151
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Nandan A, Siddiqui NA, Kumar P. Assessment of environmental and ergonomic hazard associated to printing and photocopying: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2019; 41:1187-1211. [PMID: 30350125 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0205-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
"Knowledge is power" and distribution of knowledge is fueled by printing and photocopying industry. Even as printing and photocopying industry have revolutionized the availability of documents and perceptible image quickly at extremely inexpensive and affordable cost, the boon of its revolution has turned into a bane by irresponsible, uncontrolled and extensive use, causing irreversible degradation to not only ecosystem by continuous release of ozone and other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) but also the health of workers occupationally exposed to it. Indoor ozone level due to emission from different photocopying equipment's increases drastically and the condition of other air quality parameters are not different. This situation is particularly sedate in extremely sensitive educational and research industry where sharing of knowledge is extremely important to meet the demands. This work is an attempt to catalogue all the environmental as well as health impacts of printing or photocopying. It has been observed that printing/photocopying operation is a significant factor contributing to indoor air quality degradation, which includes increase in concentration of ozone, VOCs, semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) and heavy metals such as cadmium, selenium, arsenic, zinc, nickel, and other pollutants from photocopy machines. The outcome of this study will empower the manufactures with information regarding ozone and other significant emission, so that their impact can be reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Nandan
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India.
| | - N A Siddiqui
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
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152
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Chandler JD, Hu X, Ko EJ, Park S, Fernandes J, Lee YT, Orr ML, Hao L, Smith MR, Neujahr DC, Uppal K, Kang SM, Jones DP, Go YM. Low-dose cadmium potentiates lung inflammatory response to 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus in mice. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:720-729. [PMID: 30999129 PMCID: PMC6536378 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic, pro-inflammatory metal ubiquitous in the diet that accumulates in body organs due to inefficient elimination. Responses to influenza virus infection are variable, particularly severity of pneumonia. We used a murine model of chronic low-dose oral exposure to Cd to test if increased lung tissue Cd worsened inflammation in response to sub-lethal H1N1 infection. The results show that Cd-treated mice had increased lung tissue inflammatory cells, including neutrophils, monocytes, T lymphocytes and dendritic cells, following H1N1 infection. Lung genetic responses to infection (increasing TNF-α, interferon and complement, and decreasing myogenesis) were also exacerbated. To reveal the organization of a network structure, pinpointing molecules critical to Cd-altered lung function, global correlations were made for immune cell counts, leading edge gene transcripts and metabolites. This revealed that Cd increased correlation of myeloid immune cells with pro-inflammatory genes, particularly interferon-γ and metabolites. Together, the results show that Cd burden in mice increased inflammation in response to sub-lethal H1N1 challenge, which was coordinated by genetic and metabolic responses, and could provide new targets for intervention against lethal inflammatory pathology of clinical H1N1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Chandler
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Eun-Ju Ko
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Soojin Park
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Jolyn Fernandes
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Young-Tae Lee
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Michael L Orr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Li Hao
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - M Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - David C Neujahr
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Center for Inflammation, Immunity and Infection, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States of America
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States of America.
