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Rubio B, Boes AD, Laganiere S, Rotenberg A, Jeurissen D, Pascual-Leone A. Noninvasive Brain Stimulation in Pediatric Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review. J Child Neurol 2016; 31:784-96. [PMID: 26661481 PMCID: PMC4833526 DOI: 10.1177/0883073815615672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in the pediatric population. The clinical management of ADHD is currently limited by a lack of reliable diagnostic biomarkers and inadequate therapy for a minority of patients who do not respond to standard pharmacotherapy. There is optimism that noninvasive brain stimulation may help to address these limitations. Transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation are 2 methods of noninvasive brain stimulation that modulate cortical excitability and brain network activity. Transcranial magnetic stimulation can be used diagnostically to probe cortical neurophysiology, whereas daily use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation can induce long-lasting and potentially therapeutic changes in targeted networks. In this review, we highlight research showing the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation in pediatric ADHD. We also discuss the safety and ethics of using these tools in the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belen Rubio
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain Both are co-primary authors
| | - Aaron D Boes
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Harvard Medical School, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Both are co-primary authors.
| | - Simon Laganiere
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Pediatric Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Danique Jeurissen
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA Department of Vision and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Division of Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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153
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Hill AT, Rogasch NC, Fitzgerald PB, Hoy KE. TMS-EEG: A window into the neurophysiological effects of transcranial electrical stimulation in non-motor brain regions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 64:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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154
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Cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over posterior parietal cortex enhances distinct aspects of visual working memory. Neuropsychologia 2016; 87:35-42. [PMID: 27143222 PMCID: PMC4915336 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of tDCS over the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) during a visual working memory (WM) task, which probes different sources of response error underlying the precision of WM recall. In two separate experiments, we demonstrated that tDCS enhanced WM precision when applied bilaterally over the PPC, independent of electrode configuration. In a third experiment, we demonstrated with unilateral electrode configuration over the right PPC, that only cathodal tDCS enhanced WM precision and only when baseline performance was low. Looking at the effects on underlying sources of error, we found that cathodal stimulation enhanced the probability of correct target response across all participants by reducing feature-misbinding. Only for low-baseline performers, cathodal stimulation also reduced variability of recall. We conclude that cathodal- but not anodal tDCS can improve WM precision by preventing feature-misbinding and hereby enhancing attentional selection. For low-baseline performers, cathodal tDCS also protects the memory trace. Furthermore, stimulation over bilateral PPC is more potent than unilateral cathodal tDCS in enhancing general WM precision. Despite multiple studies, reported effects of tDCS on cognitive processes have remained variable. We employ a WM task that probes different underlying sources of error to test effect of tDCS separately. tDCS applied bilaterally to the PPC boosts WM precision. Unilateral stimulation indicates this is caused by cathodal- rather than anodal stimulation. Improvement relies particularly on enhanced selective attention as well as memory trace protection.
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155
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Boosting Slow Oscillatory Activity Using tDCS during Early Nocturnal Slow Wave Sleep Does Not Improve Memory Consolidation in Healthy Older Adults. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:730-739. [PMID: 27247261 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated an enhancement of hippocampal-dependent declarative memory consolidation, associated slow wave sleep (SWS) and slow wave activity (SWA) after weak slow oscillatory stimulation (so-tDCS) during early non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) in young adults. Recent studies in older individuals could not confirm these findings. However, it remained unclear if this difference was due to variations in study protocol or to the age group under study. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS Here, we asked if so-tDCS promotes neurophysiological events and associated sleep-dependent memory in the visuo-spatial domain in older adults, using a stimulation protocol that closely resembled the one employed in young adults. METHODS In a randomized, placebo-controlled single-blind (participant) crossover study so-tDCS (0.75 Hz; max. current density 0.522 mA/cm(2)) vs. sham stimulation was applied over the frontal cortex of 21 healthy older subjects. Impact of stimulation on frequency band activity (linear mixed models), two declarative and one procedural memory tasks (repeated measures ANOVA) and percentage of sleep stages (comparison of means) was assessed. RESULTS so-tDCS, as compared to sham, increased SWA and spindle activity immediately following stimulation, accompanied by significantly impaired visuo-spatial memory consolidation. Furthermore, verbal and procedural memory remained unchanged, while percentage of NREM sleep stage 4 was decreased over the entire night (uncorrected). CONCLUSION so-tDCS increased SWA and spindle activity in older adults, events previously associated with stimulation-induced improved consolidation of declarative memories in young subjects. However, consolidation of visuo-spatial (primary outcome) and verbal memories was not beneficially modulated, possibly due to decline in SWS over the entire night that may have prevented and even reversed immediate beneficial effects of so-tDCS on SWA.
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156
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Naro A, Bramanti P, Leo A, Russo M, Calabrò RS. Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation in Patients with Chronic Disorder of Consciousness: A Possible Way to Cut the Diagnostic Gordian Knot? Brain Topogr 2016; 29:623-44. [PMID: 27062669 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0489-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Unresponsive wakefulness syndrome (UWS) is a chronic disorder of consciousness (DOC) characterized by a lack of awareness and purposeful motor behaviors, owing to an extensive brain connectivity impairment. Nevertheless, some UWS patients may retain residual brain connectivity patterns, which may sustain a covert awareness, namely functional locked-in syndrome (fLIS). We evaluated the possibility of bringing to light such residual neural networks using a non-invasive neurostimulation protocol. To this end, we enrolled 15 healthy individuals and 26 DOC patients (minimally conscious state-MCS- and UWS), who underwent a γ-band transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We measured the effects of tACS on power and partial-directed coherence within local and long-range cortical networks, before and after the protocol application. tACS was able to specifically modulate large-scale cortical effective connectivity and excitability in all the MCS participants and some UWS patients, who could be, therefore, considered as suffering from fLIS. Hence, tACS could be a useful approach in supporting a DOC differential diagnosis, depending on the level of preservation of the cortical large-scale effective connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" Messina, S.S.113, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Placido Bramanti
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" Messina, S.S.113, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Leo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" Messina, S.S.113, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Margherita Russo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" Messina, S.S.113, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Rocco Salvatore Calabrò
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino-Pulejo" Messina, S.S.113, Contrada Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy.
