151
|
Schroeder B, McNiven MA. Importance of endocytic pathways in liver function and disease. Compr Physiol 2015; 4:1403-17. [PMID: 25428849 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular endocytosis is a highly dynamic process responsible for the internalization of a variety of different receptor ligand complexes, trophic factors, lipids, and, unfortunately, many different pathogens. The uptake of these external agents has profound effects on seminal cellular processes including signaling cascades, migration, growth, and proliferation. The hepatocyte, like other well-polarized epithelial cells, possesses a host of different endocytic mechanisms and entry routes to ensure the selective internalization of cargo molecules. These pathways include receptor-mediated endocytosis, lipid raft associated endocytosis, caveolae, or fluid-phase uptake, although there are likely many others. Understanding and defining the regulatory mechanisms underlying these distinct entry routes, sorting and vesicle formation, as well as the postendocytic trafficking pathways is of high importance especially in the liver, as their mis-regulation can contribute to aberrant liver pathology and liver diseases. Further, these processes can be "hijacked" by a variety of different infectious agents and viruses. This review provides an overview of common components of the endocytic and postendocytic trafficking pathways utilized by hepatocytes. It will also discuss in more detail how these general themes apply to liver-specific processes including iron homeostasis, HBV infection, and even hepatic steatosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Schroeder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Basic Research in Digestive Diseases, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | |
Collapse
|
152
|
Lomash RM, Gu X, Youle RJ, Lu W, Roche KW. Neurolastin, a Dynamin Family GTPase, Regulates Excitatory Synapses and Spine Density. Cell Rep 2015. [PMID: 26212327 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking and spinogenesis contribute significantly to changes in synaptic strength during development and in various paradigms of synaptic plasticity. GTPases of the dynamin family are key players regulating membrane trafficking. Here, we identify a brain-specific dynamin family GTPase, neurolastin (RNF112/Znf179), with closest homology to atlastin. We demonstrate that neurolastin has functional GTPase and RING domains, making it a unique protein identified with this multi-enzymatic domain organization. We also show that neurolastin is a peripheral membrane protein that localizes to endosomes and affects endosomal membrane dynamics via its RING domain. In addition, neurolastin knockout mice have fewer dendritic spines, and rescue of the wild-type phenotype requires both the GTPase and RING domains. Furthermore, we find fewer functional synapses and reduced paired pulse facilitation in neurolastin knockout mice. Thus, we identify neurolastin as a dynamin family GTPase that affects endosome size and spine density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Madan Lomash
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xinglong Gu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Richard J Youle
- Surgical Neurology Branch, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Synapse and Neural Circuit Research Unit, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katherine W Roche
- Receptor Biology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
153
|
Stintzing S, Zhang W, Heinemann V, Neureiter D, Kemmerling R, Kirchner T, Jung A, Folwaczny M, Yang D, Ning Y, Sebio A, Stremitzer S, Sunakawa Y, Matsusaka S, Yamauchi S, Loupakis F, Cremolini C, Falcone A, Lenz HJ. Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in EGFR Turnover Are Predictive for Cetuximab Efficacy in Colorectal Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2015. [PMID: 26206335 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane receptors, such as the EGFR, are regulated by their turnover, which is dependent on the ubiquitin-proteasome system. We tested in two independent study cohorts whether SNPs in genes involved in EGFR turnover predict clinical outcome in cetuximab-treated metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients. The following SNPs involved in EGFR degradation were analyzed in a screening cohort of 108 patients treated with cetuximab in the chemorefractory setting: c-CBL (rs7105971; rs4938637; rs4938638; rs251837), EPS15 (rs17567; rs7308; rs1065754), NAE1 (rs363169; rs363170; rs363172), SH3KBP1 (rs7051590; rs5955820; rs1017874; rs11795873), SGIP1 (rs604737; rs6570808; rs7526812), UBE2M (rs895364; rs895374), and UBE2L3 (rs5754216). SNPs showing an association with response or survival were analyzed in BRAF and RAS wild-type samples from the FIRE-3 study. One hundred and fifty-three FOLFIRI plus cetuximab-treated patients served as validation set, and 168 patients of the FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab arm served as controls. EGFR FISH was done in 138 samples to test whether significant SNPs were associated with EGFR expression. UBE2M rs895374 was significantly associated with progression-free survival (log-rank P = 0.005; HR, 0.60) within cetuximab-treated patients. No association with bevacizumab-treated patients (n = 168) could be established (P = 0.56; HR, 0.90). rs895374 genotype did not affect EGFR FISH measurements. EGFR recycling is an interesting mechanism of secondary resistance to cetuximab in mCRC. This is the first report suggesting that germline polymorphisms in the degradation process predict efficacy of cetuximab in patients with mCRC. Genes involved in EGFR turnover may be new targets in the treatment of mCRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Stintzing
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Sharon Carpenter Laboatory, Los Angeles, California. Department for Medical Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Wu Zhang
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Sharon Carpenter Laboatory, Los Angeles, California
| | - Volker Heinemann
- Department for Medical Oncology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Munich, Munich, Germany. German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Neureiter
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Salzburg, Austria
| | - Ralf Kemmerling
- Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburger Landeskliniken (SALK), Salzburg, Austria. Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum für Histologie, Zytologie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Trier, Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchner
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany. Institute of Pathology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Jung
- Institute of Pathology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Dongyun Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yan Ning
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Sharon Carpenter Laboatory, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ana Sebio
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Sharon Carpenter Laboatory, Los Angeles, California. Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefan Stremitzer
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Sharon Carpenter Laboatory, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yu Sunakawa
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Sharon Carpenter Laboatory, Los Angeles, California
| | - Satoshi Matsusaka
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Sharon Carpenter Laboatory, Los Angeles, California
| | - Shinichi Yamauchi
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Sharon Carpenter Laboatory, Los Angeles, California. Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fotios Loupakis
- U.O. Oncologia Medica 2-Aziendo Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Chiara Cremolini
- U.O. Oncologia Medica 2-Aziendo Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alfredo Falcone
- U.O. Oncologia Medica 2-Aziendo Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- USC/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, Sharon Carpenter Laboatory, Los Angeles, California. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
154
|
An H, Statsyuk AV. An inhibitor of ubiquitin conjugation and aggresome formation. Chem Sci 2015; 6:5235-5245. [PMID: 28717502 PMCID: PMC5500945 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc01351h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteasome inhibitors have revolutionized the treatment of multiple myeloma, and validated the therapeutic potential of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS). It is believed that in part, proteasome inhibitors elicit their therapeutic effect by inhibiting the degradation of misfolded proteins, which is proteotoxic and causes cell death. In spite of these successes, proteasome inhibitors are not effective against solid tumors, thus necessitating the need to explore alternative approaches. Furthermore, proteasome inhibitors lead to the formation of aggresomes that clear misfolded proteins via the autophagy-lysosome degradation pathway. Importantly, aggresome formation depends on the presence of polyubiquitin tags on misfolded proteins. We therefore hypothesized that inhibitors of ubiquitin conjugation should inhibit both degradation of misfolded proteins, and ubiquitin dependent aggresome formation, thus outlining the path forward toward more effective anticancer therapeutics. To explore the therapeutic potential of targeting the UPS to treat solid cancers, we have developed an inhibitor of ubiquitin conjugation (ABP A3) that targets ubiquitin and Nedd8 E1 enzymes, enzymes that are required to maintain the activity of the entire ubiquitin system. We have shown that ABP A3 inhibits conjugation of ubiquitin to intracellular proteins and prevents the formation of cytoprotective aggresomes in A549 lung cancer cells. Furthermore, ABP A3 induces activation of the unfolded protein response and apoptosis. Thus, similar to proteasome inhibitors MG132, bortezomib, and carfilzomib, ABP A3 can serve as a novel probe to explore the therapeutic potential of the UPS in solid and hematological malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heeseon An
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery , Chemistry of Life Processes Institute , Northwestern University , Silverman Hall, 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA
| | - Alexander V Statsyuk
- Department of Chemistry , Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery , Chemistry of Life Processes Institute , Northwestern University , Silverman Hall, 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , USA
| |
Collapse
|
155
|
Nakagawa T, Nakayama K. Protein monoubiquitylation: targets and diverse functions. Genes Cells 2015; 20:543-62. [PMID: 26085183 PMCID: PMC4744734 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a 76-amino acid protein whose conjugation to protein targets is a form of post-translational modification. Protein ubiquitylation is characterized by the covalent attachment of the COOH-terminal carboxyl group of ubiquitin to an amino group of the substrate protein. Given that the NH2 -terminal amino group is usually masked, internal lysine residues are most often targeted for ubiquitylation. Polyubiquitylation refers to the formation of a polyubiquitin chain on the substrate as a result of the ubiquitylation of conjugated ubiquitin. The structures of such polyubiquitin chains depend on the specific lysine residues of ubiquitin targeted for ubiquitylation. Most of the polyubiquitin chains other than those linked via lysine-63 and methionine-1 of ubiquitin are recognized by the proteasome and serve as a trigger for substrate degradation. In contrast, polyubiquitin chains linked via lysine-63 and methionine-1 serve as a binding platform for proteins that function in immune signal transduction or DNA repair. With the exception of a few targets such as histones, the functions of protein monoubiquitylation have remained less clear. However, recent proteomics analysis has shown that monoubiquitylation occurs more frequently than polyubiquitylation, and studies are beginning to provide insight into its biologically important functions. Here, we summarize recent findings on protein monoubiquitylation to provide an overview of the targets and molecular functions of this modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Nakagawa
