151
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Buchanan T, Amouzegar A, Luke JJ. Next-Generation Immunotherapy Approaches in Melanoma. Curr Oncol Rep 2021; 23:116. [PMID: 34342752 DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01104-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW For patients with metastatic melanoma, immune checkpoint inhibition has drastically changed outcomes. Here, we review the current and next generations of immune-based anti-cancer therapeutics for patients with metastatic melanoma. RECENT FINDINGS The need for new anti-cancer therapeutics in patients with metastatic melanoma who have progression of disease despite immune checkpoint blockade is evident. Several novel agents are expected to have FDA approval within the next few years, as they have yielded impressive responses. Despite these optimistic agents, the field of immuno-oncology continues to expand and produce agents with novel mechanisms of action. The next generation of immunotherapy is based upon years of thoroughly researched immuno-oncology. Many of these agents are currently being evaluated in early phase clinical trials, and much of the preliminary data looks promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Buchanan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Afsaneh Amouzegar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason J Luke
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Hillman Cancer Center, UPMC, 5150 Centre Ave. Room 564, Pittsburgh, PA, 15232, USA.
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152
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Huinen ZR, Huijbers EJM, van Beijnum JR, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Griffioen AW. Anti-angiogenic agents - overcoming tumour endothelial cell anergy and improving immunotherapy outcomes. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:527-540. [PMID: 33833434 DOI: 10.1038/s41571-021-00496-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized medical oncology, although currently only a subset of patients has a response to such treatment. A compelling body of evidence indicates that anti-angiogenic therapy has the capacity to ameliorate antitumour immunity owing to the inhibition of various immunosuppressive features of angiogenesis. Hence, combinations of anti-angiogenic agents and immunotherapy are currently being tested in >90 clinical trials and 5 such combinations have been approved by the FDA in the past few years. In this Perspective, we describe how the angiogenesis-induced endothelial immune cell barrier hampers antitumour immunity and the role of endothelial cell anergy as the vascular counterpart of immune checkpoints. We review the antitumour immunity-promoting effects of anti-angiogenic agents and provide an update on the current clinical successes achieved when these agents are combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we propose that anti-angiogenic agents are immunotherapies - and vice versa - and discuss future research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zowi R Huinen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judy R van Beijnum
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Patrycja Nowak-Sliwinska
- Molecular Pharmacology Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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153
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Chen J, Song Y, Miao F, Chen G, Zhu Y, Wu N, Pang L, Chen Z, Chen X. PDL1-positive exosomes suppress antitumor immunity by inducing tumor-specific CD8 + T cell exhaustion during metastasis. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3437-3454. [PMID: 34152672 PMCID: PMC8409314 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of death in individuals with cancer. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) can potentially reverse CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) dysfunction, leading to significant remission in multiple cancers. However, the mechanism underlying the development of CTL exhaustion during metastatic progression remains unclear. Here, we established an experimental pulmonary metastasis model with melanoma cells and discovered a critical role for melanoma‐released exosomes in metastasis. Using genetic knockdown of nSMase2 and Rab27a, 2 key enzymes for exosome secretion, we showed that high levels of effector‐like tumor‐specific CD8+ T cells with transitory exhaustion, instead of terminal exhaustion, were observed in mice without exosomes; these cells showed limited inhibitory receptors and strong proliferation and cytotoxicity. Mechanistically, the immunosuppression of exosomes depends on exogenous PD‐L1, which can be largely rescued by pretreatment with antibody blockade. Notably, we also found that exosomal PD‐L1 acts as a promising predictive biomarker for ICB therapies during metastasis. Together, our findings suggest that exosomal PD‐L1 may be a potential immunotherapy target, suggesting a new curative therapy for tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Miao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongjun Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liewen Pang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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154
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Mojic M, Shitaoka K, Ohshima C, Ucche S, Lyu F, Hamana H, Tahara H, Kishi H, Hayakawa Y. NKG2D defines tumor-reacting effector CD8 + T cells within tumor microenvironment. Cancer Sci 2021; 112:3484-3490. [PMID: 34187084 PMCID: PMC8409295 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For successful immunotherapy for cancer, it is important to understand the immunological status of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment during tumor progression. In this study, we monitored the behavior of B16OVA-Luc cells in mice immunized with a model tumor antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Using bioluminescence imaging, we identified the time series of OVA-specific CD8+ T-cell responses during tumor progression: initial progression, immune control, and the escape phase. As a result of analyzing the status of tumor antigen-specific CD8+ cells in those 3 different phases, we found that the expression of NKG2D defines tumor-reacting effector CD8+ T cells. NKG2D may control the fate and TOX expression of tumor-reacting CD8+ T cells, considering that NKG2D blockade in OVA-vaccinated mice delayed the growth of the B16OVA-Luc2 tumor and increased the presence of tumor-infiltrating OVA-specific CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Mojic
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Shitaoka
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Medicine), Toyama, Japan
| | - Chikako Ohshima
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Sisca Ucche
- Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Fulian Lyu
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Medicine), Toyama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hamana
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Medicine), Toyama, Japan
| | - Hideaki Tahara
- The, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cancer Drug Discovery and Development, Research Center, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences (Medicine), Toyama, Japan
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155
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CD8 + T cells inhibit metastasis and CXCL4 regulates its function. Br J Cancer 2021; 125:176-189. [PMID: 33795809 PMCID: PMC8292398 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01338-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanism by which immune cells regulate metastasis is unclear. Understanding the role of immune cells in metastasis will guide the development of treatments improving patient survival. METHODS We used syngeneic orthotopic mouse tumour models (wild-type, NOD/scid and Nude), employed knockout (CD8 and CD4) models and administered CXCL4. Tumours and lungs were analysed for cancer cells by bioluminescence, and circulating tumour cells were isolated from blood. Immunohistochemistry on the mouse tumours was performed to confirm cell type, and on a tissue microarray with 180 TNBCs for human relevance. TCGA data from over 10,000 patients were analysed as well. RESULTS We reveal that intratumoral immune infiltration differs between metastatic and non-metastatic tumours. The non-metastatic tumours harbour high levels of CD8+ T cells and low levels of platelets, which is reverse in metastatic tumours. During tumour progression, platelets and CXCL4 induce differentiation of monocytes into myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), which inhibit CD8+ T-cell function. TCGA pan-cancer data confirmed that CD8lowPlatelethigh patients have a significantly lower survival probability compared to CD8highPlateletlow. CONCLUSIONS CD8+ T cells inhibit metastasis. When the balance between CD8+ T cells and platelets is disrupted, platelets produce CXCL4, which induces MDSCs thereby inhibiting the CD8+ T-cell function.
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156
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Peltonen K, Feola S, Umer HM, Chiaro J, Mermelekas G, Ylösmäki E, Pesonen S, Branca RMM, Lehtiö J, Cerullo V. Therapeutic Cancer Vaccination with Immunopeptidomics-Discovered Antigens Confers Protective Antitumor Efficacy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143408. [PMID: 34298622 PMCID: PMC8306067 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of clinically targetable tumor antigens is becoming vital for broader design and utility of therapeutic cancer vaccines. This information is obtained reliably by directly interrogating the MHC-I presented peptide ligands, the immunopeptidome, with state-of-the-art mass spectrometry. Our manuscript describes direct identification of novel tumor antigens for an aggressive triple-negative breast cancer model. Immunopeptidome profiling revealed 2481 unique antigens, among them a novel ERV antigen originating from an endogenous retrovirus element. The clinical benefit and tumor control potential of the identified tumor antigens and ERV antigen were studied in a preclinical model using two vaccine platforms and therapeutic settings. Prominent control of established tumors was achieved using an oncolytic adenovirus platform designed for flexible and specific tumor targeting, namely PeptiCRAd. Our study presents a pipeline integrating immunopeptidome analysis-driven antigen discovery with a therapeutic cancer vaccine platform for improved personalized oncolytic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karita Peltonen
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; (K.P.); (S.F.); (J.C.); (E.Y.)
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sara Feola
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; (K.P.); (S.F.); (J.C.); (E.Y.)
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Husen M. Umer
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; (H.M.U.); (G.M.); (R.M.M.B.)
| | - Jacopo Chiaro
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; (K.P.); (S.F.); (J.C.); (E.Y.)
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Georgios Mermelekas
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; (H.M.U.); (G.M.); (R.M.M.B.)
| | - Erkko Ylösmäki
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; (K.P.); (S.F.); (J.C.); (E.Y.)
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Rui M. M. Branca
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; (H.M.U.); (G.M.); (R.M.M.B.)
| | - Janne Lehtiö
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 65 Solna, Sweden; (H.M.U.); (G.M.); (R.M.M.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (V.C.); Tel.: +46-8-5248-1416 (J.L.); +358-50-31-85754 (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; (K.P.); (S.F.); (J.C.); (E.Y.)
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Translational Immunology Research Program (TRIMM), University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- iCAN Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (V.C.); Tel.: +46-8-5248-1416 (J.L.); +358-50-31-85754 (V.C.)