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153
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Hu X, Kim KH, Lee Y, Fernandes J, Smith MR, Jung YJ, Orr M, Kang SM, Jones DP, Go YM. Environmental Cadmium Enhances Lung Injury by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1513-1525. [PMID: 31108100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a naturally occurring environmental toxicant that disrupts mitochondrial function at occupational exposure levels. The impacts of Cd exposure at low levels through dietary intake remain largely uncharacterized. Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe morbidity, which can require hospitalization and result in death in young children and elderly populations. The impacts of environmental Cd exposure on the severity of RSV disease are unknown. Herein, we used a mouse model to examine whether Cd pre-exposure at a level of dietary intake potentiates pulmonary inflammation on subsequent infection with RSV. Mice were given Cd or saline in drinking water for 28 days. Subsets of these mice were infected with RSV at 5 days before the end of the study. Cd pre-exposure caused relatively subtle changes in lung; however, it elevated the IL-4 level and altered metabolites associated with fatty acid metabolism. After RSV infection, mice pre-exposed to Cd had elevated lung RSV titer and increased inflammation, as measured by histopathology, immune cell infiltration, cytokines, and chemokines. RSV infection after Cd pre-exposure also caused widespread perturbation in metabolism of glycerophospholipids and amino acids (Trp, Met, and Cys, branched-chain amino acids), as well as carnitine shuttle associated with mitochondrial energy metabolism. The results show that Cd burden by dietary intake potentiates RSV infection and severe disease with associated mitochondrial metabolic disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ki-Hye Kim
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Youri Lee
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jolyn Fernandes
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - M Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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154
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Liu B, Mo CH, Zhang Y. Using cadmium bioavailability to simultaneously predict its accumulation in crop grains and the bioaccessibility in soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:246-252. [PMID: 30772555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Single extraction procedures (SEPs) have been extensively conducted to determine Cd bioavailability (Cd-Bav) in soils. However, whether SEPs can simultaneously predict Cd accumulation in crop grains and bioaccessibility (Cd-Bac) in soils remains unclear. To assess their suitability, the Cd-Bav in 20 contaminated soils (containing 0.27-56.59 mg/kg Cd) determined by four SEPs (including DTPA, EDTA, HOAc and HCl) was compared with Cd concentrations in crop grains (wheat and rice) and Cd-Bac in soils (based on SBET and PBET assays). The results indicated that both Cd-Bav (0-103.2%) and Cd-Bac (0-110.4%) in soils varied greatly with the methods used. The Cd-Bav obtained from chelators (DTPA and EDTA) was generally greater in low-Cd soils but lower in high-Cd soils as compared to those obtained from acid solutions (HOAc and HCl). Regression analysis revealed that bioavailable Cd concentrations in soils were linearly correlated with Cd concentrations in wheat grains (R2 = 0.88-0.91); however, no significant correlation was found for rice grains. The Cd-Bac in soils was significantly correlated with Cd-Bav obtained from HOAc (R2 = 0.55-0.59) or HCl (R2 = 0.60-0.68), but not with those obtained from chelators (DTPA and EDTA). Our data suggest that SEPs, particularly the HCl method, have great potential to simultaneously predict Cd accumulation in wheat grains and Cd-Bac in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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155
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Gobe GC, Mott SA, de Jonge M, Hoy WE. Heavy metal imaging in fibrotic human kidney tissue using the synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe. Transl Androl Urol 2019; 8:S184-S191. [PMID: 31236336 DOI: 10.21037/tau.2019.03.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormally high exposure to heavy metals and their accumulation in some tissues are recognized as causes of many acute and chronic human diseases. Because of the roles many metals have in normal human physiology, proving cause and effect between exposure to heavy metals and pathogenesis of disease is problematic. Therefore, many illnesses that develop through occupational and environmental exposure are not considered directly related to heavy metal toxicity. The high sensitivity and spatial resolution of elements using the synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microprobe (XFM) may give a robust means to investigate spatial distribution of heavy metals in correlation with specific pathologies. For example, proven presence of different heavy metals may correlate spatially with kidney fibrosis, suggesting a mechanistic link between heavy metal-induced fibrosis and chronic kidney disease. One specific example that may benefit from such an analysis relates to a cluster of people with chronic kidney disease of unknown cause (CKDu), in a significant proportion of the population of the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. Here, it was postulated that heavy metal exposure, in particular of cadmium, in foods and agriculture may be one cause of end-stage kidney disease and premature death of patients with CKDu. Synchrotron methods had not been applied previously to this particular problem. This manuscript provides a brief review of the literature and reports some pilot data from an investigation of localization of kidney fibrosis in CKDu with selected heavy metals including cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda C Gobe
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Chronic Kidney Disease, Herston, Australia.,Kidney Disease Research Collaborative, Princess Alexandra Hospital and Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Susan A Mott
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Chronic Kidney Disease, Herston, Australia.,Centre for Chronic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Wendy E Hoy
- NHMRC Centre of Research Excellence in Chronic Kidney Disease, Herston, Australia.,Centre for Chronic Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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156
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Cui L, Noerpel MR, Scheckel KG, Ippolito JA. Wheat straw biochar reduces environmental cadmium bioavailability. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 126:69-75. [PMID: 30779992 PMCID: PMC6487192 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium contamination in waters and soils can lead to food chain accumulation and ultimately deterioration in human health; means for reducing bioavailable Cd are desperately required, and biochars may play a role. Long-term (240 d) lab incubation experiments were utilized to explain wheat straw-derived biochar effects on Cd sorption and decreasing Cd bioavailability in soils and solutions (0, 5, and 15% biochar as wt:wt or wt:vol, respectively), and to identify Cd forms present using both the European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) chemical sequential extraction procedure and synchrotron-based X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Biochar Cd removal was up to ~90% from Cd-containing solutions and contaminated soil as compared to the control. Based on the wet chemical sequential extraction procedure in conjunction with XAS, biochar application promoted the formation of (oxy)hydroxide, carbonate, and organically bound Cd phases. As a material, biochar may be promoted as a tool for reducing and removing bioavailable Cd from contaminated waters and soils. Thus, biochar may play a role in reducing Cd bioaccumulation, trophic transfer, and improving environmental quality and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, No. 211 Jianjun Road, Yancheng 224003, China; Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1170, USA
| | - Matt R Noerpel
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Land and Materials Management Division, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224-1701, USA
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Land and Materials Management Division, 5995 Center Hill Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45224-1701, USA
| | - James A Ippolito
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1170, USA.
