151
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Liu Z, Cai H, Dang Y, Qiu C, Wang J. Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels and cardiomyopathies (Review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 13:1447-54. [PMID: 26707080 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyopathies have been indicated to be one of the leading causes of heart failure. Though it was indicated that genetic defects, viral infection and trace element deficiency were among the causes of cardiomyopathy, the etiology has remained to be fully elucidated. Cardiomyocytes require large amounts of energy to maintain their normal biological functions. Adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels (KATP), composed of inward-rectifier potassium ion channel and sulfonylurea receptor subunits, are present on the cell surface and mitochondrial membrane of cardiac muscle cells. As metabolic sensors sensitive to changes in intracellular energy levels, KATP adapt electrical activities to metabolic challenges, maintaining normal biological functions of myocytes. It is implied that malfunctions, mutations and altered expression of KATP are associated with the pathogenesis of conditions including c hypertrophy, diabetes as well as dilated, ischemic and endemic cardiomyopathy. However, the current knowledge is only the tip of the iceberg and the roles of KATP in cardiomyopathies largely remain to be elucidated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
| | - Hui Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Dang
- College of Medicine and Forensics, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Chuan Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans 70112‑2705, LA, USA
| | - Junkui Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710068, P.R. China
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152
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Gennai S, Maignan M, Schmidt MH, Guergour D, Briot R. Post-conditioning with Cyclosporine A after a 24-hour cold ischemia in ex vivo reperfused pig lungs. Exp Lung Res 2015; 41:554-63. [PMID: 26651883 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2015.1120817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of 1 and 5 μM of Cyclosporine A (CsA), administered 24 hours after a cold ischemic period, in an ex vivo reperfused pig lung model. METHODS The experiments were performed in 15 pigs. Each pair of lungs was surgically separated. Extracorporeal perfusion and mechanical ventilation were started after a cold ischemia of 2 hours for one lung and 24 hours for the contralateral. We constituted three groups (n = 5 each): two groups for which the lung underwent a 24-hour ischemia received either 1 or 5 μM of CsA at the time of reperfusion, and a control group without CsA. For each group, lungs undergoing a 2-hour ischemia did not receive CsA. RESULTS Reperfusion with either CsA increased the PO2 levels in a dose dependent manner, and reduced concentrations of the receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, compared to the control. The pulmonary arterial pressure, the capillary pressure, and the pulmonary vascular resistances were not increased, even with 5 μM of CsA. No significant change was shown on cytokines levels. DISCUSSION Postconditioning with CsA improves lung function, after a 24-hour cold ischemic period. Either 1 or 5 μM seemed to be safe regarding the pulmonary vascular pressures and resistances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Gennai
- a Emergency Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble Cedex, France.,b TIMC IMAG Laboratory , Domaine de la Merci , La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Maxime Maignan
- a Emergency Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble Cedex, France.,b TIMC IMAG Laboratory , Domaine de la Merci , La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Helene Schmidt
- a Emergency Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble Cedex, France.,b TIMC IMAG Laboratory , Domaine de la Merci , La Tronche Cedex, France
| | - Dorra Guergour
- c Biochemistry Laboratory , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble Cedex, France
| | - Raphaël Briot
- a Emergency Department , Grenoble University Hospital , Grenoble Cedex, France.,b TIMC IMAG Laboratory , Domaine de la Merci , La Tronche Cedex, France
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153
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Kudenchuk PJ, Sandroni C, Drinhaus HR, Böttiger BW, Cariou A, Sunde K, Dworschak M, Taccone FS, Deye N, Friberg H, Laureys S, Ledoux D, Oddo M, Legriel S, Hantson P, Diehl JL, Laterre PF. Breakthrough in cardiac arrest: reports from the 4th Paris International Conference. Ann Intensive Care 2015; 5:22. [PMID: 26380990 PMCID: PMC4573754 DOI: 10.1186/s13613-015-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Jean-Luc Diehl The French Intensive Care Society organized on 5th and 6th June 2014 its 4th "Paris International Conference in Intensive Care", whose principle is to bring together the best international experts on a hot topic in critical care medicine. The 2014 theme was "Breakthrough in cardiac arrest", with many high-quality updates on epidemiology, public health data, pre-hospital and in-ICU cares. The present review includes short summaries of the major presentations, classified into six main chapters: Epidemiology of CA Pre-hospital management Post-resuscitation management: targeted temperature management Post-resuscitation management: optimizing organ perfusion and metabolic parameters Neurological assessment of brain damages Public healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claudio Sandroni
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Catholic University School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
| | - Hendrik R Drinhaus
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Koeln, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Bernd W Böttiger
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University of Koeln, Cologne, Germany.
| | - Alain Cariou
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Cochin Hospital, Paris, France.
- Paris Descartes University and Sorbonne Paris Cité-Medical School and INSERM U970 (Team 4), Cardiovascular Research Center, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris, France.
| | - Kjetil Sunde
- Division of Emergencies and Critical Care, Department of Anaesthesiology, Surgical Intensive Care Unit Ullevål, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Martin Dworschak
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Vienna General Hospital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fabio Silvio Taccone
- Department of Intensive Care, Laboratoire de Recherche Experimentale, Erasme Hospital, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nicolas Deye
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, Lariboisière University Hospital, Inserm U942, Paris, France.
| | - Hans Friberg
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Steven Laureys
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège and Liège 2 Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Didier Ledoux
- Coma Science Group, Cyclotron Research Centre, University of Liège and Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - Mauro Oddo
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, CHUV-University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Stéphane Legriel
- Intensive Care Unit, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France.
| | - Philippe Hantson
- Department of Intensive Care, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jean-Luc Diehl
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, AP-HP, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris Descartes University and Sorbonne Paris Cité-Medical School, Paris, France.
| | - Pierre-Francois Laterre
- Department of Intensive Care, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université Catholique de Louvain Brussels, Brussels, Belgium.
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154
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Lam CK, Zhao W, Liu GS, Cai WF, Gardner G, Adly G, Kranias EG. HAX-1 regulates cyclophilin-D levels and mitochondria permeability transition pore in the heart. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E6466-75. [PMID: 26553996 PMCID: PMC4664353 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508760112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major underpinning of massive cell death associated with myocardial infarction involves opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), resulting in disruption of mitochondria membrane integrity and programmed necrosis. Studies in human lymphocytes suggested that the hematopoietic-substrate-1 associated protein X-1 (HAX-1) is linked to regulation of mitochondrial membrane function, but its role in controlling mPTP activity remains obscure. Herein we used models with altered HAX-1 expression levels in the heart and uncovered an unexpected role of HAX-1 in regulation of mPTP and cardiomyocyte survival. Cardiac-specific HAX-1 overexpression was associated with resistance against loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, induced by oxidative stress, whereas HAX-1 heterozygous deficiency exacerbated vulnerability. The protective effects of HAX-1 were attributed to specific down-regulation of cyclophilin-D levels leading to reduction in mPTP activation. Accordingly, cyclophilin-D and mPTP were increased in heterozygous hearts, but genetic ablation of cyclophilin-D in these hearts significantly alleviated their susceptibility to ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mechanistically, alterations in cyclophilin-D levels by HAX-1 were contributed by the ubiquitin-proteosomal degradation pathway. HAX-1 overexpression enhanced cyclophilin-D ubiquitination, whereas proteosomal inhibition restored cyclophilin-D levels. The regulatory effects of HAX-1 were mediated through interference of cyclophilin-D binding to heat shock protein-90 (Hsp90) in mitochondria, rendering it susceptible to degradation. Accordingly, enhanced Hsp90 expression in HAX-1 overexpressing cardiomyocytes increased cyclophilin-D levels, as well as mPTP activation upon oxidative stress. Taken together, our findings reveal the role of HAX-1 in regulating cyclophilin-D levels via an Hsp90-dependent mechanism, resulting in protection against activation of mPTP and subsequent cell death responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Keung Lam
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575
| | - Guan-Sheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575
| | - Wen-Feng Cai
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575
| | - George Gardner
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575
| | - George Adly
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575
| | - Evangelia G Kranias
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0575
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155
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Korotkov SM, Konovalova SA, Brailovskaya IV. Diamide accelerates opening of the Tl(+)-induced permeability transition pore in Ca(2+)-loaded rat liver mitochondria. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:360-4. [PMID: 26518646 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in the inner membrane is due to matrix Ca(2+) overload and matrix glutathione loss. Fixing the 'm' conformation of the adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT) by ADP or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) inhibits opening of the MPTP. Oxidants (diamide or tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP)) fix the ANT in 'c' conformation, and the ability of ADP to inhibit the MPTP is thus attenuated. Earlier we found (Korotkov and Saris, 2011) that calcium load of rat liver mitochondria resulted in Tl(+)-induced MPTP opening, which was accompanied by a decrease in state 3, state 4, and 2,4-dinitrophenol-uncoupled respiration, as well as increased swelling and membrane potential dissipation. These effects, which were increased by diamide and tBHP, were visibly reduced in the presence of the MPTP inhibitors (ADP, NEM, and cyclosporine A). Our data suggest that conformational changes of the ANT and matrix glutathione loss may be directly involved in opening the Tl(+)-induced MPTP in the inner membrane of Ca(2+)-loaded rat liver mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey M Korotkov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia.
