151
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Frenkel B, White W, Tuckermann J. Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015. [PMID: 26215995 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2895-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is among the most devastating side effects of glucocorticoid (GC) therapy for the management of inflammatory and auto-immune diseases. Evidence from both humans and mice indicate deleterious skeletal effects within weeks of pharmacological GC administration, both related and unrelated to a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD). Osteoclast numbers and bone resorption are also rapidly increased, and together with osteoblast inactivation and decreased bone formation, these changes lead the fastest loss in BMD during the initial disease phase. Bone resorption then decreases to sub-physiological levels, but persistent and severe inhibition of bone formation leads to further bone loss and progressively increased fracture risk, up to an order of magnitude higher than that observed in untreated individuals. Bone forming osteoblasts are thus considered the main culprits in GC-induced osteoporosis (GIO). Accordingly, we focus this review primarily on deleterious effects on osteoblasts: inhibition of cell replication and function and acceleration of apoptosis. Mediating these adverse effects, GCs target pivotal regulatory mechanisms that govern osteoblast growth, differentiation and survival. Specifically, GCs inhibit growth factor pathways, including Insulin Growth Factors, Growth Hormone, Hepatocyte Growth/Scatter Factor and IL6-type cytokines. They also inhibit downstream kinases, including PI3-kinase and the MAP kinase ERK, the latter attributable in part to direct transcriptional stimulation of MAP kinase phosphatase 1. Most importantly, however, GCs inhibit the Wnt signaling pathway, which plays a pivotal role in osteoblast replication, function and survival. They transcriptionally stimulate expression of Wnt inhibitors of both the Dkk and Sfrp families, and they induce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which result in loss of ß-catenin to ROS-activated FoxO transcription factors. Identification of dissociated GCs, which would suppress the immune system without causing osteoporosis, is proving more challenging than initially thought, and GIO is currently managed by co-treatment with bisphosphonates or PTH. These drugs, however, are not ideally suited for GIO. Future therapeutic approaches may aim at GC targets such as those mentioned above, or newly identified targets including the Notch pathway, the AP-1/Il11 axis and the osteoblast master regulator RUNX2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Frenkel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, Institute for Genetic Medicine, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, CSC-240, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA,
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152
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Wang L, Zhang YG, Wang XM, Ma LF, Zhang YM. Naringin protects human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells against hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 242:255-61. [PMID: 26482937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Extensive evidence indicates that oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of osteoporosis. We show that naringin, a natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound, effectively protects human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hADMSCs) against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation. Naringin increased viability of hAMDSCs and attenuated H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. Naringin also reversed H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Oxidative stress induced by H2O2 inhibits osteogenic differentiation by decreasing alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium content and mRNA expression levels of osteogenesis marker genes RUNX2 and OSX in hADMSCs. However, addition of naringin leads to a significant recovery, suggesting the protective effects of naringin against H2O2-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation. Furthermore, the H2O2-induced decrease of protein expressions of β-catenin and clyclin D1, two important transcriptional regulators of Wnt-signaling, was successfully rescued by naringin treatment. Also, in the presence of Wnt inhibitor DKK-1, naringin is no longer effective in stimulating ALP activity, increasing calcium content and mRNA expression levels of RUNX2 and OSX in H2O2-exposed hADMSCs. These data clearly demonstrates that naringin protects hADMSCs against oxidative stress-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation, which may involve Wnt signaling pathway. Our work suggests that naringin may be a useful addition to the treatment armamentarium for osteoporosis and activation of Wnt signaling may represent attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of degenerative disease of bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 79 Guhuai Road, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Yu-Ge Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 79 Guhuai Road, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiu-Mei Wang
- Department of Electroencephalogram, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 79 Guhuai Road, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Long-Fei Ma
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 79 Guhuai Road, Jining 272000, Shandong, China
| | - Yuan-Min Zhang
- Department of Joint Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, 79 Guhuai Road, Jining 272000, Shandong, China.
