden M, Blechert AK, Genzel Y, Reichl U, Spaner DE. PPARα and fatty acid oxidation mediate glucocorticoid resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2013; 122:969-80. [PMID: 23814018 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-03-489468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-dose glucocorticoids (GCs) can be a useful treatment for aggressive forms of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). However, their mechanism of action is not well understood, and resistance to GCs is inevitable. In a minimal, serum-free culture system, the synthetic GC dexamethasone (DEX) was found to decrease the metabolic activity of CLL cells, indicated by down-regulation of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) expression and activity, decreased levels of pyruvate and its metabolites, and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. This metabolic restriction was associated with decreased size and death of some of the tumor cells in the population. Concomitant plasma membrane damage increased killing of CLL cells by DEX. However, the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα), which regulates fatty acid oxidation, was also increased by DEX, and adipocyte-derived lipids, lipoproteins, and propionic acid protected CLL cells from DEX. PPARα and fatty acid oxidation enzyme inhibitors increased DEX-mediated killing of CLL cells in vitro and clearance of CLL xenografts in vivo. These findings suggest that GCs prevent tumor cells from generating the energy needed to repair membrane damage, fatty acid oxidation is a mechanism of resistance to GC-mediated cytotoxicity, and PPARα inhibition is a strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of GCs.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/cytology
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Culture Media, Conditioned
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Fatty Acids/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Glucocorticoids/pharmacology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Oxygen/metabolism
- PPAR alpha/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Propionates/chemistry
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Tung
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Sunnybrook Research Institute, 2075 Bayview Ave., Toronto, ON, Canada
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177
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Jerby L, Ruppin E. Predicting drug targets and biomarkers of cancer via genome-scale metabolic modeling. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 18:5572-84. [PMID: 23071359 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The metabolism of cancer cells is reprogrammed in various ways to support their growth and survival. Studying these phenomena to develop noninvasive diagnostic tools and selective treatments is a promising avenue. Metabolic modeling has recently emerged as a new way to study human metabolism in a systematic, genome-scale manner by using pertinent high-throughput omics data. This method has been shown in various studies to provide fairly accurate estimates of the metabolic phenotype and its modifications following genetic and environmental perturbations. Here, we provide an overview of genome-scale metabolic modeling and its current use to model human metabolism in health and disease. We then describe the initial steps made using it to study cancer metabolism and how it may be harnessed to enhance ongoing experimental efforts to identify drug targets and biomarkers for cancer in a rationale-based manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livnat Jerby
- The Blavatnik School of Computer Science, Tel Aviv University, Israel.
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178
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Abstract
The processes of cellular growth regulation and cellular metabolism are closely interrelated. The c-Myc oncogene is a "master regulator" which controls many aspects of both of these processes. The metabolic changes which occur in transformed cells, many of which are driven by c-Myc overexpression, are necessary to support the increased need for nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids necessary for rapid cellular proliferation. At the same time, c-Myc overexpression results in coordinated changes in level of expression of gene families which result in increased cellular proliferation. This interesting duality of c-Myc effects places it in the mainstream of transformational changes and gives it a very important role in regulating the "transformed phenotype." The effects induced by c-Myc can occur either as a "primary oncogene" which is activated by amplification or translocation or as a downstream effect of other activated oncogenes. In either case, it appears that c-Myc plays a central role in sustaining the changes which occur with transformation. Although efforts to use c-Myc as a therapeutic target have been quite frustrating, it appears that this may change in the next few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald M Miller
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky 40202, USA.