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157
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Strobach T, Antonenko D, Schindler T, Flöel A, Schubert T. Modulation of Executive Control in the Task Switching Paradigm With Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS). J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Executive processing in the task switching paradigm is primarily associated with activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), demonstrated in numerous functional imaging studies (e.g., Brass & von Cramon, 2002 ). However, there are only very few attempts to modulate neural activation related with executive functions and to investigate the effects of this modulation on the performance in this paradigm. To modulate lPFC activity here, we used the non-invasive transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS; atDCS [1 mA, 20 min] vs. ctDCS [1 mA, 20 min] vs. sham stimulation [1 mA, 30 s]) over the left inferior frontal junction under conditions of single tasks, task repetitions, and task switches in the task switching paradigm. We assessed the performance effects of online tDCS on mixing costs (single tasks vs. task repetitions) as well as on switching costs (task repetitions vs. task switches). In a within-subjects design across three sessions, there was no evidence of stimulation on the magnitude of these cost types. However, when taking a between-subjects perspective in the first session (i.e., after excluding dominant effects of task experience), atDCS showed an increase in mixing costs in contrast to ctDCS and sham. We interpreted this finding in the context of task switching theories on task activation and task inhibition and their neural localizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Strobach
- Department Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Germany
| | - Daria Antonenko
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Schindler
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
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158
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Lorenz R, Monti RP, Violante IR, Anagnostopoulos C, Faisal AA, Montana G, Leech R. The Automatic Neuroscientist: A framework for optimizing experimental design with closed-loop real-time fMRI. Neuroimage 2016; 129:320-334. [PMID: 26804778 PMCID: PMC4819592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional neuroimaging typically explores how a particular task activates a set of brain regions. Importantly though, the same neural system can be activated by inherently different tasks. To date, there is no approach available that systematically explores whether and how distinct tasks probe the same neural system. Here, we propose and validate an alternative framework, the Automatic Neuroscientist, which turns the standard fMRI approach on its head. We use real-time fMRI in combination with modern machine-learning techniques to automatically design the optimal experiment to evoke a desired target brain state. In this work, we present two proof-of-principle studies involving perceptual stimuli. In both studies optimization algorithms of varying complexity were employed; the first involved a stochastic approximation method while the second incorporated a more sophisticated Bayesian optimization technique. In the first study, we achieved convergence for the hypothesized optimum in 11 out of 14 runs in less than 10 min. Results of the second study showed how our closed-loop framework accurately and with high efficiency estimated the underlying relationship between stimuli and neural responses for each subject in one to two runs: with each run lasting 6.3 min. Moreover, we demonstrate that using only the first run produced a reliable solution at a group-level. Supporting simulation analyses provided evidence on the robustness of the Bayesian optimization approach for scenarios with low contrast-to-noise ratio. This framework is generalizable to numerous applications, ranging from optimizing stimuli in neuroimaging pilot studies to tailoring clinical rehabilitation therapy to patients and can be used with multiple imaging modalities in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Lorenz
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ricardo Pio Monti
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Inês R Violante
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | | | - Aldo A Faisal
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Giovanni Montana
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Biomedical Engineering, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Robert Leech
- The Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroimaging Laboratory, Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
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159
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Monitoring transcranial direct current stimulation induced changes in cortical excitability during the serial reaction time task. Neurosci Lett 2016; 616:98-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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160
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Barbieri M, Negrini M, Nitsche MA, Rivolta D. Anodal-tDCS over the human right occipital cortex enhances the perception and memory of both faces and objects. Neuropsychologia 2016; 81:238-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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161
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Lavidor M. tES Stimulation as a Tool to Investigate Cognitive Processes in Healthy Individuals. EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Abstract. This paper is aimed at providing an introduction to up-to-date noninvasive brain stimulation tools that have been successful in modulating higher-level cognitive functions in healthy individuals. The current review focuses on transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) studies aiming to explore cognitive models from an experimental rather than clinical viewpoint. It focuses primarily on major advances in language, working memory, learning, response inhibition, and other executive functions in healthy individuals, and the use of different methods of electrical brain stimulation such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), and transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS). The final section summarizes the scientific novelty of the reviewed papers and discusses the possible roles of brain stimulation in future experimental research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lavidor
- Department of Psychology, The Gonda Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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162
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Looi C, Cohen Kadosh R. Brain stimulation, mathematical, and numerical training. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2016; 227:353-88. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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163
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Schroeder PA, Ehlis AC, Wolkenstein L, Fallgatter AJ, Plewnia C. Emotional Distraction and Bodily Reaction: Modulation of Autonomous Responses by Anodal tDCS to the Prefrontal Cortex. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:482. [PMID: 26733808 PMCID: PMC4683355 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal electric stimulation has been demonstrated to effectively modulate cognitive processing. Specifically, the amelioration of cognitive control (CC) over emotional distraction by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) points toward targeted therapeutic applications in various psychiatric disorders. In addition to behavioral measures, autonomous nervous system (ANS) responses are fundamental bodily signatures of emotional information processing. However, interactions between the modulation of CC by tDCS and ANS responses have received limited attention. We here report on ANS data gathered in healthy subjects that performed an emotional CC task parallel to the modulation of left prefrontal cortical activity by 1 mA anodal or sham tDCS. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) to negative and neutral pictures of human scenes were reduced by anodal as compared to sham tDCS. Individual SCR amplitude variations were associated with the amount of distraction. Moreover, the stimulation-driven performance- and SCR-modulations were related in form of a quadratic, inverse-U function. Thus, our results indicate that non-invasive brain stimulation (i.e., anodal tDCS) can modulate autonomous responses synchronous to behavioral improvements, but the range of possible concurrent improvements from prefrontal stimulation is limited. Interactions between cognitive, affective, neurophysiological, and vegetative responses to emotional content can shape brain stimulation effectiveness and require theory-driven integration in potential treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A. Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christine Ehlis
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas J. Fallgatter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- LEAD Graduate School, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative NeuroscienceTübingen, Germany
| | - Christian Plewnia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative NeuroscienceTübingen, Germany
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164
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The effects of tDCS upon sustained visual attention are dependent on cognitive load. Neuropsychologia 2015; 80:1-8. [PMID: 26556389 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) modulates the excitability of neuronal responses and consequently can affect performance on a variety of cognitive tasks. However, the interaction between cognitive load and the effects of tDCS is currently not well-understood. We recorded the performance accuracy of participants on a bilateral multiple object tracking task while undergoing bilateral stimulation assumed to enhance (anodal) and decrease (cathodal) neuronal excitability. Stimulation was applied to the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), a region inferred to be at the centre of an attentional tracking network that shows load-dependent activation. 34 participants underwent three separate stimulation conditions across three days. Each subject received (1) left cathodal / right anodal PPC tDCS, (2) left anodal / right cathodal PPC tDCS, and (3) sham tDCS. The number of targets-to-be-tracked was also manipulated, giving a low (one target per visual field), medium (two targets per visual field) or high (three targets per visual field) tracking load condition. It was found that tracking performance at high attentional loads was significantly reduced in both stimulation conditions relative to sham, and this was apparent in both visual fields, regardless of the direction of polarity upon the brain's hemispheres. We interpret this as an interaction between cognitive load and tDCS, and suggest that tDCS may degrade attentional performance when cognitive networks become overtaxed and unable to compensate as a result. Systematically varying cognitive load may therefore be a fruitful direction to elucidate the effects of tDCS upon cognitive functions.
