151
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Hou J, Chen Y, Grajales-Reyes G, Colonna M. TREM2 dependent and independent functions of microglia in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:84. [PMID: 36564824 PMCID: PMC9783481 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are central players in brain innate immunity and have been the subject of extensive research in Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this review, we aim to summarize the genetic and functional discoveries that have advanced our understanding of microglia reactivity to AD pathology. Given the heightened AD risk posed by rare variants of the microglial triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (TREM2), we will focus on the studies addressing the impact of this receptor on microglia responses to amyloid plaques, tauopathy and demyelination pathologies in mouse and human. Finally, we will discuss the implications of recent discoveries on microglia and TREM2 biology on potential therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Hou
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Yun Chen
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA ,grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Gary Grajales-Reyes
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
| | - Marco Colonna
- grid.4367.60000 0001 2355 7002Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 USA
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152
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Chen S, Chang Y, Li L, Acosta D, Li Y, Guo Q, Wang C, Turkes E, Morrison C, Julian D, Hester ME, Scharre DW, Santiskulvong C, Song SX, Plummer JT, Serrano GE, Beach TG, Duff KE, Ma Q, Fu H. Spatially resolved transcriptomics reveals genes associated with the vulnerability of middle temporal gyrus in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:188. [PMID: 36544231 PMCID: PMC9773466 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01494-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human middle temporal gyrus (MTG) is a vulnerable brain region in early Alzheimer's disease (AD), but little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying this regional vulnerability. Here we utilize the 10 × Visium platform to define the spatial transcriptomic profile in both AD and control (CT) MTG. We identify unique marker genes for cortical layers and the white matter, and layer-specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in human AD compared to CT. Deconvolution of the Visium spots showcases the significant difference in particular cell types among cortical layers and the white matter. Gene co-expression analyses reveal eight gene modules, four of which have significantly altered co-expression patterns in the presence of AD pathology. The co-expression patterns of hub genes and enriched pathways in the presence of AD pathology indicate an important role of cell-cell-communications among microglia, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and neurons, which may contribute to the cellular and regional vulnerability in early AD. Using single-molecule fluorescent in situ hybridization, we validated the cell-type-specific expression of three novel DEGs (e.g., KIF5A, PAQR6, and SLC1A3) and eleven previously reported DEGs associated with AD pathology (i.e., amyloid beta plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles or neuropil threads) at the single cell level. Our results may contribute to the understanding of the complex architecture and neuronal and glial response to AD pathology of this vulnerable brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Yuzhou Chang
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Liangping Li
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Diana Acosta
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Yang Li
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Qi Guo
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Cankun Wang
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Emir Turkes
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Cody Morrison
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Dominic Julian
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
| | - Mark E. Hester
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205 USA
| | - Douglas W. Scharre
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Neurology, Center for Cognitive and Memory Disorders, Center for Neuromodulation, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Chintda Santiskulvong
- grid.50956.3f0000 0001 2152 9905Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Sarah XueYing Song
- grid.50956.3f0000 0001 2152 9905Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Jasmine T. Plummer
- grid.50956.3f0000 0001 2152 9905Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048 USA
| | - Geidy E. Serrano
- grid.414208.b0000 0004 0619 8759Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351 USA
| | - Thomas G. Beach
- grid.414208.b0000 0004 0619 8759Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ 85351 USA
| | - Karen E. Duff
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201UK Dementia Research Institute, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Qin Ma
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Hongjun Fu
- grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Neuroscience, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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153
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Han S, Gim Y, Jang EH, Hur EM. Functions and dysfunctions of oligodendrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1083159. [PMID: 36605616 PMCID: PMC9807813 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1083159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) are characterized by the progressive loss of selectively vulnerable populations of neurons, which is responsible for the clinical symptoms. Although degeneration of neurons is a prominent feature that undoubtedly contributes to and defines NDD pathology, it is now clear that neuronal cell death is by no means mediated solely by cell-autonomous mechanisms. Oligodendrocytes (OLs), the myelinating cells of the central nervous system (CNS), enable rapid transmission of electrical signals and provide metabolic and trophic support to neurons. Recent evidence suggests that OLs and their progenitor population play a role in the onset and progression of NDDs. In this review, we discuss emerging evidence suggesting a role of OL lineage cells in the pathogenesis of age-related NDDs. We start with multiple system atrophy, an NDD with a well-known oligodendroglial pathology, and then discuss Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), NDDs which have been thought of as neuronal origins. Understanding the functions and dysfunctions of OLs might lead to the advent of disease-modifying strategies against NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwan Han
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yunho Gim
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hae Jang
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Hur
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Comparative Medicine Disease Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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154
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Zhang X, Wang X, Shivashankar GV, Uhler C. Graph-based autoencoder integrates spatial transcriptomics with chromatin images and identifies joint biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7480. [PMID: 36463283 PMCID: PMC9719477 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35233-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue development and disease lead to changes in cellular organization, nuclear morphology, and gene expression, which can be jointly measured by spatial transcriptomic technologies. However, methods for jointly analyzing the different spatial data modalities in 3D are still lacking. We present a computational framework to integrate Spatial Transcriptomic data using over-parameterized graph-based Autoencoders with Chromatin Imaging data (STACI) to identify molecular and functional alterations in tissues. STACI incorporates multiple modalities in a single representation for downstream tasks, enables the prediction of spatial transcriptomic data from nuclear images in unseen tissue sections, and provides built-in batch correction of gene expression and tissue morphology through over-parameterization. We apply STACI to analyze the spatio-temporal progression of Alzheimer's disease and identify the associated nuclear morphometric and coupled gene expression features. Collectively, we demonstrate the importance of characterizing disease progression by integrating multiple data modalities and its potential for the discovery of disease biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Zhang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - Xiao Wang
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
| | - G V Shivashankar
- ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Uhler
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA.
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155
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Wang Q, Song LJ, Ding ZB, Chai Z, Yu JZ, Xiao BG, Ma CG. Advantages of Rho-associated kinases and their inhibitor fasudil for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:2623-2631. [PMID: 35662192 PMCID: PMC9165373 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.335827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras homolog (Rho)-associated kinases (ROCKs) belong to the serine-threonine kinase family, which plays a pivotal role in regulating the damage, survival, axon guidance, and regeneration of neurons. ROCKs are also involved in the biological effects of immune cells and glial cells, as well as the development of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Previous studies by us and others confirmed that ROCKs inhibitors attenuated the symptoms and progression of experimental models of the abovementioned neurodegenerative diseases by inhibiting neuroinflammation, regulating immune imbalance, repairing the blood-brain barrier, and promoting nerve repair and myelin regeneration. Fasudil, the first ROCKs inhibitor to be used clinically, has a good therapeutic effect on neurodegenerative diseases. Fasudil increases the activity of neural stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells, thus optimizing cell therapy. This review will systematically describe, for the first time, the effects of abnormal activation of ROCKs on T cells, B cells, microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and pericytes in neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system, summarize the therapeutic potential of fasudil in several experimental models of neurodegenerative diseases, and clarify the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms of ROCKs inhibition. This review also proposes that fasudil is a novel potential treatment, especially in combination with cell-based therapy. Findings from this review add support for further investigation of ROCKs and its inhibitor fasudil for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Song
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi-Bin Ding
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhi Chai
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, China
- Department of Neurology, Datong Fifth People’s Hospital, Datong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- Research Center of Neurobiology, The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, China
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156
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Schoemaker D, Zanon Zotin MC, Chen K, Igwe KC, Vila-Castelar C, Martinez J, Baena A, Fox-Fuller JT, Lopera F, Reiman EM, Brickman AM, Quiroz YT. White matter hyperintensities are a prominent feature of autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease that emerge prior to dementia. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:89. [PMID: 35768838 PMCID: PMC9245224 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
To promote the development of effective therapies, there is an important need to characterize the full spectrum of neuropathological changes associated with Alzheimer’s disease. In line with this need, this study examined white matter abnormalities in individuals with early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer’s disease, in relation to age and symptom severity.
Methods
This is a cross-sectional analysis of data collected in members of a large kindred with a PSEN1 E280A mutation. Participants were recruited between September 2011 and July 2012 from the Colombian Alzheimer’s Prevention Initiative registry. The studied cohort comprised 50 participants aged between 20 and 55 years, including 20 cognitively unimpaired mutation carriers, 9 cognitively impaired mutation carriers, and 21 non-carriers. Participants completed an MRI, a lumbar puncture for cerebrospinal fluid collection, a florbetapir PET scan, and neurological and neuropsychological examinations. The volume of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) was compared between cognitively unimpaired carriers, cognitively impaired carriers, and non-carriers. Relationships between WMH, age, and cognitive performance were further examined in mutation carriers.
Results
The mean (SD) age of participants was 35.8 (9.6) years and 64% were women. Cardiovascular risk factors were uncommon and did not differ across groups. Cognitively impaired carriers [median, 6.37; interquartile range (IQR), 9.15] had an increased volume of WMH compared to both cognitively unimpaired carriers [median, 0.85; IQR, 0.79] and non-carriers [median, 1.07; IQR, 0.71]. In mutation carriers, the volume of WMH strongly correlated with cognition and age, with evidence for an accelerated rate of changes after the age of 43 years, 1 year earlier than the estimated median age of symptom onset. In multivariable regression models including cortical amyloid retention, superior parietal lobe cortical thickness, and cerebrospinal fluid phospho-tau, the volume of WMH was the only biomarker independently and significantly contributing to the total explained variance in cognitive performance.
Conclusions
The volume of WMH is increased among individuals with symptomatic autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease, begins to increase prior to clinical symptom onset, and is an independent determinant of cognitive performance in this group. These findings suggest that WMH are a key component of autosomal-dominant Alzheimer’s disease that is closely related to the progression of clinical symptoms.