| | - Svetlana A Konovalova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina V Brailovskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, The Russian Academy of Sciences, Thorez pr. 44, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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156
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Zhou C, Chen Z, Lu X, Wu H, Yang Q, Xu D. Icaritin activates JNK-dependent mPTP necrosis pathway in colorectal cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:3135-44. [PMID: 26427664 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-4134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The colorectal cancer (CRC) is one leading contributor of cancer-related mortality worldwide. The search for effective anti-CRC agents is valuable. In the current study, we showed that icaritin (ICT), an active natural ingredient from the Chinese plant Epimedium, potently inhibited proliferation and survival of established (HT-29, HCT-116, DLD-1, and SW-620) and primary (patient-derived) CRC cells. Significantly, ICT mainly induced necrosis, but not apoptosis, in CRC cells. The necrosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 attenuated ICT-mediated cytotoxicity in CRC cells. We showed that ICT treatment in CRC cells induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, which was evidenced by mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) decrease and mitochondrial adenine nucleotide translocator-1 (ANT-1)-cyclophilin-D (CyPD) association. On the other hand, mPTP blockers, including sanglifehrin A, cyclosporin A, and bongkrekic acid, as well as siRNA-mediated knockdown of mPTP component (CyPD or ANT-1), significantly alleviated ICT-mediated cytotoxicity against CRC cells. We suggested that Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation by ICT mediated mPTP opening and subsequent CRC cell necrosis. JNK pharmacological inhibition, dominant negative mutation, or shRNA downregulation suppressed ICT-induced MMP reduction and subsequent HT-29 cell necrosis. In vivo, oral gavage of ICT dramatically inhibited HT-29 xenograft growth in nude mice. The in vivo activity by ICT was largely attenuated by co-administration with the mPTP blocker CsA. Collectively, our results showed that ICT exerts potent inhibitory effect against CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. JNK-dependent mPTP necrosis pathway could be key mechanism responsible for ICT's actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxian Zhou
- Department of Interventional Radiology, WuJiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, No. 169 Park Road, Songling Town, WuJiang, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Zhengrong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Xingsheng Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery of Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, WuJiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, No. 169 Park Road, Songling Town, WuJiang, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Qunying Yang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, WuJiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, No. 169 Park Road, Songling Town, WuJiang, Suzhou, 215200, China
| | - Dongfeng Xu
- Department of Interventional Radiology, WuJiang Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, No. 169 Park Road, Songling Town, WuJiang, Suzhou, 215200, China.
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157
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Tower J. Programmed cell death in aging. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 23:90-100. [PMID: 25862945 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, including apoptosis and regulated necrosis, are required for normal cell turnover and tissue homeostasis. Mis-regulation of PCD is increasingly implicated in aging and aging-related disease. During aging the cell turnover rate declines for several highly-mitotic tissues. Aging-associated disruptions in systemic and inter-cell signaling combined with cell-autonomous damage and mitochondrial malfunction result in increased PCD in some cell types, and decreased PCD in other cell types. Increased PCD during aging is implicated in immune system decline, skeletal muscle wasting (sarcopenia), loss of cells in the heart, and neurodegenerative disease. In contrast, cancer cells and senescent cells are resistant to PCD, enabling them to increase in abundance during aging. PCD pathways limit life span in fungi, but whether PCD pathways normally limit adult metazoan life span is not yet clear. PCD is regulated by a balance of negative and positive factors, including the mitochondria, which are particularly subject to aging-associated malfunction.
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158
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The growing importance of mitochondrial calcium in health and disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:11150-1. [PMID: 26311848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514284112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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159
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Gong G, Liu X, Zhang H, Sheu SS, Wang W. Mitochondrial flash as a novel biomarker of mitochondrial respiration in the heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1166-77. [PMID: 26276820 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00462.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial respiration through electron transport chain (ETC) activity generates ATP and reactive oxygen species in eukaryotic cells. The modulation of mitochondrial respiration in vivo or under physiological conditions remains elusive largely due to the lack of appropriate approach to monitor ETC activity in a real-time manner. Here, we show that ETC-coupled mitochondrial flash is a novel biomarker for monitoring mitochondrial respiration under pathophysiological conditions in cultured adult cardiac myocyte and perfused beating heart. Through real-time confocal imaging, we follow the frequency of a transient bursting fluorescent signal, named mitochondrial flash, from individual mitochondria within intact cells expressing a mitochondrial matrix-targeted probe, mt-cpYFP (mitochondrial-circularly permuted yellow fluorescent protein). This mt-cpYFP recorded mitochondrial flash has been shown to be composed of a major superoxide signal with a minor alkalization signal within the mitochondrial matrix. Through manipulating physiological substrates for mitochondrial respiration, we find a close coupling between flash frequency and the ETC electron flow, as measured by oxygen consumption rate in cardiac myocyte. Stimulating electron flow under physiological conditions increases flash frequency. On the other hand, partially block or slowdown electron flow by inhibiting the F0F1 ATPase, which represents a pathological condition, transiently increases then decreases flash frequency. Limiting electron entrance at complex I by knocking out Ndufs4, an assembling subunit of complex I, suppresses mitochondrial flash activity. These results suggest that mitochondrial electron flow can be monitored by real-time imaging of mitochondrial flash. The mitochondrial flash frequency could be used as a novel biomarker for mitochondrial respiration under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Gong
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Xiaoyun Liu
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Huiliang Zhang
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
| | - Shey-Shing Sheu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Philadelphia
| | - Wang Wang
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
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160
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Gainutdinov T, Molkentin JD, Siemen D, Ziemer M, Debska-Vielhaber G, Vielhaber S, Gizatullina Z, Orynbayeva Z, Gellerich FN. Knockout of cyclophilin D in Ppif⁻/⁻ mice increases stability of brain mitochondria against Ca²⁺ stress. Arch Biochem Biophys 2015; 579:40-6. [PMID: 26032335 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondrial peptidyl prolyl isomerase cyclophilin D (CypD) activates permeability transition (PT). To study the role of CypD in this process we compared the functions of brain mitochondria isolated from wild type (BMWT) and CypD knockout (Ppif(-/-)) mice (BMKO) with and without CypD inhibitor Cyclosporin A (CsA) under normal and Ca(2+) stress conditions. Our data demonstrate that BMKO are characterized by higher rates of glutamate/malate-dependent oxidative phosphorylation, higher membrane potential and higher resistance to detrimental Ca(2+) effects than BMWT. Under the elevated Ca(2+) and correspondingly decreased membrane potential the dose response in BMKO shifts to higher Ca(2+) concentrations as compared to BMWT. However, significantly high Ca(2+) levels result in complete loss of membrane potential in BMKO, too. CsA diminishes the loss of membrane potential in BMWT but has no protecting effect in BMKO. The results are in line with the assumption that PT is regulated by CypD under the control of matrix Ca(2+). Due to missing of CypD the BMKO can favor PT only at high Ca(2+) concentrations. It is concluded that CypD sensitizes the brain mitochondria to PT, and its inhibition by CsA or CypD absence improves the complex I-related mitochondrial function and increases mitochondria stability against Ca(2+) stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Gainutdinov
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany; Institute of Ecology and Use of Mineral Resources, Academy of Sciences of Tatarstan, Kazan 420087, Russian Federation
| | - J D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - D Siemen
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - M Ziemer
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - G Debska-Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - S Vielhaber
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - Z Gizatullina
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brennecke Str. 6, Magdeburg D-39118, Germany
| | - Z Orynbayeva
- Department of Surgery, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - F N Gellerich
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Brennecke Str. 6, Magdeburg D-39118, Germany.