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Miyagi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
156
|
Zhang S, He Z, Wang J, Wang L, Wu Y, Wang J, Lv T, Liu H. Mitochondrial Ultrastructural Alterations and Declined M2 Receptor Density Were Involved in Cardiac Dysfunction in Rats after Long Term Treatment with Autoantibodies against M2 Muscarinic Receptor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129563. [PMID: 26086781 PMCID: PMC4472961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies showed that autoantibodies (M2-AA) against the second extracellular loop of M2 muscarinic receptor (M2AChR-el2) from dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) serum could induce DCM-like morphological changes in mice hearts. However, the effects of M2-AA on the cardiac function during the process of DCM and the potential mechanisms are not fully known. The present study was designed to dynamically observe the cardiac function, mitochondrial changes, and M2 receptor binding characteristics in rats long-term stimulated with M2-AA in vivo. Methods M2-AA-positive model was established by actively immunizing healthy male Wistar rats with synthetic M2AChR-el2 peptide for 18 months. Meanwhile, vehicle group rats were administrated with physiological saline. The change of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was detected by radionuclide imaging. The ultrastructure of mitochondria was observed under electron microscopy. The M2 receptor binding characteristics were determined by radioactive ligand binding assay. Results After immunization for 12 months, compared with vehicle group, M2AChR-el2-immunized rats showed decreased myocardial contractility and cardiac diastolic function evidenced by declined maximal rate of rise of ventricular pressure and increased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, respectively. Additionally, mitochondrial swelling and vacuolation were observed. At 18 months, M2AChR-el2-immunized rats manifested significant decreased cardiac systolic and diastolic function and pathological changes such as enlargement of right ventricular cavity and wall thinning; and the mitochondrial damage was aggravated. Furthermore, the M2 receptor maximum binding capacity (Bmax) of the M2AChR-el2-immunized rats significantly decreased, while the M2 receptor dissociation constant (Kd) was increased. Conclusions Our study suggested that long-term stimulation with M2-AA leaded to the ventricular dilatation and gradual deterioration of cardiac dysfunction. Mitochondrial damage and the down-regulation of M2 receptor density and affinity may be involved in the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suli Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Zhongmei He
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Ye Wu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
- The Key Laboratory of Remodeling-related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Neurology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Lv
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Huirong Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030001, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Metabolic Disorders Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
157
|
Connexin 43 ubiquitination determines the fate of gap junctions: restrict to survive. Biochem Soc Trans 2015; 43:471-5. [DOI: 10.1042/bst20150036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Connexins (Cxs) are transmembrane proteins that form channels which allow direct intercellular communication (IC) between neighbouring cells via gap junctions. Mechanisms that modulate the amount of channels at the plasma membrane have emerged as important regulators of IC and their de-regulation has been associated with various diseases. Although Cx-mediated IC can be modulated by different mechanisms, ubiquitination has been described as one of the major post-translational modifications involved in Cx regulation and consequently IC. In this review, we focus on the role of ubiquitin and its effect on gap junction intercellular communication.
Collapse
|
158
|
Fukushima T, Yoshihara H, Furuta H, Kamei H, Hakuno F, Luan J, Duan C, Saeki Y, Tanaka K, Iemura SI, Natsume T, Chida K, Nakatsu Y, Kamata H, Asano T, Takahashi SI. Nedd4-induced monoubiquitination of IRS-2 enhances IGF signalling and mitogenic activity. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6780. [PMID: 25879670 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) induce proliferation of various cell types and play important roles in somatic growth and cancer development. Phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1/2 by IGF-I receptor tyrosine kinase is essential for IGF action. Here we identify Nedd4 as an IRS-2 ubiquitin ligase. Nedd4 monoubiquitinates IRS-2, which promotes its association with Epsin1, a ubiquitin-binding protein. Nedd4 recruits IRS-2 to the membrane, probably through promoting Epsin1 binding, and enhances IGF-I receptor-induced IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation. In thyroid FRTL-5 cells, activation of the cyclic AMP pathway increases the association of Nedd4 with IRS-2, thereby enhancing IRS-2-mediated signalling and cell proliferation induced by IGF-I. The Nedd4 and IRS-2 association is also required for maximal activation of IGF-I signalling and cell proliferation in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Nedd4 overexpression accelerates zebrafish embryonic growth through IRS-2 in vivo. We conclude that Nedd4-induced monoubiquitination of IRS-2 enhances IGF signalling and mitogenic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Fukushima
- 1] Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan [2] Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hidehito Yoshihara
- 1] Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan [2] Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Haruka Furuta
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Kamei
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Hakuno
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Jing Luan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, China
| | - Cunming Duan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 830 North University, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Yasushi Saeki
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Shun-Ichiro Iemura
- Translational Research Center, Fukushima Medical University, 11-25 Sakaemachi, Fukushima City, Fukushima 960-8031, Japan
| | - Tohru Natsume
- Molecular Profiling Research Center for Drug Discovery (molprof), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-4-7 Aomi, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-0064, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Chida
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakatsu
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kamata
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Tomoichiro Asano
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima City, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichiro Takahashi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
159
|
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM) and endocytic protein quality control (QC) in conjunction with the endosomal sorting machinery either repairs or targets conformationally damaged membrane proteins for lysosomal/vacuolar degradation. Here, we provide an overview of emerging aspects of the underlying mechanisms of PM QC that fulfill a critical role in preserving cellular protein homeostasis in health and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pirjo M Apaja
- Department of Physiology and Research Group Focused on Protein Structure (GRASP), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Gergely L Lukacs
- Department of Physiology and Research Group Focused on Protein Structure (GRASP), McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
160
|
Tesio M, Tang Y, Müdder K, Saini M, von Paleske L, Macintyre E, Pasparakis M, Waisman A, Trumpp A. Hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and function are controlled by the CYLD-TRAF2-p38MAPK pathway. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:525-38. [PMID: 25824820 PMCID: PMC4387289 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tesio at al. identify a novel pathway controlled by the tumor suppressor and deubiquitinase cylindromatosis (CYLD), which is involved in the regulation of hematopoietic stem cell quiescence and repopulation potential. The status of long-term quiescence and dormancy guarantees the integrity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during adult homeostasis. However the molecular mechanisms regulating HSC dormancy remain poorly understood. Here we show that cylindromatosis (CYLD), a tumor suppressor gene and negative regulator of NF-κB signaling with deubiquitinase activity, is highly expressed in label-retaining dormant HSCs (dHSCs). Moreover, Cre-mediated conditional elimination of the catalytic domain of CYLD induced dHSCs to exit quiescence and abrogated their repopulation and self-renewal potential. This phenotype is dependent on the interactions between CYLD and its substrate TRAF2 (tumor necrosis factor–associated factor 2). HSCs expressing a mutant CYLD with an intact catalytic domain, but unable to bind TRAF2, showed the same HSC phenotype. Unexpectedly, the robust cycling of HSCs lacking functional CYLD–TRAF2 interactions was not elicited by increased NF-κB signaling, but instead by increased activation of the p38MAPK pathway. Pharmacological inhibition of p38MAPK rescued the phenotype of CYLD loss, identifying the CYLD–TRAF2–p38MAPK pathway as a novel important regulator of HSC function restricting HSC cycling and promoting dormancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melania Tesio
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yilang Tang
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katja Müdder
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Massimo Saini
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa von Paleske
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elizabeth Macintyre
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM) and Université Paris Sorbonne Cité at Descartes, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1151, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), 75015 Paris, France
| | - Manolis Pasparakis
- CECAD Research Center, Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Trumpp
- Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany The German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
161
|
Alkan Z, Duong FL, Hawkes WC. Selenoprotein W controls epidermal growth factor receptor surface expression, activation and degradation via receptor ubiquitination. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:1087-95. [PMID: 25721765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is the founding member of the ErbB family of growth factor receptors that modulate a complex network of intracellular signaling pathways controlling growth, proliferation, differentiation, and motility. Selenoprotein W (SEPW1) is a highly conserved, diet-regulated 9kDa thioredoxin-like protein required for normal cell cycle progression. We report here that SEPW1 is required for EGF-induced EGFR activation and that it functions by suppressing EGFR ubiquitination and receptor degradation. SEPW1 depletion inhibited EGF-dependent cell cycle entry in breast and prostate epithelial cells. In prostate cells, SEPW1 depletion decreased EGFR auto-phosphorylation, while SEPW1 overexpression increased EGFR auto-phosphorylation. SEPW1 depletion increased the rate of EGFR degradation, which decreased total and surface EGFR and suppressed EGF-dependent EGFR endocytosis, EGFR dimer formation, and activation of EGF-dependent pathways. EGFR ubiquitination was increased in SEPW1-depleted cells--in agreement with the increased rate of EGFR degradation, and suggests that SEPW1 suppresses EGFR ubiquitination. Ubiquitination-directed lysozomal degradation controls post-translational EGFR expression and is dysregulated in many cancers. Thus, suppression of EGFR ubiquitination by SEPW1 may be related to the putative increase in cancer risk associated with high selenium intakes. Knowledge of the mechanisms underlying SEPW1's regulation of EGFR ubiquitination may reveal new opportunities for nutritional cancer prevention or cancer drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Alkan