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165
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Woods AJ, Antal A, Bikson M, Boggio PS, Brunoni AR, Celnik P, Cohen LG, Fregni F, Herrmann CS, Kappenman ES, Knotkova H, Liebetanz D, Miniussi C, Miranda PC, Paulus W, Priori A, Reato D, Stagg C, Wenderoth N, Nitsche MA. A technical guide to tDCS, and related non-invasive brain stimulation tools. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 127:1031-1048. [PMID: 26652115 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 793] [Impact Index Per Article: 88.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES), including transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation (tDCS, tACS) are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques increasingly used for modulation of central nervous system excitability in humans. Here we address methodological issues required for tES application. This review covers technical aspects of tES, as well as applications like exploration of brain physiology, modelling approaches, tES in cognitive neurosciences, and interventional approaches. It aims to help the reader to appropriately design and conduct studies involving these brain stimulation techniques, understand limitations and avoid shortcomings, which might hamper the scientific rigor and potential applications in the clinical domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Woods
- Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, Institute on Aging, McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - A Antal
- University Medical Center, Dept. Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - M Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, USA
| | - P S Boggio
- Social and Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory and Developmental Disorders Program, Center for Health and Biological Science, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A R Brunoni
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, Department and Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - P Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - L G Cohen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F Fregni
- Laboratory of Neuromodulation, Center for Clinical Research Learning, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard University, USA
| | - C S Herrmann
- Experimental Psychology Lab, Center of excellence Hearing4all, Department for Psychology, Faculty for Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky Universität, Ammerländer Heerstr, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - E S Kappenman
- Center for Mind & Brain and Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - H Knotkova
- MJHS Institute for Innovation in Palliative Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Liebetanz
- University Medical Center, Dept. Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - C Miniussi
- Neuroscience Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia & Cognitive Neuroscience Section, IRCCS Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - P C Miranda
- Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering (IBEB), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - W Paulus
- University Medical Center, Dept. Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - A Priori
- Direttore Clinica Neurologica III, Università degli Studi di Milano, Ospedale San Paolo, Milan, Italy
| | - D Reato
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, USA
| | - C Stagg
- Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB) Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity (OHBA), Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - N Wenderoth
- Neural Control of Movement Lab, Dept. Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M A Nitsche
- University Medical Center, Dept. Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University, Goettingen, Germany; Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany; Department of Neurology, BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil, Ruhr-University Bochum, Germany
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166
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Neurostimulation as an intervention for treatment resistant depression: From research on mechanisms towards targeted neurocognitive strategies. Clin Psychol Rev 2015; 41:61-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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167
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Increasing the role of belief information in moral judgments by stimulating the right temporoparietal junction. Neuropsychologia 2015; 77:400-8. [PMID: 26375450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Morality plays a vital role in our social life. A vast body of research has suggested that moral judgments rely on cognitive processes mediated by the right temporoparietal junction (rTPJ), an area thought to be involved in belief attribution. Here we assessed the role of the rTPJ in moral judgments directly by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)--a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that, by applying a weak current to the scalp, allows modulating cortical excitability of the area being stimulated. Participants were randomly and equally assigned to receive anodal stimulation (to increase cortical excitability), cathodal stimulation (to decrease cortical excitability), or sham (placebo) stimulation over the rTPJ before completing a moral judgment task. Participants read stories in which protagonists produced either a negative or a neutral outcome based on either a negative or a neutral belief that they were causing harm or no harm, respectively. Results revealed a selective group difference when judging the moral permissibility of accidental harms (belief neutral, outcome negative), but not intentional harms (belief negative, outcome negative), attempted harms (belief negative, outcome neutral), or neutral acts (belief neutral, outcome neutral). Specifically, participants who received anodal stimulation assigned less blame to accidental harms compared to participants who received cathodal or sham stimulation. These results are consistent with previous findings showing that the degree of rTPJ activation reflects reliance on the agent's innocent intention. Crucially, our findings provide direct evidence supporting the critical role of the rTPJ in mediating belief attribution for moral judgment.
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168
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Sellaro R, Derks B, Nitsche MA, Hommel B, van den Wildenberg WP, van Dam K, Colzato LS. Reducing Prejudice Through Brain Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:891-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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169
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Hartwigsen G. The neurophysiology of language: Insights from non-invasive brain stimulation in the healthy human brain. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 148:81-94. [PMID: 25468733 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), a new decade in the study of language has started. NIBS allows for testing the functional relevance of language-related brain activation and enables the researcher to investigate how neural activation changes in response to focal perturbations. This review focuses on the application of NIBS in the healthy brain. First, some basic mechanisms will be introduced and the prerequisites for carrying out NIBS studies of language are addressed. The next section outlines how NIBS can be used to characterize the contribution of the stimulated area to a task. In this context, novel approaches such as multifocal transcranial magnetic stimulation and the condition-and-perturb approach are discussed. The third part addresses the combination of NIBS and neuroimaging in the study of plasticity. These approaches are particularly suited to investigate short-term reorganization in the healthy brain and may inform models of language recovery in post-stroke aphasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesa Hartwigsen
- Department of Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Germany.