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157
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Capitini C, Pesce L, Fani G, Mazzamuto G, Genovese M, Franceschini A, Paoli P, Pieraccini G, Zasloff M, Chiti F, Pavone FS, Calamai M. Studying the trafficking of labeled trodusquemine and its application as nerve marker for light-sheet and expansion microscopy. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22655. [PMID: 36421008 PMCID: PMC9827910 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201276r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trodusquemine is an aminosterol with a variety of biological and pharmacological functions, such as acting as an antimicrobial, stimulating body weight loss and interfering with the toxicity of proteins involved in the development of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. The mechanisms of interaction of aminosterols with cells are, however, still largely uncharacterized. Here, by using fluorescently labeled trodusquemine (TRO-A594 and TRO-ATTO565), we show that trodusquemine binds initially to the plasma membrane of living cells, that the binding affinity is dependent on cholesterol, and that trodusquemine is then internalized and mainly targeted to lysosomes after internalization. We also found that TRO-A594 is able to strongly and selectively bind to myelinated fibers in fixed mouse brain slices, and that it is a marker compatible with tissue clearing and light-sheet fluorescence microscopy or expansion microscopy. In conclusion, this work contributes to further characterize the biology of aminosterols and provides a new tool for nerve labeling suitable for the most advanced microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Capitini
- European Laboratory for Non‐Linear Spectroscopy (LENS)University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly,Department of PhysicsUniversity of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Luca Pesce
- European Laboratory for Non‐Linear Spectroscopy (LENS)University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly,Department of PhysicsUniversity of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Giulia Fani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of BiochemistryUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Giacomo Mazzamuto
- European Laboratory for Non‐Linear Spectroscopy (LENS)University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly,Department of PhysicsUniversity of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly,National Institute of Optics – National Research Council (CNR‐INO)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Massimo Genovese
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of BiochemistryUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Alessandra Franceschini
- European Laboratory for Non‐Linear Spectroscopy (LENS)University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly,Department of PhysicsUniversity of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Paolo Paoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of BiochemistryUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | | | - Michael Zasloff
- Enterin Inc.PhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA,MedStar‐Georgetown Transplant InstituteGeorgetown University School of MedicineWashingtonDCUSA
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of BiochemistryUniversity of FlorenceFlorenceItaly
| | - Francesco S. Pavone
- European Laboratory for Non‐Linear Spectroscopy (LENS)University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly,Department of PhysicsUniversity of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly,National Institute of Optics – National Research Council (CNR‐INO)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
| | - Martino Calamai
- European Laboratory for Non‐Linear Spectroscopy (LENS)University of FlorenceSesto FiorentinoItaly,National Institute of Optics – National Research Council (CNR‐INO)Sesto FiorentinoItaly
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158
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Malone JE, Elkasaby MI, Lerner AJ. Effects of Hypertension on Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. Curr Hypertens Rep 2022; 24:615-625. [PMID: 36125695 DOI: 10.1007/s11906-022-01221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the pathophysiology of hypertension in Alzheimer's disease and related dementias and explore the current landscape of clinical trials involving treatment of hypertension to improve cognition. RECENT FINDINGS Hypertension is increasingly recognized as a contributor to cognitive impairment. Clinical trials that explore blood pressure reductions with cognitive outcomes have been promising. Various antihypertensives have been evaluated in clinical trials, with growing interest in those agents that impact the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system due to its own association with cognitive impairment. No antihypertensive agent has been found to be superior to others in reducing cognitive impairment risk or conferring neuroprotective benefits. In this review, the pathophysiology of and clinical trial data involving hypertension and dementia will be explored. Hypertension is a significant risk factor for the development of neurodegenerative dementias, and clinical trials have been overall favorable in improving cognition by reductions in blood pressure using antihypertensive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Malone
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohamed I Elkasaby
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alan J Lerner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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159
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Rojo D, Badner A, Gibson EM. Circadian Control of Glial Cell Homeodynamics. J Biol Rhythms 2022; 37:593-608. [PMID: 36068711 PMCID: PMC9729367 DOI: 10.1177/07487304221120966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that maintain circadian rhythms in mammalian as well as non-mammalian systems are well documented in neuronal populations but comparatively understudied in glia. Glia are highly dynamic in form and function, and the circadian clock provides broad dynamic ranges for the maintenance of this homeostasis, thus glia are key to understanding the role of circadian biology in brain function. Here, we highlight the implications of the molecular circadian clock on the homeodynamic nature of glia, underscoring the current gap in understanding the role of the circadian system in oligodendroglia lineage cells and subsequent myelination. Through this perspective, we will focus on the intersection of circadian and glial biology and how it interfaces with global circadian rhythm maintenance associated with normative and aberrant brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rojo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anna Badner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Erin M. Gibson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA,Corresponding Author: Erin M. Gibson, PhD, 3165 Porter Drive, #2178, Palo Alto, CA 94304, (650)725-6659,
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160
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Kumar S, De Luca A, Leemans A, Saffari SE, Hartono S, Zailan FZ, Ng KP, Kandiah N. Topology of diffusion changes in corpus callosum in Alzheimer's disease: An exploratory case-control study. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1005406. [PMID: 36530616 PMCID: PMC9747939 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1005406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AimThis study aims to assess the integrity of white matter in various segments of the corpus callosum in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by using metrics derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) and white matter tract integrity model (WMTI) and compare these findings to healthy controls (HC).MethodsThe study was approved by the institutional ethics board. 12 AD patients and 12 HC formed the study population. All AD patients were recruited from a tertiary neurology memory clinic. A standardized battery of neuropsychological assessments was administered to the study participants by a trained rater. MRI scans were performed with a Philips Ingenia 3.0T scanner equipped with a 32-channel head coil. The protocol included a T1-weighted sequence, FLAIR and a dMRI acquisition. The dMRI scan included a total of 71 volumes, 8 at b = 0 s/mm2, 15 at b = 1,000 s/mm2 and 48 at b = 2,000 s/mm2. Diffusion data fit was performed using DKI REKINDLE and WMTI models.Results and discussionWe detected changes suggesting demyelination and axonal degeneration throughout the corpus callosum of patients with AD, most prominent in the mid-anterior and mid-posterior segments of CC. Axial kurtosis was the most significantly altered metric, being reduced in AD patients in almost all segments of corpus callosum. Reduced axial kurtosis in the CC segments correlated with poor cognition scores in AD patients in the visuospatial, language and attention domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Kumar
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Seyed Ehsan Saffari
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Septian Hartono
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fatin Zahra Zailan
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Pin Ng
- National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nagaendran Kandiah
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Nagaendran Kandiah
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161
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Saavedra J, Nascimento M, Liz MA, Cardoso I. Key brain cell interactions and contributions to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1036123. [PMID: 36523504 PMCID: PMC9745159 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1036123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide, with the two major hallmarks being the deposition of extracellular β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Additionally, early pathological events such as cerebrovascular alterations, a compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction, culminate in neuron loss and cognitive deficits. AD symptoms reflect a loss of neuronal circuit integrity in the brain; however, neurons do not operate in isolation. An exclusively neurocentric approach is insufficient to understand this disease, and the contribution of other brain cells including astrocytes, microglia, and vascular cells must be integrated in the context. The delicate balance of interactions between these cells, required for healthy brain function, is disrupted during disease. To design successful therapies, it is critical to understand the complex brain cellular connections in AD and the temporal sequence of their disturbance. In this review, we discuss the interactions between different brain cells, from physiological conditions to their pathological reactions in AD, and how this basic knowledge can be crucial for developing new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Saavedra
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Nascimento
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Márcia A. Liz
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Isabel Cardoso
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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162
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Chang SR, Liu JG, Li H, Liu MX, Shi DD, Zhou LJ. Pharmaceutical and pharmacological studies of Shen Ma Yi Zhi granule for prevention of vascular dementia: A review. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1044572. [PMID: 36507350 PMCID: PMC9731835 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1044572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: With dementia significantly increasing hospitalization and disability rates, worldwide aging of the population presents major challenges to public health. The majority of cases of cognitive dysfunction among the elderly, however, are characterized by an identifiable, preventable and treatable vascular component. As such, increased study of preventative methods in the context of dementia is warranted. Traditional Chinese medicine compounds have been reported to be neuroprotective and improve cognitive function via a variety of mechanisms. Shen Ma Yi Zhi granule (SMYZG) is one such collection of compounds that has been proven clinically effective. Pharmacological mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics and clinical applications of SMYZG have been previously studied using a variety of vascular dementia animal models. SMYZG activates and regulates four main signaling pathways relevant to vascular dementia including the AMPK/PPARα/PGC-1α/UCP2, Nrf2/HO-1, HIF-1/VEGF/Notch, and VEGF/Flk-1/p8 MAPK pathways. Furthermore, SMYZG influences anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant stress responses, reverses demyelination of brain white matter and vascular endothelium, regulates pericyte function and normalizes mitochondrial metabolism. Neuroprotective effects of SMYZG, as well as those promoting regeneration of vascular endothelium, have also been reported in studies of rat models of vascular dementia. Future research concerning SMYG is warranted for development of vascular dementia preventative management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-rui Chang
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Graduate School, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-gang Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Jian-gang Liu,
| | - Hao Li
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Institute of Geriatrics of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Hao Li,
| | - Mei-xia Liu
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Institute of Geriatrics of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-dan Shi
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Institute of Geriatrics of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-juan Zhou
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China,Institute of Geriatrics of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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163
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Wang N, Wang M, Jeevaratnam S, Rosenberg C, Ikezu TC, Shue F, Doss SV, Alnobani A, Martens YA, Wren M, Asmann YW, Zhang B, Bu G, Liu CC. Opposing effects of apoE2 and apoE4 on microglial activation and lipid metabolism in response to demyelination. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:75. [PMID: 36419137 PMCID: PMC9682675 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Abnormal lipid accumulation has been recognized as a key element of immune dysregulation in microglia whose dysfunction contributes to neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia play essential roles in the clearance of lipid-rich cellular debris upon myelin damage or demyelination, a common pathogenic event in neuronal disorders. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays a pivotal role in brain lipid homeostasis; however, the apoE isoform-dependent mechanisms regulating microglial response upon demyelination remain unclear. METHODS To determine how apoE isoforms impact microglial response to myelin damage, 2-month-old apoE2-, apoE3-, and apoE4-targeted replacement (TR) mice were fed with normal diet (CTL) or 0.2% cuprizone (CPZ) diet for four weeks to induce demyelination in the brain. To examine the effects on subsequent remyelination, the cuprizone diet was switched back to regular chow for an additional two weeks. After treatment, brains were collected and subjected to immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses to assess the myelination status, microglial responses, and their capacity for myelin debris clearance. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on the corpus callosum (CC) to address the molecular mechanisms underpinning apoE-mediated microglial activation upon demyelination. RESULTS We demonstrate dramatic isoform-dependent differences in the activation and function of microglia upon cuprizone-induced demyelination. ApoE2 microglia were hyperactive and more efficient in clearing lipid-rich myelin debris, whereas apoE4 microglia displayed a less activated phenotype with reduced clearance efficiency, compared with apoE3 microglia. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that key molecules known to modulate microglial functions had differential expression patterns in an apoE isoform-dependent manner. Importantly, apoE4 microglia had excessive buildup of lipid droplets, consistent with an impairment in lipid metabolism, whereas apoE2 microglia displayed a superior ability to metabolize myelin enriched lipids. Further, apoE2-TR mice had a greater extent of remyelination; whereas remyelination was compromised in apoE4-TR mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide critical mechanistic insights into how apoE isoforms differentially regulate microglial function and the maintenance of myelin dynamics, which may inform novel therapeutic avenues for targeting microglial dysfunctions in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Suren Jeevaratnam
- grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Cassandra Rosenberg
- grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Tadafumi C. Ikezu
- grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Francis Shue
- grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Sydney V. Doss
- grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Alla Alnobani
- grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Yuka A. Martens
- grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Melissa Wren
- grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Yan W. Asmann
- grid.417467.70000 0004 0443 9942Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- grid.59734.3c0000 0001 0670 2351Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029 USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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164
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Filley CM. White matter dementia then… and now. Front Neurol 2022; 13:1043583. [PMID: 36479053 PMCID: PMC9721363 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.1043583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
White matter dementia (WMD) is a concept introduced in 1988 to highlight the importance of white matter pathology in producing cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Whereas gray matter, particularly the cerebral cortex, has been primarily investigated in the dementias, subcortical pathology has long been correlated with cognitive loss, and a corticocentric perspective cannot account for the full range of neurobehavioral disorders. Within the subcortical regions, white matter is prominent, accounting for about half the volume of the adult brain, and many white matter diseases, injuries, and intoxications can produce cognitive dysfunction so severe as to justify the term dementia. Recognition of this novel syndrome relied heavily on the introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that permitted in vivo visualization of white matter lesions. Neuropsychological studies clarified the clinical presentation of WMD by identifying a profile dominated by cognitive slowing and executive dysfunction, and a precursor syndrome of mild cognitive dysfunction was proposed to identify early cognitive impairment that may later evolve to WMD. As knowledge advanced, the role of white matter in structural connectivity within distributed neural networks was elucidated. In addition, highlighting the frequent commingling of gray and white matter involvement, white matter pathology was associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, with potentially transformative clinical implications. In particular, preventive measures and treatments exploiting white matter restoration and plasticity are gaining much attention. Today, WMD has matured into a concept that not only integrates knowledge from across the spectrum of clinical neuroscience, but also informs new investigations into many perplexing disorders and enables a more complete understanding of brain-behavior relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M. Filley
- Behavioral Neurology Section, Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Marcus Institute for Brain Health, Aurora, CO, United States
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165
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Molina-Gonzalez I, Miron VE, Antel JP. Chronic oligodendrocyte injury in central nervous system pathologies. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1274. [PMID: 36402839 PMCID: PMC9675815 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin, the membrane surrounding neuronal axons, is critical for central nervous system (CNS) function. Injury to myelin-forming oligodendrocytes (OL) in chronic neurological diseases (e.g. multiple sclerosis) ranges from sublethal to lethal, leading to OL dysfunction and myelin pathology, and consequent deleterious impacts on axonal health that drive clinical impairments. This is regulated by intrinsic factors such as heterogeneity and age, and extrinsic cellular and molecular interactions. Here, we discuss the responses of OLs to injury, and perspectives for therapeutic targeting. We put forward that targeting mature OL health in neurological disease is a promising therapeutic strategy to support CNS function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Molina-Gonzalez
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK
| | - Veronique E. Miron
- grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988United Kingdom Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Chancellor’s Building, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.4305.20000 0004 1936 7988Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland UK ,grid.415502.7Barlo Multiple Sclerosis Centre and Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, Toronto, Canada ,grid.17063.330000 0001 2157 2938Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jack P. Antel
- grid.14709.3b0000 0004 1936 8649Neuroimmunology Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC Canada
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166
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Ablinger I, Dressel K, Rott T, Lauer AA, Tiemann M, Batista JP, Taddey T, Grimm HS, Grimm MOW. Interdisciplinary Approaches to Deal with Alzheimer's Disease-From Bench to Bedside: What Feasible Options Do Already Exist Today? Biomedicines 2022; 10:2922. [PMID: 36428494 PMCID: PMC9687885 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases in the western population. The incidence of this disease increases with age. Rising life expectancy and the resulting increase in the ratio of elderly in the population are likely to exacerbate socioeconomic problems. Alzheimer's disease is a multifactorial disease. In addition to amyloidogenic processing leading to plaques, and tau pathology, but also other molecular causes such as oxidative stress or inflammation play a crucial role. We summarize the molecular mechanisms leading to Alzheimer's disease and which potential interventions are known to interfere with these mechanisms, focusing on nutritional approaches and physical activity but also the beneficial effects of cognition-oriented treatments with a focus on language and communication. Interestingly, recent findings also suggest a causal link between oral conditions, such as periodontitis or edentulism, and Alzheimer's disease, raising the question of whether dental intervention in Alzheimer's patients can be beneficial as well. Unfortunately, all previous single-domain interventions have been shown to have limited benefit to patients. However, the latest studies indicate that combining these efforts into multidomain approaches may have increased preventive or therapeutic potential. Therefore, as another emphasis in this review, we provide an overview of current literature dealing with studies combining the above-mentioned approaches and discuss potential advantages compared to monotherapies. Considering current literature and intervention options, we also propose a multidomain interdisciplinary approach for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease patients that synergistically links the individual approaches. In conclusion, this review highlights the need to combine different approaches in an interdisciplinary manner, to address the future challenges of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ablinger
- Speech and Language Therapy, Campus Bonn, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Dressel
- Speech and Language Therapy, Campus Düsseldorf, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 40210 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thea Rott
- Interdisciplinary Periodontology and Prevention, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Anna Andrea Lauer
- Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael Tiemann
- Sport Science, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - João Pedro Batista
- Sport Science and Physiotherapy, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Tim Taddey
- Physiotherapy, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Heike Sabine Grimm
- Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Otto Walter Grimm
- Nutrition Therapy and Counseling, Campus Rheinland, SRH University of Applied Health Sciences, 51377 Leverkusen, Germany
- Experimental Neurology, Saarland University, 66424 Homburg, Germany
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167
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Kaya T, Mattugini N, Liu L, Ji H, Cantuti-Castelvetri L, Wu J, Schifferer M, Groh J, Martini R, Besson-Girard S, Kaji S, Liesz A, Gokce O, Simons M. CD8 + T cells induce interferon-responsive oligodendrocytes and microglia in white matter aging. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1446-1457. [PMID: 36280798 PMCID: PMC9630119 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01183-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of nervous system aging is a decline of white matter volume and function, but the underlying mechanisms leading to white matter pathology are unknown. In the present study, we found age-related alterations of oligodendrocyte cell state with a reduction in total oligodendrocyte density in aging murine white matter. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we identified interferon (IFN)-responsive oligodendrocytes, which localize in proximity to CD8+ T cells in aging white matter. Absence of functional lymphocytes decreased the number of IFN-responsive oligodendrocytes and rescued oligodendrocyte loss, whereas T-cell checkpoint inhibition worsened the aging response. In addition, we identified a subpopulation of lymphocyte-dependent, IFN-responsive microglia in the vicinity of the CD8+ T cells in aging white matter. In summary, we provide evidence that CD8+ T-cell-induced, IFN-responsive oligodendrocytes and microglia are important modifiers of white matter aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuğberk Kaya
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicola Mattugini
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Lu Liu
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hao Ji
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Jianping Wu
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schifferer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
| | - Janos Groh
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Martini
- Department of Neurology, Section of Developmental Neurobiology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Besson-Girard
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Seiji Kaji
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany
| | - Arthur Liesz
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ozgun Gokce
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany.
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital of Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University (LMU) of Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany.
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany.
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168
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Hirschfeld LR, Risacher SL, Nho K, Saykin AJ. Myelin repair in Alzheimer's disease: a review of biological pathways and potential therapeutics. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:47. [PMID: 36284351 PMCID: PMC9598036 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This literature review investigates the significant overlap between myelin-repair signaling pathways and pathways known to contribute to hallmark pathologies of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We discuss previously investigated therapeutic targets of amyloid, tau, and ApoE, as well as other potential therapeutic targets that have been empirically shown to contribute to both remyelination and progression of AD. Current evidence shows that there are multiple AD-relevant pathways which overlap significantly with remyelination and myelin repair through the encouragement of oligodendrocyte proliferation, maturation, and myelin production. There is a present need for a single, cohesive model of myelin homeostasis in AD. While determining a causative pathway is beyond the scope of this review, it may be possible to investigate the pathological overlap of myelin repair and AD through therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Rose Hirschfeld
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Shannon L Risacher
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kwangsik Nho
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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169
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Sun Y, Tong H, Yang T, Liu L, Li XJ, Li S. Insights into White Matter Defect in Huntington's Disease. Cells 2022; 11:3381. [PMID: 36359783 PMCID: PMC9656068 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal-dominant inherited progressive neurodegenerative disorder. It is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the Huntingtin gene that is translated to an expanded polyglutamine (PolyQ) repeat in huntingtin protein. HD is characterized by mood swings, involuntary movement, and cognitive decline in the late disease stage. HD patients often die 15-20 years after disease onset. Currently, there is no cure for HD. Due to the striking neuronal loss in HD, most studies focused on the investigation of the predominantly neuronal degeneration in specific brain regions. However, the pathology of the white matter area in the brains of HD patients was also reported by clinical imaging studies, which showed white matter abnormalities even before the clinical onset of HD. Since oligodendrocytes form myelin sheaths around the axons in the brain, white matter lesions are likely attributed to alterations in myelin and oligodendrocyte-associated changes in HD. In this review, we summarized the evidence for white matter, myelin, and oligodendrocytes alterations that were previously observed in HD patients and animal models. We also discussed potential mechanisms for white matter changes and possible treatment to prevent glial dysfunction in HD.
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170
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Hussain H, Djurin T, Rodriguez J, Daneelian L, Sundi S, Fadel A, Saadoon Z. Transactivation Response DNA-Binding Protein of 43 (TDP-43) and Glial Cell Roles in Neurological Disorders. Cureus 2022; 14:e30639. [DOI: 10.7759/cureus.30639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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171
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Wu YG, Song LJ, Yin LJ, Yin JJ, Wang Q, Yu JZ, Xiao BG, Ma CG. The effects and potential of microglial polarization and crosstalk with other cells of the central nervous system in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2022; 18:947-954. [PMID: 36254973 PMCID: PMC9827789 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.355747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are resident immune cells in the central nervous system. During the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, stimulatory factors continuously act on the microglia causing abnormal activation and unbalanced phenotypic changes; these events have become a significant and promising area of research. In this review, we summarize the effects of microglial polarization and crosstalk with other cells in the central nervous system in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Our literature search found that phenotypic changes occur continuously in Alzheimer's disease and that microglia exhibit extensive crosstalk with astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, neurons, and penetrated peripheral innate immune cells via specific signaling pathways and cytokines. Collectively, unlike previous efforts to modulate microglial phenotypes at a single level, targeting the phenotypes of microglia and the crosstalk with other cells in the central nervous system may be more effective in reducing inflammation in the central nervous system in Alzheimer's disease. This would establish a theoretical basis for reducing neuronal death from central nervous system inflammation and provide an appropriate environment to promote neuronal regeneration in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ge Wu
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Juan Song
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China,Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Yin
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jun-Jun Yin
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China,Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qing Wang
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Jie-Zhong Yu
- Institute of Brain Science/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases/Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Bao-Guo Xiao
- Institute of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, Institutes of Brain Science and State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun-Gen Ma
- The Key Research Laboratory of Benefiting Qi for Acting Blood Circulation Method to Treat Multiple Sclerosis of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine/Research Center of Neurobiology, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong, Shanxi Province, China,Institute of Brain Science/Shanxi Key Laboratory of Inflammatory Neurodegenerative Diseases/Medical School, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, Shanxi Province, China,Correspondence to: Cun-Gen Ma, .