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Frank L Duong
- Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Department of Medicine, 8750 Beverly Boulevard, Atrium 103, West Hollywood, CA 90048, USA
| | - Wayne C Hawkes
- USDA-ARS Western Human Nutrition Research Center, 430 West Health Sciences Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
162
|
Abstract
The arrival of multicellularity in evolution facilitated cell-cell signaling in conjunction with adhesion. As the ectodomains of cadherins interact with each other directly in trans (as well as in cis), spanning the plasma membrane and associating with multiple other entities, cadherins enable the transduction of "outside-in" or "inside-out" signals. We focus this review on signals that originate from the larger family of cadherins that are inwardly directed to the nucleus, and thus have roles in gene control or nuclear structure-function. The nature of cadherin complexes varies considerably depending on the type of cadherin and its context, and we will address some of these variables for classical cadherins versus other family members. Substantial but still fragmentary progress has been made in understanding the signaling mediators used by varied cadherin complexes to coordinate the state of cell-cell adhesion with gene expression. Evidence that cadherin intracellular binding partners also localize to the nucleus is a major point of interest. In some models, catenins show reduced binding to cadherin cytoplasmic tails favoring their engagement in gene control. When bound, cadherins may serve as stoichiometric competitors of nuclear signals. Cadherins also directly or indirectly affect numerous signaling pathways (e.g., Wnt, receptor tyrosine kinase, Hippo, NFκB, and JAK/STAT), enabling cell-cell contacts to touch upon multiple biological outcomes in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre D McCrea
- Department of Genetics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center; Program in Genes & Development, Graduate School in Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA.
| | - Meghan T Maher
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Cara J Gottardi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
163
|
Shimokawa N, Koibuchi N. Downregulation of receptor tyrosine kinases through ubiquitination: analysis by immunodetection. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1233:121-133. [PMID: 25319895 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1789-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
After ligand binding, receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) transmit intracellular signals involved in the regulation of various cell events and then attenuate signal transduction. Ubiquitination is a critical step involved in the downregulation of RTK signaling. Here, we describe how to immunodetect the ligand-induced ubiquitination and degradation of TrkA, an RTK, by immunoprecipitation and Western blotting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Shimokawa
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan,
| | | |
Collapse
|
164
|
Combined regulation of mTORC1 and lysosomal acidification by GSK-3 suppresses autophagy and contributes to cancer cell growth. Oncogene 2014; 34:4613-23. [PMID: 25500539 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is controversy over the role of glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) in cancer progression. Recent work has implicated GSK-3 in the regulation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a known player in malignant transformation. Autophagy, a self-degradation pathway, is inhibited by mTOR and is tightly associated with cell survival and tumor growth. Here we show that GSK-3 suppresses autophagy via mTOR complex-1 (mTORC1) and lysosomal regulation. We show that overexpression of GSK-3 isoforms (GSK-3α and GSK-3β) activated mTORC1 and suppressed autophagy in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as indicated by reduced beclin-1 levels and upregulation of sequestosome 1 (p62/SQSTM1). Further, overexpression of GSK-3 increased the number of autophagosomes and inhibited autophagic flux. This activity was directly related to reduced lysosomal acidification triggered by GSK-3 (in which GSK-3β has a stronger impact). We found that lysosomal acidification is reduced in MCF-7 cells that also exhibit increased levels of autophagosomes and p62/SQSTM1 and increased activity of mTORC1. Subsequently, treating cells with GSK-3 inhibitors restored lysosomal acidification, enhanced autophagic flux and inhibited mTORC1. Furthermore, GSK-3 inhibitors inhibited cell proliferation. We provide evidence that GSK3-mediated mTORC1 activity and GSK-3-mediated lysosomal acidification occur via distinct pathways, yet both mTORC1 and lysosomes control cell growth. Finally, we show that GSK-3-reduced lysosomal acidification inhibits endocytic clearance as demonstrated by reduced endocytic degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Taken together, our study places GSK-3 as a key regulator coordinating cellular homeostasis. GSK-3 inhibitors may be useful in targeting mTORC1 and lysosomal acidification for cancer therapy.
Collapse
|
165
|
Xiong Y, Liu C, Zhao Y. Decoding Ci: from partial degradation to inhibition. Dev Growth Differ 2014; 57:98-108. [PMID: 25495033 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hedgehog is a morphogen, which is widely involved in the regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and tissue patterning during development in both vertebrate and invertebrate, such as in coordination of eye, brain, gonad, gut and tracheal development. In invertebrate, Cubitus interruptus (Ci) modification process is the last identified step before transcriptional activation in the Hh signaling pathway. Ci can form a truncated repressor (Ci(R) /Ci75) or act as an activator (Ci(A) /Ci155) based on Hh gradient to regulate the expressions of target genes. The activity of Ci is mediated by different mechanisms, including processing, trafficking and degradation. While in vertebrate, Glioblastomas (Glis), homologs of Ci, play similar but more complex roles in the regulation of mammals Hh pathway. Hh signaling is responsible for a wide variety of processes during embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis. Malfunction of Hh signaling could cause various diseases including birth defects and cancers. Enormous efforts were made in the past decades to explore the Hh pathway regulation and the results have provided us important insights into disease diagnosis and therapeutic treatment. In this review, we focus on a small branch of Hh pathway regulation based on studies in the Drosophila system, mainly about Ci degradation, aiming to explain how Ci is modified by different ubiquitin ligases due to the strong or moderate Hh signals and then been subjected to complete or partial degradation by proteasomes. Overall, we intend to offer an overview on how Ci responds to and relays Hh signals in a precise manner to control target genes expressions and ensures proper Hh signal transduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xiong
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
166
|
Reincke M, Sbiera S, Hayakawa A, Theodoropoulou M, Osswald A, Beuschlein F, Meitinger T, Mizuno-Yamasaki E, Kawaguchi K, Saeki Y, Tanaka K, Wieland T, Graf E, Saeger W, Ronchi CL, Allolio B, Buchfelder M, Strom TM, Fassnacht M, Komada M. Mutations in the deubiquitinase gene USP8 cause Cushing's disease. Nat Genet 2014; 47:31-8. [PMID: 25485838 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cushing's disease is caused by corticotroph adenomas of the pituitary. To explore the molecular mechanisms of endocrine autonomy in these tumors, we performed exome sequencing of 10 corticotroph adenomas. We found somatic mutations in the USP8 deubiquitinase gene in 4 of 10 adenomas. The mutations clustered in the 14-3-3 protein binding motif and enhanced the proteolytic cleavage and catalytic activity of USP8. Cleavage of USP8 led to increased deubiqutination of the EGF receptor, impairing its downregulation and sustaining EGF signaling. USP8 mutants enhanced promoter activity of the gene encoding proopiomelanocortin. In summary, our data show that dominant mutations in USP8 cause Cushing's disease via activation of EGF receptor signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Reincke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Silviu Sbiera
- 1] Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine I, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Akira Hayakawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Andrea Osswald
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Felix Beuschlein
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. [3] DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research) partner site, Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Emi Mizuno-Yamasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawaguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yasushi Saeki
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Graf
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Saeger
- Institut für Neuropathologie der Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cristina L Ronchi
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bruno Allolio
- 1] Department of Medicine I, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. [2] Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Buchfelder
- Neurochirurgische Klinik, Klinikum der Universität Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tim M Strom
- 1] Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany. [2] Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Fassnacht
- 1] Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany. [2] Department of Medicine I, Endocrine and Diabetes Unit, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany. [3] Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Masayuki Komada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
167
|
Ockenga W, Kühne S, Bocksberger S, Banning A, Tikkanen R. Epidermal growth factor receptor transactivation is required for mitogen-activated protein kinase activation by muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in HaCaT keratinocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:21433-54. [PMID: 25421240 PMCID: PMC4264234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151121433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-neuronal acetylcholine plays a substantial role in the human skin by influencing adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. These processes are regulated by the Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) kinase cascade. Here we show that in HaCaT keratinocytes all five muscarinic receptor subtypes are expressed, but M1 and M3 are the subtypes involved in mitogenic signaling. Stimulation with the cholinergic agonist carbachol leads to activation of the MAP kinase extracellular signal regulated kinase, together with the protein kinase Akt. The activation is fully dependent on the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which even appears to be the sole pathway for the muscarinic receptors to facilitate MAP kinase activation in HaCaT cells. The transactivation pathway involves a triple-membrane-passing process, based on activation of matrix metalloproteases, and extracellular ligand release; whereas phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Src family kinases or protein kinase C do not appear to be involved in MAP kinase activation. Furthermore, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and endocytosis of the EGF receptor after cholinergic transactivation are different from that induced by a direct stimulation with EGF, suggesting that ligands other than EGF itself mediate the cholinergic transactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wymke Ockenga