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161
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Ying L, Chunxia Y, Wei L. Inhibition of ovarian cancer cell growth by a novel TAK1 inhibitor LYTAK1. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 76:641-50. [PMID: 26228528 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2822-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Transforming growth factor-β-activating kinase 1 (TAK1) has been implicated in promoting ovarian cancer progression. Here, we evaluated the anti-ovarian cancer effect of LYTAK1, a novel and specific TAK1 inhibitor. METHODS Established or primary human ovarian cancer cells were treated with LYTAK1, and its cytotoxicity and underlying mechanisms were analyzed using in vitro and in vivo assays. RESULTS We demonstrated that LYTAK1 blocked TAK1-nuclear factor kappa B activation, and potently inhibited growth of established (SKOV3, CaOV3 and A2780 lines) or primary (patient-derived) human ovarian cancer cells, where TAK1 was over-expressed and over-activated. While the normal ovarian epithelial cells (IOSE-80), with low TAK1 expression, were minimally affected by the same LYTAK1 treatment. In ovarian cancer cells, LYTAK1 mainly induced necrosis (but not apoptosis), which was associated with mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, the latter was evidenced by mitochondrial membrane potential reduction. Inhibition of mPTP, either by its inhibitor sanglifehrin A or cyclosporine A, as well as by siRNA-mediated knockdown of cyclophilin-D or voltage-dependent anion channel, attenuated LYTAK1-induced necrosis and cytotoxicity in ovarian cancer cells. In vivo, LYTAK1 oral administration suppressed growth of SKOV3 xenografts in nude mice, and its activity could be further enhanced by co-treatment of paclitaxel (Taxol). CONCLUSIONS These data reveal the therapeutic potential of LYTAK1 as an agent targeting the pro-oncogenic TAK1 in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Ying
- Central Laboratory, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
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162
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Greene NP, Lee DE, Brown JL, Rosa ME, Brown LA, Perry RA, Henry JN, Washington TA. Mitochondrial quality control, promoted by PGC-1α, is dysregulated by Western diet-induced obesity and partially restored by moderate physical activity in mice. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/7/e12470. [PMID: 26177961 PMCID: PMC4552545 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle mitochondrial degeneration is a hallmark of insulin resistance/obesity marked by lost function, enhanced ROS emission, and altered morphology which may be ameliorated by physical activity (PA). However, no prior report has examined mitochondrial quality control regulation throughout biogenesis, fusion/fission dynamics, autophagy, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) in obesity. Therefore, we determined how each process is impacted by Western diet (WD)-induced obesity and whether voluntary PA may alleviate derangements in mitochondrial quality control mechanisms. Despite greater mitochondrial content following WD (COX-IV and Cytochrome C), induction of biogenesis controllers appears impaired (failed induction of PGC-1α). Mitochondrial fusion seems diminished (reduced MFN2, Opa1 proteins), with no significant changes in fission, suggesting a shift in balance of dynamics regulation favoring fission. Autophagy flux was promoted in WD (reduced p62, increased LC3II:I ratio); however, mitophagy marker BNIP3 is reduced in WD which may indicate reduced mitophagy despite enhanced total autophagy flux. MPTP regulator Ant mRNA is reduced by WD. Few processes were impacted by physical activity. Finally, mitochondrial quality control processes are partially promoted by PGC-1α, as PGC-1α transgenic mice display elevated mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy flux. Additionally, these mice exhibit elevated Mfn1 and Opa1 mRNA, with no change in protein content suggesting these factors are transcriptionally promoted by PGC-1α overexpression. These data demonstrate dysfunctions across mitochondrial quality control in obesity and that PGC-1α is sufficient to promote multiple, but not necessarily all, aspects of mitochondrial quality control. Mitochondrial quality control may therefore be an opportune target to therapeutically treat metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Greene
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - David E Lee
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Jacob L Brown
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Megan E Rosa
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Lemuel A Brown
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Richard A Perry
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Jordyn N Henry
- Integrative Muscle Metabolism Laboratory, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Tyrone A Washington
- Exercise Muscle Biology Laboratory, Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health, Human Performance and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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Luongo TS, Lambert JP, Yuan A, Zhang X, Gross P, Song J, Shanmughapriya S, Gao E, Jain M, Houser SR, Koch WJ, Cheung JY, Madesh M, Elrod JW. The Mitochondrial Calcium Uniporter Matches Energetic Supply with Cardiac Workload during Stress and Modulates Permeability Transition. Cell Rep 2015; 12:23-34. [PMID: 26119731 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac contractility is mediated by a variable flux in intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)), thought to be integrated into mitochondria via the mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) channel to match energetic demand. Here, we examine a conditional, cardiomyocyte-specific, mutant mouse lacking Mcu, the pore-forming subunit of the MCU channel, in adulthood. Mcu(-/-) mice display no overt baseline phenotype and are protected against mCa(2+) overload in an in vivo myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury model by preventing the activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, decreasing infarct size, and preserving cardiac function. In addition, we find that Mcu(-/-) mice lack contractile responsiveness to acute β-adrenergic receptor stimulation and in parallel are unable to activate mitochondrial dehydrogenases and display reduced bioenergetic reserve capacity. These results support the hypothesis that MCU may be dispensable for homeostatic cardiac function but required to modulate Ca(2+)-dependent metabolism during acute stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S Luongo
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jonathan P Lambert
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ancai Yuan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xueqian Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Polina Gross
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Steven R Houser
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Department of Physiology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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164
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Targeting pancreatic cancer cells by a novel hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor ST-3595. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:9015-22. [PMID: 26084607 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we tested the potential anti-pancreatic cancer activity of a novel hydroxamate-based histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor ST-3595. We showed that ST-3595 exerted potent anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activities against both established pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1, AsPC-1, and Mia-PaCa-2), and patient-derived primary cancer cells. It was, however, generally safe to non-cancerous pancreatic epithelial HPDE6c7 cells. ST-3595-induced cytotoxicity to pancreatic cancer cells was associated with significant apoptosis activation. Reversely, the pan caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk and the caspase-8 inhibitor z-ITED-fmk alleviated ST-3595-mediated anti-pancreatic cancer activity in vitro. For the mechanism study, ST-3595 inhibited HDAC activity, and induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening in pancreatic cancer cells. Inhibition of MPTP, by cyclosporin A, sanglifehrin A, or by cyclophilin-D (Cyp-D) siRNA knockdown, dramatically inhibited ST-3595-induced pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis. Meanwhile, we found that a low concentration of ST-3595 dramatically sensitized gemcitabine-induced anti-pancreatic cancer cell activity in vitro. In vivo, ST-3595 oral administration inhibited PANC-1 xenograft growth in nude mice, and this activity was further enhanced when in combination with gemcitabine. In summary, the results of this study suggest that targeting HDACs by ST-3595 might represent as a novel and promising anti-pancreatic cancer strategy.
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165
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Liu X, Xu S, Wang P, Wang W. Transient mitochondrial permeability transition mediates excitotoxicity in glutamate-sensitive NSC34D motor neuron-like cells. Exp Neurol 2015; 271:122-30. [PMID: 26024861 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Excitotoxicity plays a critical role in neurodegenerative disease. Cytosolic calcium overload and mitochondrial dysfunction are among the major mediators of high level glutamate-induced neuron death. Here, we show that the transient opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (tMPT) bridges cytosolic calcium signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction and mediates glutamate-induced neuron death. Incubation of the differentiated motor neuron-like NSC34D cells with glutamate (1mM) acutely induces cytosolic calcium transient (30% increase). Glutamate also stimulates tMPT opening, as reflected by a 2-fold increase in the frequency of superoxide flash, a bursting superoxide production event in individual mitochondria coupled to tMPT opening. The glutamate-induced tMPT opening is attenuated by suppressing cytosolic calcium influx and abolished by inhibiting mitochondrial calcium uniporter (MCU) with Ru360 (100 μM) or MCU shRNA. Further, increased cytosolic calcium is sufficient to induce tMPT in a mitochondrial calcium dependent manner. Finally, chronic glutamate incubation (24h) persistently elevates the probability of tMPT opening, promotes oxidative stress and induces neuron death. Attenuating tMPT activity or inhibiting MCU protects NSC34D cells from glutamate-induced cell death. These results indicate that high level glutamate-induced neuron toxicity is mediated by tMPT, which connects increased cytosolic calcium signal to mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Liu
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Shangcheng Xu
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Pei Wang
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Wang Wang
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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166
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Duan H, Li Y, Yan L, Yang H, Wu J, Qian P, Li B, Wang S. Rcan1-1L overexpression induces mitochondrial autophagy and improves cell survival in angiotensin II-exposed cardiomyocytes. Exp Cell Res 2015; 335:99-106. [PMID: 25978972 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial autophagy is an important adaptive stress response and can be modulated by various key molecules. A previous study found that the regulator of calcineurin 1-1L (Rcan1-1L) may regulate mitochondrial autophagy and cause mitochondria degradation in neurocytes. However, the effect of Rcan1-1L on cardiomyocytes has not been determined. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the role of Rcan1-1L in angiotensin II (Ang II)-exposed human cardiomyocytes. Above all, Human adult cardiac myocytes (HACMs) were exposed to 200nmol/L Ang II for 4 days. Enhanced H2O2 production, cytochrome C release and mitochondrial permeability were observed in these cells, which were blocked by valsartan. Consistently, Ang II exposure significantly reduced cardiomyocyte viability. However, transfection of Rcan1-1L vector promoted cell viability and ameliorated the apoptosis caused by Ang II. Rcan1-1L clearly promoted mitochondrial autophagy in HACMs, with elevated autophagy protein (ATG) 5 and light chain 3 (LC3) expression. Transient mitochondrial biogenesis and reduced cytochrome C release was also induced by Rcan1-1L. Additionally, Rcan1-1L significantly inhibited calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) signaling. We thus conclude that Rcan1-1L may play a protective role in Ang II-treated cardiomyocytes through the induction of mitochondrial autophagy, and may be an alternative method of cardiac protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Duan
- Department of cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- Department of cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China
| | - Lijie Yan
- Department of cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Department of cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China
| | - Jintao Wu
- Department of cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China
| | - Peng Qian
- Department of cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China
| | - Shanling Wang
- Department of cardiology, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, PR China.