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157
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A smart optical probe for detection and discrimination of Zn2+, Cd2+ and Hg2+ at nano-molar level in real samples. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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158
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Gong P, Xiao X, Wang L, Yang W, Chang X. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, a propolis polyphenolic, attenuates potentially cadmium-induced testicular dysfunction in mice. TOXIN REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2018.1480497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pin Gong
- College of Food and biotechnology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Xuyang Xiao
- College of Food and biotechnology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Lan Wang
- College of Food and biotechnology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- College of Food and biotechnology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiangna Chang
- College of Food and biotechnology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an, China
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159
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Environmental cadmium exposure induces alterations in the urinary metabolic profile of pregnant women. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:556-562. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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160
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Chen Y, Xu X, Zeng Z, Lin X, Qin Q, Huo X. Blood lead and cadmium levels associated with hematological and hepatic functions in patients from an e-waste-polluted area. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:531-538. [PMID: 30594806 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic exposures to toxic trace metals have hazardous effects on human health, especially exposure to lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd). Blood Pb and Cd reflect toxicity on human health. A total of 267 hospitalized patients, of which 158 were from Guiyu (exposed group) in China, and 109 from Jinping (reference group), were recruited in this study. Blood Pb and Cd were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Blood Pb and Cd levels from the exposed group were both higher than in the reference group. Blood Pb levels are positively associated with blood Cd levels from the two groups. Blood Pb and Cd levels are associated with elevated hematological and hepatic parameters in patients from the exposed and reference groups. The results suggest toxic trace metals may increase liver metabolic burden, inducing abnormal liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanrong Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xijin Xu
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijun Zeng
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Xueqiong Lin
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China; Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, 515041, Guangdong, China
| | - Qilin Qin
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Huo
- Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Developmental Toxicology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, Guangdong, China.
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161
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Sabir S, Akash MSH, Fiayyaz F, Saleem U, Mehmood MH, Rehman K. Role of cadmium and arsenic as endocrine disruptors in the metabolism of carbohydrates: Inserting the association into perspectives. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 114:108802. [PMID: 30921704 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have widespread environmental distribution originated from both natural and anthropogenic sources. From the last few decades, their contamination has been raised dramatically owing to continuous discharge in sewage and untreated industrial effluents. They have rapidly gained a considerable attention due to their critical role in the development of multiple endocrine-related disorders notably diabetes mellitus (DM). Cadmium and arsenic, among the most hazardous EDCs, are not only widely spread in our environment, but they are also found to be associated with wide range of health hazards. After entering into the human body, they are preferably accumulated in the liver, kidney and pancreas where they exhibit deleterious effects on carbohydrate metabolism pathways notably glycolysis, glucogenesis and gluconeogenesis through the modification and impairment of relevant key enzymes activity. Impairment of hepatic glucose homeostasis plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of DM. Along with compromised function of pancreas and muscles, diminished liver and kidney functions also contribute considerably to increase the blood glucose level. These metals have potential to bring conformational changes in these enzymes and make them inactive. Additionally, these metals also disturb the hormonal balance, such as insulin, glucocorticoids and catecholamines; by damaging pancreas and adrenal gland, respectively. Moreover, these metals also enhance the production of reactive oxygen species and depress the anti-oxidative defense mechanism with subsequent disruption of multiple organs. In this article, we have briefly highlighted the impact of arsenic and cadmium on the metabolism of carbohydrates and the enzymes that are involved in carbohydrate metabolism and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakila Sabir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Pharmacology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Fareeha Fiayyaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan; Department of Microbiology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Saleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Kanwal Rehman