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172
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Aberrant Ganglioside Functions to Underpin Dysregulated Myelination, Insulin Signalling, and Cytokine Expression: Is There a Link and a Room for Therapy? Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101434. [PMID: 36291644 PMCID: PMC9599472 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gangliosides are molecules widely present in the plasma membranes of mammalian cells, participating in a variety of processes, including protein organization, transmembrane signalling and cell adhesion. Gangliosides are abundant in the grey matter of the brain, where they are critically involved in postnatal neural development and function. The common precursor of the majority of brain gangliosides, GM3, is formed by the sialylation of lactosylceramide, and four derivatives of its a- and b-series, GM1, GD1a, GD1b and GT1b, constitute 95% of all the brain gangliosides. Impairments in ganglioside metabolism due to genetic abnormalities of GM-synthases are associated with severe neurological disorders. Apart from that, the latest genome-wide association and translational studies suggest a role of genes involved in brain ganglioside synthesis in less pervasive psychiatric disorders. Remarkably, the most recent animal studies showed that abnormal ganglioside functions result in dysregulated neuroinflammation, aberrant myelination and altered insulin receptor signalling. At the same time, these molecular features are well established as accompanying developmental psychiatric disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD). This led us to hypothesize a role of deficient ganglioside function in developmental neuropsychiatric disorders and warrants further gene association clinical studies addressing this question. Here, we critically review the literature to discuss this hypothesis and focus on the recent studies on ST3GAL5-deficient mice. In addition, we elaborate on the therapeutic potential of various anti-inflammatory remedies for treatment of developmental neuropsychiatric conditions related to aberrant ganglioside functions.
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173
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Auguste YSS, Ferro A, Kahng JA, Xavier AM, Dixon JR, Vrudhula U, Nichitiu AS, Rosado D, Wee TL, Pedmale UV, Cheadle L. Oligodendrocyte precursor cells engulf synapses during circuit remodeling in mice. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1273-1278. [PMID: 36171430 PMCID: PMC9534756 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01170-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) give rise to myelinating oligodendrocytes throughout life, but the functions of OPCs are not limited to oligodendrogenesis. Here we show that OPCs contribute to thalamocortical presynapse elimination in the developing and adult mouse visual cortex. OPC-mediated synapse engulfment increases in response to sensory experience during neural circuit refinement. Our data suggest that OPCs may regulate synaptic connectivity in the brain independently of oligodendrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Austin Ferro
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Jessica A Kahng
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Andre M Xavier
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Uma Vrudhula
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Daniele Rosado
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Tse-Luen Wee
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | | | - Lucas Cheadle
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
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174
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St-Pierre MK, Carrier M, González Ibáñez F, Šimončičová E, Wallman MJ, Vallières L, Parent M, Tremblay MÈ. Ultrastructural characterization of dark microglia during aging in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease pathology and in human post-mortem brain samples. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:235. [PMID: 36167544 PMCID: PMC9513936 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02595-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A diverse heterogeneity of microglial cells was previously described in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology, including dark microglia, a state characterized by ultrastructural markers of cellular stress. To provide novel insights into the roles of dark microglia during aging in the context of AD pathology, we performed a quantitative density and ultrastructural analysis of these cells using high-throughput scanning electron microscopy in the ventral hippocampus CA1 stratum lacunosum-moleculare of 20-month-old APP-PS1 vs C57BL/6J male mice. The density of dark microglia was significantly higher in APP-PS1 vs C57BL/6J mice, with these cells accounting for nearly half of all microglia observed near amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques. This dark microglial state interacted more with dystrophic neurites compared to other APP-PS1 microglia and possessed glycogen granules, associated with a metabolic shift toward glycolysis, which provides the first ultrastructural evidence of their presence in microglia. Dark microglia were further observed in aging human post-mortem brain samples showing similar ultrastructural features as in mouse. Overall, our results provide a quantitative ultrastructural characterization of a microglial state associated with cellular stress (i.e., dark microglia) that is primarily restricted near Aβ plaques and dystrophic neurites. The presence of this microglial state in the aging human post-mortem brain is further revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Kim St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Fernando González Ibáñez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada.,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Eva Šimončičová
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Marie-Josée Wallman
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Luc Vallières
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Parent
- Département de Psychiatrie et de Neurosciences, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,CERVO Brain Research Center, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada. .,Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada. .,Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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175
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Role of Demyelination in the Persistence of Neurological and Mental Impairments after COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911291. [PMID: 36232592 PMCID: PMC9569975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term neurological and mental complications of COVID-19, the so-called post-COVID syndrome or long COVID, affect the quality of life. The most persistent manifestations of long COVID include fatigue, anosmia/hyposmia, insomnia, depression/anxiety, and memory/attention deficits. The physiological basis of neurological and psychiatric disorders is still poorly understood. This review summarizes the current knowledge of neurological sequelae in post-COVID patients and discusses brain demyelination as a possible mechanism of these complications with a focus on neuroimaging findings. Numerous reviews, experimental and theoretical studies consider brain demyelination as one of the mechanisms of the central neural system impairment. Several factors might cause demyelination, such as inflammation, direct effect of the virus on oligodendrocytes, and cerebrovascular disorders, inducing myelin damage. There is a contradiction between the solid fundamental basis underlying demyelination as the mechanism of the neurological injuries and relatively little published clinical evidence related to demyelination in COVID-19 patients. The reason for this probably lies in the fact that most clinical studies used conventional MRI techniques, which can detect only large, clearly visible demyelinating lesions. A very limited number of studies use specific methods for myelin quantification detected changes in the white matter tracts 3 and 10 months after the acute phase of COVID-19. Future research applying quantitative MRI assessment of myelin in combination with neurological and psychological studies will help in understanding the mechanisms of post-COVID complications associated with demyelination.
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176
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Rubinski A, Franzmeier N, Dewenter A, Luan Y, Smith R, Strandberg O, Ossenkoppele R, Dichgans M, Hansson O, Ewers M. Higher levels of myelin are associated with higher resistance against tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:139. [PMID: 36153607 PMCID: PMC9508747 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's disease (AD), fibrillar tau initially occurs locally and progresses preferentially between closely connected regions. However, the underlying sources of regional vulnerability to tau pathology remain unclear. Previous brain-autopsy findings suggest that the myelin levels-which differ substantially between white matter tracts in the brain-are a key modulating factor of region-specific susceptibility to tau deposition. Here, we investigated whether myelination differences between fiber tracts of the human connectome are predictive of the interregional spreading of tau pathology in AD. METHODS We included two independently recruited samples consisting of amyloid-PET-positive asymptomatic and symptomatic elderly individuals, in whom tau-PET was obtained at baseline (ADNI: n = 275; BioFINDER-1: n = 102) and longitudinally in a subset (ADNI: n = 123, mean FU = 1.53 [0.69-3.95] years; BioFINDER-1: n = 39, mean FU = 1.87 [1.21-2.78] years). We constructed MRI templates of the myelin water fraction (MWF) in 200 gray matter ROIs and connecting fiber tracts obtained from adult cognitively normal participants. Using the same 200 ROI brain-parcellation atlas, we obtained tau-PET ROI values from each individual in ADNI and BioFINDER-1. In a spatial regression analysis, we first tested the association between cortical myelin and group-average tau-PET signal in the amyloid-positive and control groups. Secondly, employing a previously established approach of modeling tau-PET spreading based on functional connectivity between ROIs, we estimated in a linear regression analysis, whether the level of fiber-tract myelin modulates the association between functional connectivity and longitudinal tau-PET spreading (i.e., covariance) between ROIs. RESULTS We found that higher myelinated cortical regions show lower tau-PET uptake (ADNI: rho = - 0.267, p < 0.001; BioFINDER-1: rho = - 0.175, p = 0.013). Fiber-tract myelin levels modulated the association between functional connectivity and tau-PET spreading, such that at higher levels of fiber-tract myelin, the association between stronger connectivity and higher covariance of tau-PET between the connected ROIs was attenuated (interaction fiber-tract myelin × functional connectivity: ADNI: β = - 0.185, p < 0.001; BioFINDER-1: β = - 0.166, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Higher levels of myelin are associated with lower susceptibility of the connected regions to accumulate fibrillar tau. These results enhance our understanding of brain substrates that explain regional variation in tau accumulation and encourage future studies to investigate potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rubinski
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolai Franzmeier
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Dewenter
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ying Luan
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ruben Smith
- Department of Neurology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Olof Strandberg
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rik Ossenkoppele
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Oskar Hansson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Memory Clinic, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.