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153
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Visweswaran M, Pohl S, Arfuso F, Newsholme P, Dilley R, Pervaiz S, Dharmarajan A. Multi-lineage differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells - To Wnt, or not Wnt. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 68:139-47. [PMID: 26410622 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent precursor cells originating from several adult connective tissues. MSCs possess the ability to self-renew and differentiate into several lineages, and are recognized by the expression of unique cell surface markers. Several lines of evidence suggest that various signal transduction pathways and their interplay regulate MSC differentiation. To that end, a critical player in regulating MSC differentiation is a group of proteins encoded by the Wnt gene family, which was previously known for influencing various stages of embryonic development and cell fate determination. As MSCs have gained significant clinical attention for their potential applications in regenerative medicine, it is imperative to unravel the mechanisms by which molecular regulators control differentiation of MSCs for designing cell-based therapeutics. It is rather coincidental that the functional outcome(s) of Wnt-induced signals share similarities with cellular redox-mediated networks from the standpoint of MSC biology. Furthermore, there is evidence for a crosstalk between Wnt and redox signalling, which begs the question whether Wnt-mediated differentiation signals involve the intermediary role of reactive oxygen species. In this review, we summarize the impact of Wnt signalling on multi-lineage differentiation of MSCs, and attempt to unravel the intricate interplay between Wnt and redox signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malini Visweswaran
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Sebastian Pohl
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Philip Newsholme
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Rodney Dilley
- Ear Sciences Centre, University of Western Australia and Ear Science Institute Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - Shazib Pervaiz
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore; School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Arun Dharmarajan
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6102, Australia.
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154
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FOXO1 inhibits osteosarcoma oncogenesis via Wnt/β-catenin pathway suppression. Oncogenesis 2015; 4:e166. [PMID: 26344693 PMCID: PMC4767937 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2015.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances have highlighted profound roles of FOXO transcription factors, especially FOXO1, in bone development and remodeling. The regulation of bone development by FOXOs seems to be stage-specific or context dependent. FOXOs promote maintenance and differentiation of early progenitors of the osteoblast lineage and repress proliferation of committed osteoblast precursors; FOXO1 is vital for osteocyte survival. Considering the versatile roles played by FOXOs in bone development and tumorigenesis, it is plausible that FOXO1, the main FOXO in bone with a non-redundant role, might have influence on osteosarcoma (OS) oncogenesis. Indeed, recent results have implicated that FOXO1 has a tumor-suppressing role in OS. In the present study, we found that FOXO1 expression was generally low or absent in OS, with a minority of cases having moderate expression. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) revealed that the FOXO1 locus was frequently involved in copy number variation and loss of heterozygosity in OS, indicating that chromosomal aberrations might be partially responsible for the heterogeneity in FOXO1 expression. FOXO1 activation in OS cell lines inhibited cancer cell survival, which can be attributed to modulation of target genes, including BIM and repressed Wnt/β-catenin signaling. FOXO1 inhibition promoted cell proliferation, enhanced colony formation and attenuated osteogenic differentiation of OS cell lines. To conclude, our results proved FOXO1 as a tumor suppressor in OS at least partially by suppression of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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155
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Abstract
This article examines the current knowledge of the effects of both exogenous and endogenous glucocorticoids on bone and muscle. It demonstrates the similarity of effects of supraphysiologic loads of glucocorticoids regardless of whether they enter the body in the form of medication or are manufactured by the body in response to stimuli such as inflammation. The effects of endogenous glucocorticoids and the systemic inflammatory response resulting from pediatric burn injury are compared and the difficulty in sorting out which of the two factors is responsible for the ultimate effects on bone and muscle is pointed out. The focus then switches to the body's response to the influence of both glucocorticoids and inflammatory cytokines and evidence supporting a common pathway of response to oxidative damage caused by both is discussed. Current recommended medical management of glucocorticoid-induced bone and muscle loss is discussed and the failure to reconcile current management with known mechanisms is highlighted.
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156
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Jeong BC, Kim TS, Kim HS, Lee SH, Choi Y. Transmembrane protein 64 reciprocally regulates osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Bone 2015; 78:165-73. [PMID: 25979161 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Age-related osteoporosis is associated with a reciprocal decrease in bone formation and an increase in adiposity in the bone marrow niche. We previously reported Transmembrane protein 64 (Tmem64) to be an important regulator of osteoclast function; however, its precise role in osteoblasts has not yet been established. Here, we showed that ablation of the Tmem64 gene in mice resulted in markedly increased osteoblast and reduced adipocyte differentiation from bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs). Conversely, Tmem64 overexpression inhibited osteogenesis and accelerated adipogenesis. Furthermore, BMSCs isolated from Tmem64 knockout mice formed a greater number of colony-forming unit-osteoblasts and a lower number of colony-forming unit-adipocytes than the wild type controls. Mechanistically, the expression level of β-catenin, the key Wnt signaling molecule, increased significantly, and its nuclear translocation was enhanced in Tmem64-deficient cells. Introduction of Tmem64 significantly suppressed β-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity in an in vitro co-transfection experiment as well as during an in vivo experiment involving BAT-Gal reporter mice. These results demonstrate that Tmem64 plays an important role in the regulation of mesenchymal lineage allocation by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Chul Jeong