- Institute of Pharmacy, Physiology and Pharmacy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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162
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Stojsavljević A, Borković-Mitić S, Vujotić L, Grujičić D, Gavrović-Jankulović M, Manojlović D. The human biomonitoring study in Serbia: Background levels for arsenic, cadmium, lead, thorium and uranium in the whole blood of adult Serbian population. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:402-409. [PMID: 30469025 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to establish reference values (RVs) for the occupationally- and environmentally-important toxic elements in the whole blood of adult Serbian population for the first time. Contaminated drinking water with arsenic, high share of smokers in the country, removing tetraethyl lead from the gasoline and war attack at the end of the twentieth century were some of the reasons to provide background information for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), thorium (Th), and uranium (U) in the blood of the Serbian population. The whole blood samples were collected from the healthy respondents living in the Belgrade and surrounding areas of the capital (n = 305; w/m ratio = 154/151; mean age: 41 ± 2). The concentrations of toxic metals were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Reference values were estimated as the lower limit (LL) and upper limit (UL) of the 95% confidence interval (CI), together with the selected percentiles (P2.5-P97.5). The obtained geometric mean (GM) for As, Cd, Pb, Th, and U were: 0.50 ng/g, 0.32 ng/g, 20.94 ng/g, 0.30 ng/g, and 0.06 ng/g, respectively. The influences of age, sex and lifestyle on results were considered. Women have significantly higher levels of Cd and Th than men. The increased level of Th was observed in the aged group below 40 years, while smokers had significantly higher levels of Pb and double higher level of Cd in the blood than non-smokers (p < 0.05). In comparison with other population groups worldwide, the Serbian population had significantly higher levels of Th and U (up to 100 times higher). These findings could contribute to better understanding of the molecular basis for the development of various health hazards, including the increased incidence of cancer among the Serbian population which need be confirmed by clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Slavica Borković-Mitić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, Belgrade 11060, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Vujotić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Clinical Center of Serbia, Neurosurgery Division, Dr Koste Torodorića 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danica Grujičić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Clinical Center of Serbia, Neurosurgery Division, Dr Koste Torodorića 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Dragan Manojlović
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; South Ural State University, Lenin prospect 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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163
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Xiong R, Wu Q, Trbojevich R, Muskhelishvili L, Davis K, Bryant M, Richter P, Cao X. Disease-related responses induced by cadmium in an in vitro human airway tissue model. Toxicol Lett 2019; 303:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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164
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Shamshad S, Shahid M, Dumat C, Rafiq M, Khalid S, Sabir M, Missen MMS, S Shah N, Farooq ABU, Murtaza B, Niazi NK. A multivariate analysis of health risk assessment, phytoremediation potential, and biochemical attributes of Spinacia oleracea exposed to cadmium in the presence of organic amendments under hydroponic conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2019; 21:461-470. [PMID: 30821474 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2018.1540539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) phytoremediation potential and its accumulation in edible and nonedible plant tissues is the function of various biochemical processes taking place inside plants. This study assessed the impact of organic ligands on Cd phyto uptake and different biophysiochemical processes of Spinacia oleracea L., and associated health hazards. Plants were exposed to Cd alone and chelated with citric acid (CA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Results revealed that the effect of Cd on lipid peroxidation, H2O2 production and pigment contents varied greatly with its applied level and the type of organic ligand. Moreover, the effect was more prominent in root tissues than leaf tissues and for high concentrations of Cd and organic ligands. Cadmium accumulation increased by 90 and 74% in roots and leaves, respectively, with increasing Cd levels (25-100 µM). Cadmium exposure at high levels caused lipid peroxidation in roots only. Application of both CA and EDTA slightly diminished Cd toxicity with respect to pigment contents, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents. Hazard quotient (HQ) of Cd was <1.00 for all the treatments. Under nonlinear effect of treatments, multivariate analysis can be an effective tool to trace overall effects/trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saliha Shamshad