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Sina Kühne
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Simone Bocksberger
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Antje Banning
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ritva Tikkanen
- Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Giessen, Friedrichstrasse 24, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
168
|
Li B, Lu D, Shan L. Ubiquitination of pattern recognition receptors in plant innate immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2014; 15:737-746. [PMID: 25275148 PMCID: PMC4183980 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lacking an adaptive immune system, plants largely rely on plasma membrane-resident pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to sense pathogen invasion. The activation of PRRs leads to the profound immune responses that coordinately contribute to the restriction of pathogen multiplication. Protein post-translational modifications dynamically shape the intensity and duration of the signalling pathways. In this review, we discuss the specific regulation of PRR activation and signalling by protein ubiquitination, endocytosis and degradation, with a particular focus on the bacterial flagellin receptor FLS2 (flagellin sensing 2) in Arabidopsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- The Provincial Key Lab of Plant Pathology of Hubei Province, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongping Lu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| |
Collapse
|
169
|
Akimov V, Henningsen J, Hallenborg P, Rigbolt KTG, Jensen SS, Nielsen MM, Kratchmarova I, Blagoev B. StUbEx: Stable tagged ubiquitin exchange system for the global investigation of cellular ubiquitination. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:4192-204. [PMID: 25093938 DOI: 10.1021/pr500549h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins with the small polypeptide ubiquitin plays a pivotal role in many cellular processes, altering protein lifespan, location, and function and regulating protein-protein interactions. Ubiquitination exerts its diverse functions through complex mechanisms by formation of different polymeric chains and subsequent recognition of the ubiquitin signal by specific protein interaction domains. Despite some recent advances in the analytical tools for the analysis of ubiquitination by mass spectrometry, there is still a need for additional strategies suitable for investigation of cellular ubiquitination at the proteome level. Here, we present a stable tagged ubiquitin exchange (StUbEx) cellular system in which endogenous ubiquitin is replaced with an epitope-tagged version, thereby allowing specific and efficient affinity purification of ubiquitinated proteins for global analyses of protein ubiquitination. Importantly, the overall level of ubiquitin in the cell remains virtually unchanged, thus avoiding ubiquitination artifacts associated with overexpression. The efficiency and reproducibility of the method were assessed through unbiased analysis of epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling by quantitative mass spectrometry, covering over 3400 potential ubiquitinated proteins. The StUbEx system is applicable to virtually any cell line and can be readily adapted to any of the ubiquitin-like post-translational modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav Akimov
- Center for Experimental Bioinformatics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark , Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
170
|
Bertelsen V, Stang E. The Mysterious Ways of ErbB2/HER2 Trafficking. MEMBRANES 2014; 4:424-46. [PMID: 25102001 PMCID: PMC4194043 DOI: 10.3390/membranes4030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The EGFR- or ErbB-family of receptor tyrosine kinases consists of EGFR/ErbB1, ErbB2/HER2, ErbB3/HER3 and ErbB4/HER4. Receptor activation and downstream signaling are generally initiated upon ligand-induced receptor homo- or heterodimerization at the plasma membrane, and endocytosis and intracellular membrane transport are crucial for regulation of the signaling outcome. Among the receptors, ErbB2 is special in several ways. Unlike the others, ErbB2 has no known ligand, but is still the favored dimerization partner. Furthermore, while the other receptors are down-regulated either constitutively or upon ligand-binding, ErbB2 is resistant to down-regulation, and also inhibits down-regulation of its partner upon heterodimerization. The reason(s) why ErbB2 is resistant to down-regulation are the subject of debate. Contrary to other ErbB-proteins, mature ErbB2 needs Hsp90 as chaperone. Several data suggest that Hsp90 is an important regulator of factors like ErbB2 stability, dimerization and/or signaling. Hsp90 inhibitors induce degradation of ErbB2, but whether Hsp90 directly makes ErbB2 endocytosis resistant is unclear. Exposure to anti-ErbB2 antibodies can also induce down-regulation of ErbB2. Down-regulation induced by Hsp90 inhibitors or antibodies does at least partly involve internalization and endosomal sorting to lysosomes for degradation, but also retrograde trafficking to the nucleus has been reported. In this review, we will discuss different molecular mechanisms suggested to be important for making ErbB2 resistant to down-regulation, and review how membrane trafficking is involved when down-regulation and/or relocalization of ErbB2 is induced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vibeke Bertelsen
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Post Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Espen Stang
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Post Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
171
|
Hamacher-Brady A, Choe SC, Krijnse-Locker J, Brady NR. Intramitochondrial recruitment of endolysosomes mediates Smac degradation and constitutes a novel intrinsic apoptosis antagonizing function of XIAP E3 ligase. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1862-76. [PMID: 25080938 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic apoptosis involves BH3-only protein activation of Bax/Bak-mediated mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP). Consequently, cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria to activate caspases, and Smac (second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases) to inhibit XIAP-mediated caspase suppression. Dysfunctional mitochondria can be targeted for lysosomal degradation via autophagy (mitophagy), or directly through mitochondria-derived vesicle transport. However, the extent of autophagy and lysosomal interactions with apoptotic mitochondria remains largely unknown. We describe here a novel pathway of endolysosomal processing of mitochondria, activated in response to canonical BH3-only proteins and mitochondrial depolarization. We report that expression of canonical BH3-only proteins, tBid, BimEL, Bik, Bad, and mitophagy receptor mutants of atypical BH3-only proteins, Bnip3 and Bnip3L/Nix, leads to prominent relocalization of endolysosomes into inner mitochondrial compartments, in a manner independent of mitophagy. As an upstream regulator, we identified the XIAP E3 ligase. In response to mitochondrial depolarization, XIAP actuates Bax-mediated MOMP, even in the absence of BH3-only protein signaling. Subsequently, in an E3 ligase-dependent manner, XIAP rapidly localizes inside all the mitochondria, and XIAP-mediated mitochondrial ubiquitylation catalyses interactions of Rab membrane targeting components Rabex-5 and Rep-1 (RFP-tagged Rab escort protein-1), and Rab5- and Rab7-positive endolysosomes, at and within mitochondrial membrane compartments. While XIAP-mediated MOMP permits delayed cytochrome c release, within the mitochondria XIAP selectively signals lysosome- and proteasome-associated degradation of its inhibitor Smac. These findings suggest a general mechanism to lower the mitochondrial apoptotic potential via intramitochondrial degradation of Smac.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hamacher-Brady
- 1] Lysosomal Systems Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany [2] Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - S C Choe
- 1] Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany [2] Systems Biology of Cell Death Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany [3] Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - J Krijnse-Locker
- 1] Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany [2] Department of Virology, Hygiene Institute, University of Heidelberg Medical School, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - N R Brady
- 1] Bioquant, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany [2] Systems Biology of Cell Death Mechanisms, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany [3] Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
172
|
Xiao X, Wong EWP, Lie PPY, Mruk DD, Wong CKC, Cheng CY. Cytokines, polarity proteins, and endosomal protein trafficking and signaling-the sertoli cell blood-testis barrier system in vitro as a study model. Methods Enzymol 2014; 534:181-94. [PMID: 24359954 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397926-1.00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endosomal signaling is emerging as one of the most important cellular events that regulate signaling function in mammalian cells or an epithelium in response to changes in environment such as the presence of stimuli mediated by cytokines, toxicants, heat, ions during growth and development, and other cellular processes such as cytokinesis and spermatogenesis. Recent studies have shown that protein endocytosis-the initial step of endosomal signaling-involves the participation of polarity proteins, such as partitioning defective protein 6 (Par6), Cdc42 and 14-3-3 (also known as Par5), which in turn is regulated by cytokines (e.g., TGF-β2, TGF-β3) and testosterone at the Sertoli cell blood-testis barrier (BTB) in the mammalian testis. In this short method paper, we provide a detailed protocol of assessing protein endocytosis, the initial and also the most critical step of endosomal signaling at the Sertoli cell BTB. This biochemical endocytosis assay summarizes our experience for the last decade, which should likely be performed in conjunction with the dual-labeled immunofluorescence analysis to assess protein endocytosis. While we are using a Sertoli cell in vitro system that mimics the BTB in vivo, this approach should be applicable to virtually all mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xiao
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA; Department of Reproductive Physiology, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Elissa W P Wong
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Pearl P Y Lie
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Dolores D Mruk
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA
| | - Chris K C Wong
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - C Yan Cheng
- The Mary M. Wohlford Laboratory for Male Contraceptive Research, Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
173
|
Immune diseases caused by mutations in kinases and components of the ubiquitin system. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:521-9. [PMID: 24840983 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The signaling networks that control the immune system are coordinated by a myriad of interconnecting phosphorylation and ubiquitylation events. This review provides an overview of mutations in human genes encoding these proteins that give rise to immune diseases. Analysis of the biological effects of these mutations has revealed the true physiological roles of particular signaling networks and promises to revolutionize the treatment of these diseases.