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177
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Wang Z, Zhang Y, Feng W, Pang Y, Chen S, Ding S, Chen Y, Sheng C, Marshall C, Shi J, Xiao M. Miconazole Promotes Cooperative Ability of a Mouse Model of Alzheimer Disease. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2022; 25:951-967. [PMID: 36112386 PMCID: PMC9670758 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyac061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cooperative defect is 1 of the earliest manifestations of disease patients with Alzheimer disease (AD) exhibit, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. METHODS We evaluated the cooperative function of APP/PS1 transgenic AD model mice at ages 2, 5, and 8 months by using a cooperative drinking task. We examined neuropathologic changes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Another experiment was designed to observe whether miconazole, which has a repairing effect on myelin sheath, could promote the cooperative ability of APP/PS1 mice in the early AD-like stage. We also investigated the protective effects of miconazole on cultured mouse cortical oligodendrocytes exposed to human amyloid β peptide (Aβ1-42). RESULTS We observed an age-dependent impairment of cooperative water drinking behavior in APP/PS1 mice. The AD mice with cooperative dysfunction showed decreases in myelin sheath thickness, oligodendrocyte nuclear heterochromatin percentage, and myelin basic protein expression levels in the mPFC. The cooperative ability was significantly improved in APP/PS1 mice treated with miconazole. Miconazole treatment increased oligodendrocyte maturation and myelin sheath thickness without reducing Aβ plaque deposition, reactive gliosis, and inflammatory factor levels in the mPFC. Miconazole also protected cultured oligodendrocytes from the toxicity of Aβ1-42. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that mPFC hypomyelination is involved in the cooperative deficits of APP/PS1 mice. Improving myelination through miconazole therapy may offer a potential therapeutic approach for early intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Weixi Feng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingting Pang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sijia Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shixin Ding
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyu Sheng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Center for Global Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Charles Marshall
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Kentucky Center of Excellence in Rural Health, Hazard, USA
| | - Jingping Shi
- Brain Institute, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Nanjing Brain Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Correspondence: Ming Xiao, MD, PhD, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, No. 101 Longmian Ave, Nanjing 211166, China ()
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178
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Gasińska K, Czop M, Kosior-Jarecka E, Wróbel-Dudzińska D, Kocki J, Żarnowski T. Small Nucleolar RNAs in Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma. Cells 2022; 11:cells11172738. [PMID: 36078146 PMCID: PMC9454646 DOI: 10.3390/cells11172738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are small non-coding regulatory RNAs that have been investigated extensively in recent years. However, the relationship between snoRNA and glaucoma is still unknown. This study aims to analyze the levels of snoRNA expression in the aqueous humor (AH) of patients with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG) compared to a control group and identify hypothetical snoRNA-dependent mechanisms contributing to PEXG. The AH was obtained from eighteen Caucasian patients, comprising nine PEXG and nine age-matched control patients. RNA was isolated, and a microarray system was used to determine the snoRNA expression profiles. Functional and enrichment analyses were performed. We identified seven snoRNAs, SNORD73B, SNORD58A, SNORD56, SNORA77, SNORA72, SNORA64, and SNORA32, in the AH of the PEXG and control group patients. Five snoRNAs showed statistically significantly lower expression in the PEXG group, and two snoRNAs had statistically significantly higher expression in the PEXG group compared to the control group. In addition, we identified two factors-CACNB3 for SNORA64 and TMEM63C for SNORA32, similar to PEX-related genes (CACNA1A and TMEM136). The enrichment analysis for four genes targeted by snoRNAs revealed possible mechanisms associated with glaucoma and/or PEX, but the direct role of snoRNAs in these biological processes was not proven.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Gasińska
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Czop
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Kosior-Jarecka
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Dominika Wróbel-Dudzińska
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland
| | - Janusz Kocki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Żarnowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Microsurgery of Glaucoma, Medical University of Lublin, 20-079 Lublin, Poland
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179
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Bouhrara M, Triebswetter C, Kiely M, Bilgel M, Dolui S, Erus G, Meirelles O, Bryan NR, Detre JA, Launer LJ. Association of Cerebral Blood Flow With Longitudinal Changes in Cerebral Microstructural Integrity in the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. JAMA Netw Open 2022; 5:e2231189. [PMID: 36094503 PMCID: PMC9468885 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.31189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Decreased cerebral tissue integrity and cerebral blood flow (CBF) are features of neurodegenerative diseases. Brain tissue maintenance is an energy-demanding process, making it particularly sensitive to hypoperfusion. However, little is known about the association between blood flow and brain microstructural integrity, including in normative aging. OBJECTIVE To assess associations between CBF and changes in cerebral tissue integrity in white matter and gray matter brain regions. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this longitudinal cohort study, magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 732 healthy adults from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study, a prospective longitudinal study (baseline age of 18-30 years) that examined participants up to 8 times during 30 years (1985-1986 to 2015-2016). Cerebral blood flow was measured at baseline (year 25 of the CARDIA study), and changes in diffusion tensor indices of fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD), measures of microstructural tissue integrity, were measured at both baseline and after approximately 5 years of follow-up (year 30). Analyses were conducted from November 5, 2020, to January 29, 2022. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Automated algorithms and linear mixed-effects statistical models were used to evaluate the associations between CBF at baseline and changes in FA or MD. RESULTS After exclusion of participants with missing or low-quality data, 654 at baseline (342 women; mean [SD] age, 50.3 [3.5] years) and 433 at follow-up (230 women; mean [SD] age, 55.1 [3.5] years) were scanned for CBF or FA and MD imaging. In the baseline cohort, 247 participants were Black (37.8%) and 394 were White (60.2%); in the follow-up cohort, 156 were Black (36.0%) and 277 were White (64.0%). Cross-sectionally, FA and MD were associated with CBF in most regions evaluated, with lower CBF values associated with lower FA or higher MD values, including the frontal white matter lobes (for CBF and MD: mean [SE] β = -1.4 [0.5] × 10-6; for CBF and FA: mean [SE] β = 2.9 [1.0] × 10-4) and the parietal white matter lobes (for CBF and MD: mean [SE] β = -2.4 [0.6] × 10-6; for CBF and FA: mean [SE] β = 4.4 [1.1] × 10-4). Lower CBF values at baseline were also significantly associated with steeper regional decreases in FA or increases in MD in most brain regions investigated, including the frontal (for CBF and MD: mean [SE] β = -1.1 [0.6] × 10-6; for CBF and FA: mean [SE] β = 2.9 [1.0] × 10-4) and parietal lobes (for CBF and MD: mean [SE] β = -1.5 [0.7] × 10-6; for CBF and FA: mean [SE] β = 4.4 [1.1] × 10-4). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Results of this longitudinal cohort study of the association between CBF and diffusion tensor imaging metrics suggest that blood flow may be significantly associated with brain tissue microstructure. This work may lay the foundation for investigations to clarify the nature of early brain damage in neurodegeneration. Such studies may lead to new neuroimaging biomarkers of brain microstructure and function for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Bouhrara
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Curtis Triebswetter
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Matthew Kiely
- Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Murat Bilgel
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sudipto Dolui
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Guray Erus
- Center for Biomedical Image Computing and Analytics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Osorio Meirelles
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Nick R. Bryan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine, University of Texas, Austin
| | - John A. Detre
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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180
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Aires V, Ziegler-Waldkirch S, Friesen M, Reichardt W, Erny D, Loreth D, Harborne A, Kretz O, von Elverfeldt D, Meyer-Luehmann M. Seed-induced Aβ deposits in the corpus callosum disrupt white matter integrity in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:862918. [PMID: 36003141 PMCID: PMC9393256 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.862918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathologically, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) and subsequent formation of the so-called Aβ plaques. Along with neuronal loss, previous studies report white matter anomalies and corpus callosum (CC) atrophy in AD patients. Notably, perturbations in the white matter can be observed years before expected disease onset, suggesting that early stages of disease progression play a role in AD-associated loss of myelin integrity. Through seed-induced deposition of Aβ, we are able to examine alterations of central nervous system (CNS) integrity during the initial stages of plaque formation. In this study, we investigate the impact of Aβ seeding in the CC utilizing various imaging techniques as well as quantitative gene expression analysis and demonstrate that Aβ deposits result in an imbalance of glial cells in the CC. We found increased amounts of phagocytic microglia and reactive astrocytes, while oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) numbers were reduced. Moreover, white matter aberrations adjacent to the Aβ seeding were observed together with an overall decline in callosal myelination. This data indicate that the initial stages of plaque formation induce oligodendrocyte dysfunction, which might ultimately lead to myelin loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Aires
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ziegler-Waldkirch
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Friesen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wilfried Reichardt
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Erny
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Berta-Ottenstein-Programme, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Desiree Loreth
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andrew Harborne
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Kretz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik von Elverfeldt
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Meyer-Luehmann
- Department of Neurology, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Melanie Meyer-Luehmann,
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181
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Frank B, Ally M, Brekke B, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Sugarman MA, Ashton NJ, Karikari TK, Tripodis Y, Martin B, Palmisano JN, Steinberg EG, Simkina I, Turk KW, Budson AE, O’Connor MK, Au R, Goldstein LE, Jun GR, Kowall NW, Stein TD, McKee AC, Killiany R, Qiu WQ, Stern RA, Mez J, Alosco ML. Plasma p-tau 181 shows stronger network association to Alzheimer's disease dementia than neurofilament light and total tau. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 18:1523-1536. [PMID: 34854549 PMCID: PMC9160800 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We examined the ability of plasma hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau)181 to detect cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) independently and in combination with plasma total tau (t-tau) and neurofilament light (NfL). METHODS Plasma samples were analyzed using the Simoa platform for 235 participants with normal cognition (NC), 181 with mild cognitive impairment due to AD (MCI), and 153 with AD dementia. Statistical approaches included multinomial regression and Gaussian graphical models (GGMs) to assess a network of plasma biomarkers, neuropsychological tests, and demographic variables. RESULTS Plasma p-tau181 discriminated AD dementia from NC, but not MCI, and correlated with dementia severity and worse neuropsychological test performance. Plasma NfL similarly discriminated diagnostic groups. Unlike plasma NfL or t-tau, p-tau181 had a direct association with cognitive diagnosis in a bootstrapped GGM. DISCUSSION These results support plasma p-tau181 for the detection of AD dementia and the use of blood-based biomarkers for optimal disease detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Frank
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madeline Ally
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bailee Brekke
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of
Neurology, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael A. Sugarman
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Ashton
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas K. Karikari
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of
Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg,
Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of
Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brett Martin
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center,
Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joseph N. Palmisano
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology Data Analytics Center,
Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric G. Steinberg
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Irene Simkina
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Katherine W. Turk
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew E. Budson
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maureen K. O’Connor
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of
Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lee E. Goldstein
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Psychiatry and Ophthalmology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Departments of Biomedical, Electrical & Computer