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170
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Steenbergen L, Sellaro R, Hommel B, Lindenberger U, Kühn S, Colzato LS. "Unfocus" on foc.us: commercial tDCS headset impairs working memory. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:637-43. [PMID: 26280313 PMCID: PMC4751189 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4391-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we tested whether the commercial transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) headset foc.us improves cognitive performance, as advertised in the media. A single-blind, sham-controlled, within-subject design was used to assess the effect of online and off-line foc.us tDCS-applied over the prefrontal cortex in healthy young volunteers (n = 24) on working memory (WM) updating and monitoring. WM updating and monitoring, as assessed by means of the N-back task, is a cognitive-control process that has been shown to benefit from interventions with CE-certified tDCS devices. For both online and off-line stimulation protocols, results showed that active stimulation with foc.us, compared to sham stimulation, significantly decreased accuracy performance in a well-established task tapping WM updating and monitoring. These results provide evidence for the important role of the scientific community in validating and testing far-reaching claims made by the brain training industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Steenbergen
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Roberta Sellaro
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernhard Hommel
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Simone Kühn
- Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenza S Colzato
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute for Psychological Research, Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, 2333 AK, Leiden, The Netherlands
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171
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Palm U, Ayache SS, Padberg F, Lefaucheur JP. [Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for depression: Results of nearly a decade of clinical research]. Encephale 2015. [PMID: 26216792 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since 2006 transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been investigated in the treatment of depression. In this review, we discuss the implications and clinical perspectives that tDCS may have as a therapeutic tool in depression from the results reported in this domain. METHODS A comprehensive literature review has found nearly thirty articles - all in English - on this topic, corresponding to clinical studies, placebo-controlled or not, case reports and reviews. RESULTS Several meta-analyses showed that the antidepressant effects of active tDCS are significant against placebo, but variable, mainly due to the heterogeneity of the patients included in the studies, for example regarding the resistance to antidepressant treatment. CONCLUSIONS Specific recommendations for the use of tDCS in treating depression may not yet be available, but some elements of good practice can be highlighted. Of particular note is that anodal tDCS of the left prefrontal cortex at 2mA for 20 minutes per day has a potential therapeutic value without risk of significant side effects: tDCS offers safe conditions for clinical use in the treatment of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Palm
- EA 4391, faculté de médecine, université Paris-Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France; Département de psychiatrie et psychothérapie, laboratoire de stimulation non invasive du cerveau et de neuroplasticité, université Ludwig-Maximilian, 80336 Munich, Allemagne.
| | - S S Ayache
- EA 4391, faculté de médecine, université Paris-Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France; Explorations fonctionnelles, service de physiologie, hôpital Henri-Mondor, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94000 Créteil, France
| | - F Padberg
- Département de psychiatrie et psychothérapie, laboratoire de stimulation non invasive du cerveau et de neuroplasticité, université Ludwig-Maximilian, 80336 Munich, Allemagne
| | - J-P Lefaucheur
- EA 4391, faculté de médecine, université Paris-Est Créteil, 94000 Créteil, France; Explorations fonctionnelles, service de physiologie, hôpital Henri-Mondor, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 94000 Créteil, France
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172
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Modulation of attention functions by anodal tDCS on right PPC. Neuropsychologia 2015; 74:96-107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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173
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Shin YI, Foerster Á, Nitsche MA. Reprint of: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) – Application in neuropsychology. Neuropsychologia 2015; 74:74-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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174
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Nitsche MA, Polania R, Kuo MF. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: Modulation of Brain Pathways and Potential Clinical Applications. Brain Stimul 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118568323.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
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175
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Neural Stimulation Has a Long-Term Effect on Foreign Vocabulary Acquisition. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:671705. [PMID: 26075102 PMCID: PMC4446492 DOI: 10.1155/2015/671705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of a foreign language is a challenging task that is becoming increasingly more important in the world nowadays. There is evidence suggesting that the frontal and temporal cortices are involved in language processing and comprehension, but it is still unknown whether foreign language acquisition recruits additional cortical areas in a causal manner. For the first time, we used transcranial random noise stimulation on the frontal and parietal brain areas, in order to compare its effect on the acquisition of unknown foreign words and a sham, or placebo, condition was also included. This type of noninvasive neural stimulation enhances cortical activity by boosting the spontaneous activity of neurons. Foreign vocabulary acquisition was tested both immediately and seven days after the stimulation. We found that stimulation on the posterior parietal, but not the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex or sham stimulation, significantly improved the memory performance in the long term. These results suggest that the posterior parietal cortex is directly involved in acquisition of foreign vocabulary, thus extending the "linguistic network" to this area.