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167
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Kim DY, Simeone KA, Simeone TA, Pandya JD, Wilke JC, Ahn Y, Geddes JW, Sullivan PG, Rho JM. Ketone bodies mediate antiseizure effects through mitochondrial permeability transition. Ann Neurol 2015; 78:77-87. [PMID: 25899847 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ketone bodies (KB) are products of fatty acid oxidation and serve as essential fuels during fasting or treatment with the high-fat antiseizure ketogenic diet (KD). Despite growing evidence that KB exert broad neuroprotective effects, their role in seizure control has not been firmly demonstrated. The major goal of this study was to demonstrate the direct antiseizure effects of KB and to identify an underlying target mechanism. METHODS We studied the effects of both the KD and KB in spontaneously epileptic Kcna1-null mice using a combination of behavioral, planar multielectrode, and standard cellular electrophysiological techniques. Thresholds for mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) were determined in acutely isolated brain mitochondria. RESULTS KB alone were sufficient to: (1) exert antiseizure effects in Kcna1-null mice, (2) restore intrinsic impairment of hippocampal long-term potentiation and spatial learning-memory defects in Kcna1-null mutants, and (3) raise the threshold for calcium-induced mPT in acutely prepared mitochondria from hippocampi of Kcna1-null animals. Targeted deletion of the cyclophilin D subunit of the mPT complex abrogated the effects of KB on mPT, and in vivo pharmacological inhibition and activation of mPT were found to mirror and reverse, respectively, the antiseizure effects of the KD in Kcna1-null mice. INTERPRETATION The present data reveal the first direct link between mPT and seizure control, and provide a potential mechanistic explanation for the KD. Given that mPT is increasingly being implicated in diverse neurological disorders, our results suggest that metabolism-based treatments and/or metabolic substrates might represent a worthy paradigm for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Kristina A Simeone
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Timothy A Simeone
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE
| | - Jignesh D Pandya
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Julianne C Wilke
- Barrow Neurological Institute, St Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ
| | - Younghee Ahn
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - James W Geddes
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Patrick G Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Jong M Rho
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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168
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Lei Y, Peng X, Liu L, Dong Z, Li T. Beneficial effect of cyclosporine A on traumatic hemorrhagic shock. J Surg Res 2015; 195:529-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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169
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Microbial peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases): virulence factors and potential alternative drug targets. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:544-71. [PMID: 25184565 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues. Intense searches revealed that PPIases are a superfamily of proteins consisting of three structurally distinguishable families with representatives in every described species of prokaryote and eukaryote and, recently, even in some giant viruses. Despite the clear-cut enzymatic activity and ubiquitous distribution of PPIases, reports on solely PPIase-dependent biological roles remain scarce. Nevertheless, they have been found to be involved in a plethora of biological processes, such as gene expression, signal transduction, protein secretion, development, and tissue regeneration, underscoring their general importance. Hence, it is not surprising that PPIases have also been identified as virulence-associated proteins. The extent of contribution to virulence is highly variable and dependent on the pleiotropic roles of a single PPIase in the respective pathogen. The main objective of this review is to discuss this variety in virulence-related bacterial and protozoan PPIases as well as the involvement of host PPIases in infectious processes. Moreover, a special focus is given to Legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) and Mip-like PPIases of other pathogens, as the best-characterized virulence-related representatives of this family. Finally, the potential of PPIases as alternative drug targets and first tangible results are highlighted.
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170
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Radhakrishnan J, Bazarek S, Chandran B, Gazmuri RJ. Cyclophilin-D: a resident regulator of mitochondrial gene expression. FASEB J 2015; 29:2734-48. [PMID: 25837584 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-263855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyclophilin-D (Cyp-D) is a mitochondrial matrix peptidyl-prolyl isomerase. Because cyclophilins can regulate nuclear gene expression, we examined whether Cyp-D could regulate mitochondrial gene expression. We demonstrated in HEK 293T cells that transfected Cyp-D interacts with mitochondrial transcription factors B1 and B2 (TFB2M) but not with mitochondrial transcription factor A. We also demonstrated that Cyp-D interacts in vivo with TFB2M. Genetic silencing of Cyp-D and pharmacologic inhibition of Cyp-D markedly reduced mitochondrial transcription to 18 ± 5% (P < 0.05) and 24 ± 3% (P < 0.05) of respective controls. The level of interaction between Cyp-D and TFB2M correlated with the level of nascent mitochondrial RNA intensity (r = 0.896; P = 0.0156). Cyp-D silencing down-regulated mitochondrial transcripts initiated from the heavy strand promoter 2 [i.e., NADH dehydrogenase 1 (ND1) by 11-fold, P < 0.005; cytochrome oxidase 1 (COX1) by 4-fold, P < 0.001; and ATP synthase subunit 6 (ATP6) by 6.5-fold, P < 0.005); but not NADH dehydrogenase 6 (ND6)], which is initiated from the light strand promoter. Cyp-D silencing reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and cellular oxygen consumption (from 59 ± 5 to 34 ± 1 µmol oxygen/min/10(6) cells, P < 0.001); the latter without a statistically significant reversal after uncoupling electron transport from ATP synthesis, consistent with down-regulation of electron transport complexes. Accordingly, these studies provide novel evidence that Cyp-D could play a key role in regulating mitochondrial gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeejabai Radhakrishnan
- *Department of Medicine and Resuscitation Institute, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, and H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Stanley Bazarek
- *Department of Medicine and Resuscitation Institute, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, and H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Bala Chandran
- *Department of Medicine and Resuscitation Institute, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, and H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Raúl J Gazmuri
- *Department of Medicine and Resuscitation Institute, Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, and H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA; and Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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171
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Kwong JQ, Molkentin JD. Physiological and pathological roles of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in the heart. Cell Metab 2015; 21:206-214. [PMID: 25651175 PMCID: PMC4616258 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening results in mitochondrial energetic dysfunction, organelle swelling, rupture, and typically a type of necrotic cell death. However, acute opening of the MPTP has a critical physiologic role in regulating mitochondrial Ca(2+) handling and metabolism. Despite the physiological and pathological roles that the MPTP orchestrates, the proteins that comprise the pore itself remain an area of ongoing investigation. Here, we will discuss the molecular composition of the MPTP and its role in regulating cardiac physiology and disease. A better understanding of MPTP structure and function will likely suggest novel cardioprotective therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Q Kwong
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Jeffery D Molkentin
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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172
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Szeto HH, James LP, Atkinson AJ. Mitochondrial pharmacology: its future is now. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2015; 96:629-33. [PMID: 25399706 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2014.177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial medicine is an evolving discipline whose importance derives from the central function of mitochondria in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, generation of reactive oxygen species, and cell death by necrosis or apoptosis. Consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction plays an important role in the progression of aging and the pathophysiology of many common diseases and off-target drug effects. This provides an impetus for the development of mitochondrial pharmacology, and some promising therapeutic targets for mitochondrial protective therapy have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Szeto
- Department of Pharmacology, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, New York, USA
| | - L P James
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - A J Atkinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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173
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Alam MR, Baetz D, Ovize M. Cyclophilin D and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: a fresh perspective. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 78:80-9. [PMID: 25281838 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reperfusion is characterized by a deregulation of ion homeostasis and generation of reactive oxygen species that enhance the ischemia-related tissue damage culminating in cell death. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) has been established as an important mediator of ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced necrotic cell death. Although a handful of proteins have been proposed to contribute in mPTP induction, cyclophilin D (CypD) remains its only bona fide regulatory component. In this review we summarize existing knowledge on the involvement of CypD in mPTP formation in general and its relevance to cardiac IR injury in specific. Moreover, we provide insights of recent advancements on additional functions of CypD depending on its interaction partners and post-translational modifications. Finally we emphasize the therapeutic strategies targeting CypD in myocardial IR injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Mitochondria: From Basic Mitochondrial Biology to Cardiovascular Disease".
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Rizwan Alam
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Delphine Baetz
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France
| | - Michel Ovize
- INSERM U1060, CarMeN Laboratory, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, F-69373 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Louis Pradel, Service d'Explorations Fonctionnelles Cardiovasculaires & CIC de Lyon, F-69394 Lyon, France.
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174
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Williams GSB, Boyman L, Lederer WJ. Mitochondrial calcium and the regulation of metabolism in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 78:35-45. [PMID: 25450609 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by the heart can change dramatically as the energetic demands increase from a period of rest to strenuous activity. Mitochondrial ATP production is central to this metabolic response since the heart relies largely on oxidative phosphorylation as its source of intracellular ATP. Significant evidence has been acquired indicating that Ca(2+) plays a critical role in regulating ATP production by the mitochondria. Here the evidence that the Ca(2+) concentration in the mitochondrial matrix ([Ca(2+)]m) plays a pivotal role in regulating ATP production by the mitochondria is critically reviewed and aspects of this process that are under current active investigation are highlighted. Importantly, current quantitative information on the bidirectional Ca(2+) movement across the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is examined in two parts. First, we review how Ca(2+) influx into the mitochondrial matrix depends on the mitochondrial Ca(2+) channel (i.e., the mitochondrial calcium uniporter or MCU). This discussion includes how the MCU open probability (PO) depends on the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) and on the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). Second, we discuss how steady-state [Ca(2+)]m is determined by the dynamic balance between this MCU-based Ca(2+) influx and mitochondrial Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (NCLX) based Ca(2+) efflux. These steady-state [Ca(2+)]m levels are suggested to regulate the metabolic energy supply due to Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of mitochondrial enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), the proteins of the electron transport chain (ETC), and the F1F0 ATP synthase itself. We conclude by discussing the roles played by [Ca(2+)]m in influencing mitochondrial responses under pathological conditions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Mitochondria: From BasicMitochondrial Biology to Cardiovascular Disease."