Engineering, Boston University College of Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts,
USA
| | - Gyungah R. Jun
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Neil W. Kowall
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thor D. Stein
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ann C. McKee
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Bedford Healthcare
System, Bedford, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare
System, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ronald Killiany
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston University School
of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wei Qiao Qiu
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental
Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Robert A. Stern
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston
University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael L. Alosco
- Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Center and CTE
CenterBoston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of
Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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182
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Winstone JK, Pathak KV, Winslow W, Piras IS, White J, Sharma R, Huentelman MJ, Pirrotte P, Velazquez R. Glyphosate infiltrates the brain and increases pro-inflammatory cytokine TNFα: implications for neurodegenerative disorders. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:193. [PMID: 35897073 PMCID: PMC9331154 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02544-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Herbicides are environmental contaminants that have gained much attention due to the potential hazards they pose to human health. Glyphosate, the active ingredient in many commercial herbicides, is the most heavily applied herbicide worldwide. The recent rise in glyphosate application to corn and soy crops correlates positively with increased death rates due to Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Glyphosate has been shown to cross the blood-brain barrier in in vitro models, but has yet to be verified in vivo. Additionally, reports have shown that glyphosate exposure increases pro-inflammatory cytokines in blood plasma, particularly TNFα. METHODS Here, we examined whether glyphosate infiltrates the brain and elevates TNFα levels in 4-month-old C57BL/6J mice. Mice received either 125, 250, or 500 mg/kg/day of glyphosate, or a vehicle via oral gavage for 14 days. Urine, plasma, and brain samples were collected on the final day of dosing for analysis via UPLC-MS and ELISAs. Primary cortical neurons were derived from amyloidogenic APP/PS1 pups to evaluate in vitro changes in Aβ40-42 burden and cytotoxicity. RNA sequencing was performed on C57BL/6J brain samples to determine changes in the transcriptome. RESULTS Our analysis revealed that glyphosate infiltrated the brain in a dose-dependent manner and upregulated TNFα in both plasma and brain tissue post-exposure. Notably, glyphosate measures correlated positively with TNFα levels. Glyphosate exposure in APP/PS1 primary cortical neurons increases levels of soluble Aβ40-42 and cytotoxicity. RNAseq revealed over 200 differentially expressed genes in a dose-dependent manner and cell-type-specific deconvolution analysis showed enrichment of key biological processes in oligodendrocytes including myelination, axon ensheathment, glial cell development, and oligodendrocyte development. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these results show for the first time that glyphosate infiltrates the brain, elevates both the expression of TNFα and soluble Aβ, and disrupts the transcriptome in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that exposure to this herbicide may have detrimental outcomes regarding the health of the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Winstone
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 797 E Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Khyatiben V Pathak
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resources (IMS-SR), City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Wendy Winslow
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 797 E Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Ignazio S Piras
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer White
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 797 E Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Ritin Sharma
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resources (IMS-SR), City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Matthew J Huentelman
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Patrick Pirrotte
- Integrated Mass Spectrometry Shared Resources (IMS-SR), City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, CA, USA
- Cancer & Cell Biology Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ramon Velazquez
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center at the Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, 797 E Tyler St, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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183
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Tsutsui S, Morgan M, Tedford H, You H, Zamponi GW, Stys PK. Copper ions, prion protein and Aβ modulate Ca levels in central nervous system myelin in an NMDA receptor-dependent manner. Mol Brain 2022; 15:67. [PMID: 35883145 PMCID: PMC9327403 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00955-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
As in neurons, CNS myelin expresses N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors (NMDARs) that subserve physiological roles, but have the potential to induce injury to this vital element. Using 2-photon imaging of myelinic Ca in live ex vivo mouse optic nerves, we show that Cu ions potently modulate Ca levels in an NMDAR-dependent manner. Chelating Cu in the perfusate induced a substantial increase in Ca levels, and also caused significant axo-myelinic injury. Myelinic NMDARs are shown to be regulated by cellular prion protein; only in prion protein KO optic nerves does application of NMDA + D-serine induce a large Ca increase, consistent with strong desensitization of these receptors in the presence of prion protein limiting Ca overload. Aβ1-42 peptide induced a large Ca increase that was also Cu-dependent, and was blocked by NMDAR antagonism. Our results indicate that like in neurons, myelinic NMDARs permeate potentially injurious amounts of Ca, and are also potently regulated by micromolar Cu and activated by Aβ1-42 peptides. These findings shed mechanistic light on the important primary white matter injury frequently observed in Alzheimer's brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeki Tsutsui
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Megan Morgan
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Hugo Tedford
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Haitao You
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Peter K Stys
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada. .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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184
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Dewenter A, Jacob MA, Cai M, Gesierich B, Hager P, Kopczak A, Biel D, Ewers M, Tuladhar AM, de Leeuw FE, Dichgans M, Franzmeier N, Duering M. Disentangling the effects of Alzheimer's and small vessel disease on white matter fibre tracts. Brain 2022; 146:678-689. [PMID: 35859352 PMCID: PMC9924910 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and cerebral small vessel disease are the two leading causes of cognitive decline and dementia and coexist in most memory clinic patients. White matter damage as assessed by diffusion MRI is a key feature in both Alzheimer's and cerebral small vessel disease. However, disease-specific biomarkers of white matter alterations are missing. Recent advances in diffusion MRI operating on the fixel level (fibre population within a voxel) promise to advance our understanding of disease-related white matter alterations. Fixel-based analysis allows derivation of measures of both white matter microstructure, measured by fibre density, and macrostructure, measured by fibre-bundle cross-section. Here, we evaluated the capacity of these state-of-the-art fixel metrics to disentangle the effects of cerebral small vessel disease and Alzheimer's disease on white matter integrity. We included three independent samples (total n = 387) covering genetically defined cerebral small vessel disease and age-matched controls, the full spectrum of biomarker-confirmed Alzheimer's disease including amyloid- and tau-PET negative controls and a validation sample with presumed mixed pathology. In this cross-sectional analysis, we performed group comparisons between patients and controls and assessed associations between fixel metrics within main white matter tracts and imaging hallmarks of cerebral small vessel disease (white matter hyperintensity volume, lacune and cerebral microbleed count) and Alzheimer's disease (amyloid- and tau-PET), age and a measure of neurodegeneration (brain volume). Our results showed that (i) fibre density was reduced in genetically defined cerebral small vessel disease and strongly associated with cerebral small vessel disease imaging hallmarks; (ii) fibre-bundle cross-section was mainly associated with brain volume; and (iii) both fibre density and fibre-bundle cross-section were reduced in the presence of amyloid, but not further exacerbated by abnormal tau deposition. Fixel metrics were only weakly associated with amyloid- and tau-PET. Taken together, our results in three independent samples suggest that fibre density captures the effect of cerebral small vessel disease, while fibre-bundle cross-section is largely determined by neurodegeneration. The ability of fixel-based imaging markers to capture distinct effects on white matter integrity can propel future applications in the context of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dewenter
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Mina A Jacob
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mengfei Cai
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benno Gesierich
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
- Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC) and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Hager
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
- Institute for AI and Informatics in Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Kopczak
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Davina Biel
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Ewers
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Anil M Tuladhar
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frank-Erik de Leeuw
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marco Duering
- Correspondence to: Marco Duering Medical Image Analysis Center (MIAC AG) Marktgasse 8 CH-4051 Basel Switzerland E-mail:
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185
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Pantazopoulos H, Hossain NM, Chelini G, Durning P, Barbas H, Zikopoulos B, Berretta S. Chondroitin Sulphate Proteoglycan Axonal Coats in the Human Mediodorsal Thalamic Nucleus. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:934764. [PMID: 35875507 PMCID: PMC9298528 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.934764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence supports a key involvement of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) NG2 and brevican (BCAN) in the regulation of axonal functions, including axon guidance, fasciculation, conductance, and myelination. Prior work suggested the possibility that these functions may, at least in part, be carried out by specialized CSPG structures surrounding axons, termed axonal coats. However, their existence remains controversial. We tested the hypothesis that NG2 and BCAN, known to be associated with oligodendrocyte precursor cells, form axonal coats enveloping myelinated axons in the human brain. In tissue blocks containing the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) from healthy donors (n = 5), we used dual immunofluorescence, confocal microscopy, and unbiased stereology to characterize BCAN and NG2 immunoreactive (IR) axonal coats and measure the percentage of myelinated axons associated with them. In a subset of donors (n = 3), we used electron microscopy to analyze the spatial relationship between axons and NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats within the human MD. Our results show that a substantial percentage (∼64%) of large and medium myelinated axons in the human MD are surrounded by NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats. Electron microscopy studies show NG2- and BCAN-IR axonal coats are interleaved with myelin sheets, with larger axons displaying greater association with axonal coats. These findings represent the first characterization of NG2 and BCAN axonal coats in the human brain. The large percentage of axons surrounded by CSPG coats, and the role of CSPGs in axonal guidance, fasciculation, conductance, and myelination suggest that these structures may contribute to several key axonal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Pantazopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Program in Neuroscience, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | | | - Gabriele Chelini
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Peter Durning
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Helen Barbas
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Basilis Zikopoulos
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
- Neural Systems Laboratory, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sabina Berretta
- Translational Neuroscience Laboratory, Mclean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Sabina Berretta,
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186
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A shared disease-associated oligodendrocyte signature among multiple CNS pathologies. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:876-886. [PMID: 35760863 PMCID: PMC9724210 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01104-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease, perturbing neuronal and non-neuronal cell populations. In this study, using single-cell transcriptomics, we mapped all non-immune, non-neuronal cell populations in wild-type and AD model (5xFAD) mouse brains. We identified an oligodendrocyte state that increased in association with brain pathology, which we termed disease-associated oligodendrocytes (DOLs). In a murine model of amyloidosis, DOLs appear long after plaque accumulation, and amyloid-beta (Aβ) alone was not sufficient to induce the DOL signature in vitro. DOLs could be identified in a mouse model of tauopathy and in other murine neurodegenerative and autoimmune inflammatory conditions, suggesting a common response to severe pathological conditions. Using quantitative spatial analysis of mouse and postmortem human brain tissues, we found that oligodendrocytes expressing a key DOL marker (SERPINA3N/SERPINA3 accordingly) are present in the cortex in areas of brain damage and are enriched near Aβ plaques. In postmortem human brain tissue, the expression level of this marker correlated with cognitive decline. Altogether, this study uncovers a shared signature of oligodendrocytes in central nervous system pathologies.