- Medical Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Soo Kim
- TKM-Based Herbal Drug Research Group, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Soo Kim
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Seoung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, College of Dentistry and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation (CMFR), Wonkwang University, Iksan 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongwon Choi
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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157
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Filtz EA, Emery A, Lu H, Forster CL, Karasch C, Hallstrom TC. Rb1 and Pten Co-Deletion in Osteoblast Precursor Cells Causes Rapid Lipoma Formation in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136729. [PMID: 26317218 PMCID: PMC4552947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rb and Pten tumor suppressor genes are important regulators of bone development and both are frequently mutated in the bone cancer osteosarcoma (OS). To determine if Rb1 and Pten synergize as tumor suppressor genes for osteosarcoma, we co-deleted them in osteoprogenitor cells. Surprisingly, we observed rapid development of adipogenic but not osteosarcoma tumors in the ΔRb1/Pten mice. ΔPten solo deleted mice also developed lipoma tumors but at a much reduced frequency and later onset than those co-deleted for Rb1. Pten deletion also led to a marked increase in adipocytes in the bone marrow. To better understand the function of Pten in bone development in vivo, we conditionally deleted Pten in OSX+ osteoprogenitor cells using OSX-Cre mice. μCT analysis revealed a significant thickening of the calvaria and an increase in trabeculae volume and number in the femur, consistent with increased bone formation in these mice. To determine if Pten and Rb1 deletion actively promotes adipogenic differentiation, we isolated calvarial cells from Ptenfl/fl and Ptenfl/fl; Rb1fl/fl mice, infected them with CRE or GFP expressing adenovirus, treated with differentiation media. We observed slightly increased adipogenic, and osteogenic differentiation in the ΔPten cells. Both phenotypes were greatly increased upon Rb1/Pten co-deletion. This was accompanied by an increase in expression of genes required for adipogenesis. These data indicate that Pten deletion in osteoblast precursors is sufficient to promote frequent adipogenic, but only rare osteogenic tumors. Rb1 hetero- or homo-zygous co-deletion greatly increases the incidence and the rapidity of onset of adipogenic tumors, again, with only rare osteosarcoma tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma A. Filtz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Ann Emery
- Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Huarui Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Colleen L. Forster
- BioNet, Academic Health Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Chris Karasch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Hallstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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158
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El Refaey M, Watkins CP, Kennedy EJ, Chang A, Zhong Q, Ding KH, Shi XM, Xu J, Bollag WB, Hill WD, Johnson M, Hunter M, Hamrick MW, Isales CM. Oxidation of the aromatic amino acids tryptophan and tyrosine disrupts their anabolic effects on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 410:87-96. [PMID: 25637715 PMCID: PMC4444384 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Age-induced bone loss is associated with greater bone resorption and decreased bone formation resulting in osteoporosis and osteoporosis-related fractures. The etiology of this age-induced bone loss is not clear but has been associated with increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from leaky mitochondria. ROS are known to oxidize/damage the surrounding proteins/amino acids/enzymes and thus impair their normal function. Among the amino acids, the aromatic amino acids are particularly prone to modification by oxidation. Since impaired osteoblastic differentiation from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) plays a role in age-related bone loss, we wished to examine whether oxidized amino acids (in particular the aromatic amino acids) modulated BMMSC function. Using mouse BMMSCs, we examined the effects of the oxidized amino acids di-tyrosine and kynurenine on proliferation, differentiation and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway. Our data demonstrate that amino acid oxides (in particular kynurenine) inhibited BMMSC proliferation, alkaline phosphatase expression and activity and the expression of osteogenic markers (Osteocalcin and Runx2). Taken together, our data are consistent with a potential pathogenic role for oxidized amino acids in age-induced bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona El Refaey
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Christopher P Watkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Andrew Chang
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Qing Zhong
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Ke-Hong Ding
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Xing-ming Shi
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jianrui Xu
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Wendy B Bollag
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States
| | - William D Hill
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA 30912, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Maribeth Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Monte Hunter
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Mark W Hamrick
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Carlos M Isales
- Institute for Regenerative and Reparative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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159
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Okada K, Naito AT, Higo T, Nakagawa A, Shibamoto M, Sakai T, Hashimoto A, Kuramoto Y, Sumida T, Nomura S, Ito M, Yamaguchi T, Oka T, Akazawa H, Lee JK, Morimoto S, Sakata Y, Shiojima I, Komuro I. Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Contributes to Skeletal Myopathy in Heart Failure via Direct Interaction With Forkhead Box O. Circ Heart Fail 2015; 8:799-808. [DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.114.001958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Background—
There are changes in the skeletal muscle of patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), such as volume reduction and fiber type shift toward fatigable type IIb fiber. Forkhead box O (FoxO) signaling plays a critical role in the development of skeletal myopathy in CHF, and functional interaction between FoxO and the Wnt signal mediator β-catenin was previously demonstrated. We have recently reported that serum of CHF model mice activates Wnt signaling more potently than serum of control mice and that complement C1q mediates this activation. We, therefore, hypothesized that C1q-induced activation of Wnt signaling plays a critical role in skeletal myopathy via the interaction with FoxO.