Collapse
|
174
|
Zheng X, Zhang J, Liao K. The basic amino acids in the coiled-coil domain of CIN85 regulate its interaction with c-Cbl and phosphatidic acid during epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) endocytosis. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2014; 15:13. [PMID: 25005938 PMCID: PMC4096430 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-15-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background During EGFR internalization CIN85 bridges EGFR-Cbl complex, endocytic machinery and fusible membrane through the interactions of CIN85 with c-Cbl, endophilins and phosphatidic acid. These protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions are mediated or regulated by the positively charged C-terminal coiled-coil domain of CIN85. However, the details of CIN85-lipid interaction remain unknown. The present study suggested a possible electric interaction between the negative charge of phosphatidic acid and the positive charge of basic amino acids in coiled-coil domain. Results Mutations of the basic amino acids in the coiled-coil domain, especially K645, K646, R648 and R650, into neutral amino acid alanine completely blocked the interaction of CIN85 with c-Cbl or phosphatidic acid. However, they did not affect CIN85-endophilin interaction. In addition, CIN85 was found to associate with the internalized EGFR endosomes. It interacted with several ESCRT (Endosomal Sorting Complex Required for Transport) component proteins for ESCRT assembly on endosomal membrane. Mutations in the coiled-coil domain (deletion of the coiled-coil domain or point mutations of the basic amino acids) dissociated CIN85 from endosomes. These mutants bound the ESCRT components in cytoplasm to prevent them from assembly on endosomal membrane and inhibited EGFR sorting for degradation. Conclusions As an adaptor protein, CIN85 interacts with variety of partners through several domains. The positive charges of basic amino acids in the coiled-coil domain are not only involved in the interaction with phosphatidic acid, but also regulate the interaction of CIN85 with c-Cbl. CIN85 also interacts with ESCRT components for protein sorting in endosomes. These CIN85-protein and CIN85-lipid interactions enable CIN85 to link EGFR-Cbl endocytic complex with fusible membrane during EGFR endocytosis and subsequently to facilitate ESCRT formation on endosomal membrane for EGFR sorting and degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kan Liao
- From State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| |
Collapse
|
175
|
The Legionella effector SidC defines a unique family of ubiquitin ligases important for bacterial phagosomal remodeling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10538-43. [PMID: 25006264 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1402605111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of proteins delivered into host cells by the Dot/Icm injection apparatus allows Legionella pneumophila to establish a niche called the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV), which is permissive for intracellular bacterial propagation. Among these proteins, substrate of Icm/Dot transporter (SidC) anchors to the cytoplasmic surface of the LCV and is important for the recruitment of host endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins to this organelle. However, the biochemical function underlying this activity is unknown. Here, we determined the structure of the N-terminal domain of SidC, which has no structural homology to any protein. Sequence homology analysis revealed a potential canonical catalytic triad formed by Cys46, His444, and Asp446 on the surface of SidC. Unexpectedly, we found that SidC is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that uses the C-H-D triad to catalyze the formation of high-molecular-weight polyubiquitin chains through multiple ubiquitin lysine residues. A C46A mutation completely abolished the E3 ligase activity and the ability of the protein to recruit host ER proteins as well as polyubiquitin conjugates to the LCV. Thus, SidC represents a unique E3 ubiquitin ligase family important for phagosomal membrane remodeling by L. pneumophila.
Collapse
|
176
|
Babst M. Quality control: quality control at the plasma membrane: one mechanism does not fit all. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:11-20. [PMID: 24733583 PMCID: PMC3987138 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201310113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane quality control system of eukaryotic cells is able to recognize and degrade damaged cell surface proteins. Recent studies have identified two mechanisms involved in the recognition of unfolded transmembrane proteins. One system uses chaperones to detect unfolded cytoplasmic domains of transmembrane proteins, whereas the second mechanism relies on an internal quality control system of the protein, which can trigger degradation when the protein deviates from the folded state. Both quality control mechanisms are key to prevent proteotoxic effects at the cell surface and to ensure cell integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Babst
- Department of Biology, Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| |
Collapse
|
177
|
Abstract
TrkA is a tyrosine kinase receptor required for development and survival of the peripheral nervous system. In the adult, TrkA and its ligand NGF are peripheral pain mediators, particularly in inflammatory pain states. However, how TrkA regulates the function of nociceptive neurons and whether its activity levels may lead to sensory abnormalities is still unclear. Here we report the characterization of a 3 aa (KFG) domain that negatively regulates TrkA level and function in response to NGF. Deletion of this domain in mouse causes a reduction of TrkA ubiquitination leading to an increase in TrkA protein levels and activity. The number of dorsal root ganglia neurons is not affected by the mutation. However, mutant mice have enhanced thermal sensitivity and inflammatory pain. Together, these data suggest that ubiquitination is a mechanism used in nociceptive neurons to regulate TrkA level and function. Our results may enhance our understanding of how ubiquitination affects TrkA activation following noxious thermal stimulation and inflammatory pain.
Collapse
|
178
|
Lectez B, Migotti R, Lee SY, Ramirez J, Beraza N, Mansfield B, Sutherland JD, Martinez-Chantar ML, Dittmar G, Mayor U. Ubiquitin profiling in liver using a transgenic mouse with biotinylated ubiquitin. J Proteome Res 2014; 13:3016-26. [PMID: 24730562 DOI: 10.1021/pr5001913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitination is behind most cellular processes, with ubiquitin substrates being regulated variously according to the number of covalently conjugated ubiquitin molecules and type of chain formed. Here we report the first mammalian system for ubiquitin proteomics allowing direct validation of the MS-identified proteins. We created a transgenic mouse expressing biotinylated ubiquitin and demonstrate its use for the isolation of ubiquitinated proteins from liver and other tissues. The specificity and strength of the biotin-avidin interaction allow very stringent washes, so only proteins conjugated to ubiquitin are isolated. In contrast with recently available antibody-based approaches, our strategy allows direct validation by immunoblotting, therefore revealing the type of ubiquitin chains (mono or poly) formed in vivo. We also identify the conjugating E2 enzymes that are ubiquitin-loaded in the mouse tissue. Furthermore, our strategy allows the identification of candidate cysteine-ubiquitinated proteins, providing a strategy to identify those on a proteomic scale. The novel in vivo system described here allows broad access to tissue-specific ubiquitomes and can be combined with established mouse disease models to investigate ubiquitin-dependent therapeutical approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Lectez
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Teknologia Parkea , Building 801-A, 48160 Derio, Basque Country, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
179
|
Sato M, Konuma R, Sato K, Tomura K, Sato K. Fertilization-induced K63-linked ubiquitylation mediates clearance of maternal membrane proteins. Development 2014; 141:1324-31. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans, fertilization triggers endocytosis and rapid turnover of maternal surface membrane proteins in lysosomes, although the precise mechanism of this inducible endocytosis is unknown. We found that high levels of K63-linked ubiquitin chains transiently accumulated on endosomes upon fertilization. Endocytosis and the endosomal accumulation of ubiquitin were both regulated downstream of the anaphase-promoting complex, which drives the oocyte’s meiotic cell cycle after fertilization. The clearance of maternal membrane proteins and the accumulation of K63-linked ubiquitin on endosomes depended on UBC-13 and UEV-1, which function as an E2 complex that specifically mediates chain elongation of K63-linked polyubiquitin. CAV-1-GFP, an endocytic cargo protein, was modified with K63-linked polyubiquitin in a UBC-13/UEV-1-dependent manner. In ubc-13 or uev-1 mutants, CAV-1-GFP and other membrane proteins were internalized from the plasma membrane normally after fertilization. However, they were not efficiently targeted to the multivesicular body (MVB) pathway but recycled to the cell surface. Our results suggest that UBC-13-dependent K63-linked ubiquitylation is required for proper MVB sorting rather than for internalization. These results also demonstrate a developmentally controlled function of K63-linked ubiquitylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Membrane Biology, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Konuma
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Katsuya Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Kotone Tomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| | - Ken Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Traffic, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8512, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
180
|
Tumour-associated mutations of PA-TM-RING ubiquitin ligases RNF167/RNF13 identify the PA domain as a determinant for endosomal localization. Biochem J 2014; 459:27-36. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20131067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we have identified a role for the PA domain of the RNF13/RNF167 ubiquitin ligases, showing that it is both sufficient and required for endosomal localization. Furthermore, although PA domain point-mutations identified from tumours are ligase active, PA mutant proteins are mislocalized within the cell.