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176
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Willis ML, Murphy JM, Ridley NJ, Vercammen A. Anodal tDCS targeting the right orbitofrontal cortex enhances facial expression recognition. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 10:1677-83. [PMID: 25971602 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) has been implicated in the capacity to accurately recognise facial expressions. The aim of the current study was to determine if anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) targeting the right OFC in healthy adults would enhance facial expression recognition, compared with a sham condition. Across two counterbalanced sessions of tDCS (i.e. anodal and sham), 20 undergraduate participants (18 female) completed a facial expression labelling task comprising angry, disgusted, fearful, happy, sad and neutral expressions, and a control (social judgement) task comprising the same expressions. Responses on the labelling task were scored for accuracy, median reaction time and overall efficiency (i.e. combined accuracy and reaction time). Anodal tDCS targeting the right OFC enhanced facial expression recognition, reflected in greater efficiency and speed of recognition across emotions, relative to the sham condition. In contrast, there was no effect of tDCS to responses on the control task. This is the first study to demonstrate that anodal tDCS targeting the right OFC boosts facial expression recognition. This finding provides a solid foundation for future research to examine the efficacy of this technique as a means to treat facial expression recognition deficits, particularly in individuals with OFC damage or dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Willis
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University (ACU), Sydney, Australia and ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Australian Catholic University (ACU), Sydney, Australia
| | - Jillian M Murphy
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University (ACU), Sydney, Australia and
| | - Nicole J Ridley
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University (ACU), Sydney, Australia and
| | - Ans Vercammen
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University (ACU), Sydney, Australia and
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177
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Hsu WY, Ku Y, Zanto TP, Gazzaley A. Effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on cognitive function in healthy aging and Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2348-59. [PMID: 26022770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to evaluate the effects of noninvasive brain stimulation on cognitive function in healthy older adults and patients with Alzheimer's disease. A comprehensive literature search was performed on noninvasive stimulation studies published from January 1990 to November 2014 in Pubmed and Web of Science. Fourteen articles with a total of 331 participants were identified as studies with healthy older adults, and the mean effect size and 95% confidence interval were estimated. A significant effect size of 0.42 was found for the cognitive outcome. Further subgroup analyses demonstrated more prominent effects for studies delivering the stimulation before the execution of the task and studies applying multiple sessions of stimulation. To assess the effects of stimulation on Alzheimer's disease patients, 11 studies with a total of 200 patients were included in the analysis. A significant effect size of 1.35 was found for the cognitive outcomes. Subgroup analyses indicated more pronounced effects for studies applying the stimulation during the execution of the task compared with studies delivering the stimulation before the execution of the task. Noninvasive brain stimulation has a positive effect on cognitive function in physiological and pathological aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Hsu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yixuan Ku
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Institue of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Theodore P Zanto
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Gazzaley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Physiology and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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178
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Plewnia C, Schroeder PA, Kunze R, Faehling F, Wolkenstein L. Keep calm and carry on: improved frustration tolerance and processing speed by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122578. [PMID: 25837520 PMCID: PMC4383541 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive control (CC) of attention is a major prerequisite for effective information processing. Emotional distractors can bias and impair goal-directed deployment of attentional resources. Frustration-induced negative affect and cognition can act as internal distractors with negative impact on task performance. Consolidation of CC may thus support task-oriented behavior under challenging conditions. Recently, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been put forward as an effective tool to modulate CC. Particularly, anodal, activity enhancing tDCS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) can increase insufficient CC in depression as indicated by a reduction of attentional biases induced by emotionally salient stimuli. With this study, we provide first evidence that, compared to sham stimulation, tDCS to the left dlPFC enhances processing speed measured by an adaptive version of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT) that is typically thwarted by frustration. Notably, despite an even larger amount of error-related negative feedback, the task-induced upset was suppressed in the group receiving anodal tDCS. Moreover, inhibition of task-related negative affect was correlated with performance gains, suggesting a close link between enhanced processing speed and consolidation of CC by tDCS. Together, these data provide first evidence that activity enhancing anodal tDCS to the left dlPFC can support focused cognitive processing particularly when challenged by frustration-induced negative affect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Plewnia
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Calwerstrasse 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Otfried-Müller-Str. 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp A. Schroeder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Calwerstrasse 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Roland Kunze
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Calwerstrasse 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Faehling
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Neurophysiology & Interventional Neuropsychiatry, University of Tübingen, Calwerstrasse 14, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Larissa Wolkenstein
- Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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179
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Tortella G, Casati R, Aparicio LVM, Mantovani A, Senço N, D’Urso G, Brunelin J, Guarienti F, Selingardi PML, Muszkat D, Junior BDSP, Valiengo L, Moffa AH, Simis M, Borrione L, Brunoni AR. Transcranial direct current stimulation in psychiatric disorders. World J Psychiatry 2015; 5:88-102. [PMID: 25815258 PMCID: PMC4369553 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v5.i1.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The interest in non-invasive brain stimulation techniques is increasing in recent years. Among these techniques, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been the subject of great interest among researchers because of its easiness to use, low cost, benign profile of side effects and encouraging results of research in the field. This interest has generated several studies and randomized clinical trials, particularly in psychiatry. In this review, we provide a summary of the development of the technique and its mechanism of action as well as a review of the methodological aspects of randomized clinical trials in psychiatry, including studies in affective disorders, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, child psychiatry and substance use disorder. Finally, we provide an overview of tDCS use in cognitive enhancement as well as a discussion regarding its clinical use and regulatory and ethical issues. Although many promising results regarding tDCS efficacy were described, the total number of studies is still low, highlighting the need of further studies aiming to replicate these findings in larger samples as to provide a definite picture regarding tDCS efficacy in psychiatry.
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180
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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) – Application in neuropsychology. Neuropsychologia 2015; 69:154-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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181
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Wrightson JG, Twomey R, Ross EZ, Smeeton NJ. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation on task processing and prioritisation during dual-task gait. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:1575-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4232-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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182
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Transcranial direct current stimulation can selectively affect different processing channels in human visual cortex. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:1213-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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183
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Cohen Kadosh R. Modulating and enhancing cognition using brain stimulation: Science and fiction. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2014.996569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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184
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Understanding the behavioural consequences of noninvasive brain stimulation. Trends Cogn Sci 2015; 19:13-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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185