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179
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Natural compounds as regulators of the cancer cell metabolism. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:639401. [PMID: 23762063 PMCID: PMC3670510 DOI: 10.1155/2013/639401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though altered metabolism is an "old" physiological mechanism, only recently its targeting became a therapeutically interesting strategy and by now it is considered an emerging hallmark of cancer. Nevertheless, a very poor number of compounds are under investigation as potential modulators of cell metabolism. Candidate agents should display selectivity of action towards cancer cells without side effects. This ideal favorable profile would perfectly overlap the requisites of new anticancer therapies and chemopreventive strategies as well. Nature represents a still largely unexplored source of bioactive molecules with a therapeutic potential. Many of these compounds have already been characterized for their multiple anticancer activities. Many of them are absorbed with the diet and therefore possess a known profile in terms of tolerability and bioavailability compared to newly synthetized chemical compounds. The discovery of important cross-talks between mediators of the most therapeutically targeted aberrancies in cancer (i.e., cell proliferation, survival, and migration) and the metabolic machinery allows to predict the possibility that many anticancer activities ascribed to a number of natural compounds may be due, in part, to their ability of modulating metabolic pathways. In this review, we attempt an overview of what is currently known about the potential of natural compounds as modulators of cancer cell metabolism.
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180
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Liang C, Zhang X, Song S, Tian C, Yin Y, Xing G, He F, Zhang L. Identification of UHRF1/2 as new N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase-interacting proteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 433:415-9. [PMID: 23537643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.02.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG), a DNA repair enzyme, functions in the DNA base excision repair (BER) pathway. Aberrant over-expression of MPG in various cancers suggests an important role of MPG in carcinogenesis. Identification of MPG-interacting proteins will help to dissect the molecular link between MPG and cancer development. In the present study, using immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry (IP/MS), we screened ubiquitin-like, containing PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1), an essential protein required for the maintenance of DNA methylation, as a MPG-interacting protein. Endogenous co-immunoprecipitation assay in cancer cells confirmed that UHRF1 interacted with MPG in a p53 status-independent manner. Confocal microscopy showed that endogenous MPG and UHRF1 were co-localized in the nucleoplasm. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation assay indicated that UHRF2, the homolog of UHRF1, could also interact with MPG. These results show that MPG and the UHRF family of proteins interact, thus providing a functional linkage between MPG and UHRF1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- Department of Cell Biology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, China
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181
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Krasnov GS, Dmitriev AA, Snezhkina AV, Kudryavtseva AV. Deregulation of glycolysis in cancer: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase as a therapeutic target. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:681-93. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.775253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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182
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PKM2, a Central Point of Regulation in Cancer Metabolism. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:242513. [PMID: 23476652 PMCID: PMC3586519 DOI: 10.1155/2013/242513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis is the dominant metabolic pathway utilized by cancer cells, owing to its ability to divert glucose metabolites from ATP production towards the synthesis of cellular building blocks (nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids) to meet the demands of proliferation. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) catalyzes the final and also a rate-limiting reaction in the glycolytic pathway. In the PK family, PKM2 is subjected to a complex regulation by both oncogenes and tumour suppressors, which allows for a fine-tone regulation of PKM2 activity. The less active form of PKM2 drives glucose through the route of aerobic glycolysis, while active PKM2 directs glucose towards oxidative metabolism. Additionally, PKM2 possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity and plays a role in modulating gene expression and thereby contributing to tumorigenesis. We will discuss our current understanding of PKM2's regulation and its many contributions to tumorigenesis.
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183
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Abstract
The understanding that oncogenes can have profound effects on cellular metabolism and the discovery of mutations and alterations in several metabolism-related enzymes--isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1), isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), fumarate hydratase (FH), and pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2)--has renewed interest in cancer metabolism and renewed hope of taking therapeutic advantage of cancer metabolism. Otto Warburg observed that aerobic glycolysis was a characteristic of cancer cells. More than 50 years later, we understand that aerobic glycolysis and uptake of glutamine and glycine allow cancer cells to produce energy (ATP) and the nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids required for proliferation. Expression of the MYC oncogene drives the increase in cellular biomass facilitating proliferation. PKM2 expression in cancer cells stimulates aerobic glycolysis. Among intermediary metabolism enzymes, mutations in SDH occur in gastointestinal stromal tumors and result in a pseudohypoxic metabolic milieu. FH mutations lead to a characteristic renal cell carcinoma. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1/2) mutations have been found in leukemias, gliomas, prostate cancer, colon cancer, thyroid cancer, and sarcomas. These recently recognized oncogenic metabolic lesions may be selective targets for new anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly A Teicher
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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