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187
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Chen TF, Lee SH, Zheng WR, Hsu CC, Cho KH, Kuo LW, Chou CCK, Chiu MJ, Tee BL, Cheng TJ. White matter pathology in alzheimer's transgenic mice with chronic exposure to low-level ambient fine particulate matter. Part Fibre Toxicol 2022; 19:44. [PMID: 35768852 PMCID: PMC9245233 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-022-00485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM), can cause brain damage, cognitive decline, and an increased risk of neurodegenerative disease, especially alzheimer's disease (AD). Typical pathological findings of amyloid and tau protein accumulation have been detected in the brain after exposure in animal studies. However, these observations were based on high levels of PM exposure, which were far from the WHO guidelines and those present in our environment. In addition, white matter involvement by air pollution has been less reported. Thus, this experiment was designed to simulate the true human world and to discuss the possible white matter pathology caused by air pollution. RESULTS 6 month-old female 3xTg-AD mice were divided into exposure and control groups and housed in the Taipei Air Pollutant Exposure System (TAPES) for 5 months. The mice were subjected to the Morris water maze test after exposure and were then sacrificed with brain dissection for further analyses. The mean mass concentration of PM2.5 during the exposure period was 13.85 μg/m3. After exposure, there was no difference in spatial learning function between the two groups, but there was significant decay of memory in the exposure group. Significantly decreased total brain volume and more neuronal death in the cerebral and entorhinal cortex and demyelination of the corpus callosum were noted by histopathological staining after exposure. However, there was no difference in the accumulation of amyloid or tau on immunohistochemistry staining. For the protein analysis, amyloid was detected at significantly higher levels in the cerebral cortex, with lower expression of myelin basic protein in the white matter. A diffuse tensor image study also revealed insults in multiple white matter tracts, including the optic tract. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this pilot study showed that even chronic exposure to low PM2.5 concentrations still caused brain damage, such as gross brain atrophy, cortical neuron damage, and multiple white matter tract damage. Typical amyloid cascade pathology did not appear prominently in the vulnerable brain region after exposure. These findings imply that multiple pathogenic pathways induce brain injury by air pollution, and the optic nerve may be another direct invasion route in addition to olfactory nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ta-Fu Chen
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Room 720, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ru Zheng
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Room 720, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chou Hsu
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Room 720, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Hung Cho
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Institute of Medical Device and Imaging, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Charles C-K Chou
- Research Center for Environmental Changes, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Jang Chiu
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Boon Lead Tee
- Department of Neurology, Memory and Aging Center, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Tsun-Jen Cheng
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Room 720, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd, Taipei, 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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188
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Targa Dias Anastacio H, Matosin N, Ooi L. Neuronal hyperexcitability in Alzheimer's disease: what are the drivers behind this aberrant phenotype? Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:257. [PMID: 35732622 PMCID: PMC9217953 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02024-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder leading to loss of cognitive abilities and ultimately, death. With no cure available, limited treatments mostly focus on symptom management. Identifying early changes in the disease course may provide new therapeutic targets to halt or reverse disease progression. Clinical studies have shown that cortical and hippocampal hyperactivity are a feature shared by patients in the early stages of disease, progressing to hypoactivity during later stages of neurodegeneration. The exact mechanisms causing neuronal excitability changes are not fully characterized; however, animal and cell models have provided insights into some of the factors involved in this phenotype. In this review, we summarize the evidence for neuronal excitability changes over the course of AD onset and progression and the molecular mechanisms underpinning these differences. Specifically, we discuss contributors to aberrant neuronal excitability, including abnormal levels of intracellular Ca2+ and glutamate, pathological amyloid β (Aβ) and tau, genetic risk factors, including APOE, and impaired inhibitory interneuron and glial function. In light of recent research indicating hyperexcitability could be a predictive marker of cognitive dysfunction, we further argue that the hyperexcitability phenotype could be leveraged to improve the diagnosis and treatment of AD, and present potential targets for future AD treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Targa Dias Anastacio
- grid.510958.0Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia ,grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XMolecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Natalie Matosin
- grid.510958.0Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia ,grid.1007.60000 0004 0486 528XMolecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522 Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia. .,Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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189
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Berger ND, Brownlee PM, Chen MJ, Morrison H, Osz K, Ploquin NP, Chan JA, Goodarzi AA. High replication stress and limited Rad51-mediated DNA repair capacity, but not oxidative stress, underlie oligodendrocyte precursor cell radiosensitivity. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac012. [PMID: 35425901 PMCID: PMC9004414 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranial irradiation is part of the standard of care for treating pediatric brain tumors. However, ionizing radiation can trigger serious long-term neurologic sequelae, including oligodendrocyte and brain white matter loss enabling neurocognitive decline in children surviving brain cancer. Oxidative stress-mediated oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) radiosensitivity has been proposed as a possible explanation for this. Here, however, we demonstrate that antioxidants fail to improve OPC viability after irradiation, despite suppressing oxidative stress, suggesting an alternative etiology for OPC radiosensitivity. Using systematic approaches, we find that OPCs have higher irradiation-induced and endogenous γH2AX foci compared to neural stem cells, neurons, astrocytes and mature oligodendrocytes, and these correlate with replication-associated DNA double strand breakage. Furthermore, OPCs are reliant upon ATR kinase and Mre11 nuclease-dependent processes for viability, are more sensitive to drugs increasing replication fork collapse, and display synthetic lethality with PARP inhibitors after irradiation. This suggests an insufficiency for homology-mediated DNA repair in OPCs-a model that is supported by evidence of normal RPA but reduced RAD51 filament formation at resected lesions in irradiated OPCs. We therefore propose a DNA repair-centric mechanism of OPC radiosensitivity, involving chronically-elevated replication stress combined with 'bottlenecks' in RAD51-dependent DNA repair that together reduce radiation resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Daniel Berger
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter M Brownlee
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Myra J Chen
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hali Morrison
- Department of Oncology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Katalin Osz
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicolas P Ploquin
- Department of Oncology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer A Chan
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aaron A Goodarzi
- Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Oncology and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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190
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Facchinetti R, Valenza M, Gomiero C, Mancini GF, Steardo L, Campolongo P, Scuderi C. Co-Ultramicronized Palmitoylethanolamide/Luteolin Restores Oligodendrocyte Homeostasis via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α in an In Vitro Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1236. [PMID: 35740258 PMCID: PMC9219769 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10061236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are cells fundamental for brain functions as they form the myelin sheath and feed axons. They perform these critical functions thanks to the cooperation with other glial cells, mainly astrocytes. The astrocyte/oligodendrocyte crosstalk needs numerous mediators and receptors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPAR agonists promote oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) maturation in myelinating oligodendrocytes. In the Alzheimer's disease brain, deposition of beta-amyloid (Aβ) has been linked to several alterations, including astrogliosis and changes in OPCs maturation. However, very little is known about the molecular mechanisms. Here, we investigated for the first time the maturation of OPCs co-cultured with astrocytes in an in vitro model of Aβ1-42 toxicity. We also tested the potential beneficial effect of the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective composite palmitoylethanolamide and luteolin (co-ultra PEALut), which is known to engage the isoform alfa of the PPARs. Our results show that Aβ1-42 triggers astrocyte reactivity and inflammation and reduces the levels of growth factors important for OPCs maturation. Oligodendrocytes indeed show low cell surface area and few arborizations. Co-ultra PEALut counteracts the Aβ1-42-induced inflammation and astrocyte reactivity preserving the morphology of co-cultured oligodendrocytes through a mechanism that in some cases involves PPAR-α. This is the first evidence of the negative effects exerted by Aβ1-42 on astrocyte/oligodendrocyte crosstalk and discloses a never-explored co-ultra PEALut ability in restoring oligodendrocyte homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Facchinetti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.F.); (M.V.); (G.F.M.); (L.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Marta Valenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.F.); (M.V.); (G.F.M.); (L.S.); (P.C.)
| | | | - Giulia Federica Mancini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.F.); (M.V.); (G.F.M.); (L.S.); (P.C.)
- Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.F.); (M.V.); (G.F.M.); (L.S.); (P.C.)
- Università Telematica Giustino Fortunato, 82100 Benevento, Italy
| | - Patrizia Campolongo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.F.); (M.V.); (G.F.M.); (L.S.); (P.C.)
- Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, SAPIENZA University of Rome—P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; (R.F.); (M.V.); (G.F.M.); (L.S.); (P.C.)
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191
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Sanchez-Varo R, Mejias-Ortega M, Fernandez-Valenzuela JJ, Nuñez-Diaz C, Caceres-Palomo L, Vegas-Gomez L, Sanchez-Mejias E, Trujillo-Estrada L, Garcia-Leon JA, Moreno-Gonzalez I, Vizuete M, Vitorica J, Baglietto-Vargas D, Gutierrez A. Transgenic Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease: An Integrative Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5404. [PMID: 35628216 PMCID: PMC9142061 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) constitutes the most prominent form of dementia among elderly individuals worldwide. Disease modeling using murine transgenic mice was first initiated thanks to the discovery of heritable mutations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins (PS) genes. However, due to the repeated failure of translational applications from animal models to human patients, along with the recent advances in genetic susceptibility and our current understanding on disease biology, these models have evolved over time in an attempt to better reproduce the complexity of this devastating disease and improve their applicability. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview about the major pathological elements of human AD (plaques, tauopathy, synaptic damage, neuronal death, neuroinflammation and glial dysfunction), discussing the knowledge that available mouse models have provided about the mechanisms underlying human disease. Moreover, we highlight the pros and cons of current models, and the revolution offered by the concomitant use of transgenic mice and omics technologies that may lead to a more rapid improvement of the present modeling battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Sanchez-Varo
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Fisiologia Humana, Histologia Humana, Anatomia Patologica y Educacion Fisica y Deportiva, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
| | - Marina Mejias-Ortega
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Juan Jose Fernandez-Valenzuela
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Cristina Nuñez-Diaz
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Caceres-Palomo
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Vegas-Gomez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Elisabeth Sanchez-Mejias
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Laura Trujillo-Estrada
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Juan Antonio Garcia-Leon
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Ines Moreno-Gonzalez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marisa Vizuete
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
- Departamento Bioquimica y Biologia Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocio/CSIC, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - David Baglietto-Vargas
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento Biologia Celular, Genetica y Fisiologia, Instituto de Investigacion Biomedica de Malaga-IBIMA, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Malaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain; (R.S.-V.); (M.M.-O.); (J.J.F.-V.); (C.N.-D.); (L.C.-P.); (L.V.-G.); (E.S.-M.); (L.T.-E.); (J.A.G.-L.); (I.M.-G.)
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.); (J.V.)