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157
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Liu X, Li L, Si F, Huang L, Zhao Y, Zhang C, Hoft DF, Peng G. NK and NKT cells have distinct properties and functions in cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:4521-4537. [PMID: 34120141 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01880-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) and natural killer T (NKT) cells are two important cell subsets of the innate immune system. NK and NKT cells share many phenotypes and functions for anti-tumor immunity; however, the dynamic changes in phenotypes and functional interactions within the tumor microenvironment during tumor development and progression are unknown. Here we report that NK and NKT cells have distinct properties, metabolic profiles, and functions during tumor development. Using the mouse E0771 breast cancer and B16 melanoma models, we found that both NK and NKT cells are dynamically involved in the immune responses to cancer but have distinct distributions and phenotypic profiles in tumor sites and other peripheral organs during the course of tumor development and progression. In the early stages of tumor development, both NK and NKT cells exhibit effector properties. In the later cancer stages, NK and NKT cells have impaired cytotoxic capacities and dysfunctional states. NK cells become senescent cells, while NKT cells, other than invariant NKT (iNKT) cells, are exhausted in the advanced cancers. In contrast, iNKT cells develop increases in activation and effector function within the breast tumor microenvironment. In addition, senescent NK cells have heightened glucose and lipid metabolism, but exhausted NKT cells display unbalanced metabolism in tumor microenvironments of both breast cancer and melanoma tumor models. These studies provide a better understanding of the dynamic and distinct functional roles of NK and NKT cells in anti-tumor immunity, which may facilitate the development of novel immunotherapies targeting NK and NKT cells for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fusheng Si
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yangjing Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Chenchen Zhang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
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158
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Collier JL, Weiss SA, Pauken KE, Sen DR, Sharpe AH. Not-so-opposite ends of the spectrum: CD8 + T cell dysfunction across chronic infection, cancer and autoimmunity. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:809-819. [PMID: 34140679 PMCID: PMC9197228 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-00949-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are critical mediators of cytotoxic effector function in infection, cancer and autoimmunity. In cancer and chronic viral infection, CD8+ T cells undergo a progressive loss of cytokine production and cytotoxicity, a state termed T cell exhaustion. In autoimmunity, autoreactive CD8+ T cells retain the capacity to effectively mediate the destruction of host tissues. Although the clinical outcome differs in each context, CD8+ T cells are chronically exposed to antigen in all three. These chronically stimulated CD8+ T cells share some common phenotypic features, as well as transcriptional and epigenetic programming, across disease contexts. A better understanding of these CD8+ T cell states may reveal novel strategies to augment clearance of chronic viral infection and cancer and to mitigate self-reactivity leading to tissue damage in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Collier
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Sarah A Weiss
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA
| | - Kristen E Pauken
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital
| | - Debattama R Sen
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Arlene H Sharpe
- Department of Immunology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA and Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women’s Hospital.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge MA
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159
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Lythgoe MP, Liu DSK, Annels NE, Krell J, Frampton AE. Gene of the month: lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3). J Clin Pathol 2021; 74:543-547. [PMID: 34183437 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2021-207517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) is a coreceptor found on activated T-lymphocytes activated B-lymphocytes and natural killer (NK) cells. It is closely related to CD4 where it shares multiple common and divergent features. It contains specific binding sites with high affinity to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II and functions as an inhibitor of T-cell signalling. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes with high LAG-3 expression have been found in many solid tumours including ovarian cancer, melanoma, colorectal cancer and haematological malignancies including Hodgkin and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. LAG-3 antagonism has been demonstrated to restore the anti-tumourigenic function of T-cells in vivo, however, mechanistic knowledge remains relatively poorly defined. As other immune checkpoint inhibitors have transformed the management of difficult to treat cancers, such as melanoma, it is hoped that LAG-3 might have the same potential. This review will explore LAG-3 modulation as an anticancer therapy, highlighting recent clinical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Lythgoe
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel Si Kit Liu
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola E Annels
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Jonathan Krell
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adam Enver Frampton
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK .,Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Surrey, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Guildford, Surrey, UK.,HPB Surgical Unit, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford, UK
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160
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Kane RA, Christodoulides N, Jensen IM, Becker DJ, Mansfield KL, Savage AE. Gene expression changes with tumor disease and leech parasitism in the juvenile green sea turtle skin transcriptome. Gene 2021; 800:145800. [PMID: 34175400 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emerging infectious diseases are a major threat to biodiversity in the 21st century. Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is an epithelial tumor disease that affects immature and adult marine turtles worldwide, particularly green turtles (Chelonia mydas). We know little about the host factors contributing to FP susceptibility, in part because transcriptomic studies that compare transcript expression in turtles with and without FP are lacking. Here, we performed RNA-Seq on healthy skin tissue from immature C. mydas in the Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA, comparing turtles (1) with and without FP and (2) with and without leech parasites, a putative vector of FP. We assembled a de novo C. mydas skin transcriptome to identify transcripts with significant differential expression (DE) across FP and leech categories. Significant DE transcripts were found across FP and leech comparisons, including 10 of the same transcripts with DE across both comparisons. Leech-positive individuals significantly upregulated different immune and viral interaction transcripts than did leech-negative individuals, including viral interaction transcripts associated with herpesvirus interactions. This finding strengthens the role of marine leeches as mechanical vectors of Chelonid herpesvirus 5 (ChHV5) which has been implicated as a causative agent of FP. FP-positive turtles upregulated several tumor progression and suppression transcripts relative to FP-negative turtles, which had no significant DE tumor progression transcripts. FP-positive turtles also upregulated significantly more protein interaction transcripts than FP-negative turtles. DE transcripts across leech comparisons showed no functional enrichment, whereas DE transcripts across FP comparisons showed some GO terms were enriched in FP-positive and FP negative turtles. Notably, only FP-negative turtles were enriched for GO terms involved in acquired and inflammatory immune gene regulation. Overall, our DE transcripts included several candidate genes that may play important roles in C. mydas resistance to or recovery from FP, highlighting that transcriptomics provides a promising venue to understand this impactful disease. Continued investigation of C. mydas responses to FP and leech affliction is imperative for species persistence and the conservation of marine ecosystems worldwide due to the essential role of sea turtles in ecosystem function and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Kane
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States; School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | | | - Irelyn M Jensen
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
| | - Donald J Becker
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
| | | | - Anna E Savage
- Department of Biology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States.
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161
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Xu W, Cui J, Wu L, He C, Chen G. The role of PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint in arsenic lung tumorigenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 426:115633. [PMID: 34166680 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to environmental arsenic promotes lung cancer. Emerging evidence indicates that compromised host immunity, particularly T cell anti-tumor immunity, may play a critical role in cancer development. However, there is a knowledge gap in terms of the effects of arsenic exposure on T cell anti-tumor immunity and how that may contribute to arsenic lung carcinogenicity. Immunosuppression has been known as a risk factor for many types of cancer, including lung cancer. The development of cancer indicates the success of immunosuppression and escape of cancer cells from host anti-tumor immunity in which T cells are the major component. The anti-tumor immunity is mainly executed by CD8 cytotoxic T cells through their anti-tumor effector function, which can be regulated by immune checkpoint pathways. Some inhibitory receptors on the T cell membrane and their ligands form these pathways, among which programmed death-1 (PD-1), a T cell inhibitory receptor, and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), are best characterized. A/J mice are naturally sensitive to pulmonary carcinogens, prone to develop spontaneous lung tumors later in life and have been frequently used as an animal model for lung tumorigenesis research. Chronic arsenic administration through drinking water has been shown to enhance tumor formation in the lungs of A/J mice. In the current study, using this mouse model we want to determine whether PD-1/PD-L1 plays a role in arsenic-enhanced lung tumorigenesis. The results showed that prolonged arsenic exposure up-regulated PD-1/PD-L1, increased regulatory T cells (Tregs), decreased CD8/Treg ratio, inhibited T cell antitumor function in the lungs and enhanced lung tumor formation, while inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 restored CD8/Treg ratio and T cell anti-tumor effector function, and mitigated arsenic-enhanced lung tumorigenesis. In addition, inhibition of PD-1/PD-L1 could be a potential preventive strategy to mitigate the tumorigenic action of chronic arsenic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Xu
- Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Jiajun Cui
- Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Yichun University, Yichun, Jiangxi 336000, China
| | - Linqing Wu
- Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, FuZhou, Fujian 350003, China
| | - Caigu He
- Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Histology and Embryology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian 361000, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department Pharmacology & Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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Ye R, Zeng H, Liu Z, Jin K, Liu C, Yan S, Yu Y, You R, Zhang H, Chang Y, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhu Y, Xu J, Xu L, Wang Z. Latency-associated peptide identifies therapeutically resistant muscle-invasive bladder cancer with poor prognosis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2021; 71:301-310. [PMID: 34152439 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-021-02987-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Latency-associated peptide (LAP) was identified as crucial immune regulator in tumor microenvironment (TME) in recent researches. In this study, we aimed to estimate the predictive value of LAP expression for clinical survival and therapeutic response in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). METHODS Our study encompassed 140 MIBC patients from Zhongshan Hospital (ZSHS cohort), 401 patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA cohort) and 195 patients received PDL1 blockade from IMvigor210 trial. Survival analyses were conducted through Kaplan-Meier curve and Cox regression model. LAP expression and its association with immune contexture were evaluated in ZSHS and TCGA cohort. RESULTS We found that high intratumoral LAP+ cells infiltration anticipated inferior survival and adjuvant chemotherapy (ACT) response, and was closely related to an immunoevasive contexture with increased M2 macrophages, neutrophils and conspicuously a cluster of highly exhausted CD8+ T cells. The combinational analysis of LAP+ cells and CD8+ T cells infiltration stratified patients into distinct risk groups with implications for therapeutic sensitivity to PDL1 blockade and refinement of molecular classification in MIBC. CONCLUSIONS LAP expression was correlated with patients' inferior prognosis, ACT-tolerance and an immunoevasive TME with exhausted CD8+ T cell infiltration, suggesting that LAP could serve as a promising therapeutic target in MIBC. Simultaneously, our novel TME classification based on LAP+ cells and CD8+ T cells infiltration and its potential in appraising PDL1 blockade application for MIBC patients deserved further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Ye
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Han Zeng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhaopei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kaifeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunnan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Sen Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yanze Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Runze You
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hongyi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuan Chang
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Le Xu
- Department of Urology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Zewei Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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163
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Wu M, Xia X, Hu J, Fowlkes NW, Li S. WSX1 act as a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma by downregulating neoplastic PD-L1 expression. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3500. [PMID: 34108491 PMCID: PMC8190270 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23864-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
WSX1, a receptor subunit for IL-27, is widely expressed in immune cells and closely involved in immune response, but its function in nonimmune cells remains unknown. Here we report that WSX1 is highly expressed in human hepatocytes but downregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Using NRAS/AKT-derived spontaneous HCC mouse models, we reveal an IL-27–independent tumor-suppressive effect of WSX1 that largely relies on CD8+ T-cell immune surveillance via reducing neoplastic PD-L1 expression and the associated CD8+ T-cell exhaustion. Mechanistically, WSX1 transcriptionally downregulates an isoform of PI3K—PI3Kδ and thereby inactivates AKT, reducing AKT-induced GSK3β inhibition. Activated GSK3β then boosts PD-L1 degradation, resulting in PD-L1 reduction. Overall, we demonstrate that WSX1 is a tumor suppressor that reinforces hepatic immune surveillance by blocking the PI3Kδ/AKT/GSK3β/PD-L1 pathway. Our results may yield insights into the host homeostatic control of immune response and benefit the development of cancer immunotherapies. The biological functions of WSX1, the alpha subunit of the interleukin-27 receptor, in non-immune cells are largely unknown. Here, the authors propose an IL-27-independent tumor suppressor role for WSX1 in hepatocytes, showing that WSX1 restricts tumor progression by down-regulating PD-L1 expression in tumour cells and maximizing T cell mediated antitumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Wu
- Liver Cancer Institute & Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.,Department of Pediatrics-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xueqing Xia
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Jiemiao Hu
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Natalie Wall Fowlkes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics-Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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Aiello S, Casiraghi F. Lysophosphatidic Acid: Promoter of Cancer Progression and of Tumor Microenvironment Development. A Promising Target for Anticancer Therapies? Cells 2021; 10:cells10061390. [PMID: 34200030 PMCID: PMC8229068 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of the enzyme autotaxin (ATX) and the consequently increased levels of its product, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), have been reported in several primary tumors. The role of LPA as a direct modulator of tumor cell functions—motility, invasion and migration capabilities as well as resistance to apoptotic death—has been recognized by numerous studies over the last two decades. Notably, evidence has recently been accumulating that shows that LPA also contributes to the development of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Indeed, LPA plays a crucial role in inducing angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, triggering cellular glycolytic shift and stimulating intratumoral fibrosis. In addition, LPA helps tumoral cells to escape immune surveillance. Treatments that counter the TME components, in order to deprive cancer cells of their crucial support, have been emerging among the promising new anticancer therapies. This review aims to summarize the latest knowledge on how LPA influences both tumor cell functions and the TME by regulating the activity of its different elements, highlighting why and how LPA is worth considering as a molecular target for new anticancer therapies.