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Affiliation(s)
- George S B Williams
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Liron Boyman
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - W Jonathan Lederer
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Technology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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175
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Naoumov NV. Cyclophilin inhibition as potential therapy for liver diseases. J Hepatol 2014; 61:1166-74. [PMID: 25048953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The cyclophilins are a group of proteins with peptidyl-prolyl isomerase enzymatic activity, localised in different cellular compartments and involved in a variety of functions related to cell metabolism and energy homeostasis, having enhanced expression in inflammation or malignancy. Cyclophilin A (CypA), the most abundantly expressed cyclophilin, is present mainly in the cytoplasm and is a host factor involved in the life cycle of multiple viruses. The extracellular fractions of CypA and CypB are potent pro-inflammatory mediators. CypD, located in mitochondria, is a key regulator of mitochondrial permeability transition pores, and is critical for necrotic cell death. Cyclosporines are the prototype cyclophilin inhibitors. Cyclic peptides, which bind and inhibit cyclophilins without having immunosuppressive properties, have been generated by chemical modifications of cyclosporin A. In addition, cyclophilin inhibitors that are structurally different from cyclosporines have been synthesized. The involvement of cyclophilins in the pathogenesis of different liver diseases has been established using both in vitro and in vivo investigations, thus indicating that cyclophilin inhibition may be of therapeutic benefit. This review summarises the evidence for potential therapeutic applications of non-immunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors, alone or in combination with other agents, in virus-induced liver diseases like hepatitis C, B or Delta, liver inflammation and fibrosis, acetaminophen-induced liver toxicity and hepatocellular carcinoma.
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176
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Alavian KN, Dworetzky SI, Bonanni L, Zhang P, Sacchetti S, Li H, Signore AP, Smith PJS, Gribkoff VK, Jonas EA. The mitochondrial complex V-associated large-conductance inner membrane current is regulated by cyclosporine and dexpramipexole. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 87:1-8. [PMID: 25332381 DOI: 10.1124/mol.114.095661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inefficiency of oxidative phosphorylation can result from futile leak conductance through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Stress or injury may exacerbate this leak conductance, putting cells, and particularly neurons, at risk of dysfunction and even death when energy demand exceeds cellular energy production. Using a novel method, we have recently described an ion conductance consistent with mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) within the c-subunit of the ATP synthase. Excitotoxicity, reactive oxygen species-producing stimuli, or elevated mitochondrial matrix calcium opens the channel, which is inhibited by cyclosporine A and ATP/ADP. Here we show that ATP and the neuroprotective drug dexpramipexole (DEX) inhibited an ion conductance consistent with this c-subunit channel (mPTP) in brain-derived submitochondrial vesicles (SMVs) enriched for F1FO ATP synthase (complex V). Treatment of SMVs with urea denatured extramembrane components of complex V, eliminated DEX- but not ATP-mediated current inhibition, and reduced binding of [(14)C]DEX. Direct effects of DEX on the synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP by complex V suggest that interaction of the compound with its target results in functional conformational changes in the enzyme complex. [(14)C]DEX bound specifically to purified recombinant b and oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein subunits of the mitochondrial F1FO ATP synthase. Previous data indicate that DEX increased the efficiency of energy production in cells, including neurons. Taken together, these studies suggest that modulation of a complex V-associated inner mitochondrial membrane current is metabolically important and may represent an avenue for the development of new therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambiz N Alavian
- Department of Internal Medicine (K.N.A., P.Z., S.S., H.L., E.A.J.) and Department of Neurobiology (E.A.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (K.N.A.); Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy (L.B.); Knopp Biosciences LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.I.D., A.P.S., V.K.G.); and Biocurrents Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (P.J.S.S.)
| | - Steven I Dworetzky
- Department of Internal Medicine (K.N.A., P.Z., S.S., H.L., E.A.J.) and Department of Neurobiology (E.A.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (K.N.A.); Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy (L.B.); Knopp Biosciences LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.I.D., A.P.S., V.K.G.); and Biocurrents Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (P.J.S.S.)
| | - Laura Bonanni
- Department of Internal Medicine (K.N.A., P.Z., S.S., H.L., E.A.J.) and Department of Neurobiology (E.A.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (K.N.A.); Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy (L.B.); Knopp Biosciences LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.I.D., A.P.S., V.K.G.); and Biocurrents Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (P.J.S.S.)
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine (K.N.A., P.Z., S.S., H.L., E.A.J.) and Department of Neurobiology (E.A.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (K.N.A.); Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy (L.B.); Knopp Biosciences LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.I.D., A.P.S., V.K.G.); and Biocurrents Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (P.J.S.S.)
| | - Silvio Sacchetti
- Department of Internal Medicine (K.N.A., P.Z., S.S., H.L., E.A.J.) and Department of Neurobiology (E.A.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (K.N.A.); Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy (L.B.); Knopp Biosciences LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.I.D., A.P.S., V.K.G.); and Biocurrents Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (P.J.S.S.)
| | - Hongmei Li
- Department of Internal Medicine (K.N.A., P.Z., S.S., H.L., E.A.J.) and Department of Neurobiology (E.A.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (K.N.A.); Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy (L.B.); Knopp Biosciences LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.I.D., A.P.S., V.K.G.); and Biocurrents Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (P.J.S.S.)
| | - Armando P Signore
- Department of Internal Medicine (K.N.A., P.Z., S.S., H.L., E.A.J.) and Department of Neurobiology (E.A.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (K.N.A.); Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy (L.B.); Knopp Biosciences LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.I.D., A.P.S., V.K.G.); and Biocurrents Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (P.J.S.S.)
| | - Peter J S Smith
- Department of Internal Medicine (K.N.A., P.Z., S.S., H.L., E.A.J.) and Department of Neurobiology (E.A.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (K.N.A.); Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy (L.B.); Knopp Biosciences LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.I.D., A.P.S., V.K.G.); and Biocurrents Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (P.J.S.S.)
| | - Valentin K Gribkoff
- Department of Internal Medicine (K.N.A., P.Z., S.S., H.L., E.A.J.) and Department of Neurobiology (E.A.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (K.N.A.); Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy (L.B.); Knopp Biosciences LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.I.D., A.P.S., V.K.G.); and Biocurrents Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (P.J.S.S.)
| | - Elizabeth A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine (K.N.A., P.Z., S.S., H.L., E.A.J.) and Department of Neurobiology (E.A.J.), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (K.N.A.); Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G.d'Annunzio of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti-Pescara, Italy (L.B.); Knopp Biosciences LLC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.I.D., A.P.S., V.K.G.); and Biocurrents Research Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts (P.J.S.S.)
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Kaufman RJ, Malhotra JD. Calcium trafficking integrates endoplasmic reticulum function with mitochondrial bioenergetics. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1843:2233-9. [PMID: 24690484 PMCID: PMC4285153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Calcium homeostasis is central to all cellular functions and has been studied for decades. Calcium acts as a critical second messenger for both extracellular and intracellular signaling and is fundamental in cell life and death decisions (Berridge et al., 2000) [1]. The calcium gradient in the cell is coupled with an inherent ability of the divalent cation to reversibly bind multiple target biological molecules to generate an extremely versatile signaling system [2]. Calcium signals are used by the cell to control diverse processes such as development, neurotransmitter release, muscle contraction, metabolism, autophagy and cell death. "Cellular calcium overload" is detrimental to cellular health, resulting in massive activation of proteases and phospholipases leading to cell death (Pinton et al., 2008) [3]. Historically, cell death associated with calcium ion perturbations has been primarily recognized as necrosis. Recent evidence clearly associates changes in calcium ion concentrations with more sophisticated forms of cellular demise, including apoptosis (Kruman et al., 1998; Tombal et al., 1999; Lynch et al., 2000; Orrenius et al., 2003) [4-7]. Although the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves as the primary calcium store in the metazoan cell, dynamic calcium release to the cytosol, mitochondria, nuclei and other organelles orchestrate diverse coordinated responses. Most evidence supports that calcium transport from the ER to mitochondria plays a significant role in regulating cellular bioenergetics, production of reactive oxygen species, induction of autophagy and apoptosis. Recently, molecular identities that mediate calcium traffic between the ER and mitochondria have been discovered (Mallilankaraman et al., 2012a; Mallilankaraman et al., 2012b; Sancak et al., 2013)[8-10]. The next questions are how they are regulated for exquisite tight control of ER-mitochondrial calcium dynamics. This review attempts to summarize recent advances in the role of calcium in regulation of ER and mitochondrial function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium signaling in health and disease. Guest Editors: Geert Bultynck, Jacques Haiech, Claus W. Heizmann, Joachim Krebs, and Marc Moreau.