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192
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Sfera A, Thomas KG, Andronescu CV, Jafri N, Sfera DO, Sasannia S, Zapata-Martín del Campo CM, Maldonado JC. Bromodomains in Human-Immunodeficiency Virus-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: A Model of Ferroptosis-Induced Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:904816. [PMID: 35645713 PMCID: PMC9134113 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.904816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) comprise a group of illnesses marked by memory and behavioral dysfunction that can occur in up to 50% of HIV patients despite adequate treatment with combination antiretroviral drugs. Iron dyshomeostasis exacerbates HIV-1 infection and plays a major role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. In addition, persons living with HIV demonstrate a high prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, indicating that HAND provides a unique opportunity to study ferroptosis in these conditions. Both HIV and combination antiretroviral drugs increase the risk of ferroptosis by augmenting ferritin autophagy at the lysosomal level. As many viruses and their proteins exit host cells through lysosomal exocytosis, ferroptosis-driving molecules, iron, cathepsin B and calcium may be released from these organelles. Neurons and glial cells are highly susceptible to ferroptosis and neurodegeneration that engenders white and gray matter damage. Moreover, iron-activated microglia can engage in the aberrant elimination of viable neurons and synapses, further contributing to ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration. In this mini review, we take a closer look at the role of iron in the pathogenesis of HAND and neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, we describe an epigenetic compensatory system, comprised of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) and microRNA-29, that may counteract ferroptosis by activating cystine/glutamate antiporter, while lowering ferritin autophagy and iron regulatory protein-2. We also discuss potential interventions for lysosomal fitness, including ferroptosis blockers, lysosomal acidification, and cathepsin B inhibitors to achieve desirable therapeutic effects of ferroptosis-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adonis Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Nyla Jafri
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | - Dan O. Sfera
- Patton State Hospital, San Bernardino, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Jose C. Maldonado
- Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, United States
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193
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Taddei RN, Sanchez-Mico MV, Bonnar O, Connors T, Gaona A, Denbow D, Frosch MP, Gómez-Isla T. Changes in glial cell phenotypes precede overt neurofibrillary tangle formation, correlate with markers of cortical cell damage, and predict cognitive status of individuals at Braak III-IV stages. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022; 10:72. [PMID: 35534858 PMCID: PMC9082857 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-022-01370-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinico-pathological correlation studies show that some otherwise healthy elderly individuals who never developed cognitive impairment harbor a burden of Alzheimer's disease lesions (plaques and tangles) that would be expected to result in dementia. In the absence of comorbidities explaining such discrepancies, there is a need to identify other brain changes that meaningfully contribute to the cognitive status of an individual in the face of such burdens of plaques and tangles. Glial inflammatory responses, a universal phenomenon in symptomatic AD, show robust association with degree of cognitive impairment, but their significance in early tau pathology stages and contribution to the trajectory of cognitive decline at an individual level remain widely unexplored. We studied 55 brains from individuals at intermediate stages of tau tangle pathology (Braak III-IV) with diverging antemortem cognition (demented vs. non-demented, here termed `resilient'), and age-matched cognitively normal controls (Braak 0-II). We conducted quantitative assessments of amyloid and tau lesions, cellular vulnerability markers, and glial phenotypes in temporal pole (Braak III-IV region) and visual cortex (Braak V-VI region) using artificial-intelligence based semiautomated quantifications. We found distinct glial responses with increased proinflammatory and decreased homeostatic markers, both in regions with tau tangles (temporal pole) and without overt tau deposits (visual cortex) in demented but not in resilient. These changes were significantly associated with markers of cortical cell damage. Similar phenotypic glial changes were detected in the white matter of demented but not resilient and were associated with higher burden of overlying cortical cellular damage in regions with and without tangles. Our data suggest that changes in glial phenotypes in cortical and subcortical regions represent an early phenomenon that precedes overt tau deposition and likely contributes to cell damage and loss of brain function predicting the cognitive status of individuals at intermediate stages of tau aggregate burden (Braak III-IV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel N Taddei
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15th Parkman St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Mico
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15th Parkman St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Orla Bonnar
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15th Parkman St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Theresa Connors
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angelica Gaona
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dominique Denbow
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15th Parkman St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Matthew P Frosch
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA
- C.S. Kubik Laboratory for Neuropathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teresa Gómez-Isla
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 15th Parkman St, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Massachusetts Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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194
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Multiple Roles of Paeoniflorin in Alzheimer's Disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2464163. [PMID: 35449815 PMCID: PMC9017479 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2464163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a geriatric disease with the morbidity and mortality continuing to grow, partly due to the aging of the world population. As one of the most common types of primary neurodegenerative dementia, it is mainly due to environmental, epigenetic, immunological, and genetic factors. Paeoniflorin (PF), the main component of paeony extract, plays a more and more important role in the prevention and treatment of AD, including regulating protein, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and antiapoptosis, protecting glial cells, regulating neurotransmitters and related enzymes and receptors, and inhibiting or activating related signal pathways. This article summarizes the latest researches on the multiple effects and the mechanisms of PF in the treatment to cure AD, providing new insights and research basis for further clinical application of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in the treatment of AD.
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195
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White Matter, Behavioral Neurology, and the Influence of Corticocentrism. Cogn Behav Neurol 2022; 35:147-152. [PMID: 35486535 DOI: 10.1097/wnn.0000000000000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
White matter in the human brain occupies roughly the same volume as gray matter but has received far less attention in behavioral neurology and related disciplines. In particular, the cerebral cortex has long dominated thinking about the organization of brain-behavior relationships. As a result, subcortical structures, including deep gray matter and, most notably, white matter, have been accorded relatively little neuroscientific study compared with the extensive work devoted to the cerebral cortex. The influence of corticocentrism can be explained by several factors, including historical precedent in neurology strongly emphasizing the importance of the cortex, a preponderance of investigative methods that selectively target this structure, and a misinterpretation of comparative neuroanatomic data gathered from normal brains. This paper will describe the background of the corticocentric bias and emphasize that white matter merits its own place within the study of the higher functions. Although corticocentrism continues to exert a powerful impact on behavioral neurology, considerable progress is being made in the study of white matter-a development that promises to expand our knowledge of the normal brain and lead to an improved understanding of how it mediates behavior. In turn, a range of vexing neurologic and psychiatric disorders may become better illuminated by considering pathology within, or dysfunction of, white matter tracts. A complete appreciation of brain-behavior relationships requires an understanding not only of the outermost layer of the cerebral hemispheres, but also of white matter connectivity that links gray matter regions into distributed neural networks that subserve cognition and emotion.
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196
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Marino M, Holt MG. AAV Vector-Mediated Antibody Delivery (A-MAD) in the Central Nervous System. Front Neurol 2022; 13:870799. [PMID: 35493843 PMCID: PMC9039256 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.870799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last four decades, monoclonal antibodies and their derivatives have emerged as a powerful class of therapeutics, largely due to their exquisite targeting specificity. Several clinical areas, most notably oncology and autoimmune disorders, have seen the successful introduction of monoclonal-based therapeutics. However, their adoption for treatment of Central Nervous System diseases has been comparatively slow, largely due to issues of efficient delivery resulting from limited permeability of the Blood Brain Barrier. Nevertheless, CNS diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent as societies age, accounting for ~6.5 million fatalities worldwide per year. Therefore, harnessing the full therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies (and their derivatives) in this clinical area has become a priority. Adeno-associated virus-based vectors (AAVs) are a potential solution to this problem. Preclinical studies have shown that AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery provides protection against a broad range of peripheral diseases, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), influenza and malaria. The parallel identification and optimization of AAV vector platforms which cross the Blood Brain Barrier with high efficiency, widely transducing the Central Nervous System and allowing high levels of local transgene production, has now opened a number of interesting scenarios for the development of AAV vector-mediated antibody delivery strategies to target Central Nervous System proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Marino
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthew G. Holt
- Laboratory of Glia Biology, VIB-KU Leuven, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
- Synapse Biology Group, Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Matthew G. Holt
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197
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Shi Y, Zhao Z, Tang H, Huang S. Intellectual Structure and Emerging Trends of White Matter Hyperintensity Studies: A Bibliometric Analysis From 2012 to 2021. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:866312. [PMID: 35478843 PMCID: PMC9036105 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.866312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
White matter hyperintensities (WMHs), which have a significant effect on human health, have received increasing attention since their number of publications has increased in the past 10 years. We aimed to explore the intellectual structure, hotspots, and emerging trends of publications on WMHs using bibliometric analysis from 2012 to 2021. Publications on WMHs from 2012 to 2021 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. CiteSpace 5.8.R3, VOSviewer 1.6.17, and an online bibliometric analysis platform (Bibliometric. com) were used to quantitatively analyze the trends of publications from multiple perspectives. A total of 29,707 publications on WMHs were obtained, and the number of annual publications generally increased from 2012 to 2021. Neurology had the most publications on WMHs. The top country and institution were the United States and Harvard University, respectively. Massimo Filippi and Stephen M. Smith were the most productive and co-cited authors, respectively. Thematic concentrations primarily included cerebral small vessel disease, diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI), schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis, microglia, and oligodendrocyte. The hotspots were clustered into five groups: white matter and diffusion tensor imaging, inflammation and demyelination, small vessel disease and cognitive impairment, MRI and multiple sclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. Emerging trends mainly include deep learning, machine learning, perivascular space, convolutional neural network, neurovascular unit, and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging. This study presents an overview of publications on WMHs and provides insights into the intellectual structure of WMH studies. Our study provides information to help researchers and clinicians quickly and comprehensively understand the hotspots and emerging trends within WMH studies as well as providing direction for future basic and clinical studies on WMHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Shi
- Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehua Zhao
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Tang
- Graduate School, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shijing Huang
- Research and Development Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guang’anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shijing Huang,
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198
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DeFlitch L, Gonzalez-Fernandez E, Crawley I, Kang SH. Age and Alzheimer's Disease-Related Oligodendrocyte Changes in Hippocampal Subregions. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:847097. [PMID: 35465615 PMCID: PMC9023310 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.847097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) form myelin sheaths and provide metabolic support to axons in the CNS. Although most OLs develop during early postnatal life, OL generation continues in adulthood, and this late oligodendrogenesis may contribute to neuronal network plasticity in the adult brain. We used genetic tools for OL labeling and fate tracing of OL progenitors (OPCs), thereby determining OL population growth in hippocampal subregions with normal aging. OL numbers increased up to at least 1 year of age, but the rates and degrees of this OL change differed among hippocampal subregions. In particular, adult oligodendrogenesis was most prominent in the CA3 and CA4 subregions. In Alzheimer's disease-like conditions, OL loss was also most severe in the CA3 and CA4 of APP/PS1 mice, although the disease did not impair the rate of OPC differentiation into OLs in those regions. Such region-specific, dynamic OL changes were not correlated with those of OPCs or astrocytes, or the regional distribution of Aβ deposits. Our findings suggest subregion-dependent mechanisms for myelin plasticity and disease-associated OL vulnerability in the adult hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah DeFlitch
- Biology Department, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Estibaliz Gonzalez-Fernandez
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ilan Crawley
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Shin H. Kang
- Department of Neural Sciences, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center (Center for Neural Repair and Rehabilitation), Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Shin H. Kang,
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199
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Molecular interaction of stress granules with Tau and autophagy in Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105342. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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200
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Zhao JW, Wang DX, Ma XR, Dong ZJ, Wu JB, Wang F, Wu Y. Impaired metabolism of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and axons in demyelinated lesion and in the aged CNS. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 64:102205. [PMID: 35344763 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The key pathology of multiple sclerosis (MS) comprises demyelination, axonal damage, and neuronal loss, and when MS develops into the progressive phase it is essentially untreatable. Identifying new targets in both axons and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and rejuvenating the aged OPCs holds promise for this unmet medical need. We summarize here the recent evidence showing that mitochondria in both axons and OPCs are impaired, and lipid metabolism of OPCs within demyelinated lesion and in the aged CNS is disturbed. Given that emerging evidence shows that rewiring cellular metabolism regulates stem cell aging, to protect axons from degeneration and promote differentiation of OPCs, we propose that restoring the impaired metabolism of both OPCs and axons in the aged CNS in a synergistic way could be a promising strategy to enhance remyelination in the aged CNS, leading to novel drug-based approaches to treat the progressive phase of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, System Medicine Research Center, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China; Cryo-Electron Microscope Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Di-Xian Wang
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, System Medicine Research Center, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Ma
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, System Medicine Research Center, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Dong
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, System Medicine Research Center, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Bin Wu
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, System Medicine Research Center, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, System Medicine Research Center, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, System Medicine Research Center, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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