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165
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Peng X, Wang J, Zhou F, Liu Q, Zhang Z. Nanoparticle-based approaches to target the lymphatic system for antitumor treatment. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5139-5161. [PMID: 33963442 PMCID: PMC11072902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03842-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have been established as safe and efficient modalities for numerous tumor treatments. The lymphatic system, which is an important system, can modulate the immune system via a complex network, which includes lymph nodes, vessels, and lymphocytes. With the deepening understanding of tumor immunology, a plethora of immunotherapies, which include vaccines, photothermal therapy, and photodynamic therapy, have been established for antitumor treatments. However, the deleterious off-target effects and nonspecific targeting of therapeutic agents result in low efficacy of immunotherapy. Fortunately, nanoparticle-based approaches for targeting the lymphatic system afford a unique opportunity to manufacture drugs that can simultaneously tackle both aspects, thereby improving tumor treatments. Over the past decades, great strides have been made in the development of DC vaccines and nanomedicine as antitumor treatments in the field of lymphatic therapeutics and diagnosis. In this review, we summarize the current strategies through which nanoparticle technology has been designed to target the lymphatic system and describe applications of lymphatic imaging for the diagnosis and image-guided surgery of tumor metastasis. Moreover, improvements in the tumor specificity of nanovaccines and medicines, which have been realized through targeting or stimulating the lymphatic system, can provide amplified antitumor immune responses and reduce side effects, thereby promoting the paradigm of antitumor treatment into the clinic to benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhou Peng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Junjie Wang
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China
| | - Feifan Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, Hainan, China.
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, School of Engineering Sciences, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
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Hong DS, Parikh A, Shapiro GI, Varga A, Naing A, Meric-Bernstam F, Ataman Ö, Reyderman L, Binder TA, Ren M, Liu M, Dayal S, Siu AY, Sachdev P, Xu L, Bhagawati-Prasad V, Tchakov I, Ooi CE, Bao X, Marabelle A. First-in-human phase I study of immunomodulatory E7046, an antagonist of PGE 2-receptor E-type 4 (EP4), in patients with advanced cancers. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 8:jitc-2019-000222. [PMID: 32554609 PMCID: PMC7304851 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2019-000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background E7046 is a highly selective, small-molecule antagonist of the E-type prostanoid receptor 4 (EP4) for prostaglandin E2, an immunosuppressive mediator of the tumor immune microenvironment. This first-in-human phase 1 study assessed the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended phase 2 dose of E7046. Methods This first-in-human study enrolled 30 patients with advanced tumors of cancer types associated with high levels of myeloid infiltrates. E7046 was administered orally once-daily in sequential escalating dose cohorts (125, 250, 500, and 750 mg) with ≥6 patients per cohort. Tumor assessments were performed every 6 weeks. Paired tumor biopsies and blood samples, before and on treatment, were collected for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characterization of the treatment. Results No dose-limiting toxicities were observed, and the MTD was not reached. E7046 had an elimination half-life (t1/2) of 12 hours, and drug exposure increased dose-dependently from 125 to 500 mg. Target modulation by E7046 was supported by changes in genes downstream of EP4 with concurrent enhanced antitumoral immune responses. A best response of stable disease (per irRECIST) was reported in 23% of patients treated with E7046 (n=30) (125 mg: n=2; 250 mg: n=2; 750 mg: n=3). Over half (4/7) of the patients with stable disease had treatment duration of 18 weeks or more, and three patients (3/15; 20%) achieved metabolic responses. Conclusions In this first-in-human study, E7046 administered orally once daily demonstrated manageable tolerability, immunomodulatory effects, and a best response of stable disease (≥18 weeks) in several heavily pretreated patients with advanced malignancies. The 250 and 500 mg doses are proposed for further development in the combination setting. Trial registration number NCT02540291.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Hong
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aparna Parikh
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Geoffrey I Shapiro
- Medical Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrea Varga
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Aung Naing
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Funda Meric-Bernstam
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | - Min Ren
- Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Formerly of Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Amy Y Siu
- Formerly of Eisai, Andover, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Lucy Xu
- Eisai, Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Aurelien Marabelle
- Département d'Innovation Thérapeutique et d'Essais Précoces, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Drug Development Department, INSERM U1015, Villejuif, France
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Mehdizadeh S, Bayatipoor H, Pashangzadeh S, Jafarpour R, Shojaei Z, Motallebnezhad M. Immune checkpoints and cancer development: Therapeutic implications and future directions. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 223:153485. [PMID: 34022684 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, different inhibitory receptors have been identified, which have played prominent roles in reducing anti-tumor immune responses. The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer was revealed by critical blockade of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) checkpoints. Immune checkpoint inhibitors, including anti-PD-1 (nivolumab and pembrolizumab), anti-PD-L1 (Atezolizumab, avelumab, and duravulumab), and anti-CTLA-4 (ipilimumab, tremelimumab), are currently FDA-approved treatment options for a broad range of cancer types. However, regarding immunotherapy advances in recent years, most studies have been focused on finding the antibodies against other inhibitory immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment such as lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin, and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3), B7-homolog 3 (B7-H3), V-domain immunoglobulin-containing suppressor of T-cell activation (VISTA), diacylglycerol kinase-α (DGK-α), T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT), and B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA). This immune checkpoint exerts differential inhibitory impacts on various types of lymphocytes. The suppression of immune responses demonstrates a surprising synergy with PD-1. Therefore, most antibodies against these immune checkpoints are undertaking clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy of advanced solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. In this review, we will summarize recent findings of immune checkpoint and the role of monoclonal antibodies in cancer immunotherapy targeting these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Mehdizadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hashem Bayatipoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Salar Pashangzadeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Jafarpour
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Shojaei
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Motallebnezhad
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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168
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Freen-van Heeren JJ. Post-transcriptional control of T-cell cytokine production: Implications for cancer therapy. Immunology 2021; 164:57-72. [PMID: 33884612 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the adaptive immune system, T cells are vital for the eradication of infected and malignantly transformed cells. To perform their protective function, T cells produce effector molecules that are either directly cytotoxic, such as granzymes, perforin, interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor α, or attract and stimulate (immune) cells, such as interleukin-2. As these molecules can also induce immunopathology, tight control of their production is required. Indeed, inflammatory cytokine production is regulated on multiple levels. Firstly, locus accessibility and transcription factor availability and activity determine the amount of mRNA produced. Secondly, post-transcriptional mechanisms, influencing mRNA splicing/codon usage, stability, decay, localization and translation rate subsequently determine the amount of protein that is produced. In the immune suppressive environments of tumours, T cells gradually lose the capacity to produce effector molecules, resulting in tumour immune escape. Recently, the role of post-transcriptional regulation in fine-tuning T-cell effector function has become more appreciated. Furthermore, several groups have shown that exhausted or dysfunctional T cells from cancer patients or murine models possess mRNA for inflammatory mediators, but fail to produce effector molecules, hinting that post-transcriptional events also play a role in hampering tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte effector function. Here, the post-transcriptional regulatory events governing T-cell cytokine production are reviewed, with a specific focus on the importance of post-transcriptional regulation in anti-tumour responses. Furthermore, potential approaches to circumvent tumour-mediated dampening of T-cell effector function through the (dis)engagement of post-transcriptional events are explored, such as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing or chimeric antigen receptors.