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Cosmo C, Ferreira C, Miranda JGV, do Rosário RS, Baptista AF, Montoya P, de Sena EP. Spreading Effect of tDCS in Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder as Shown by Functional Cortical Networks: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Trial. Front Psychiatry 2015; 6:111. [PMID: 26300790 PMCID: PMC4524049 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is known to modulate spontaneous neural network excitability. The cognitive improvement observed in previous trials raises the potential of this technique as a possible therapeutic tool for use in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) population. However, to explore the potential of this technique as a treatment approach, the functional parameters of brain connectivity and the extent of its effects need to be more fully investigated. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate a functional cortical network (FCN) model based on electroencephalographic activity for studying the dynamic patterns of brain connectivity modulated by tDCS and the distribution of its effects in individuals with ADHD. METHODS Sixty ADHD patients participated in a parallel, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Individuals underwent a single session of sham or anodal tDCS at 1 mA of current intensity over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex for 20 min. The acute effects of stimulation on brain connectivity were assessed using the FCN model based on electroencephalography activity. RESULTS Comparing the weighted node degree within groups prior to and following the intervention, a statistically significant difference was found in the electrodes located on the target and correlated areas in the active group (p < 0.05), while no statistically significant results were found in the sham group (p ≥ 0.05; paired-sample Wilcoxon signed-rank test). CONCLUSION Anodal tDCS increased functional brain connectivity in individuals with ADHD compared to data recorded in the baseline resting state. In addition, although some studies have suggested that the effects of tDCS are selective, the present findings show that its modulatory activity spreads. Further studies need to be performed to investigate the dynamic patterns and physiological mechanisms underlying the modulatory effects of tDCS. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01968512.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Cosmo
- Postgraduate Program, Interactive Process of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil ; Neuromodulation Center, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, MA , USA ; Bahia State Department of Health (SESAB) , Salvador , Brazil ; Functional Electrostimulation Laboratory, Biomorphology Department, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Cândida Ferreira
- Institute of Physics, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
| | | | | | - Abrahão Fontes Baptista
- Functional Electrostimulation Laboratory, Biomorphology Department, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil ; Postgraduate Program in Medicine and Human Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
| | - Pedro Montoya
- Research Institute in Health Sciences (IUNICS-IdisPa), University of the Balearic Islands , Palma , Spain
| | - Eduardo Pondé de Sena
- Postgraduate Program, Interactive Process of Organs and Systems, Federal University of Bahia , Salvador , Brazil
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186
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Strobach T, Soutschek A, Antonenko D, Flöel A, Schubert T. Modulation of executive control in dual tasks with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Neuropsychologia 2014; 68:8-20. [PMID: 25556813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Executive processing in dual tasks is primarily associated with activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC), which is demonstrated in functional imaging studies (e.g., Szameitat et al., 2006). However, a causal relation between lPFC activity and executive functions in dual tasks has not been demonstrated so far. Here, we used anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS [1 mA, 20 min] vs. sham stimulation [1 mA, 30s]) over the left inferior frontal junction under conditions of random and fixed task order in dual tasks as well as in single tasks in healthy young individuals (Experiment 1). We found that atDCS, if administered simultaneously to the task, improved performance in random-order dual tasks, but not in fixed-order dual tasks and single tasks. Moreover, dual-task performance under random-order conditions did not improve if atDCS was applied prior to the task performance. The identical procedure in Experiment 2 showed no difference in dual-task performance under random-task order conditions when we compared cathodal tDCS (ctDCS) with sham stimulation. Our findings suggest that dual-task performance is causally related to lPFC activation under conditions that require task-order decisions and high demands on executive functioning. Subsequent studies may now explore if atDCS leads to sustained improvements parallel to the training of dual tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexander Soutschek
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daria Antonenko
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence, and Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charite Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Torsten Schubert
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt University Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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187
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Woods AJ, Bryant V, Sacchetti D, Gervits F, Hamilton R. Effects of Electrode Drift in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2014; 8:515-9. [PMID: 25583653 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Conventional transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) methods involve application of weak electrical current through electrodes encased in saline-soaked sponges affixed to the head using elastic straps. In the absence of careful preparation, electrodes can drift from their original location over the course of a tDCS session. OBJECTIVE The current paper investigates the influence of electrode drift on distribution of electric fields generated by conventional tDCS. METHODS MRI-derived finite element models of electric fields produced by tDCS were used to investigate the influence of incremental drift in electrodes for two of the most common electrode montages used in the literature: M1/SO (motor to contralateral supraorbital) and F3/F4 (bilateral frontal). Based on these models, we extracted predicted current intensity from 20 representative structures in the brain. RESULTS Results from separate RM-ANOVAs for M1/SO and F3/F4 montages demonstrated that 5% incremental drift in electrode position significantly changed the distribution of current delivered by tDCS to the human brain (F's > 8.6, P's < 0.001). Pairwise comparisons demonstrated that as little as 5% drift was able to produce significant differences in current intensity in structures distributed across the brain (P's < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Drift in electrode position during a session of tDCS produces significant alteration in the intensity of stimulation delivered to the brain. Elimination of this source of variability will facilitate replication and interpretation of tDCS findings. Furthermore, measurement and statistically accounting for drift may prove important for better characterizing the effects of tDCS on the human brain and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J Woods
- Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research Program, Institute on Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, USA.
| | - Vaughn Bryant
- Cognitive Aging and Memory Clinical Translational Research Program, Institute on Aging, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida, USA
| | - Daniela Sacchetti
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Felix Gervits
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roy Hamilton
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Laboratory for Cognition and Neural Stimulation, Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, USA
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Vossen A, Gross J, Thut G. Alpha Power Increase After Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation at Alpha Frequency (α-tACS) Reflects Plastic Changes Rather Than Entrainment. Brain Stimul 2014; 8:499-508. [PMID: 25648377 PMCID: PMC4464304 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 321] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Periodic stimulation of occipital areas using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) at alpha (α) frequency (8–12 Hz) enhances electroencephalographic (EEG) α-oscillation long after tACS-offset. Two mechanisms have been suggested to underlie these changes in oscillatory EEG activity: tACS-induced entrainment of brain oscillations and/or tACS-induced changes in oscillatory circuits by spike-timing dependent plasticity. Objective We tested to what extent plasticity can account for tACS-aftereffects when controlling for entrainment “echoes.” To this end, we used a novel, intermittent tACS protocol and investigated the strength of the aftereffect as a function of phase continuity between successive tACS episodes, as well as the match between stimulation frequency and endogenous α-frequency. Methods 12 healthy participants were stimulated at around individual α-frequency for 11–15 min in four sessions using intermittent tACS or sham. Successive tACS events were either phase-continuous or phase-discontinuous, and either 3 or 8 s long. EEG α-phase and power changes were compared after and between episodes of α-tACS across conditions and against sham. Results α-aftereffects were successfully replicated after intermittent stimulation using 8-s but not 3-s trains. These aftereffects did not reveal any of the characteristics of entrainment echoes in that they were independent of tACS phase-continuity and showed neither prolonged phase alignment nor frequency synchronization to the exact stimulation frequency. Conclusion Our results indicate that plasticity mechanisms are sufficient to explain α-aftereffects in response to α-tACS, and inform models of tACS-induced plasticity in oscillatory circuits. Modifying brain oscillations with tACS holds promise for clinical applications in disorders involving abnormal neural synchrony. Intermittent periodic stimulation of occipital areas with alpha-tACS enhances offline EEG alpha power. Alpha-aftereffects cannot be explained by neuronal entrainment but are more likely due to plastic changes. We propose a physiological constraint to a recent model of tACS-induced spike-timing dependent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Vossen
- School of Psychology, University of Glasgow, 58 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, United Kingdom.
| | - Joachim Gross
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, 58 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, United Kingdom
| | - Gregor Thut
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, 58 Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QB, United Kingdom.