Methods and Results—
Fiber type shift toward fatigable fiber was observed in the skeletal muscle of dilated cardiomyopathy model mice, which was associated with activation of both Wnt and FoxO signaling. Wnt3a protein activated FoxO signaling and induced fiber type shift toward fatigable fiber in C2C12 cells. Wnt3a-induced fiber type shift was inhibited by suppression of FoxO1 activity, whereas Wnt3a-independent fiber type shift was observed by overexpression of constitutively active FoxO1. Serum of dilated cardiomyopathy mice activated both Wnt and FoxO signaling and induced fiber type shift toward fatigable fiber in C2C12 cells. Wnt inhibitor and C1-inhibitor attenuated FoxO activation and fiber type shift both in C2C12 cells and in the skeletal muscle of dilated cardiomyopathy mice.
Conclusions—
C1q-induced activation of Wnt signaling contributes to fiber type shift toward fatigable fiber in CHF. Wnt signaling may be a novel therapeutic target to prevent skeletal myopathy in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuki Okada
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Atsuhiko T. Naito
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Tomoaki Higo
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Akito Nakagawa
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Masato Shibamoto
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Taku Sakai
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Akihito Hashimoto
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Yuki Kuramoto
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Tomokazu Sumida
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Seitaro Nomura
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Masamichi Ito
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Toshihiro Yamaguchi
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Toru Oka
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Hiroshi Akazawa
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Jong-Kook Lee
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Sachio Morimoto
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Yasushi Sakata
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Ichiro Shiojima
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
| | - Issei Komuro
- From the Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine (K.O., A.T.N., T.H., A.N., M.S., T.S., A.H., Y.K., T.O., Y.S.) and Cardiovascular Regenerative Medicine (J.-K.L.), Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., T.O., H.A., J.-K.L., I.S., I.K.); Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (A.T.N., T.S., S.N., M.I., T.Y., H.A., I.K.); Department of
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Kode A, Mosialou I, Manavalan SJ, Rathinam CV, Friedman RA, Teruya-Feldstein J, Bhagat G, Berman E, Kousteni S. FoxO1-dependent induction of acute myeloid leukemia by osteoblasts in mice. Leukemia 2015; 30:1-13. [PMID: 26108693 PMCID: PMC4691220 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoblasts, the bone forming cells, affect self-renewal and expansion of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), as well as homing of healthy hematopoietic cells and tumor cells into the bone marrow. Constitutive activation of β-catenin in osteoblasts is sufficient to alter the differentiation potential of myeloid and lymphoid progenitors and to initiate the development of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in mice. We show here that Notch1 is the receptor mediating the leukemogenic properties of osteoblast-activated β-catenin in HSCs. Moreover, using cell-specific gene inactivation mouse models, we show that FoxO1 expression in osteoblasts is required for and mediates the leukemogenic properties of β-catenin. At the molecular level, FoxO1 interacts with β-catenin in osteoblasts to induce expression of the Notch ligand, Jagged-1. Subsequent activation of Notch signaling in long-term repopulating HSC progenitors induces the leukemogenic transformation of HSCs and ultimately leads to the development of AML. These findings identify FoxO1 expressed in osteoblasts as a factor affecting hematopoiesis and provide a molecular mechanism whereby the FoxO1/activated β-catenin interaction results in AML. These observations support the notion that the bone marrow niche is an instigator of leukemia and raise the prospect that FoxO1 oncogenic properties may occur in other tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kode
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - I Mosialou
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S J Manavalan
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - C V Rathinam
- Department of Genetics and Development, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - R A Friedman
- Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, Department of Biomedical Informatics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Teruya-Feldstein
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology, Institute for Cancer Genetics Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - E Berman
- Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Kousteni
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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161
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Ip W, Shao W, Song Z, Chen Z, Wheeler MB, Jin T. Liver-specific expression of dominant-negative transcription factor 7-like 2 causes progressive impairment in glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 2015; 64:1923-32. [PMID: 25576056 DOI: 10.2337/db14-1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Investigations on the metabolic role of the Wnt signaling pathway and hepatic transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) have generated opposing views. While some studies demonstrated a repressive effect of TCF7L2 on hepatic gluconeogenesis, a recent study using liver-specific Tcf7l2(-/-) mice suggested the opposite. As a consequence of redundant and bidirectional actions of transcription factor (TCF) molecules and other complexities of the Wnt pathway, knockout of a single Wnt pathway component may not effectively reveal a complete metabolic picture of this pathway. To address this, we generated the liver-specific dominant-negative (DN) TCF7L2 (TCF7L2DN) transgenic mouse model LTCFDN. These mice exhibited progressive impairment in response to pyruvate challenge. Importantly, LTCFDN hepatocytes displayed elevated gluconeogenic gene expression, gluconeogenesis, and loss of Wnt-3a-mediated repression of gluconeogenesis. In C57BL/6 hepatocytes, adenovirus-mediated expression of TCF7L2DN, but not wild-type TCF7L2, increased gluconeogenesis and gluconeogenic gene expression. Our further mechanistic exploration suggests that TCF7L2DN-mediated inhibition of Wnt signaling causes preferential interaction of β-catenin (β-cat) with FoxO1 and increased binding of β-cat/FoxO1 to the Pck1 FoxO binding site, resulting in the stimulation of Pck1 expression and increased gluconeogenesis. Together, our results using TCF7L2DN as a unique tool revealed that the Wnt signaling pathway and its effector β-cat/TCF serve a beneficial role in suppressing hepatic gluconeogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred Ip