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169
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Bannoud N, Dalotto-Moreno T, Kindgard L, García PA, Blidner AG, Mariño KV, Rabinovich GA, Croci DO. Hypoxia Supports Differentiation of Terminally Exhausted CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:660944. [PMID: 34025660 PMCID: PMC8137905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.660944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression have been proposed to be interrelated events that fuel tumor progression and impair the clinical effectiveness of anti-tumor therapies. Here we present new mechanistic data highlighting the role of hypoxia in fine-tuning CD8 T cell exhaustion in vitro, in an attempt to reconcile seemingly opposite evidence regarding the impact of hypoxia on functional features of exhausted CD8 T cells. Focusing on the recently characterized terminally-differentiated and progenitor exhausted CD8 T cells, we found that both hypoxia and its regulated mediator, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, promote the differentiation of PD-1+ TIM-3+ CXCR5+ terminally exhausted-like CD8 T cells at the expense of PD-1+ TIM-3- progenitor-like subsets without affecting tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ production or granzyme B (GZMB) expression by these subpopulations. Interestingly, hypoxia accentuated the proangiogenic secretory profile in exhausted CD8 T cells. VEGF-A was the main factor differentially secreted by exhausted CD8 T cells under hypoxic conditions. In this sense, we found that VEGF-A contributes to generation of terminally exhausted CD8 T cells during in vitro differentiation. Altogether, our findings highlight the reciprocal regulation between hypoxia, angiogenesis, and immunosuppression, providing a rational basis to optimize synergistic combinations of antiangiogenic and immunotherapeutic strategies, with the overarching goal of improving the efficacy of these treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Bannoud
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Tomás Dalotto-Moreno
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucía Kindgard
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Pablo A. García
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Ada G. Blidner
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Karina V. Mariño
- Laboratorio de Glicómica Funcional y Molecular, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriel A. Rabinovich
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego O. Croci
- Laboratorio de Inmunopatología, Instituto de Histología y Embriología de Mendoza (IHEM), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mendoza, Argentina
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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170
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory receptor that controls T and B cell proliferation and function through interacting with its ligand PD-L1 or PD-L2. PD-1/PD-L1 blockade reboots anti-tumor immunity and is currently used to treat > 15 different types of cancer. However, the response rate is not at 100% and some patients relapse. Importantly, up to 37% of patients treated with PD-1/PD-L1 blocking antibodies develop immune-related adverse events, including overt autoimmunity, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D). Herein, we discuss the role of PD-1, PD-L1, and PD-L2 signaling in pre-clinical models of T1D, including recent work from our laboratory. RECENT FINDINGS We highlight ongoing efforts to harness PD-1/PD-L1 signaling and treat autoimmunity. We also evaluate studies aimed at defining biomarkers that could reliably predict the development of immune-related adverse events after clinical PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. With increasing use of PD-1 blockade in the clinic, onset of autoimmunity is a growing health concern. In this review, we discuss what is known about the role of PD-1 pathway signaling in T1D and comment on ongoing efforts to identify patients at risk of T1D development after PD-1 pathway blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Tucker
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2101 6th St SE, Wallin Medical Biosciences Building, 3-146, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Alexander J Dwyer
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2101 6th St SE, Wallin Medical Biosciences Building, 3-146, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Brian T Fife
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2101 6th St SE, Wallin Medical Biosciences Building, 3-146, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
| | - Tijana Martinov
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, 2101 6th St SE, Wallin Medical Biosciences Building, 3-146, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Avenue North, Thomas Building, D3-100, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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171
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Yuan X, Yi M, Zhang W, Xu L, Chu Q, Luo S, Wu K. The biology of combination immunotherapy in recurrent metastatic head and neck cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 136:106002. [PMID: 33962022 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.106002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical data suggest that head and neck cancer is an intrinsically immunosuppressive disease with abnormal inflammatory components in the tumor microenvironment. The development of immune checkpoint inhibitors, which are monoclonal antibodies capable of inhibiting immune suppressive signals to prime anticancer immunity, has revolutionized the therapeutic landscape in recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer. However, patients with head and neck cancer present primary resistance to immunotherapy. Many ongoing trials include combinations of immunotherapy with different therapeutic interventions, aiming to improve response rates and overall survival. As novel therapy strategies are leveraged, the significance of immunotherapy in recurrent/metastatic head and neck cancer continues to be revealed. This review aims to summarize combinational immunotherapy in head and neck cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yuan
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Qian Chu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
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172
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McLane LM, Ngiow SF, Chen Z, Attanasio J, Manne S, Ruthel G, Wu JE, Staupe RP, Xu W, Amaravadi RK, Xu X, Karakousis GC, Mitchell TC, Schuchter LM, Huang AC, Freedman BD, Betts MR, Wherry EJ. Role of nuclear localization in the regulation and function of T-bet and Eomes in exhausted CD8 T cells. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109120. [PMID: 33979613 PMCID: PMC8195461 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factors T-bet and Eomesodermin (Eomes) regulate CD8 T cell exhaustion through undefined mechanisms. Here, we show that the subcellular localization of T-bet and Eomes dictate their regulatory activity in exhausted T cells (TEXs). TEXs had a higher ratio of nuclear Eomes:T-bet than memory T cells (TMEMs) during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in preclinical cancer models and in human tumors. Biochemically, T-bet and Eomes compete for the same DNA sequences, including the Pdcd1 T-box. High nuclear T-bet strongly represses Pdcd1 transcription in TMEM, whereas low nuclear T-bet in TEX leads to a dominant effect of Eomes that acts as a weaker repressor of Pdcd1. Blocking PD-1 signaling in TEXs increases nuclear T-bet, restoring stronger repression of Pdcd1, and driving T-bet-associated gene expression programs of chemotaxis, homing, and activation. These data identify a mechanism whereby the T-bet-Eomes axis regulates exhaustion through their nuclear localization, providing insights into how these transcription factors regulate TEX biology. McLane et al. demonstrate that T-bet and Eomes expression contributes to exhaustion, but also their nuclear localization, and therefore functional activity, plays a key role. PD-1 blockade restores nuclear T-bet and promotes T cell homing and activation through direct competition with Eomes at gene promoters, such as Pdcd1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M McLane
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shin Foong Ngiow
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John Attanasio
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gordon Ruthel
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wu
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ryan P Staupe
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Giorgos C Karakousis
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tara C Mitchell
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lynn M Schuchter
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bruce D Freedman
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Pathobiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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173
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Xie CB, Zhou J, Mackay S, Pober JS. Complement-activated human endothelial cells stimulate increased polyfunctionality in alloreactive T cells. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1902-1909. [PMID: 33415805 PMCID: PMC8096653 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated deposition of complement membrane attack complexes (MACs) on IFN-γ-primed human endothelial cells (ECs) triggers autocrine/paracrine IL-1β-mediated EC activation and IL-15 transpresentation to alloreactive effector memory T cells (TEM ), changes that enable ECs to increase T cell proliferation and cytokine release. Here, we report the use of single-cell microchip 32-plex proteomics to more deeply assess the functionality of the activated T cells and dependence upon EC-derived signals. Compared to control ECs, MAC-activated human ECs increase both the frequency and degree of polyfunctionality among both CD4+ and CD8+ -proliferated TEM , assessed as secreted proteins. IFN-γ and TNF-α remain the predominant cytokines made by alloreactive TEM , but a few CD4+ TEM also made IL-4 while more CD8+ TEM made perforin and granzyme B. Increased polyfunctionality was attenuated by treatment of the MAC-activated ECs with anti-IL-15 blocking antibody more effectively than IL-1 receptor blockade. The increased polyfunctionality of T cells resulting from interactions with MAC-activated ECs may further link binding of donor-specific antibody to T cell-mediated allograft pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Xie
- Dept of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- IsoPlexis Corporation, Branford, CT, USA
| | | | - Jordan S. Pober
- Dept of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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174
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Jin K, Cao Y, Gu Y, Fang H, Fei Y, Wang J, Liu X, Lv K, He X, Lin C, Liu H, Li H, He H, Li R, Zhang H, Xu J. Poor clinical outcomes and immunoevasive contexture in CXCL13+CD8+ T cells enriched gastric cancer patients. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1915560. [PMID: 33996266 PMCID: PMC8081038 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1915560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As an adverse survival prognosticator, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13) has been studied in several types of malignancies. The secretion and physiological roles of CXCL13 in follicular helper T cells (TFH) cells have been well described, while the clinical significance of CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs)-associated CXCL13 remains unknown. This study aims to investigate the clinical significance of CXCL13+CD8+ T cells in survival and chemotherapeutic responsiveness prediction in gastric cancer. In this study, 440 patients enrolled from Zhongshan Hospital with tumor microarray (TMA) specimens were randomly divided into testing set (n = 220) and validation set (n = 220) for analysis. CXCL13+CD8+ T cells were detected by multicolor immunohistochemistry. Fresh tumor tissue samples from another 60 gastric cancer patients were collected to detect CXCL13+CD8+ T cells functional status by flow cytometry (FCM). We found that high intratumoral CXCL13+CD8+ T cells infiltration predicted poor overall survival and inferior chemotherapeutic responsiveness in gastric cancer. CXCL13+CD8+T cells were associated with immunoevasive contexture with increased regulatory T (Treg) cells and dysfunctional cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Moreover, the combinational analysis of CXCL13+CD8+ T cells and CD8+ T cells infiltration stratified patients into distinct risk groups with different clinical outcomes and chemotherapeutic responsiveness. Conclusively, intratumoral CXCL13+CD8+ T cells infiltration could be an independent prognostic and predictive marker for gastric cancer patients. CXCL13+CD8+ T cells represented an exhausted CD8+ T cell subset, and might be a potential immunotherapeutic target in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifeng Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Gu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hanji Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuchao Fei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jieti Wang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunpeng Lv
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xudong He
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyong He
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruochen Li
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiejie Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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175
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Yu SY, Mckavanagh D, McPherson I, Walpole E, Atkinson V, Hollingworth S. Survival of advanced melanoma patients treated with immunotherapy and targeted therapy: A real-world study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2021; 30:1371-1379. [PMID: 33840147 DOI: 10.1002/pds.5248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aimed to examine the survival outcomes plus patient and treatment characteristics of advanced melanoma patients treated with first-line immunotherapy (IT), targeted therapy (TT), and chemotherapy (CTH) and compare findings with information from pivotal trials for each therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the use of systematic IT, TT and CTH therapies in melanoma patients in four Queensland public hospitals. We estimated median duration of overall survival (OS) and survival rates (6 months, 1, and 2 years) using Kaplan-Meier methods. We compared our findings to those of clinical trials. RESULTS Five hundred three patients who met the inclusion criteria were divided into three groups based on the first-line treatment: IT 232; TT 157; and CTH 114. OS was 18 months with IT (95% CI 13, 22); 12 months with TT (95% CI 8, 15); and 5 months with CTH (95% CI 5, 6). The demographic characteristics, treatment protocols, and durations for IT and TT were generally consistent with trials but fewer patients in our study had subsequent therapy than in the trials. The OS in our study was slightly lower than the OS reported in trials. CONCLUSION The OS of novel cancer therapy in the real world was lower than seen in trials but is expected given these are patients who have a poorer prognosis. A future study could investigate the impact of prognostic factors on survival in the longer term. This study provides evidence that we can use routinely collected real-world data to evaluate the effectiveness of checkpoint and kinase inhibitors in patients with advanced melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Yu