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189
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Filmer HL, Dux PE, Mattingley JB. Applications of transcranial direct current stimulation for understanding brain function. Trends Neurosci 2014; 37:742-53. [PMID: 25189102 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L Filmer
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Paul E Dux
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jason B Mattingley
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072 Australia
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190
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Meinzer M, Lindenberg R, Phan MT, Ulm L, Volk C, Flöel A. Transcranial direct current stimulation in mild cognitive impairment: Behavioral effects and neural mechanisms. Alzheimers Dement 2014; 11:1032-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2014.07.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Meinzer
- Centre for Clinical Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Department of Neurology Charité University Medicine Charité Berlin Germany
| | - Robert Lindenberg
- Department of Neurology Charité University Medicine Charité Berlin Germany
| | - Mai Thy Phan
- Department of Neurology Charité University Medicine Charité Berlin Germany
| | - Lena Ulm
- Centre for Clinical Research The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- Department of Neurology Charité University Medicine Charité Berlin Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Charité University Medicine Charité Berlin Germany
| | - Carina Volk
- Department of Neurology Charité University Medicine Charité Berlin Germany
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology Charité University Medicine Charité Berlin Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center Charité University Medicine Charité Berlin Germany
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191
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Van Doren J, Langguth B, Schecklmann M. Electroencephalographic Effects of Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation in the Auditory Cortex. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:807-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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192
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Cognitive related electrophysiological changes induced by non-invasive cortical electrical stimulation in crack-cocaine addiction. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1465-75. [PMID: 24776374 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Prefrontal dysfunction is a hallmark in drug addiction, yet interventions exploring modulation of prefrontal cortex function in drug addiction have not been fully investigated with regard to physiological alterations. We tested the hypothesis that non-invasive prefrontal stimulation would change neural activity in crack-cocaine addiction, investigating the effects of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) induced cortical excitability modulation on the visual P3 Event Related Potentials (ERP) component under neutral and drug cue exposition in crack-cocaine addicts. Thirteen crack-cocaine users were randomly distributed to receive five applications (once a day, every other day) of bilateral (left cathodal/right anodal) tDCS (20 min, 2 mA, 35 cm2) or sham tDCS over the DLPFC. Brain activity was measured under crack-related or neutral visual-cued ERPs. There were significant differences in P3-related parameters when comparing group of stimulation (active vs. sham tDCS) and number of sessions (single vs. repetitive tDCS). After a single session of tDCS, P3 current intensity in the left DLPFC increased during neutral cues and decreased during crack-related cues. This effect was opposite to what was observed in the sham-tDCS group. In contrast, repetitive tDCS increased current density not only in the DLPFC, but also in a wider array of prefrontal areas, including presumably the frontopolar cortex (FPC) orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), when subjects were visualizing crack-related cues. Thus, single and repetitive application of tDCS can impact cognitive processing of neutral and especially crack-related visual cues in prefrontal areas, which may be of importance for treatment of crack-cocaine addiction.
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193
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Berryhill ME, Peterson DJ, Jones KT, Stephens JA. Hits and misses: leveraging tDCS to advance cognitive research. Front Psychol 2014; 5:800. [PMID: 25120513 PMCID: PMC4111100 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The popularity of non-invasive brain stimulation techniques in basic, commercial, and applied settings grew tremendously over the last decade. Here, we focus on one popular neurostimulation method: transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). Many assumptions regarding the outcomes of tDCS are based on the results of stimulating motor cortex. For instance, the primary motor cortex is predictably suppressed by cathodal tDCS or made more excitable by anodal tDCS. However, wide-ranging studies testing cognition provide more complex and sometimes paradoxical results that challenge this heuristic. Here, we first summarize successful efforts in applying tDCS to cognitive questions, with a focus on working memory (WM). These recent findings indicate that tDCS can result in cognitive task improvement or impairment regardless of stimulation site or direction of current flow. We then report WM and response inhibition studies that failed to replicate and/or extend previously reported effects. From these opposing outcomes, we present a series of factors to consider that are intended to facilitate future use of tDCS when applied to cognitive questions. In short, common pitfalls include testing too few participants, using insufficiently challenging tasks, using heterogeneous participant populations, and including poorly motivated participants. Furthermore, the poorly understood underlying mechanism for long-lasting tDCS effects make it likely that other important factors predict responses. In conclusion, we argue that although tDCS can be used experimentally to understand brain function its greatest potential may be in applied or translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian E Berryhill
- Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
| | - Dwight J Peterson
- Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kevin T Jones
- Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jaclyn A Stephens
- Program in Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Reno, NV, USA
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194
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Bate S, Bennetts RJ. The rehabilitation of face recognition impairments: a critical review and future directions. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:491. [PMID: 25100965 PMCID: PMC4107857 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
While much research has investigated the neural and cognitive characteristics of face recognition impairments (prosopagnosia), much less work has examined their rehabilitation. In this paper, we present a critical analysis of the studies that have attempted to improve face-processing skills in acquired and developmental prosopagnosia, and place them in the context of the wider neurorehabilitation literature. First, we examine whether neuroplasticity within the typical face-processing system varies across the lifespan, in order to examine whether timing of intervention may be crucial. Second, we examine reports of interventions in acquired prosopagnosia, where training in compensatory strategies has had some success. Third, we examine reports of interventions in developmental prosopagnosia, where compensatory training in children and remedial training in adults have both been successful. However, the gains are somewhat limited-compensatory strategies have resulted in labored recognition techniques and limited generalization to untrained faces, and remedial techniques require longer periods of training and result in limited maintenance of gains. Critically, intervention suitability and outcome in both forms of the condition likely depends on a complex interaction of factors, including prosopagnosia severity, the precise functional locus of the impairment, and individual differences such as age. Finally, we discuss future directions in the rehabilitation of prosopagnosia, and the possibility of boosting the effects of cognitive training programmes by simultaneous administration of oxytocin or non-invasive brain stimulation. We conclude that future work using more systematic methods and larger participant groups is clearly required, and in the case of developmental prosopagnosia, there is an urgent need to develop early detection and remediation tools for children, in order to optimize intervention outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Bate
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Bournemouth UniversityPoole, UK
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195
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The effects of theta transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on fluid intelligence. Int J Psychophysiol 2014; 93:322-31. [PMID: 24998643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to explore the influence of transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on resting brain activity and on measures of fluid intelligence. Theta tACS was applied to the left parietal and left frontal brain areas of healthy participants after which resting electroencephalogram (EEG) data was recorded. Following sham/active stimulation, the participants solved two tests of fluid intelligence while their EEG was recorded. The results showed that active theta tACS affected spectral power in theta and alpha frequency bands. In addition, active theta tACS improved performance on tests of fluid intelligence. This influence was more pronounced in the group of participants that received stimulation to the left parietal area than in the group of participants that received stimulation to the left frontal area. Left parietal tACS increased performance on the difficult test items of both tests (RAPM and PF&C) whereas left frontal tACS increased performance only on the easy test items of one test (RAPM). The observed behavioral tACS influences were also accompanied by changes in neuroelectric activity. The behavioral and neuroelectric data tentatively support the P-FIT neurobiological model of intelligence.