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Weijuan Shao
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhuolun Song
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zonglan Chen
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael B Wheeler
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tianru Jin
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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162
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Atashi F, Modarressi A, Pepper MS. The role of reactive oxygen species in mesenchymal stem cell adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation: a review. Stem Cells Dev 2015; 24:1150-63. [PMID: 25603196 PMCID: PMC4424969 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are promising candidates for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The multipotent stem cell component of MSC isolates is able to differentiate into derivatives of the mesodermal lineage including adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, and myocytes. Many common pathways have been described in the regulation of adipogenesis and osteogenesis. However, stimulation of osteogenesis appears to suppress adipogenesis and vice-versa. Increasing evidence implicates a tight regulation of these processes by reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are short-lived oxygen-containing molecules that display high chemical reactivity toward DNA, RNA, proteins, and lipids. Mitochondrial complexes I and III, and the NADPH oxidase isoform NOX4 are major sources of ROS production during MSC differentiation. ROS are thought to interact with several pathways that affect the transcription machinery required for MSC differentiation including the Wnt, Hedgehog, and FOXO signaling cascades. On the other hand, elevated levels of ROS, defined as oxidative stress, lead to arrest of the MSC cell cycle and apoptosis. Tightly regulated levels of ROS are therefore critical for MSC terminal differentiation, although the precise sources, localization, levels and the exact species of ROS implicated remain to be determined. This review provides a detailed overview of the influence of ROS on adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation in MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Atashi
- 1 Department of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva , University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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163
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Jin H, Wang B, Li J, Xie W, Mao Q, Li S, Dong F, Sun Y, Ke HZ, Babij P, Tong P, Chen D. Anti-DKK1 antibody promotes bone fracture healing through activation of β-catenin signaling. Bone 2015; 71:63-75. [PMID: 25263522 PMCID: PMC4376475 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigated if Wnt/β-catenin signaling in mesenchymal progenitor cells plays a role in bone fracture repair and if DKK1-Ab promotes fracture healing through activation of β-catenin signaling. Unilateral open transverse tibial fractures were created in CD1 mice and in β-catenin(Prx1ER) conditional knockout (KO) and Cre-negative control mice (C57BL/6 background). Bone fracture callus tissues were collected and analyzed by radiography, micro-CT (μCT), histology, biomechanical testing and gene expression analysis. The results demonstrated that treatment with DKK1-Ab promoted bone callus formation and increased mechanical strength during the fracture healing process in CD1 mice. DKK1-Ab enhanced fracture repair by activation of endochondral ossification. The normal rate of bone repair was delayed when the β-catenin gene was conditionally deleted in mesenchymal progenitor cells during the early stages of fracture healing. DKK1-Ab appeared to act through β-catenin signaling to enhance bone repair since the beneficial effect of DKK1-Ab was abrogated in β-catenin(Prx1ER) conditional KO mice. Further understanding of the signaling mechanism of DKK1-Ab in bone formation and bone regeneration may facilitate the clinical translation of this anabolic agent into therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongting Jin
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Baoli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital & Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning, China
| | - Wanqing Xie
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA; Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Liaoning, China
| | - Qiang Mao
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Fuqiang Dong
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yan Sun
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Peijian Tong
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China; Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Di Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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164