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178
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Sun J, Li YZ, Ding YH, Wang J, Geng J, Yang H, Ren J, Tang JY, Gao J. Neuroprotective effects of gallic acid against hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in vitro and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in vivo. Brain Res 2014; 1589:126-39. [PMID: 25251593 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction are frequently implicated in the pathology of secondary neuronal damage following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Recent evidence suggests that gallic acid (GA) reverses oxidative stress in rat model of streptozotocin-induced dementia, but the roles and mechanisms of GA on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury remain unknown. Here we investigated the potential roles and mechanisms of GA in hypoxia/reoxygenation induced by sodium hydrosulfite (Na2S2O4) in vitro and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo. 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, 5, 5', 6, 6'-tetrachloro-1, 1', 3, 3'-tetraethylbenzimidazol carbocyanine iodide (JC-1), Dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCF-DA) and MitoSOX fluorescent assay, Clark-type oxygen electrode, firefly luciferase assay, and calcium-induced mitochondrial swelling were conducted to detect cell death, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), intracellular and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxygen consumption, ATP level, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) viability. We firstly find that modulation of the mitochondrial dysfunction is an important mechanism by GA attenuating hypoxia/reoxygenation insult. To further assess the effects of GA on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, 2, 3, 5-triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay, and Cytochrome C (Cyt C) release were performed in MCAO rats. The results support that GA is useful against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury as a potential protective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P R China
| | - Yun-Zi Li
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P R China
| | - Yin-Hui Ding
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P R China
| | - Jin Wang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P R China
| | - Ji Geng
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P R China
| | - Huan Yang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P R China
| | - Jie Ren
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P R China
| | - Jin-Yan Tang
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P R China
| | - Jing Gao
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, No. 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, P R China.
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179
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Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:909-50. [PMID: 24987008 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00026.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3187] [Impact Index Per Article: 318.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Byproducts of normal mitochondrial metabolism and homeostasis include the buildup of potentially damaging levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca(2+), etc., which must be normalized. Evidence suggests that brief mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) openings play an important physiological role maintaining healthy mitochondria homeostasis. Adaptive and maladaptive responses to redox stress may involve mitochondrial channels such as mPTP and inner membrane anion channel (IMAC). Their activation causes intra- and intermitochondrial redox-environment changes leading to ROS release. This regenerative cycle of mitochondrial ROS formation and release was named ROS-induced ROS release (RIRR). Brief, reversible mPTP opening-associated ROS release apparently constitutes an adaptive housekeeping function by the timely release from mitochondria of accumulated potentially toxic levels of ROS (and Ca(2+)). At higher ROS levels, longer mPTP openings may release a ROS burst leading to destruction of mitochondria, and if propagated from mitochondrion to mitochondrion, of the cell itself. The destructive function of RIRR may serve a physiological role by removal of unwanted cells or damaged mitochondria, or cause the pathological elimination of vital and essential mitochondria and cells. The adaptive release of sufficient ROS into the vicinity of mitochondria may also activate local pools of redox-sensitive enzymes involved in protective signaling pathways that limit ischemic damage to mitochondria and cells in that area. Maladaptive mPTP- or IMAC-related RIRR may also be playing a role in aging. Because the mechanism of mitochondrial RIRR highlights the central role of mitochondria-formed ROS, we discuss all of the known ROS-producing sites (shown in vitro) and their relevance to the mitochondrial ROS production in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Zorov
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Magdalena Juhaszova
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Steven J Sollott
- A. N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; and Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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180
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Allam R, Lawlor KE, Yu ECW, Mildenhall AL, Moujalled DM, Lewis RS, Ke F, Mason KD, White MJ, Stacey KJ, Strasser A, O'Reilly LA, Alexander W, Kile BT, Vaux DL, Vince JE. Mitochondrial apoptosis is dispensable for NLRP3 inflammasome activation but non-apoptotic caspase-8 is required for inflammasome priming. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:982-90. [PMID: 24990442 PMCID: PMC4198042 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201438463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
A current paradigm proposes that mitochondrial damage is a critical determinant of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Here, we genetically assess whether mitochondrial signalling represents a unified mechanism to explain how NLRP3 is activated by divergent stimuli. Neither co-deletion of the essential executioners of mitochondrial apoptosis BAK and BAX, nor removal of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore component cyclophilin D, nor loss of the mitophagy regulator Parkin, nor deficiency in MAVS affects NLRP3 inflammasome function. In contrast, caspase-8, a caspase essential for death-receptor-mediated apoptosis, is required for efficient Toll-like-receptor-induced inflammasome priming and cytokine production. Collectively, these results demonstrate that mitochondrial apoptosis is not required for NLRP3 activation, and highlight an important non-apoptotic role for caspase-8 in regulating inflammasome activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kate E Lawlor
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric Chi-Wang Yu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Alison L Mildenhall
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Donia M Moujalled
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rowena S Lewis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francine Ke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kylie D Mason
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael J White
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katryn J Stacey
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O'Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Warren Alexander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Benjamin T Kile
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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181
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Halestrap AP, Richardson AP. The mitochondrial permeability transition: a current perspective on its identity and role in ischaemia/reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 78:129-41. [PMID: 25179911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) is a non-specific pore that opens in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) when matrix [Ca(2+)] is high, especially when accompanied by oxidative stress, high [Pi] and adenine nucleotide depletion. Such conditions occur during ischaemia and subsequent reperfusion, when MPTP opening is known to occur and cause irreversible damage to the heart. Matrix cyclophilin D facilitates MPTP opening and is the target of its inhibition by cyclosporin A that is cardioprotective. Less certainty exists over the composition of the pore itself, with structural and/or regulatory roles proposed for the adenine nucleotide translocase, the phosphate carrier and the FoF1 ATP synthase. Here we critically review the supporting data for the role of each and suggest that they may interact with each other through their bound cardiolipin to form the ATP synthasome. We propose that under conditions favouring MPTP opening, calcium-triggered conformational changes in these proteins may perturb the interface between them generating the pore. Proteins associated with the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM), such as members of the Bcl-2 family and hexokinase (HK), whilst not directly involved in pore formation, may regulate MPTP opening through interactions between OMM and IMM proteins at "contact sites". Recent evidence suggests that cardioprotective protocols such as preconditioning inhibit MPTP opening at reperfusion by preventing the loss of mitochondrial bound HK2 that stabilises these contact sites. Contact site breakage both sensitises the MPTP to [Ca(2+)] and facilitates cytochrome c loss from the intermembrane space leading to greater ROS production and further MPTP opening. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Mitochondria: From Basic Mitochondrial Biology to Cardiovascular Disease".
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Halestrap
- School of Biochemistry and Bristol CardioVascular, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Andrew P Richardson
- School of Biochemistry and Bristol CardioVascular, University of Bristol, Medical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK
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182
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Morciano G, Giorgi C, Bonora M, Punzetti S, Pavasini R, Wieckowski MR, Campo G, Pinton P. Molecular identity of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 78:142-53. [PMID: 25172387 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition is a key event in cell death. Intense research efforts have been focused on elucidating the molecular components of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) to improve the understanding and treatment of various pathologies, including neurodegenerative disorders, cancer and cardiac diseases. Several molecular factors have been proposed as core components of the mPTP; however, further investigation has indicated that these factors are among a wide range of regulators. Thus, the scientific community lacks a clear model of the mPTP. Here, we review the molecular factors involved in the regulation and formation of the mPTP. Furthermore, we propose that the mitochondrial ATP synthase, specifically its c subunit, is the central core component of the mPTP complex. Moreover, we discuss the involvement of the mPTP in ischemia and reperfusion as well as the results of clinical studies targeting the mPTP to ameliorate ischemia-reperfusion injury. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Mitochondria: From Basic Mitochondrial Biology to Cardiovascular Disease".
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampaolo Morciano
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Punzetti
- Cardiovascular Institute, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna and LTTA Center, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rita Pavasini
- Cardiovascular Institute, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna and LTTA Center, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariusz R Wieckowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gianluca Campo
- Cardiovascular Institute, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria S. Anna and LTTA Center, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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183
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Beebe SJ. Considering effects of nanosecond pulsed electric fields on proteins. Bioelectrochemistry 2014; 103:52-9. [PMID: 25218277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Most, if not all, effects of intense, pulsed electric fields are analyzed in terms of electrical charging of plasma membranes and/or subcellular membranes. However, not all cell responses from nanosecond pulsed electric fields (nsPEFs) are fully explained by poration of cell membranes. Observations that nsPEFs induce a Ca2-dependent dissipation of the mitochondria membrane potential (ΔΨm), which is enhanced when high frequency components are present in fast rise-fall waveforms, are not compatible with a poration event. Ca(2+) is shown to have little or no effect on propidium iodide uptake as a measure of plasma membrane poration and consequently intracellular membranes. Since most if not all Ca(2+)-regulated events are mediated by proteins, actions of nsPEFs on a protein(s) that regulate and/or affect the mitochondria membrane potential are possible. To show that nsPEFs can directly affect proteins, nsPEFs non-thermally inactivated the catalytic (phosphotransferase) activity of the catalytic subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase, which is the prototype of the protein kinase superfamily that share a common catalytic mechanism and whose functions are highly dependent on their structure. These studies present indirect and direct evidences that nsPEFs can affect proteins and their functions, at least in part, by affecting their structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Beebe
- Frank Reidy Research Center for Bioelectrics, Old Dominion University, 4211 Monarch Way, Suite 300, Norfolk, VA 23508, United States.