Collapse
|
181
|
Gao C, Xiao G, Hu J. Regulation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling by posttranslational modifications. Cell Biosci 2014; 4:13. [PMID: 24594309 PMCID: PMC3977945 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt signaling pathway (or Wnt/β-catenin pathway) plays a pivotal role in embryonic development and adult homeostasis; deregulation of the Wnt pathway contributes to the initiation and progression of human diseases including cancer. Despite its importance in human biology and disease, how regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is achieved remains largely undefined. Increasing evidence suggests that post-translational modifications (PTMs) of Wnt pathway components are essential for the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. PTMs create a highly dynamic relay system that responds to Wnt stimulation without requiring de novo protein synthesis and offer a platform for non-Wnt pathway components to be involved in the regulation of Wnt signaling, hence providing alternative opportunities for targeting the Wnt pathway. This review highlights the current status of PTM-mediated regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway with a focus on factors involved in Wnt-mediated stabilization of β-catenin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jing Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
182
|
Zhang W, He C. WITHDRAWN: Regulation of plasma membrane receptors by a new autophagy-related BECN/Beclin family member. Autophagy 2014; 10:938-41. [PMID: 24569622 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Zhang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA
| | - Congcong He
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Feinberg School of Medicine; Northwestern University; Chicago, IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
183
|
Paolino M, Choidas A, Wallner S, Pranjic B, Uribesalgo I, Loeser S, Jamieson AM, Langdon WY, Ikeda F, Fededa JP, Cronin SJ, Nitsch R, Schultz-Fademrecht C, Eickhoff J, Menninger S, Unger A, Torka R, Gruber T, Hinterleitner R, Baier G, Wolf D, Ullrich A, Klebl BM, Penninger JM. The E3 ligase Cbl-b and TAM receptors regulate cancer metastasis via natural killer cells. Nature 2014; 507:508-12. [PMID: 24553136 DOI: 10.1038/nature12998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 337] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumour metastasis is the primary cause of mortality in cancer patients and remains the key challenge for cancer therapy. New therapeutic approaches to block inhibitory pathways of the immune system have renewed hopes for the utility of such therapies. Here we show that genetic deletion of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl-b (casitas B-lineage lymphoma-b) or targeted inactivation of its E3 ligase activity licenses natural killer (NK) cells to spontaneously reject metastatic tumours. The TAM tyrosine kinase receptors Tyro3, Axl and Mer (also known as Mertk) were identified as ubiquitylation substrates for Cbl-b. Treatment of wild-type NK cells with a newly developed small molecule TAM kinase inhibitor conferred therapeutic potential, efficiently enhancing anti-metastatic NK cell activity in vivo. Oral or intraperitoneal administration using this TAM inhibitor markedly reduced murine mammary cancer and melanoma metastases dependent on NK cells. We further report that the anticoagulant warfarin exerts anti-metastatic activity in mice via Cbl-b/TAM receptors in NK cells, providing a molecular explanation for a 50-year-old puzzle in cancer biology. This novel TAM/Cbl-b inhibitory pathway shows that it might be possible to develop a 'pill' that awakens the innate immune system to kill cancer metastases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Paolino
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Choidas
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Blanka Pranjic
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iris Uribesalgo
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefanie Loeser
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Amanda M Jamieson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Perth, Australia
| | - Fumiyo Ikeda
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juan Pablo Fededa
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Shane J Cronin
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roberto Nitsch
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jan Eickhoff
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Anke Unger
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Robert Torka
- Max-Planck, Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Gruber
- Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Dominik Wolf
- 1] Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria [2] Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Axel Ullrich
- Max-Planck, Institute for Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Biology, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bert M Klebl
- Lead Discovery Center GmbH, D-44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Josef M Penninger
- IMBA, Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
184
|
Hsieh V, Kim MJ, Gelissen IC, Brown AJ, Sandoval C, Hallab JC, Kockx M, Traini M, Jessup W, Kritharides L. Cellular cholesterol regulates ubiquitination and degradation of the cholesterol export proteins ABCA1 and ABCG1. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7524-36. [PMID: 24500716 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.515890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the influence of cholesterol in post-translational control of ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein expression. Using CHO cell lines stably expressing human ABCA1 or ABCG1, we observed that the abundance of these proteins is increased by cell cholesterol loading. The response to increased cholesterol is rapid, is independent of transcription, and appears to be specific for these membrane proteins. The effect is mediated through cholesterol-dependent inhibition of transporter protein degradation. Cell cholesterol loading similarly regulates degradation of endogenously expressed ABCA1 and ABCG1 in human THP-1 macrophages. Turnover of ABCA1 and ABCG1 is strongly inhibited by proteasomal inhibitors and is unresponsive to inhibitors of lysosomal proteolysis. Furthermore, cell cholesterol loading inhibits ubiquitination of ABCA1 and ABCG1. Our findings provide evidence for a rapid, cholesterol-dependent, post-translational control of ABCA1 and ABCG1 protein levels, mediated through a specific and sterol-sensitive mechanism for suppression of transporter protein ubiquitination, which in turn decreases proteasomal degradation. This provides a mechanism for acute fine-tuning of cholesterol transporter activity in response to fluctuations in cell cholesterol levels, in addition to the longer term cholesterol-dependent transcriptional regulation of these genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victar Hsieh
- From the Atherosclerosis Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
185
|
Gabandé-Rodríguez E, Boya P, Labrador V, Dotti CG, Ledesma MD. High sphingomyelin levels induce lysosomal damage and autophagy dysfunction in Niemann Pick disease type A. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:864-75. [PMID: 24488099 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann Pick disease type A (NPA), which is caused by loss of function mutations in the acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) gene, is a lysosomal storage disorder leading to neurodegeneration. Yet, lysosomal dysfunction and its consequences in the disease are poorly characterized. Here we show that undegraded molecules build up in neurons of acid sphingomyelinase knockout mice and in fibroblasts from NPA patients in which autophagolysosomes accumulate. The latter is not due to alterations in autophagy initiation or autophagosome-lysosome fusion but because of inefficient autophago-lysosomal clearance. This, in turn, can be explained by lysosomal membrane permeabilization leading to cytosolic release of Cathepsin B. High sphingomyelin (SM) levels account for these effects as they can be induced in control cells on addition of the lipid and reverted on SM-lowering strategies in ASM-deficient cells. These results unveil a relevant role for SM in autophagy modulation and characterize autophagy anomalies in NPA, opening new perspectives for therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - P Boya
- Centro Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - V Labrador
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - C G Dotti
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - M D Ledesma
- Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid 28049, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
186
|
Wilkars W, Wollberg J, Mohr E, Han M, Chetkovich DM, Bähring R, Bender RA. Nedd4‐2 regulates surface expression and may affect
N
‐glycosylation of hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN)‐1 channels. FASEB J 2014; 28:2177-90. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-242032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Wilkars
- Institute of NeuroanatomyUniversity of Hamburg Medical CenterHamburgGermany
| | - Jessica Wollberg
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Hamburg Medical CenterHamburgGermany
| | - Evita Mohr
- Institute of NeuroanatomyUniversity of Hamburg Medical CenterHamburgGermany
| | - Mieri Han
- Institute of NeuroanatomyUniversity of Hamburg Medical CenterHamburgGermany
| | - Dane M. Chetkovich
- Davee Department of Neurology and Clinical NeurosciencesNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
- Department of PhysiologyNorthwestern University Feinberg School of MedicineChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Robert Bähring
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Hamburg Medical CenterHamburgGermany
| | - Roland A. Bender
- Institute of NeuroanatomyUniversity of Hamburg Medical CenterHamburgGermany
| |
Collapse
|
187
|
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A-Stimulated Signaling from Endosomes in Primary Endothelial Cells. Methods Enzymol 2014; 535:265-92. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397925-4.00016-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
188
|
Ceresa BP, Peterson JL. Cell and molecular biology of epidermal growth factor receptor. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 313:145-78. [PMID: 25376492 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800177-6.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been one of the most intensely studied cell surface receptors due to its well-established roles in developmental biology, tissue homeostasis, and cancer biology. The EGFR has been critical for creating paradigms for numerous aspects of cell biology, such as ligand binding, signal transduction, and membrane trafficking. Despite this history of discovery, there is a continual stream of evidence that only the surface has been scratched. New ways of receptor regulation continue to be identified, each of which is a potential molecular target for manipulating EGFR signaling and the resultant changes in cell and tissue biology. This chapter is an update on EGFR-mediated signaling, and describes some recent developments in the regulation of receptor biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Ceresa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Joanne L Peterson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