- National Evidence-based Healthcare Collaborating Agency, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dan Mckavanagh
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ian McPherson
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Euan Walpole
- Princess Alexandra Hospital, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
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176
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Huang L, Xu Y, Fang J, Liu W, Chen J, Liu Z, Xu Q. Targeting STAT3 Abrogates Tim-3 Upregulation of Adaptive Resistance to PD-1 Blockade on Regulatory T Cells of Melanoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654749. [PMID: 33936081 PMCID: PMC8082190 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Less than 20% of melanoma patients respond to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade immunotherapies. Thus, it is crucial to understand the dynamic changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) after PD-1 blockade, for developing immunotherapy efficacy. Methods A genomic analysis was conducted by The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets and web platform TIMER2.0 datasets. Pathway enrichment analysis was performed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), regulatory T (Treg) cells, and B16-F10 melanoma mice were used as models. The cellular and molecular characteristics and mechanisms of Treg cells in melanoma were assessed by performing gene expression studies, immunohistochemistry, RNA sequencing, and flow cytometry. Results Here, we evaluate the countenance of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (Tim-3), and various immunosuppressive factors within tumor-infiltrated Treg cells after treatment with anti-PD-1 or the indicator transduction and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) inhibitors. Increased expression of Tim-3 is markedly observed within the tissues of the PD-1 blockade resistance of melanoma patients. Targeting STAT3 significantly boosts the response of resistant-PD-1 therapy within the melanoma mouse model. Mechanistically, the manifestation of STAT3 decreases the expression of Tim-3 and various cytokines in the purified Treg cells from individual PBMCs and the murine melanoma model, limiting the immunosuppression of Treg cells. Conclusions Our findings indicate that Tim-3 expression on Treg cells within the TME is STAT3-dependent, providing support to STAT3 as a target and enhancing the immunotherapy for patients suffering from melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Huang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juemin Fang
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuqing Liu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Xu
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Tongji University Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
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177
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Asiry S, Kim G, Filippou PS, Sanchez LR, Entenberg D, Marks DK, Oktay MH, Karagiannis GS. The Cancer Cell Dissemination Machinery as an Immunosuppressive Niche: A New Obstacle Towards the Era of Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654877. [PMID: 33927723 PMCID: PMC8076861 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer immunotherapy has resulted in unpreceded survival benefits to subsets of oncology patients, accumulating evidence from preclinical animal models suggests that the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment remains a detrimental factor limiting benefit for many patient subgroups. Recent efforts on lymphocyte-mediated immunotherapies are primarily focused on eliminating cancer foci at primary and metastatic sites, but few studies have investigated the impact of these therapies on the highly complex process of cancer cell dissemination. The metastatic cascade involves the directional streaming of invasive/migratory tumor cells toward specialized blood vessel intravasation gateways, called TMEM doorways, to the peripheral circulation. Importantly, this process occurs under the auspices of a specialized tumor microenvironment, herewith referred to as "Dissemination Trajectory", which is supported by an ample array of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), skewed towards an M2-like polarization spectrum, and which is also vital for providing microenvironmental cues for cancer cell invasion, migration and stemness. Based on pre-existing evidence from preclinical animal models, this article outlines the hypothesis that dissemination trajectories do not only support the metastatic cascade, but also embody immunosuppressive niches, capable of providing transient and localized immunosubversion cues to the migratory/invasive cancer cell subpopulation while in the act of departing from a primary tumor. So long as these dissemination trajectories function as "immune deserts", the migratory tumor cell subpopulation remains efficient in evading immunological destruction and seeding metastatic sites, despite administration of cancer immunotherapy and/or other cytotoxic treatments. A deeper understanding of the molecular and cellular composition, as well as the signaling circuitries governing the function of these dissemination trajectories will further our overall understanding on TAM-mediated immunosuppression and will be paramount for the development of new therapeutic strategies for the advancement of optimal cancer chemotherapies, immunotherapies, and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Asiry
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Gina Kim
- Department of Surgery, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Panagiota S. Filippou
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
- National Horizons Centre, Teesside University, Darlington, United Kingdom
| | - Luis Rivera Sanchez
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Douglas K. Marks
- Department of Medicine, NYU Long Island School of Medicine, Mineola, NY, United States
| | - Maja H. Oktay
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - George S. Karagiannis
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
- Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
- Integrated Imaging Program, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
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178
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Liu X, Hartman CL, Li L, Albert CJ, Si F, Gao A, Huang L, Zhao Y, Lin W, Hsueh EC, Shen L, Shao Q, Hoft DF, Ford DA, Peng G. Reprogramming lipid metabolism prevents effector T cell senescence and enhances tumor immunotherapy. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/587/eaaz6314. [PMID: 33790024 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz6314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The functional state of T cells is a key determinant for effective antitumor immunity and immunotherapy. Cellular metabolism, including lipid metabolism, controls T cell differentiation, survival, and effector functions. Here, we report that development of T cell senescence driven by both malignant tumor cells and regulatory T cells is a general feature in cancers. Senescent T cells have active glucose metabolism but exhibit unbalanced lipid metabolism. This unbalanced lipid metabolism results in changes of expression of lipid metabolic enzymes, which, in turn, alters lipid species and accumulation of lipid droplets in T cells. Tumor cells and Treg cells drove elevated expression of group IVA phospholipase A2, which, in turn, was responsible for the altered lipid metabolism and senescence induction observed in T cells. Mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling coordinately control lipid metabolism and group IVA phospholipase A2 activity in responder T cells during T cell senescence. Inhibition of group IVA phospholipase A2 reprogrammed effector T cell lipid metabolism, prevented T cell senescence in vitro, and enhanced antitumor immunity and immunotherapy efficacy in mouse models of melanoma and breast cancer in vivo. Together, these findings identify mechanistic links between T cell senescence and regulation of lipid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment and provide a new target for tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Celine L Hartman
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Carolyn J Albert
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Fusheng Si
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Aiqin Gao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.,Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Yangjing Zhao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.,Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Wenli Lin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Eddy C Hsueh
- Division of General Surgery and Department of Surgery, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Lizong Shen
- Division of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, P. R. China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Department of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, P. R. China
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA
| | - David A Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - Guangyong Peng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology and Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA. .,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, MO 63104, USA
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179
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Lodewijk I, Nunes SP, Henrique R, Jerónimo C, Dueñas M, Paramio JM. Tackling tumor microenvironment through epigenetic tools to improve cancer immunotherapy. Clin Epigenetics 2021; 13:63. [PMID: 33761971 PMCID: PMC7992805 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-021-01046-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetic alterations are known contributors to cancer development and aggressiveness. Additional to alterations in cancer cells, aberrant epigenetic marks are present in cells of the tumor microenvironment, including lymphocytes and tumor-associated macrophages, which are often overlooked but known to be a contributing factor to a favorable environment for tumor growth. Therefore, the main aim of this review is to give an overview of the epigenetic alterations affecting immune cells in the tumor microenvironment to provoke an immunosuppressive function and contribute to cancer development. Moreover, immunotherapy is briefly discussed in the context of epigenetics, describing both its combination with epigenetic drugs and the need for epigenetic biomarkers to predict response to immune checkpoint blockage. MAIN BODY Combining both topics, epigenetic machinery plays a central role in generating an immunosuppressive environment for cancer growth, which creates a barrier for immunotherapy to be successful. Furthermore, epigenetic-directed compounds may not only affect cancer cells but also immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, which could be beneficial for the clinical response to immunotherapy. CONCLUSION Thus, modulating epigenetics in combination with immunotherapy might be a promising therapeutic option to improve the success of this therapy. Further studies are necessary to (1) understand in depth the impact of the epigenetic machinery in the tumor microenvironment; (2) how the epigenetic machinery can be modulated according to tumor type to increase response to immunotherapy and (3) find reliable biomarkers for a better selection of patients eligible to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lodewijk
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra P. Nunes
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Henrique
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar – University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group – Research Center, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto (CI-IPOP), 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar – University of Porto (ICBAS-UP), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Dueñas
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Paramio
- Molecular Oncology Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales Y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute I+12, University Hospital “12 de Octubre”, 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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180
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Xu X, Hou B, Fulzele A, Masubuchi T, Zhao Y, Wu Z, Hu Y, Jiang Y, Ma Y, Wang H, Bennett EJ, Fu G, Hui E. PD-1 and BTLA regulate T cell signaling differentially and only partially through SHP1 and SHP2. J Cell Biol 2021; 219:151801. [PMID: 32437509 PMCID: PMC7265324 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blockade antibodies of the immunoinhibitory receptor PD-1 can stimulate the anti-tumor activity of T cells, but clinical benefit is limited to a fraction of patients. Evidence suggests that BTLA, a receptor structurally related to PD-1, may contribute to resistance to PD-1 targeted therapy, but how BTLA and PD-1 differ in their mechanisms is debated. Here, we compared the abilities of BTLA and PD-1 to recruit effector molecules and to regulate T cell signaling. While PD-1 selectively recruited SHP2 over the stronger phosphatase SHP1, BTLA preferentially recruited SHP1 to more efficiently suppress T cell signaling. Contrary to the dominant view that PD-1 and BTLA signal exclusively through SHP1/2, we found that in SHP1/2 double-deficient primary T cells, PD-1 and BTLA still potently inhibited cell proliferation and cytokine production, albeit more transiently than in wild type T cells. Thus, PD-1 and BTLA can suppress T cell signaling through a mechanism independent of both SHP1 and SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozheng Xu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Bowen Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Amitkumar Fulzele
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Takeya Masubuchi
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Zijun Wu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Yanyan Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanzhe Ma
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Haopeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Eric J Bennett
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Guo Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Enfu Hui
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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181