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184
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Jimenéz-Aranda A, Fernández-Vázquez G, Mohammad A-Serrano M, Reiter RJ, Agil A. Melatonin improves mitochondrial function in inguinal white adipose tissue of Zücker diabetic fatty rats. J Pineal Res 2014; 57:103-9. [PMID: 24867433 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction in adipose tissue may contribute to obesity-related metabolic derangements such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Because mitochondria are a target for melatonin action, the goal of this study was to investigate the effects of melatonin on mitochondrial function in white (WAT) and beige inguinal adipose tissue of Zücker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, a model of obesity-related T2DM. In this experimental model, melatonin reduces obesity and improves the metabolic profile. At 6 wk of age, ZDF rats and lean littermates (ZL) were subdivided into two groups, each composed of four rats: control (C-ZDF and C-ZL) and treated with oral melatonin in the drinking water (10 mg/kg/day) for 6 wk (M-ZDF and M-ZL). After the treatment period, animals were sacrificed, tissues dissected, and mitochondrial function assessed in isolated organelles. Melatonin increased the respiratory control ratio (RCR) in mitochondria from white fat of both lean (by 26.5%, P < 0.01) and obese (by 34.5%, P < 0.01) rats mainly through a reduction of proton leaking component of respiration (state 4) (28% decrease in ZL, P < 0.01 and 35% in ZDF, P < 0.01). However, melatonin treatment lowered the RCR in beige mitochondria of both lean (by 7%, P < 0.05) and obese (by 13%, P < 0.05) rats by maintaining high rates of uncoupled respiration. Melatonin also lowered mitochondrial oxidative status by reducing nitrite levels and by increasing superoxide dismutase activity. Moreover, melatonin treatment also caused a profound inhibition of Ca-induced opening of mPTP in isolated mitochondria from both types of fat, white and beige, in both lean and obese rats. These results demonstrate that chronic oral melatonin improves mitochondrial respiration and reduces the oxidative status and susceptibility to apoptosis in white and beige adipocytes. These melatonin effects help to prevent mitochondrial dysfunction and thereby to improve obesity-related metabolic disorders such as diabetes and dyslipidemia of ZDF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroa Jimenéz-Aranda
- Department of Pharmacology and Neurosciences Institute, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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185
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Dabkowski ER, O'Connell KA, Xu W, Ribeiro RF, Hecker PA, Shekar KC, Daneault C, Des Rosiers C, Stanley WC. Docosahexaenoic acid supplementation alters key properties of cardiac mitochondria and modestly attenuates development of left ventricular dysfunction in pressure overload-induced heart failure. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2014; 27:499-510. [PMID: 24013804 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-013-6487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Supplementation with the n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is beneficial in heart failure patients, however the mechanisms are unclear. DHA is incorporated into membrane phospholipids, which may prevent mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus we assessed the effects of DHA supplementation on cardiac mitochondria and the development of heart failure caused by aortic pressure overload. METHODS Pathological cardiac hypertrophy was generated in rats by thoracic aortic constriction. Animals were fed either a standard diet or were supplemented with DHA (2.3 % of energy intake). RESULTS After 14 weeks, heart failure was evident by left ventricular hypertrophy and chamber enlargement compared to shams. Left ventricle fractional shortening was unaffected by DHA treatment in sham animals (44.1 ± 1.6 % vs. 43.5 ± 2.2 % for standard diet and DHA, respectively), and decreased with heart failure in both treatment groups, but to a lesser extent in DHA treated animals (34.9 ± 1.7 %) than with the standard diet (29.7 ± 1.5 %, P < 0.03). DHA supplementation increased DHA content in mitochondrial phospholipids and decreased membrane viscosity. Myocardial mitochondrial oxidative capacity was decreased by heart failure and unaffected by DHA. DHA treatment enhanced Ca(2+) uptake by subsarcolemmal mitochondria in both sham and heart failure groups. Further, DHA lessened Ca(2+)-induced mitochondria swelling, an index of permeability transition, in heart failure animals. Heart failure increased hydrogen peroxide-induced mitochondrial permeability transition compared to sham, which was partially attenuated in interfibrillar mitochondria by treatment with DHA. CONCLUSIONS DHA decreased mitochondrial membrane viscosity and accelerated Ca(2+) uptake, and attenuated susceptibility to mitochondrial permeability transition and development of left ventricular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinne R Dabkowski
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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186
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An uncoupling channel within the c-subunit ring of the F1FO ATP synthase is the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:10580-5. [PMID: 24979777 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1401591111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria maintain tight regulation of inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) permeability to sustain ATP production. Stressful events cause cellular calcium (Ca(2+)) dysregulation followed by rapid loss of IMM potential known as permeability transition (PT), which produces osmotic shifts, metabolic dysfunction, and cell death. The molecular identity of the mitochondrial PT pore (mPTP) was previously unknown. We show that the purified reconstituted c-subunit ring of the FO of the F1FO ATP synthase forms a voltage-sensitive channel, the persistent opening of which leads to rapid and uncontrolled depolarization of the IMM in cells. Prolonged high matrix Ca(2+) enlarges the c-subunit ring and unhooks it from cyclophilin D/cyclosporine A binding sites in the ATP synthase F1, providing a mechanism for mPTP opening. In contrast, recombinant F1 beta-subunit applied exogenously to the purified c-subunit enhances the probability of pore closure. Depletion of the c-subunit attenuates Ca(2+)-induced IMM depolarization and inhibits Ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species-induced cell death whereas increasing the expression or single-channel conductance of the c-subunit sensitizes to death. We conclude that a highly regulated c-subunit leak channel is a candidate for the mPTP. Beyond cell death, these findings also imply that increasing the probability of c-subunit channel closure in a healthy cell will enhance IMM coupling and increase cellular metabolic efficiency.
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187
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Sweeney ZK, Fu J, Wiedmann B. From chemical tools to clinical medicines: nonimmunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors derived from the cyclosporin and sanglifehrin scaffolds. J Med Chem 2014; 57:7145-59. [PMID: 24831536 DOI: 10.1021/jm500223x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cyclophilins are widely expressed enzymes that catalyze the interconversion of the cis and trans peptide bonds of prolines. The immunosuppressive natural products cyclosporine A and sanglifehrin A inhibit the enzymatic activity of the cyclophilins. Chemical modification of both the cyclosporine and sanglifehrin scaffolds has produced many analogues that inhibit cyclophilins in vitro but have reduced immunosuppressive properties. Three nonimmunosuppressive cyclophilin inhibitors (alisporivir, SCY-635, and NIM811) have demonstrated clinical efficacy for the treatment of hepatitis C infection. Additional candidates are in various stages of preclinical development for the treatment of hepatitis C or myocardial reperfusion injury. Recent publications suggest that cyclophilin inhibitors may have utility for the treatment of diverse viral infections, inflammatory indications, and cancer. In this review, we document the structure-activity relationships of the nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporins and sanglifehrins in clinical and preclinical development. Aspects of the pharmacokinetic behavior and chemical biology of these drug candidates are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K Sweeney
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research , 4560 Horton Street, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
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188
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Vanden Berghe T, Linkermann A, Jouan-Lanhouet S, Walczak H, Vandenabeele P. Regulated necrosis: the expanding network of non-apoptotic cell death pathways. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:135-47. [PMID: 24452471 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1292] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cell death research was revitalized by the understanding that necrosis can occur in a highly regulated and genetically controlled manner. Although RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1)- and RIPK3-MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like)-mediated necroptosis is the most understood form of regulated necrosis, other examples of this process are emerging, including cell death mechanisms known as parthanatos, oxytosis, ferroptosis, NETosis, pyronecrosis and pyroptosis. Elucidating how these pathways of regulated necrosis are interconnected at the molecular level should enable this process to be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Vanden Berghe
- 1] Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium. [2]
| | - Andreas Linkermann
- 1] Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Christian-Albrechts-University, 24105 Kiel, Germany. [2]
| | - Sandrine Jouan-Lanhouet
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Henning Walczak
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter Vandenabeele
- Molecular Signaling and Cell Death Unit, Inflammation Research Center, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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189
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Horng T. Calcium signaling and mitochondrial destabilization in the triggering of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:253-61. [PMID: 24646829 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The NLRP3 inflammasome is a cytosolic complex that activates Caspase-1, leading to maturation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 and induction of proinflammatory cell death in sentinel cells of the innate immune system. Diverse stimuli have been shown to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome during infection and metabolic diseases, implicating the pathway in triggering both adaptive and maladaptive inflammation in various clinically important settings. Here I discuss the emerging model that signals associated with mitochondrial destabilization may critically activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. Together with studies indicating an important role for Ca2+ signaling, these findings suggest that many stimuli engage Ca2+ signaling as an intermediate step to trigger mitochondrial destabilization, generating the mitochondrion-associated ligands that activate the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany Horng
- Department of Genetics and Complex Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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190