189
|
Piper RC, Dikic I, Lukacs GL. Ubiquitin-dependent sorting in endocytosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:6/1/a016808. [PMID: 24384571 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
When ubiquitin (Ub) is attached to membrane proteins on the plasma membrane, it directs them through a series of sorting steps that culminate in their delivery to the lumen of the lysosome where they undergo complete proteolysis. Ubiquitin is recognized by a series of complexes that operate at a number of vesicle transport steps. Ubiquitin serves as a sorting signal for internalization at the plasma membrane and is the major signal for incorporation into intraluminal vesicles of multivesicular late endosomes. The sorting machineries that catalyze these steps can bind Ub via a variety of Ub-binding domains. At the same time, many of these complexes are themselves ubiquitinated, thus providing a plethora of potential mechanisms to regulate their activity. Here we provide an overview of how membrane proteins are selected for ubiquitination and deubiquitination within the endocytic pathway and how that ubiquitin signal is interpreted by endocytic sorting machineries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Piper
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
190
|
Yuan Y, Chen S, Paunesku T, Gleber SC, Liu WC, Doty CB, Mak R, Deng J, Jin Q, Lai B, Brister K, Flachenecker C, Jacobsen C, Vogt S, Woloschak GE. Epidermal growth factor receptor targeted nuclear delivery and high-resolution whole cell X-ray imaging of Fe3O4@TiO2 nanoparticles in cancer cells. ACS NANO 2013; 7:10502-17. [PMID: 24219664 PMCID: PMC3919441 DOI: 10.1021/nn4033294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Sequestration within the cytoplasm often limits the efficacy of therapeutic nanoparticles that have specific subcellular targets. To allow for both cellular and subcellular nanoparticle delivery, we have created epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted Fe3O4@TiO2 nanoparticles that use the native intracellular trafficking of EGFR to improve internalization and nuclear translocation in EGFR-expressing HeLa cells. While bound to EGFR, these nanoparticles do not interfere with the interaction between EGFR and karyopherin-β, a protein that is critical for the translocation of ligand-bound EGFR to the nucleus. Thus, a portion of the EGFR-targeted nanoparticles taken up by the cells also reaches cell nuclei. We were able to track nanoparticle accumulation in cells by flow cytometry and nanoparticle subcellular distribution by confocal fluorescent microscopy indirectly, using fluorescently labeled nanoparticles. More importantly, we imaged and quantified intracellular nanoparticles directly, by their elemental signatures, using X-ray fluorescence microscopy at the Bionanoprobe, the first instrument of its kind in the world. The Bionanoprobe can focus hard X-rays down to a 30 nm spot size to map the positions of chemical elements tomographically within whole frozen-hydrated cells. Finally, we show that photoactivation of targeted nanoparticles in cell nuclei, dependent on successful EGFR nuclear accumulation, induces significantly more double-stranded DNA breaks than photoactivation of nanoparticles that remain exclusively in the cytoplasm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Si Chen
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | | | - William C. Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Caroline B. Doty
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Rachel Mak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Junjing Deng
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Qiaoling Jin
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Barry Lai
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Keith Brister
- Northwestern Synchrotron Research Center, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | | | - Chris Jacobsen
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Stefan Vogt
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Gayle E. Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| |
Collapse
|
191
|
Sirisaengtaksin N, Gireud M, Yan Q, Kubota Y, Meza D, Waymire JC, Zage PE, Bean AJ. UBE4B protein couples ubiquitination and sorting machineries to enable epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) degradation. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3026-39. [PMID: 24344129 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.495671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The signaling of plasma membrane proteins is tuned by internalization and sorting in the endocytic pathway prior to recycling or degradation in lysosomes. Ubiquitin modification allows recognition and association of cargo with endosomally associated protein complexes, enabling sorting of proteins to be degraded from those to be recycled. The mechanism that provides coordination between the cellular machineries that mediate ubiquitination and endosomal sorting is unknown. We report that the ubiquitin ligase UBE4B is recruited to endosomes in response to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) activation by binding to Hrs, a key component of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) 0. We identify the EGFR as a substrate for UBE4B, establish UBE4B as a regulator of EGFR degradation, and describe a mechanism by which UBE4B regulates endosomal sorting, affecting cellular levels of the EGFR and its downstream signaling. We propose a model in which the coordinated action of UBE4B, ESCRT-0, and the deubiquitinating enzyme USP8 enable the endosomal sorting and lysosomal degradation of the EGFR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Sirisaengtaksin
- From the Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy and the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
192
|
De Cesare M, Lauricella C, Veronese SM, Cominetti D, Pisano C, Zunino F, Zaffaroni N, Zuco V. Synergistic antitumor activity of cetuximab and namitecan in human squamous cell carcinoma models relies on cooperative inhibition of EGFR expression and depends on high EGFR gene copy number. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 20:995-1006. [PMID: 24327272 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-13-1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite the frequent overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), the efficacy of cetuximab alone is limited. Given the marked activity of namitecan, a hydrophilic camptothecin, against SCC models, the present study was performed to explore the efficacy of the cetuximab-namitecan combination in a panel of SCC models. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We examined the antiproliferative and antitumor activities of the cetuximab-namitecan combination in four SCC models characterized by a different EGFR gene copy number/EGFR protein level. We also assessed the effects of the combination on EGFR expression at both mRNA and protein levels and investigated the molecular basis of the interaction between the two agents. RESULTS Cetuximab and namitecan exhibited synergistic effects, resulting in potentiation of cell growth inhibition and, most importantly, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, with high cure rates in three SCC models characterized by high EGFR gene copy number, without increasing toxicity. The synergistic antitumor effect was also observed with the cetuximab-irinotecan combination. At the molecular level, the two agents produced a cooperative effect resulting in complete downregulation of EGFR. Interestingly, when singly administered, the camptothecin was able to strongly decrease EGFR expression mainly by transcriptional inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our results (i) demonstrate a marked efficacy of the cetuximab-namitecan combination, which reflects a complete abrogation of EGFR expression as a critical determinant of the therapeutic improvement, in SCC preclinical models, and (ii) suggest EGFR gene copy number as a possible marker to be used for patient selection in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelandrea De Cesare
- Authors' Affiliations: Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori; Molecular Pathology Unit, Ospedale Niguarda Ca' Grande, Milan; and Sigma-Tau S.p.A., Pomezia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
193
|
Baisa GA, Mayers JR, Bednarek SY. Budding and braking news about clathrin-mediated endocytosis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:718-25. [PMID: 24139529 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) is the predominate mechanism of endocytosis in eukaryotes, but an understanding of this mechanism in plants has lagged behind yeast and mammalian systems. The generation of Arabidopsis mutant libraries, and the development of the molecular tools and equipment necessary to characterize these plant lines has led to an astonishing number of new insights into the mechanisms of membrane trafficking in plants. Over the past few years progress has been made on identifying, and in some instances confirming, the core components of CME in plants. This review focuses on the recent progress made in the understanding of the mechanism and regulation of CME in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Baisa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 433 Babcock Drive, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
194
|
Something old, something new and something borrowed: emerging paradigm of insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) signaling regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:2403-27. [PMID: 24276851 PMCID: PMC4055838 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1514-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like growth factor type 1 receptor (IGF-1R) plays a key role in the development and progression of cancer; however, therapeutics targeting it have had disappointing results in the clinic. As a receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), IGF-1R is traditionally described as an ON/OFF system, with ligand stabilizing the ON state and exclusive kinase-dependent signaling activation. Newly added to the traditional model, ubiquitin-mediated receptor downregulation and degradation was originally described as a response to ligand/receptor interaction and thus inseparable from kinase signaling activation. Yet, the classical model has proven over-simplified and insufficient to explain experimental evidence accumulated over the last decade, including kinase-independent signaling, unbalanced signaling, or dissociation between signaling and receptor downregulation. Based on the recent findings that IGF-1R “borrows” components of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling, including β-arrestins and G-protein-related kinases, we discuss the emerging paradigm for the IGF-1R as a functional RTK/GPCR hybrid, which integrates the kinase signaling with the IGF-1R canonical GPCR characteristics. The contradictions to the classical IGF-1R signaling concept as well as the design of anti-IGF-1R therapeutics treatment are considered in the light of this paradigm shift and we advocate recognition of IGF-1R as a valid target for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