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Brennan-Speranza TC, Conigrave AD. Osteocalcin: an osteoblast-derived polypeptide hormone that modulates whole body energy metabolism. Calcif Tissue Int 2015; 96:1-10. [PMID: 25416346 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9931-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteocalcin is a bone-specific protein that is regularly used in the clinical setting as a serum marker of bone turnover. Recent evidence indicates that osteocalcin plays a previously unsuspected role in the control of energy metabolism. Thus, osteocalcin-deficient mice have a profoundly deranged metabolic phenotype that includes insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and abnormal fat deposition. Additionally, osteocalcin administration in mice improves insulin sensitivity and decreases fat pad mass and serum triglyceride levels. The role of osteocalcin in human macronutrient metabolism is less clear but recent studies report positive correlations between serum osteocalcin levels and established indices of metabolic health. Herein, we review key physiological functions of osteocalcin, focussing on the roles of osteocalcin in the modulation of macronutrient metabolism, male reproductive function and foetal brain development. We consider the implications of these findings for the coordination of metabolism with development and fertility. We also consider evidence that a Class C G-protein-coupled receptor from a subgroup known to mediate nutrient-sensing acts as the osteocalcin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Brennan-Speranza
- Discipline of Physiology & Bosch Institute, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia,
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165
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Jeong BC, Kang IH, Hwang YC, Kim SH, Koh JT. MicroRNA-194 reciprocally stimulates osteogenesis and inhibits adipogenesis via regulating COUP-TFII expression. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1532. [PMID: 25412310 PMCID: PMC4260743 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts and adipocytes are differentiated from common mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in processes which are tightly controlled by various growth factors, signaling molecules, transcriptional factors and microRNAs. Recently, chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter-transcription factor II (COUP-TFII) was identified as a critical regulator of MSC fate. In the present study, we aimed to identify some microRNAs (miR), which target COUP-TFII, and to determine the effects on MSCs fate. During osteoblastic or adipocytic differentiation from MSCs lineage cells, miR-194 expression was found to be reversal. In the cultures of mesenchymal C3H10T1/2 and primary bone marrow stromal cells, osteogenic stimuli increased miR-194 expression with accompanying decreases in COUP-TFII expression, whereas adipogenic stimuli reduced miR-194 expression with accompanying increases in COUP-TFII expression. A luciferase assay with COUP-TFII 3'-untranslated region (UTR) reporter plasmid, including the miR-194 binding sequences, showed that the introduction of miR-194 reduced the luciferase activity. However, it did not affect the activity of mutated COUP-TFII 3'-UTR reporter. Enforced expression of miR-194 significantly enhanced osteoblast differentiation, but inhibited adipocyte differentiation by decreasing COUP-TFII mRNA and protein levels. In contrast, inhibition of the endogenous miR-194 reduced matrix mineralization in the MSCs cultures, promoting the formation of lipid droplets by rescuing COUP-TFII expression. Furthermore, overexpression of COUP-TFII reversed the effects of miR-194 on the cell fates. Taken together, our results showed that miR-194 acts as a critical regulator of COUP-TFII, and can determinate the fate of MSCs to differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes. This suggests that miR-194 and COUP-TFII may be good target molecules for controlling bone and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-C Jeong
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, and Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - I-H Kang
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, and Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Y-C Hwang
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, and Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - S-H Kim
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, and Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - J-T Koh
- Research Center for Biomineralization Disorders, and Dental Science Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
- Department of Pharmacology and Dental Therapeutics, School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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166
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Iyer S, Han L, Bartell SM, Kim HN, Gubrij I, de Cabo R, O'Brien CA, Manolagas SC, Almeida M. Sirtuin1 (Sirt1) promotes cortical bone formation by preventing β-catenin sequestration by FoxO transcription factors in osteoblast progenitors. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:24069-78. [PMID: 25002589 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.561803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A decline of the levels and activity of Sirtuin1 (Sirt1), a NAD(+) class III histone deacetylase, with age contributes to the development of several diseases including type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration, inflammation, and cancer. The anti-aging effects of Sirt1 evidently result from the deacetylation of many transcription factors and co-factors including members of the Forkhead box O (FoxO) family and β-catenin. Wnt/β-catenin is indispensable for osteoblast generation. FoxOs, on the other hand, sequester β-catenin and inhibit osteoprogenitor proliferation. Here, we have deleted Sirt1 in osteoprogenitors expressing Osterix1 (Osx1)-Cre and their descendants. Sirt1(ΔOsx1) mice had lower cortical thickness in femora and vertebrae because of reduced bone formation at the endocortical surface. In line with this, osteoprogenitor cell cultures from the Sirt1(ΔOsx1) mice exhibited lower alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization, as well as decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. These changes were associated with decreased Wnt/β-catenin signaling and expression of cyclin D1 and resulted from increased binding of FoxOs to β-catenin. These findings demonstrate that Sirt1-induced deacetylation of FoxOs unleashes Wnt signaling. A decline in Sirt1 activity in osteoblast progenitors with aging may, therefore, contribute to the age-related loss of bone mass. Together with evidence that Sirt1 activators increase bone mass in aged mice, our results also suggest that Sirt1 could be a therapeutic target for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srividhya Iyer