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Cao H, Quan S, Zhang L, Chen Y, Jiao G. BMPR2 expression level is correlated with low immune infiltration and predicts metastasis and poor survival in osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 21:391. [PMID: 33777214 PMCID: PMC7988701 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant bone tumor in adolescents and young adults, and identifying biomarkers for prognosis and therapy is necessary. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) is involved in various cellular functions, including cell adhesion, proliferation and invasion, inflammation, apoptosis and metastatic spread. However, the correlation between BMPR2 expression levels and prognosis and tumor-infiltrating immune cells in osteosarcoma is not well understood. In the present study, the expression level of BMPR2 was investigated using the Oncomine and R2 databases. The association between the expression level of BMPR2 and the clinical prognosis of patients with cancer was analyzed using the R2 database. The relationship between the expression level of BMPR2 and immune cell infiltration in the stroma of osteosarcoma was assessed using the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and CIBERSORT. The correlations between BMPR2 expression level and infiltrated immune cell gene marker sets in osteosarcoma were validated in the TIMER and R2 databases. Analysis of a cohort of patients with osteosarcoma revealed that BMPR2 expression was significantly higher in osteosarcoma compared with in normal tissue and was correlated with poor prognosis. M0 macrophages, M2 macrophages, resting mast, γ δ T and CD8+ T cells were the top five immune cells with the highest degrees of infiltration in osteosarcoma. In addition, BMPR2 expression level showed a significant negative correlation with the gene markers of CD8+ T cells, monocytes and M2 macrophages. Low levels of infiltrating CD8+ T cells, monocytes or M2 macrophages in osteosarcoma was significantly associated with poor survival. These data suggested that CD8+ T cells, monocytes and M2 macrophages play significant roles in the establishment of the immune microenvironment of osteosarcoma. High BMPR2 expression was associated with poor prognosis and low infiltration of CD8+ T cells, monocytes and M2 macrophages in osteosarcoma. Hence, BMPR2 can be considered a biomarker of the immune infiltration, metastasis and prognosis of osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxin Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Quan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Spine and Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhen Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Spine and Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Guangjun Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Spine and Spinal Cord Disease Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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182
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Esteban I, Pastor-Quiñones C, Usero L, Plana M, García F, Leal L. In the Era of mRNA Vaccines, Is There Any Hope for HIV Functional Cure? Viruses 2021; 13:501. [PMID: 33803790 PMCID: PMC8003302 DOI: 10.3390/v13030501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over 36 million people worldwide are infected with HIV. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has proven to be highly effective to prevent HIV-1 transmission, clinical progression and death. Despite this success, the number of HIV-1 infected individuals continues increasing and ART should be taken for life. Therefore, there are two main priorities: the development of preventive vaccines to protect from HIV acquisition and achieve an efficient control of HIV infection in the absence of ART (functional cure). In this sense, in the last few years, there has been a broad interest in new and innovative approaches such as mRNA-based vaccines. RNA-based immunogens represent a promising alternative to conventional vaccines because of their high potency, capacity for rapid development and potential for low-cost manufacture and safe administration. Some mRNA-based vaccines platforms against infectious diseases have demonstrated encouraging results in animal models and humans. However, their application is still limited because the instability and inefficient in vivo delivery of mRNA. Immunogens, design, immunogenicity, chemical modifications on the molecule or the vaccine delivery methods are all crucial interventions for improvement. In this review we, will present the current knowledge and challenges in this research field. mRNA vaccines hold great promises as part of a combined strategy, for achieving HIV functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignasi Esteban
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Carmen Pastor-Quiñones
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Lorena Usero
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Montserrat Plana
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
| | - Felipe García
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lorna Leal
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (I.E.); (C.P.-Q.); (L.U.); (M.P.); (F.G.)
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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183
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LAG-3-Expressing Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells Are Associated with Reduced Disease-Free Survival in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061297. [PMID: 33803936 PMCID: PMC7998134 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In light of the majority of pancreatic cancer patients not responding to current immune checkpoint blockade, alternative immunotherapeutic targets need to be identified. In this study, we employed multiplex immunofluorescence to investigate the expression of co-stimulatory and inhibitory receptors by tumor-infiltrating T cells in human pancreatic cancer. A comprehensive analysis of the receptor pattern on tumor-infiltrating T cells is essential for the development of new therapeutic strategies, as well as personalized immunotherapy, to identify patients who are likely to benefit from targeting specific immune receptors. Abstract T cells are the predominant immune cell population in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment. High CD8+ and Th1-polarized CD4+ T cell infiltration is associated with prolonged survival in human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, the expression pattern of co-stimulatory and inhibitory receptors by PDAC-infiltrating T cells and their prognostic significance are not well defined. In this study, we employed multiplex immunofluorescence to investigate the intratumoral expression of the co-stimulatory receptor inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS), the inhibitory receptors lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), programmed death 1 (PD-1), and V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) by tumor-infiltrating T cells (CD3) in a cohort of 69 patients with resected PDAC. T cells were enriched particularly within the stromal area and were highly heterogeneous across tumors. Further, T cells were associated with prolonged disease-free survival (DFS). However, LAG-3 expression by PDAC-infiltrating T cells was correlated with reduced DFS. Our study highlights the biological importance of LAG-3 expression by tumor-infiltrating T cells. LAG-3+ T cells may represent a novel prognostic marker and a particularly attractive target for immunotherapeutic strategies in PDAC.
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184
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Topchyan P, Xin G, Chen Y, Zheng S, Burns R, Shen J, Kasmani MY, Kudek M, Yang N, Cui W. Harnessing the IL-21-BATF Pathway in the CD8 + T Cell Anti-Tumor Response. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13061263. [PMID: 33809259 PMCID: PMC7998696 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In cancer, CD8+ T cells enter a state of dysfunction within the tumor that prevents them from targeting and killing tumor cells. Our study aims to uncover how CD8+ T cells can be helped by CD4+ T cells or modified in order to improve their effector function against cancer. Thus, allowing them to better fight and control tumors. Our work shows that the protein Basic Leucine Zipper ATF-Like Transcription Factor (BATF) may be a key regulator of CD8+ T cells and their anti-tumor function. These findings can provide further insight for the development of novel therapeutic treatments for cancer patients. Abstract In cancer, CD8+ T cells enter a dysfunctional state which prevents them from effectively targeting and killing tumor cells. Tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells consist of a heterogeneous population of memory-like progenitor, effector, and terminally exhausted cells that exhibit differing functional and self-renewal capacities. Our recently published work has shown that interleukin (IL)-21-producing CD4+ T cells help to generate effector CD8+ T cells within the tumor, which results in enhanced tumor control. However, the molecular mechanisms by which CD4+ helper T cells regulate the differentiation of effector CD8+ T cells are not well understood. In this study, we found that Basic Leucine Zipper ATF-Like Transcription Factor (BATF), a transcription factor downstream of IL-21 signaling, is critical to maintain CD8+ T cell effector function within the tumor. Using mixed bone marrow chimeras, we demonstrated that CD8+ T cell-specific deletion of BATF resulted in impaired tumor control. In contrast, overexpressing BATF in CD8+ T cells enhanced effector function and resulted in improved tumor control, bypassing the need for CD4+ helper T cells. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that BATF-overexpressing CD8+ T cells had increased expression of costimulatory receptors, effector molecules, and transcriptional regulators, which may contribute to their enhanced activation and effector function. Taken together, our study unravels a previously unappreciated CD4+ T cell-derived IL-21–BATF axis that could provide therapeutic insights to enhance effector CD8+ T cell function to fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paytsar Topchyan
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (P.T.); (G.X.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (M.K.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Gang Xin
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (P.T.); (G.X.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (M.K.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Pelotonia Institute for Immuno-Oncology, The James Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yao Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (P.T.); (G.X.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (M.K.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Shikan Zheng
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (P.T.); (G.X.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (M.K.); (N.Y.)
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (P.T.); (G.X.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (M.K.); (N.Y.)
| | - Jian Shen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (P.T.); (G.X.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (M.K.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Moujtaba Y. Kasmani
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (P.T.); (G.X.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (M.K.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Matthew Kudek
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (P.T.); (G.X.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (M.K.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Na Yang
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (P.T.); (G.X.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (M.K.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital, Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA; (P.T.); (G.X.); (Y.C.); (S.Z.); (R.B.); (J.S.); (M.Y.K.); (M.K.); (N.Y.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +1-414-937-3830
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185
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Shin SW, Yang K, Lee M, Moon J, Son A, Kim Y, Choi S, Kim DH, Choi C, Lee N, Park HC. Manganese Ferrite Nanoparticles Enhance the Sensitivity of Hepa1-6 Hepatocellular Carcinoma to Radiation by Remodeling Tumor Microenvironments. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052637. [PMID: 33807943 PMCID: PMC7961905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effect of manganese ferrite nanoparticles (MFN) on radiosensitization and immunologic responses using the murine hepatoma cell line Hepa1-6 and the syngeneic mouse model. The clonogenic survival of Hepa1-6 cells was increased by hypoxia, while being restricted by ionizing radiation (IR) and/or MFN. Although MFN suppressed HIF-1α under hypoxia, the combination of IR and MFN enhanced apoptosis and DNA damage in Hepa1-6 cells. In the Hepa1-6 syngeneic mouse model, the combination of IR and MFN notably limited the tumor growth compared to the single treatment with IR or MFN, and also triggered more frequent apoptosis in tumor tissues than that observed under other conditions. Increased expression of PD-L1 after IR was not observed with MFN alone or the combination of IR and MFN in vitro and in vivo, and the percentage of tumor-infiltrating T cells and cytotoxic T cells increased with MFN, regardless of IR, in the Hepa1-6 syngeneic mouse model, while IR alone led to T cell depletion. MFN might have the potential to overcome radioresistance by alleviating hypoxia and strengthening antitumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Won Shin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.-W.S.); (K.Y.); (A.S.); (Y.K.); (S.C.); (D.-h.K.); (C.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Kyungmi Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.-W.S.); (K.Y.); (A.S.); (Y.K.); (S.C.); (D.-h.K.); (C.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
| | - Miso Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (M.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Jiyoung Moon
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (M.L.); (J.M.)
| | - Arang Son
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.-W.S.); (K.Y.); (A.S.); (Y.K.); (S.C.); (D.-h.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Yeeun Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.-W.S.); (K.Y.); (A.S.); (Y.K.); (S.C.); (D.-h.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Suha Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.-W.S.); (K.Y.); (A.S.); (Y.K.); (S.C.); (D.-h.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Do-hyung Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.-W.S.); (K.Y.); (A.S.); (Y.K.); (S.C.); (D.-h.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Changhoon Choi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.-W.S.); (K.Y.); (A.S.); (Y.K.); (S.C.); (D.-h.K.); (C.C.)
| | - Nohyun Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea; (M.L.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (H.C.P.)
| | - Hee Chul Park
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.-W.S.); (K.Y.); (A.S.); (Y.K.); (S.C.); (D.-h.K.); (C.C.)
- Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Korea
- Correspondence: (N.L.); (H.C.P.)
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186
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Cheng H, Ma K, Zhang L, Li G. The tumor microenvironment shapes the molecular characteristics of exhausted CD8 + T cells. Cancer Lett 2021; 506:55-66. [PMID: 33662493 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The persistent antigen stimulation during chronic infections and cancer results in CD8+ T cell exhaustion. The exhausted T (Tex) cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME) are characterized by increased expression of multiple co-inhibitory receptors simultaneously, progressive loss of effector function, poor proliferation and self-renewal capacity, and dysregulated metabolic activity. Emerging insights into molecular mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion have proposed potential approaches to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy via restoring the effector function of Tex cells. In this review, we summarize the fundamental characteristics (e.g., inhibitory receptors and transcriptional factors) regarding Tex cell differentiation and discuss in particular how those exhaustion features are acquired and shaped by key factors within the TME. Additionally, we discuss the progress and limitations of current cancer immunotherapeutic strategies targeting Tex cells in clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongcheng Cheng
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kaili Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China.
| | - Guideng Li
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China; Center for Systems Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Element, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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187
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IL-2 regulates tumor-reactive CD8 + T cell exhaustion by activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:358-369. [PMID: 33432230 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00850-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CD8+ T cell exhaustion dampens antitumor immunity. Although several transcription factors have been identified that regulate T cell exhaustion, the molecular mechanisms by which CD8+ T cells are triggered to enter an exhausted state remain unclear. Here, we show that interleukin-2 (IL-2) acts as an environmental cue to induce CD8+ T cell exhaustion within tumor microenvironments. We find that a continuously high level of IL-2 leads to the persistent activation of STAT5 in CD8+ T cells, which in turn induces strong expression of tryptophan hydroxylase 1, thus catalyzing the conversion to tryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP). 5-HTP subsequently activates AhR nuclear translocation, causing a coordinated upregulation of inhibitory receptors and downregulation of cytokine and effector-molecule production, thereby rendering T cells dysfunctional in the tumor microenvironment. This molecular pathway is not only present in mouse tumor models but is also observed in people with cancer, identifying IL-2 as a novel inducer of T cell exhaustion.
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188
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Wang S, Qu X, Li Z, Che X, Cao L, Yang X, Hu X, Xu L, Hou K, Fan Y, Wen T, Liu Y. Distinct prognostic values of programmed death-ligand 1 and programmed cell death protein 1 in lung adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma patients. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:397. [PMID: 33842618 PMCID: PMC8033326 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Background Although immunotherapy has demonstrated similar clinical activities in the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), several studies have shown programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) to have different predictive roles in ADC and SCC. This study was conducted to compare the different functions of PD-L1/programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) pathway in these malignancies. Methods A multi-dimensional analysis based on public databases and 2 independent cohorts including 262 patients with lung cancer was performed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and fluorescence-based multiplexed staining were used to detect the immune factors. Results PD-L1 was observed to have different expressions and regulatory mechanisms between SCC and ADC. PD-L1 was significantly increased from the messenger RNA (mRNA) to protein levels in the SCC group compared with the ADC group. Also, PD-L1 on tumor cells (TCs) was positively correlated with CD8+ tumor lymphocyte infiltrates in ADC, but not in SCC. More importantly, PD-L1 was considered to be an independent predictor of overall survival (OS) for ADC patients. In contrast, in SCC patients, PD-1+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were considered a poor prognostic predictor. Conclusions These findings showed that PD-L1 in ADC and PD-1+ TILs in SCC respectively indicates T-cell function, which plays a crucial role in determining prognosis. The distinct functions of the biomarkers between ADC and SCC might provide potential avenues for guiding anti-PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiujuan Qu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaofang Che
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Lili Cao
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Xianghong Yang
- Department of Pathology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuejun Hu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Kezuo Hou
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Yibo Fan
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Ti Wen
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
| | - Yunpeng Liu
- Department of Medical Oncology, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Anticancer Drugs and Biotherapy of Liaoning Province, the First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Liaoning Province Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Shenyang, China
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189
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Gunasinghe SD, Peres NG, Goyette J, Gaus K. Biomechanics of T Cell Dysfunctions in Chronic Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:600829. [PMID: 33717081 PMCID: PMC7948521 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.600829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms behind T cell dysfunctions during chronic diseases is critical in developing effective immunotherapies. As demonstrated by several animal models and human studies, T cell dysfunctions are induced during chronic diseases, spanning from infections to cancer. Although factors governing the onset and the extent of the functional impairment of T cells can differ during infections and cancer, most dysfunctional phenotypes share common phenotypic traits in their immune receptor and biophysical landscape. Through the latest developments in biophysical techniques applied to explore cell membrane and receptor-ligand dynamics, we are able to dissect and gain further insights into the driving mechanisms behind T cell dysfunctions. These insights may prove useful in developing immunotherapies aimed at reinvigorating our immune system to fight off infections and malignancies more effectively. The recent success with checkpoint inhibitors in treating cancer opens new avenues to develop more effective, targeted immunotherapies. Here, we highlight the studies focused on the transformation of the biophysical landscape during infections and cancer, and how T cell biomechanics shaped the immunopathology associated with chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachith D Gunasinghe
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Newton G Peres
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jesse Goyette
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katharina Gaus
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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190
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Santos PM, Adamik J, Howes TR, Du S, Vujanovic L, Warren S, Gambotto A, Kirkwood JM, Butterfield LH. Impact of checkpoint blockade on cancer vaccine-activated CD8+ T cell responses. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151736. [PMID: 32369107 PMCID: PMC7336310 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune and molecular profiling of CD8 T cells of patients receiving DC vaccines expressing three full-length melanoma antigens (MAs) was performed. Antigen expression levels in DCs had no significant impact on T cell or clinical responses. Patients who received checkpoint blockade before DC vaccination had higher baseline MA-specific CD8 T cell responses but no evidence for improved functional responses to the vaccine. Patients who showed the best clinical responses had low PD-1 expression on MA-specific T cells before and after DC vaccination; however, blockade of PD-1 during antigen presentation by DC had minimal functional impact on PD-1high MA-specific T cells. Gene and protein expression analyses in lymphocytes and tumor samples identified critical immunoregulatory pathways, including CTLA-4 and PD-1. High immune checkpoint gene expression networks correlated with inferior clinical outcomes. Soluble serum PD-L2 showed suggestive positive association with improved outcome. These findings show that checkpoint molecular pathways are critical for vaccine outcomes and suggest specific sequencing of vaccine combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Santos
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Juraj Adamik
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA
| | - Timothy R Howes
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA
| | - Samuel Du
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lazar Vujanovic
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | - Andrea Gambotto
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - John M Kirkwood
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Lisa H Butterfield
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA.,Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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191
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Abstract
The first gene profiling study of cancer-specific CD8+ T-cells demonstrates that lymphocyte dysfunction in cancer tissue is due to multiple molecular alterations,1 similar as in “exhausted” T-cells in chronic infection.2 The data suggest novel drug targets, and show that T-cell exhaustion is reversible and limited to anatomical sites of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Speiser
- Ludwig Center and Radiation Oncology; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
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192
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Mahnke YD, Devevre E, Baumgaertner P, Matter M, Rufer N, Romero P, Speiser DE. Human melanoma-specific CD8(+) T-cells from metastases are capable of antigen-specific degranulation and cytolysis directly ex vivo. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:467-530. [PMID: 22754765 PMCID: PMC3382891 DOI: 10.4161/onci.19856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The relatively low frequencies of tumor Ag-specific T-cells in PBMC and metastases from cancer patients have long precluded the analysis of their direct ex vivo cytolytic capacity. Using a new composite technique that works well with low cell numbers, we aimed at determining the functional competence of melanoma-specific CD8+ T-cells. A multiparameter flow cytometry based technique was applied to assess the cytolytic function, degranulation and IFNγ production by tumor Ag-specific CD8+ T-cells from PBMC and tumor-infiltrated lymph nodes (TILN) of melanoma patients. We found strong cytotoxicity by T-cells not only when they were isolated from PBMC but also from TILN. Cytotoxicity was observed against peptide-pulsed target cells and melanoma cells presenting the naturally processed endogenous antigen. However, unlike their PBMC-derived counterparts, T-cells from TILN produced only minimal amounts of IFNγ, while exhibiting similar levels of degranulation, revealing a critical functional dichotomy in metastatic lesions. Our finding of partial functional impairment fits well with the current knowledge that T-cells from cancer metastases are so-called exhausted, a state of T-cell hyporesponsiveness also found in chronic viral infections. The identification of responsible mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment is important for improving cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda D Mahnke
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research; University of Lausanne; Lausanne, Switzerland
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193
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de Jonge K, Tillé L, Lourenco J, Maby-El Hajjami H, Nassiri S, Racle J, Gfeller D, Delorenzi M, Verdeil G, Baumgaertner P, Speiser DE. Inflammatory B cells correlate with failure to checkpoint blockade in melanoma patients. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1873585. [PMID: 33643691 PMCID: PMC7872097 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1873585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The understanding of the role of B cells in patients with solid tumors remains insufficient. We found that circulating B cells produced TNFα and/or IL-6, associated with unresponsiveness and poor overall survival of melanoma patients treated with anti-CTLA4 antibody. Transcriptome analysis of B cells from melanoma metastases showed enriched expression of inflammatory response genes. Publicly available single B cell data from the tumor microenvironment revealed a negative correlation between TNFα expression and response to immune checkpoint blockade. These findings suggest that B cells contribute to tumor growth via the production of inflammatory cytokines. Possibly, these B cells are different from tertiary lymphoid structure-associated B cells, which have been described to correlate with favorable clinical outcome of cancer patients. Further studies are required to identify and characterize B cell subsets and their functions promoting or counteracting tumor growth, with the aim to identify biomarkers and novel treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaat de Jonge
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laure Tillé
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Joao Lourenco
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sina Nassiri
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Racle
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - David Gfeller
- Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Verdeil
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Petra Baumgaertner
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Daniel E Speiser
- Department of Fundamental Oncology, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland.,Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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194
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Haymaker C, Wu R, Bernatchez C, Radvanyi L. PD-1 and BTLA and CD8(+) T-cell "exhaustion" in cancer: "Exercising" an alternative viewpoint. Oncoimmunology 2021; 1:735-738. [PMID: 22934265 PMCID: PMC3429577 DOI: 10.4161/onci.20823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The elevated expression of PD-1, BTLA, and other co-inhibitory molecules on T cells from cancer patients has become an accepted signature for a state called T-cell “exhaustion” that has emerged almost as dogma in the field. However, here we propose that in some cases this “exhausted” T-cell phenotype may instead be an indicator of T cells that are in a more heightened state of T-cell activation more susceptible to negative regulation rather than being “exhausted.” This alternative interpretation fits in line with the view that CD8+ T-cell activation in cancer results from a continuum of signals regulating their differentiation towards potent effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Haymaker
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology; University of Texas; MD Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX USA
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195
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Using Elevated Cholesterol Synthesis as a Prognostic Marker in Wilms' Tumor: A Bioinformatic Analysis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:8826286. [PMID: 33628817 PMCID: PMC7886595 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8826286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Wilms tumor is the most common renal malignancy of children. Identifying factors that could predict the prognosis of patients with Wilms tumor is clinically meaningful. Many studies found tumors with elevated cholesterol synthesis that are featured with dismal prognosis. Even in some clinical trials, people with excessive dietary cholesterol intake and high plasma low-density lipoprotein levels are observed to have increased risk for cancer. However, the role of cholesterol biosynthesis in Wilms tumor has not yet been well clarified. Methods RNA sequencing transcriptome data and all corresponding clinicopathological information used in our study were downloaded from the TARGET database. High-throughput sequencing (Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million fragments mapped) data sets of 130 tumor samples and 6 normal samples were obtained for further analysis. Results Wilms tumor samples with higher activity of cholesterol synthesis are characterized with worse overall survival (P < 0.05). In addition, Wilms tumor samples with mitigated activity of cholesterol synthesis are featured with better dendritic cell (DC) function and cytolytic activity (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we constructed a prognosis model based on differential expressed cholesterol synthesis-related genes (DECSG), which could predict the OS of patients with Wilms tumor accurately. KEGG and GO analysis of differential expressed genes between tumor samples with high and low cholesterol synthesis indicated that DECSGs are highly enriched in “mitosis nuclear division,” “nuclear division,” “chromosome segregation,” “cell cycle,” “Spliceosome,” and “RNA transport.” Conclusions In conclusion, our study reported increased cholesterol synthesis in Wilms tumor predicts a worse prognosis and mitigated cytolytic activity, DC function, and MHC I signature in the tumor microenvironment. We also constructed a prognosis model for predicting the OS of patients with good accuracy, which is promising in clinical translation. Future studies should focus on the detailed mechanism that caused increasing cholesterol which promotes tumor progression and undermines patients' survival.