195
|
p38-Mediated phosphorylation of Eps15 endocytic adaptor protein. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:131-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
196
|
Roskoski R. The ErbB/HER family of protein-tyrosine kinases and cancer. Pharmacol Res 2013; 79:34-74. [PMID: 24269963 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 893] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family consists of four members that belong to the ErbB lineage of proteins (ErbB1-4). These receptors consist of a glycosylated extracellular domain, a single hydrophobic transmembrane segment, and an intracellular portion with a juxtamembrane segment, a protein kinase domain, and a carboxyterminal tail. Seven ligands bind to EGFR including epidermal growth factor and transforming growth factor α, none bind to ErbB2, two bind to ErbB3, and seven ligands bind to ErbB4. The ErbB proteins function as homo and heterodimers. The heterodimer consisting of ErbB2, which lacks a ligand, and ErbB3, which is kinase impaired, is surprisingly the most robust signaling complex of the ErbB family. Growth factor binding to EGFR induces a large conformational change in the extracellular domain, which leads to the exposure of a dimerization arm in domain II of the extracellular segment. Two ligand-EGFR complexes unite to form a back-to-back dimer in which the ligands are on opposite sides of the aggregate. Following ligand binding, EGFR intracellular kinase domains form an asymmetric homodimer that resembles the heterodimer formed by cyclin and cyclin-dependent kinase. The carboxyterminal lobe of the activator kinase of the dimer interacts with the amino-terminal lobe of the receiver kinase thereby leading to its allosteric stimulation. Downstream ErbB signaling modules include the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt (PKB) pathway, the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK1/2 pathway, and the phospholipase C (PLCγ) pathway. Several malignancies are associated with the mutation or increased expression of members of the ErbB family including lung, breast, stomach, colorectal, head and neck, and pancreatic carcinomas and glioblastoma (a brain tumor). Gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib are orally effective protein-kinase targeted quinazoline derivatives that are used in the treatment of ERBB1-mutant lung cancer. Lapatinib is an orally effective quinazoline derivative used in the treatment of ErbB2-overexpressing breast cancer. Trastuzumab, pertuzumab, and ado-trastuzumab emtansine, which are given intravenously, are monoclonal antibodies that target the extracellular domain and are used for the treatment of ErbB2-positive breast cancer; ado-trastuzumab emtansine is an antibody-drug conjugate that delivers a cytotoxic drug to cells overexpressing ErbB2. Cetuximab and panitumumab are monoclonal antibodies that target ErbB1 and are used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Cancers treated with these targeted drugs eventually become resistant to them. The role of combinations of targeted drugs or targeted drugs with cytotoxic therapies is being explored in an effort to prevent or delay drug resistance in the treatment of these malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Roskoski
- Blue Ridge Institute for Medical Research, 3754 Brevard Road, Suite 116, Box 19, Horse Shoe, NC 28742, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
197
|
RSK2 regulates endocytosis of FGF receptor 1 by phosphorylation on serine 789. Oncogene 2013; 33:4823-36. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
198
|
Shiba Y, Kametaka S, Waguri S, Presley JF, Randazzo PA. ArfGAP3 regulates the transport of cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor in the post-Golgi compartment. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1945-51. [PMID: 24076238 PMCID: PMC3795807 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
ArfGAPs are known to be involved in cargo sorting in COPI transport. However, the role of ArfGAPs in post-Golgi membrane traffic has not been defined. To determine the function of ArfGAPs in post-Golgi traffic, we used small interfering RNA to examine each of 25 ArfGAPs for effects on cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CIMPR) localization. We found that downregulation of ArfGAP3 resulted in the peripheral localization of CIMPR. The effect was specific for ArfGAP3 and dependent on its GAP activity, because the phenotype was rescued by ArfGAP3 but not by ArfGAP1, ArfGAP2, or the GAP domain mutants of ArfGAP3. ArfGAP3 localized to the trans-Golgi network and early endosomes. In cells with reduced expression of ArfGAP3, Cathepsin D maturation was slowed and its secretion was accelerated. Also retrograde transport from the endosomes to the trans-Golgi network of endogenous CIMPR, but not truncated CIMPR lacking the luminal domain, was perturbed in cells with reduced expression of ArfGAP3. Furthermore the exit of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) from the early endosomes and degradation of EGFR after EGF stimulation was slowed in cells with reduced expression of ArfGAP3. ArfGAP3 associates with Golgi-localized, γ-ear-containing, ADP-ribosylation factor binding proteins (GGAs), and ArfGAP3 knockdown reduces membrane association of GGAs. A possible mechanism explaining our results is that ArfGAP3 regulates transport from early endosomes to late endosomes. We suggest a model in which ArfGAP3 regulates Golgi association of GGA clathrin adaptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shiba
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Satoshi Kametaka
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Waguri
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - John F. Presley
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Paul Agostino Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
199
|
Rudolf R, Bogomolovas J, Strack S, Choi KR, Khan MM, Wagner A, Brohm K, Hanashima A, Gasch A, Labeit D, Labeit S. Regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor turnover by MuRF1 connects muscle activity to endo/lysosomal and atrophy pathways. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:1663-1674. [PMID: 22956146 PMCID: PMC3776120 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9468-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Muscle atrophy is a process of muscle wasting induced under a series of catabolic stress conditions, such as denervation, disuse, cancer cachexia, heart and renal failure, AIDS, and aging. Neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), the synapses between motor neurons and muscle fibers undergo major changes in atrophying muscles, ranging from mild morphological alterations to complete disintegration. In this study, we hypothesized that remodeling of NMJs and muscle atrophy could be linked together. To test this, we examined if a major atrophy-promoting E3 ubiquitin ligase, MuRF1, is involved in the maintenance of NMJs. Immunofluorescence revealed that MuRF1 is highly enriched close to the NMJ. Affinity precipitation and in vivo imaging showed that MuRF1 interacts in endocytic structures with both, acetylcholine receptor, the primary postsynaptic protein of the NMJ, as well as with Bif-1, an autophagy- and endocytosis-regulating factor. In vivo imaging, radio labeling, and weighing approaches demonstrated that metabolic destabilization of acetylcholine receptors and muscle atrophy induced by denervation were significantly rescued in MuRF1-KO animals. Notably, interaction with Bif-1, and the rescue of AChR lifetime and muscle atrophy were specific to MuRF1 but not MuRF2. Our data demonstrate an involvement of MuRF1 in membrane protein-turnover, including the degradation of AChRs at the NMJ under atrophying conditions where MuRF1 also interacts and associates with Bif-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Rudolf
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Windeckstrasse 110, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Heidelberg and University of Applied Sciences Mannheim, Paul-Wittsack-Strasse 10, 68163 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Department for Integrative Pathophysiology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Siegfried Strack
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kyeong-Rok Choi
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Muzamil Majid Khan
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anika Wagner
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Brohm
- Department for Integrative Pathophysiology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Akira Hanashima
- Department for Integrative Pathophysiology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Gasch
- Department for Integrative Pathophysiology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Dittmar Labeit
- Department for Integrative Pathophysiology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Siegfried Labeit
- Department for Integrative Pathophysiology, Universitätsmedizin Mannheim, Theodor-Kutzer-Ufer, 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
200
|
A BRISC-SHMT complex deubiquitinates IFNAR1 and regulates interferon responses. Cell Rep 2013; 5:180-93. [PMID: 24075985 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2013.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine63-linked ubiquitin (K63-Ub) chains represent a particular ubiquitin topology that mediates proteasome-independent signaling events. The deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) BRCC36 segregates into distinct nuclear and cytoplasmic complexes that are specific for K63-Ub hydrolysis. RAP80 targets the five-member nuclear BRCC36 complex to K63-Ub chains at DNA double-strand breaks. The alternative four-member BRCC36 containing complex (BRISC) lacks a known targeting moiety. Here, we identify serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) as a previously unappreciated component that fulfills this function. SHMT directs BRISC activity at K63-Ub chains conjugated to the type 1 interferon (IFN) receptor chain 1 (IFNAR1). BRISC-SHMT2 complexes localize to and deubiquitinate actively engaged IFNAR1, thus limiting its K63-Ub-mediated internalization and lysosomal degradation. BRISC-deficient cells and mice exhibit attenuated responses to IFN and are protected from IFN-associated immunopathology. These studies reveal a mechanism of DUB regulation and suggest a therapeutic use of BRISC inhibitors for treating pathophysiological processes driven by elevated IFN responses.
Collapse
|