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, and
| | - Li Han
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, and
| | - Shoshana M Bartell
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, and
| | - Ha-Neui Kim
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, and
| | - Igor Gubrij
- the Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- the Translational Gerontology Branch, NIA, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224 the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 and
| | - Charles A O'Brien
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, and
| | - Stavros C Manolagas
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, and
| | - Maria Almeida
- From the Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, and
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168
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Marie PJ. Bone cell senescence: mechanisms and perspectives. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:1311-21. [PMID: 24496911 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Age-related bone loss is in large part the consequence of senescence mechanisms that impact bone cell number and function. In recent years, progress has been made in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying bone cell senescence that contributes to the alteration of skeletal integrity during aging. These mechanisms can be classified as intrinsic senescence processes, alterations in endogenous anabolic factors, and changes in local support. Intrinsic senescence mechanisms cause cellular dysfunctions that are not tissue specific and include telomere shortening, accumulation of oxidative damage, impaired DNA repair, and altered epigenetic mechanisms regulating gene transcription. Aging mechanisms that are more relevant to the bone microenvironment include alterations in the expression and signaling of local growth factors and altered intercellular communications. This review provides an integrated overview of the current concepts and interacting mechanisms underlying bone cell senescence during aging and how they could be targeted to reduce the negative impact of senescence in the aging skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre J Marie
- Inserm UMR-1132, Paris, France; University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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169
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Su L, Liu X, Chai N, Lv L, Wang R, Li X, Nie Y, Shi Y, Fan D. The transcription factor FOXO4 is down-regulated and inhibits tumor proliferation and metastasis in gastric cancer. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:378. [PMID: 24886657 PMCID: PMC4063225 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background FOXO4, a member of the FOXO family of transcription factors, is currently the focus of intense study. Its role and function in gastric cancer have not been fully elucidated. The present study was aimed to investigate the expression profile of FOXO4 in gastric cancer and the effect of FOXO4 on cancer cell growth and metastasis. Methods Immunohistochemistry, Western blotting and qRT-PCR were performed to detect the FOXO4 expression in gastric cancer cells and tissues. Cell biological assays, subcutaneous tumorigenicity and tail vein metastatic assay in combination with lentivirus construction were performed to detect the impact of FOXO4 to gastric cancer in proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Confocal and qRT-PCR were performed to explore the mechanisms. Results We found that the expression of FOXO4 was decreased significantly in most gastric cancer tissues and in various human gastric cancer cell lines. Up-regulating FOXO4 inhibited the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer cell lines in vitro and led to dramatic attenuation of tumor growth, and liver and lung metastasis in vivo, whereas down-regulating FOXO4 with specific siRNAs promoted the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer cell lines. Furthermore, we found that up-regulating FOXO4 could induce significant G1 arrest and S phase reduction and down-regulation of the expression of vimentin. Conclusion Our data suggest that loss of FOXO4 expression contributes to gastric cancer growth and metastasis, and it may serve as a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yongquan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology & Xijing Hospital of Digestive Diseases, The Fourth Military Medical University, 127 Changle Western Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, People's Republic of China.
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170
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FoxO proteins restrain osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption by attenuating H2O2 accumulation. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3773. [PMID: 24781012 PMCID: PMC4015330 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides their cell-damaging effects in the setting of oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in physiological intracellular signalling by triggering proliferation and survival. FoxO transcription factors counteract ROS generation by upregulating antioxidant enzymes. Here we show that intracellular H2O2 accumulation is a critical and purposeful adaptation for the differentiation and survival of osteoclasts, the bone cells responsible for the resorption of mineralized bone matrix. Using mice with conditional loss or gain of FoxO transcription factor function, or mitochondria-targeted catalase in osteoclasts, we demonstrate this is achieved, at least in part, by downregulating the H2O2-inactivating enzyme catalase. Catalase downregulation results from the repression of the transcriptional activity of FoxO1, 3 and 4 by RANKL, the indispensable signal for the generation of osteoclasts, via an Akt-mediated mechanism. Notably, mitochondria-targeted catalase prevented the loss of bone caused by loss of oestrogens, suggesting that decreasing H2O2 production in mitochondria may represent a rational pharmacotherapeutic approach to diseases with increased bone resorption.