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196
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Immune Functions of Signaling Lymphocytic Activation Molecule Family Molecules in Multiple Myeloma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020279. [PMID: 33451089 PMCID: PMC7828503 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable hematological malignancy characterized by an increase in abnormal plasma cells. Disease progression, drug resistance, and immunosuppression in MM are associated with immune-related molecules, such as immune checkpoint and co-stimulatory molecules, present in the tumor microenvironment. Novel agents targeting these cell-surface molecules are currently under development, including monoclonal antibodies, bispecific monoclonal antibodies, and chimera antigen receptor T-cell therapies. In this review, we focus on the signaling lymphocytic activation molecule family receptors and provide an overview of their biological functions and novel therapies in MM. Abstract The signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) family receptors are expressed on various immune cells and malignant plasma cells in multiple myeloma (MM) patients. In immune cells, most SLAM family molecules bind to themselves to transmit co-stimulatory signals through the recruiting adaptor proteins SLAM-associated protein (SAP) or Ewing’s sarcoma-associated transcript 2 (EAT-2), which target immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motifs in the cytoplasmic regions of the receptors. Notably, SLAMF2, SLAMF3, SLAMF6, and SLAMF7 are strongly and constitutively expressed on MM cells that do not express the adaptor proteins SAP and EAT-2. This review summarizes recent studies on the expression and biological functions of SLAM family receptors during the malignant progression of MM and the resulting preclinical and clinical research involving four SLAM family receptors. A better understanding of the relationship between SLAM family receptors and MM disease progression may lead to the development of novel immunotherapies for relapse prevention.
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197
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Aoki T, Savage KJ, Steidl C. Biology in Practice: Harnessing the Curative Potential of the Immune System in Lymphoid Cancers. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:346-360. [PMID: 33434057 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Aoki
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kerry J Savage
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Medical Oncology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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198
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Isser A, Livingston NK, Schneck JP. Biomaterials to enhance antigen-specific T cell expansion for cancer immunotherapy. Biomaterials 2021; 268:120584. [PMID: 33338931 PMCID: PMC7856270 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
T cells are often referred to as the 'guided missiles' of our immune system because of their capacity to traffic to and accumulate at sites of infection or disease, destroy infected or mutated cells with high specificity and sensitivity, initiate systemic immune responses, sterilize infections, and produce long-lasting memory. As a result, they are a common target for a range of cancer immunotherapies. However, the myriad of challenges of expanding large numbers of T cells specific to each patient's unique tumor antigens has led researchers to develop alternative, more scalable approaches. Biomaterial platforms for expansion of antigen-specific T cells offer a path forward towards broadscale translation of personalized immunotherapies by providing "off-the-shelf", yet modular approaches to customize the phenotype, function, and specificity of T cell responses. In this review, we discuss design considerations and progress made in the development of ex vivo and in vivo technologies for activating antigen-specific T cells, including artificial antigen presenting cells, T cell stimulating scaffolds, biomaterials-based vaccines, and artificial lymphoid organs. Ultimate translation of these platforms as a part of cancer immunotherapy regimens hinges on an in-depth understanding of T cell biology and cell-material interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Isser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Natalie K Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, USA; Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, USA; Translational Tissue Engineering Center, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, USA
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, USA; Institute for Nanobiotechnology, USA; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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199
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Wang W, Zhong Y, Zhuang Z, Xie J, Lu Y, Huang C, Sun Y, Wu L, Yin J, Yu H, Jiang Z, Wang S, Wang C, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Han C, Zhong Z, Hu J, Ouyang Y, Liu H, Yu M, Wei X, Chen D, Huang L, Hou Y, Lin Z, Liu S, Ling F, Yao X. Multiregion single-cell sequencing reveals the transcriptional landscape of the immune microenvironment of colorectal cancer. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e253. [PMID: 33463049 PMCID: PMC7775989 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem formed by distinct and interacting cell populations, and its composition is related to cancer prognosis and response to clinical treatment. In this study, we have taken the advantage of two single-cell RNA sequencing technologies (Smart-seq2 and DNBelab C4) to generate an atlas of 15,115 immune and nonimmune cells from primary tumors and hepatic metastases of 18 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. We observed extensive changes in the proportions and functional states of T cells and B cells in tumor tissues, compared to those of paired non-tumor tissues. Importantly, we found that B cells from early CRC tumor were identified to be pre-B like expressing tumor suppressors, whereas B cells from advanced CRC tumors tended to be developed into plasma cells. We also identified the association of IgA+ IGLC2+ plasma cells with poor CRC prognosis, and demonstrated a significant interaction between B-cell and myeloid-cell signaling, and found CCL8+ cycling B cells/CCR5+ T-cell interactions as a potential antitumoral mechanism in advanced CRC tumors. Our results provide deeper insights into the immune infiltration within CRC, and a new perspective for the future research in immunotherapies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Yu Zhong
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Zhenkun Zhuang
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Jiarui Xie
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Yueer Lu
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Chengzhi Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yan Sun
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Liang Wu
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Jianhua Yin
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Hang Yu
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Shanshan Wang
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Chunqing Wang
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Yuanhang Zhang
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
| | - Yilin Huang
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Chongyin Han
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Zhenggang Zhong
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Jialin Hu
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Ying Ouyang
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Huisheng Liu
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Mengya Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | | | | | - Lizhen Huang
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Yong Hou
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single‐Cell OmicsShenzhenChina
| | - Zhanglin Lin
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Shiping Liu
- BGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhenChina
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Single‐Cell OmicsShenzhenChina
- The Guangdong‐Hong Kong Joint Laboratory On Immunological And Genetic Kidney DiseasesGuangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical SciencesGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Fei Ling
- School of Biology and Biological EngineeringSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
| | - Xueqing Yao
- Department of General Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, South China University of TechnologyGuangzhouGuangdongChina
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200
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Beijnen EMS, van Haren SD. Vaccine-Induced CD8 + T Cell Responses in Children: A Review of Age-Specific Molecular Determinants Contributing to Antigen Cross-Presentation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:607977. [PMID: 33424857 PMCID: PMC7786054 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections are most common and most severe at the extremes of age, the young and the elderly. Vaccination can be a key approach to enhance immunogenicity and protection against pathogens in these vulnerable populations, who have a functionally distinct immune system compared to other age groups. More than 50% of the vaccine market is for pediatric use, yet to date vaccine development is often empiric and not tailored to molecular distinctions in innate and adaptive immune activation in early life. With modern vaccine development shifting from whole-cell based vaccines to subunit vaccines also comes the need for formulations that can elicit a CD8+ T cell response when needed, for example, by promoting antigen cross-presentation. While our group and others have identified many cellular and molecular determinants of successful activation of antigen-presenting cells, B cells and CD4+ T cells in early life, much less is known about the ontogeny of CD8+ T cell induction. In this review, we summarize the literature pertaining to the frequency and phenotype of newborn and infant CD8+ T cells, and any evidence of induction of CD8+ T cells by currently licensed pediatric vaccine formulations. In addition, we review the molecular determinants of antigen cross-presentation on MHC I and successful CD8+ T cell induction and discuss potential distinctions that can be made in children. Finally, we discuss recent advances in development of novel adjuvants and provide future directions for basic and translational research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M S Beijnen
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Simon D van Haren
- Precision Vaccines Program, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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