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Toledo FD, Pérez LM, Basiglio CL, Ochoa JE, Sanchez Pozzi EJ, Roma MG. The Ca²⁺-calmodulin-Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II signaling pathway is involved in oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial permeability transition and apoptosis in isolated rat hepatocytes. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1695-709. [PMID: 24614978 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1219-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress (OS) is a common event in most hepatopathies, leading to mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) formation and further exacerbation of both OS from mitochondrial origin and cell death. Intracellular Ca²⁺ increase plays a permissive role in these events, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly known. We examined in primary cultured rat hepatocytes whether the Ca²⁺/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) signaling pathway is involved in this process, by using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) as a pro-oxidant, model compound. tBOOH (500 μM, 15 min) induced MPTP formation, as assessed by measuring mitochondrial membrane depolarization as a surrogate marker, and increased lipid peroxidation in a cyclosporin A (CsA)-sensitive manner, revealing the involvement of MPTPs in tBOOH-induced radical oxygen species (ROS) formation. Intracellular Ca²⁺ sequestration with BAPTA/AM, CaM blockage with W7 or trifluoperazine, and CaMKII inhibition with KN-62 all fully prevented tBOOH-induced MPTP opening and reduced tBOOH-induced lipid peroxidation to a similar extent to CsA, suggesting that Ca²⁺/CaM/CaMKII signaling pathway fully mediates MPTP-mediated mitochondrial ROS generation. tBOOH-induced apoptosis, as shown by flow cytometry of annexin V/propidium iodide, mitochondrial release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-3 and increase in the Bax-to-Bcl-xL ratio, and the Ca²⁺/CaM/CaMKII signaling antagonists fully prevented these effects. Intramitochondrial CaM and CaMKII were partially involved in tBOOH-induced MPTP formation, since W7 and KN-62 both attenuated the tBOOH-induced, MPTP-mediated swelling of isolated mitochondria. We concluded that Ca²⁺/CaM/CaMKII signaling pathway is a key mediator of OS-induced MPTP formation and the subsequent exacerbation of OS from mitochondrial origin and apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia D Toledo
- Instituto de Fisiología Experimental (IFISE), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 570, 2000, Rosario, Argentina
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191
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King AL, Swain TM, Mao Z, Udoh US, Oliva CR, Betancourt AM, Griguer CE, Crowe DR, Lesort M, Bailey SM. Involvement of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in chronic ethanol-mediated liver injury in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 306:G265-77. [PMID: 24356880 PMCID: PMC3920122 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00278.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Chronic ethanol consumption increases sensitivity of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore induction in liver. Ca(2+) promotes MPT pore opening, and genetic ablation of cyclophilin D (CypD) increases the Ca(2+) threshold for the MPT. We used wild-type (WT) and CypD-null (CypD(-/-)) mice fed a control or an ethanol-containing diet to investigate the role of the MPT in ethanol-mediated liver injury. Ca(2+)-mediated induction of the MPT and mitochondrial respiration were measured in isolated liver mitochondria. Steatosis was present in WT and CypD(-/-) mice fed ethanol and accompanied by increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end label-positive nuclei. Autophagy was increased in ethanol-fed WT mice compared with ethanol-fed CypD(-/-) mice, as reflected by an increase in the ratio of microtubule protein 1 light chain 3B II to microtubule protein 1 light chain 3B I. Higher levels of p62 were measured in CypD(-/-) than WT mice. Ethanol decreased mitochondrial respiratory control ratios and select complex activities in WT and CypD(-/-) mice. Ethanol also increased CypD protein in liver of WT mice. Mitochondria from control- and ethanol-fed WT mice were more sensitive to Ca(2+)-mediated MPT pore induction than mitochondria from their CypD(-/-) counterparts. Mitochondria from ethanol-fed CypD(-/-) mice were also more sensitive to Ca(2+)-induced swelling than mitochondria from control-fed CypD(-/-) mice but were less sensitive than mitochondria from ethanol-fed WT mice. In summary, CypD deficiency was associated with impaired autophagy and did not prevent ethanol-mediated steatosis. Furthermore, increased MPT sensitivity was observed in mitochondria from ethanol-fed WT and CypD(-/-) mice. We conclude that chronic ethanol consumption likely lowers the threshold for CypD-regulated and -independent characteristics of the ethanol-mediated MPT pore in liver mitochondria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autophagy
- Calcium Signaling
- Cell Respiration
- Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerase F
- Cyclophilins/deficiency
- Cyclophilins/genetics
- Disease Models, Animal
- Ethanol
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/etiology
- Fatty Liver, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Genotype
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/etiology
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/genetics
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/metabolism
- Liver Diseases, Alcoholic/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Liver/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Liver/pathology
- Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins/metabolism
- Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore
- Mitochondrial Swelling
- Phenotype
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne L King
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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192
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Kumazawa A, Katoh H, Nonaka D, Watanabe T, Saotome M, Urushida T, Satoh H, Hayashi H. Microtubule Disorganization Affects the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore in Cardiac Myocytes. Circ J 2014; 78:1206-15. [DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Azumi Kumazawa
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Hideki Katoh
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Daishi Nonaka
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Tomoyuki Watanabe
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Masao Saotome
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Tsuyoshi Urushida
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Hiroshi Satoh
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
| | - Hideharu Hayashi
- Division of Cardiology, Internal Medicine III, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine
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193
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Opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore links mitochondrial dysfunction to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. Mol Metab 2013; 3:124-34. [PMID: 24634818 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, but the mechanism by which mitochondria inhibit insulin-stimulated glucose uptake into the cytoplasm is unclear. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a protein complex that facilitates the exchange of molecules between the mitochondrial matrix and cytoplasm, and opening of the mPTP occurs in response to physiological stressors that are associated with insulin resistance. In this study, we investigated whether mPTP opening provides a link between mitochondrial dysfunction and insulin resistance by inhibiting the mPTP gatekeeper protein cyclophilin D (CypD) in vivo and in vitro. Mice lacking CypD were protected from high fat diet-induced glucose intolerance due to increased glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. The mitochondria in CypD knockout muscle were resistant to diet-induced swelling and had improved calcium retention capacity compared to controls; however, no changes were observed in muscle oxidative damage, insulin signaling, lipotoxic lipid accumulation or mitochondrial bioenergetics. In vitro, we tested 4 models of insulin resistance that are linked to mitochondrial dysfunction in cultured skeletal muscle cells including antimycin A, C2-ceramide, ferutinin, and palmitate. In all models, we observed that pharmacological inhibition of mPTP opening with the CypD inhibitor cyclosporin A was sufficient to prevent insulin resistance at the level of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane. The protective effects of mPTP inhibition on insulin sensitivity were associated with improved mitochondrial calcium retention capacity but did not involve changes in insulin signaling both in vitro and in vivo. In sum, these data place the mPTP at a critical intersection between alterations in mitochondrial function and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle.
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Key Words
- ANT, adenine nucleotide translocator
- BKA, bongkrekic acid
- CSA, cyclosporin A
- CYPD, cyclophilin D
- Cyclophilin D
- DAG, diacylglycerol
- ETC, electron transport chain
- FFA, free fatty acid
- Glucose
- HFD, high fat diet
- HK2, hexokinase 2
- Insulin resistance
- KO, knockout
- LFD, low fat diet
- MCAD, medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
- MHC, myosin heavy chain
- MIRKO, muscle insulin receptor knockout
- MPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
- MnSOD, mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase
- O2•, superoxide
- OXPHOS, oxidative phosphorylation
- PDH, pyruvate dehydrogenase
- PDHa, active PDH
- PDHt, total PDH
- PM, plasma membrane
- Rg′, rate of glucose transport
- Skeletal muscle
- TBARS, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- VDAC, voltage-dependent anion channel
- WT, wild type
- [3H]-2-DOG, [3H]-2-deoxyglucose
- β-HAD, β-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase
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194
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Thomas RL, Gustafsson AB. Mitochondrial autophagy--an essential quality control mechanism for myocardial homeostasis. Circ J 2013; 77:2449-54. [PMID: 23985961 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-13-0835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Efficient and functional mitochondrial networks are essential for myocardial contraction and cardiomyocyte survival. Mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) refers to selective sequestration of mitochondria by autophagosomes, which subsequently deliver them to lysosomes for destruction. This process is essential for myocardial homeostasis and adaptation to stress. Elimination of damaged mitochondria protects against cell death, as well as stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis. Mitophagy is a tightly controlled and highly selective process. It is modulated by mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins, BCL-2 family proteins, and the PINK1/Parkin pathway. Recent studies have provided evidence that miRNAs can regulate mitophagy by controlling the expression of essential proteins involved in the process. Disruption of autophagy leads to rapid accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria, and diseases associated with impaired autophagy produce severe cardiomyopathies. Thus, autophagy and mitophagy pathways hold promise as new therapeutic targets for clinical cardiac care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Thomas
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego
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195
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Vagnozzi RJ, Hoffman NE, Elrod JW, Madesh M, Force T. Protein Kinase Signaling at the Crossroads of Myocyte Life and Death in Ischemic Heart Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:e173-e182. [PMID: 24839450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia results in death of cardiac myocytes via tightly-regulated and interconnected signaling pathways. Protein kinases play crucial roles in this regulation and are highly amenable to therapeutic intervention, making targeted inhibition an attractive strategy for ischemic heart disease. Recent studies have uncovered numerous kinases that participate in the cardiomyocyte response to ischemic injury, thus potentiating the development of new therapeutics. Moreover, many kinase signaling pathways converge at the mitochondria, a key participant in both cardiomyocyte physiology and the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease. Herein we highlight kinase pathways regulating three major drivers of cell death: mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening (mPTP), programmed necrosis and Ca2+ overload-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Inhibition of each of these kinase pathways has been proposed as a means to limit cardiomyocyte death from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Vagnozzi
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Nicholas E Hoffman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Thomas Force
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
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