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171
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Abstract
Major advances in understanding basic bone biology and the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of osteoporosis, over the last 20 years, have dramatically altered the management of this disease. The purpose of this mini-review is to highlight the seminal role of Wnt signaling in bone homeostasis and disease and the emergence of novel osteoporosis therapies by targeting Wnt signaling with drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros C Manolagas
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center for Osteoporosis and Metabolic Bone Diseases, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and the Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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172
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FOXO transcription factors: their clinical significance and regulation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:925350. [PMID: 24864265 PMCID: PMC4016844 DOI: 10.1155/2014/925350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Members of the class O of forkhead box transcription factors (FOXO) have important roles in metabolism, cellular proliferation, stress resistance, and apoptosis. The activity of FOXOs is tightly regulated by posttranslational modification, including phosphorylation, acetylation, and ubiquitylation. Activation of cell survival pathways such as phosphoinositide-3-kinase/AKT/IKK or RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylates FOXOs at different sites which regulate FOXOs nuclear localization or degradation. FOXO transcription factors are upregulated in a number of cell types including hepatocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, pericytes, and cardiac myocytes. They are involved in a number of pathologic and physiologic processes that include proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, metabolism, inflammation, cytokine expression, immunity, differentiation, and resistance to oxidative stress. These processes impact a number of clinical conditions such as carcinogenesis, diabetes, diabetic complications, cardiovascular disease, host response, and wound healing. In this paper, we focus on the potential role of FOXOs in different disease models and the regulation of FOXOs by various stimuli.
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173
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Lim WH, Liu B, Cheng D, Hunter DJ, Zhong Z, Ramos DM, Williams BO, Sharpe PT, Bardet C, Mah SJ, Helms JA. Wnt signaling regulates pulp volume and dentin thickness. J Bone Miner Res 2014; 29:892-901. [PMID: 23996396 PMCID: PMC4541795 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Odontoblasts, cementoblasts, ameloblasts, and osteoblasts all form mineralized tissues in the craniofacial complex, and all these cell types exhibit active Wnt signaling during postnatal life. We set out to understand the functions of this Wnt signaling, by evaluating the phenotypes of mice in which the essential Wnt chaperone protein, Wntless was eliminated. The deletion of Wls was restricted to cells expressing Osteocalcin (OCN), which in addition to osteoblasts includes odontoblasts, cementoblasts, and ameloblasts. Dentin, cementum, enamel, and bone all formed in OCN-Cre;Wls(fl/fl) mice but their homeostasis was dramatically affected. The most notable feature was a significant increase in dentin volume and density. We attribute this gain in dentin volume to a Wnt-mediated misregulation of Runx2. Normally, Wnt signaling stimulates Runx2, which in turn inhibits dentin sialoprotein (DSP); this inhibition must be relieved for odontoblasts to differentiate. In OCN-Cre;Wls(fl/fl) mice, Wnt pathway activation is reduced and Runx2 levels decline. The Runx2-mediated repression of DSP is relieved and odontoblast differentiation is accordingly enhanced. This study demonstrates the importance of Wnt signaling in the homeostasis of mineralized tissues of the craniofacial complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Hee Lim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry & Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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174
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Vadlakonda L, Reddy VDK, Pasupuleti M, Reddanna P. The Pasteur's Dictum: Nitrogen Promotes Growth and Oxygen Reduces the Need for Sugar. Front Oncol 2014; 4:51. [PMID: 24672772 PMCID: PMC3956120 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - V D K Reddy
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India
| | - Mukesh Pasupuleti
- SRM Research Institute, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial University , Chennai , India
| | - Pallu Reddanna
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad , Hyderabad , India ; National Institute of Animal Biotechnology , Hyderabad , India
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175
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Dumitrascu GR, Bucur O. Critical physiological and pathological functions of Forkhead Box O tumor suppressors. Discoveries (Craiova) 2013; 1:e5. [PMID: 32309538 PMCID: PMC6941590 DOI: 10.15190/d.2013.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Forkhead box, subclass O (FOXO) proteins are critical transcription factors, ubiquitously expressed in the human body. These proteins are characterized by a remarkable functional diversity, being involved in cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, oxidative detoxification, DNA damage repair, stem cell maintenance, cell differentiation, cell metabolism, angiogenesis, cardiac development, aging and others. In addition, FOXO have critical implications in both normal and cancer stem cell biology. New strategies to modulate FOXO expression and activity may now be developed since the discovery of novel FOXO regulators and non-coding RNAs (such as microRNAs) targeting FOXO transcription factors. This review focuses on physiological and pathological functions of FOXO proteins and on their action as fine regulators of cell fate and context-dependent cell decisions. A better understanding of the structure and critical functions of FOXO transcription factors and tumor suppressors may contribute to the development of novel therapies for cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana R Dumitrascu
- "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology and Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Octavian Bucur
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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