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196
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Abstract
Human memory is dynamic and flexible but is also susceptible to distortions arising from adaptive as well as pathological processes. Both accurate and false memory formation require executive control that is critically mediated by the left prefrontal cortex (PFC). Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) enables noninvasive modulation of cortical activity and associated behavior. The present study reports that tDCS applied to the left dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) shaped accuracy of episodic memory via polaritiy-specific modulation of false recognition. When applied during encoding of pictures, anodal tDCS increased whereas cathodal stimulation reduced the number of false alarms to lure pictures in subsequent recognition memory testing. These data suggest that the enhancement of excitability in the dlPFC by anodal tDCS can be associated with blurred detail memory. In contrast, activity-reducing cathodal tDCS apparently acted as a noise filter inhibiting the development of imprecise memory traces and reducing the false memory rate. Consistently, the largest effect was found in the most active condition (i.e., for stimuli cued to be remembered). This first evidence for a polarity-specific, activity-dependent effect of tDCS on false memory opens new vistas for the understanding and potential treatment of disturbed memory control.
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197
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Meinzer M, Lindenberg R, Darkow R, Ulm L, Copland D, Flöel A. Transcranial direct current stimulation and simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging. J Vis Exp 2014. [PMID: 24796646 DOI: 10.3791/51730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp to manipulate cortical excitability and, consequently, behavior and brain function. In the last decade, numerous studies have addressed short-term and long-term effects of tDCS on different measures of behavioral performance during motor and cognitive tasks, both in healthy individuals and in a number of different patient populations. So far, however, little is known about the neural underpinnings of tDCS-action in humans with regard to large-scale brain networks. This issue can be addressed by combining tDCS with functional brain imaging techniques like functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or electroencephalography (EEG). In particular, fMRI is the most widely used brain imaging technique to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying cognition and motor functions. Application of tDCS during fMRI allows analysis of the neural mechanisms underlying behavioral tDCS effects with high spatial resolution across the entire brain. Recent studies using this technique identified stimulation induced changes in task-related functional brain activity at the stimulation site and also in more distant brain regions, which were associated with behavioral improvement. In addition, tDCS administered during resting-state fMRI allowed identification of widespread changes in whole brain functional connectivity. Future studies using this combined protocol should yield new insights into the mechanisms of tDCS action in health and disease and new options for more targeted application of tDCS in research and clinical settings. The present manuscript describes this novel technique in a step-by-step fashion, with a focus on technical aspects of tDCS administered during fMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Meinzer
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland; Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Centre, and Centre for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin;
| | - Robert Lindenberg
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Centre, and Centre for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin
| | - Robert Darkow
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Centre, and Centre for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin
| | - Lena Ulm
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Centre, and Centre for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin
| | - David Copland
- Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland
| | - Agnes Flöel
- Department of Neurology, NeuroCure Clinical Research Centre, and Centre for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité Universitätsmedizin
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198
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Sours C, Alon G, Roys S, Gullapalli RP. Modulation of resting state functional connectivity of the motor network by transcranial pulsed current stimulation. Brain Connect 2014; 4:157-65. [PMID: 24593667 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2013.0196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of transcranial pulsed current stimulation (tPCS) on resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) within the motor network were investigated. Eleven healthy participants received one magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) session with three resting state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) scans, one before stimulation (PRE-STIM) to collect baseline measures, one during stimulation (STIM), and one after 13 min of stimulation (POST-STIM). Rs-FC measures during the STIM and POST-STIM conditions were compared to the PRE-STIM baseline. Regions of interest for the rs-FC analysis were extracted from the significantly activated clusters obtained during a finger tapping motor paradigm and included the right primary motor cortex (R M1), left primary motor cortex (L M1), supplemental motor area (SMA), and cerebellum (Cer). The main findings were reduced rs-FC between the left M1 and surrounding motor cortex, and increased rs-FC between the left M1 and left thalamus during stimulation, but increased rs-FC between the Cer and right insula after stimulations. Bivariate measures of connectivity demonstrate reduced strength of connectivity for the whole network average (p=0.044) and reduced diversity of connectivity for the network average during stimulation (p=0.024). During the POST-STIM condition, the trend of reduced diversity for the network average was statistically weaker (p=0.071). In conclusion, while many of the findings are comparable to previous reports using simultaneous transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and fMRI acquisition, we also demonstrate additional changes in connectivity patterns that are induced by tPCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandler Sours
- 1 Magnetic Resonance Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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199
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The influence of theta transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) on working memory storage and processing functions. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 146:1-6. [PMID: 24361739 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to explore the role of the fronto-parietal brain network in working memory function--in temporary storage and manipulation of information. In a single blind sham controlled experiment 36 respondents solved different working memory tasks after theta transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) was applied to left frontal, left parietal and right parietal areas. Both verum tACS protocols stimulating parietal brain areas (target electrodes positioned at location P3, or P4) had a positive effect on WM storage capacity as compared with sham tACS, whereas no such influence was observed for the stimulation of the left frontal area (target electrode positioned at location F3). A second finding was that left parietal theta tACS had a more pronounced influence on backward recall than on forward recall, which was not related to task content (spatial or verbal). The influence of theta tACS on WM executive processes was most pronounced for right parietal stimulation. The results are discussed in the broad theoretical framework of the multicomponent model of working memory.
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200
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Jaušovec N, Jaušovec K. Increasing working memory capacity with theta transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS). Biol Psychol 2014; 96:42-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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