- a Department of Environmental Sciences , COMSATS University Islamabad , Vehari , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- a Department of Environmental Sciences , COMSATS University Islamabad , Vehari , Pakistan
| | - Camille Dumat
- b Centre d'Etude et de Recherche Travail Organisation Pouvoir (CERTOP) , Université J. Jaurès - Toulouse II , Castanet-Tolosan , France
| | - Marina Rafiq
- a Department of Environmental Sciences , COMSATS University Islamabad , Vehari , Pakistan
| | - Sana Khalid
- a Department of Environmental Sciences , COMSATS University Islamabad , Vehari , Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sabir
- c Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences , University of Agriculture Faisalabad , Faisalabad , Pakistan
| | - Malik M S Missen
- d Department of Computer Science and Information Technology , The Islamia University of Bahawalpur , Bahawalpur , Punjab , Pakistan
| | - Noor S Shah
- a Department of Environmental Sciences , COMSATS University Islamabad , Vehari , Pakistan
| | - Abu Bakr Umer Farooq
- a Department of Environmental Sciences , COMSATS University Islamabad , Vehari , Pakistan
| | - Behzad Murtaza
- a Department of Environmental Sciences , COMSATS University Islamabad , Vehari , Pakistan
| | - Nabeel Khan Niazi
- e Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences , University of Agriculture Faisalabad , Faisalabad , Pakistan
- f Southern Cross GeoScience , Southern Cross University , Lismore , NSW , Australia
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165
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Barbato A, D’Elia L, Perna L, Molisso A, Iacone R, Strazzullo P, Galletti F. Increased Microalbuminuria Risk in Male Cigarette Smokers: Results from the “Olivetti Heart Study” after 8 Years Follow-Up. Kidney Blood Press Res 2019; 44:33-42. [DOI: 10.1159/000498830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims: Association between cigarette smoke and albuminuria (UA) was already demonstrated in cross-sectional studies and in selected population samples (i.e diabetic patients). This study aims to evaluate, prospectively, the relationship between cigarette smoke and UA in a male adult population sample, with basal normal kidney function, participating in the Olivetti Heart Study (OHS). Methods: Among 994 participants, examined in both 1994-95 and 2002-04, were selected those resulted in both visits smokers (n=221) and non-smokers (n=416) and with basal normal kidney function (GFR> 60 mL/min) and basal albumin/creatinine ratio (ACR< 30 mg/g). Results: At baseline, the prevalence of hypertension was 41%, diabetes affected 6.3% and obesity 17% of the whole sample. Smokers showed statistically significant lower levels of systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and BMI (p< 0.001) compared to non-smokers. There were not basal differences in UA, GFR and metabolic profile. However, at follow-up examination, smokers showed a statistically significant increase in SBP and DBP (p< 0.05), but not in GFR and BMI. Moreover, smokers showed a higher risk compared to non-smokers to be in the higher median levels group of UA (OR: 2.17, C.I.95%: 1.51-3.13; p < 0.001), even after correction for major confounding factors. Further adjustment for basal antihypertensive and hypoglycemic treatment did not change these patterns of association. Conclusion: In a selected male adult population sample, cigarette smoke was independently associated with the development of higher levels of albuminuria over time.
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166
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Hu X, Chandler JD, Park S, Liu K, Fernandes J, Orr M, Smith MR, Ma C, Kang SM, Uppal K, Jones DP, Go YM. Low-dose cadmium disrupts mitochondrial citric acid cycle and lipid metabolism in mouse lung. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:209-217. [PMID: 30529385 PMCID: PMC6331287 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) causes acute and chronic lung toxicities at occupational exposure levels, yet the impacts of Cd exposure at low levels through dietary intake remain largely uncharacterized. Health concerns arise because humans do not have an effective Cd elimination mechanism, resulting in a long (10- to 35-y) biological half-life. Previous studies showed increased mitochondrial oxidative stress and cell death by Cd yet the details of mitochondrial alterations by low levels of Cd remain unexplored. In the current study, we examined the impacts of Cd burden at a low environmental level on lung metabolome, redox proteome, and inflammation in mice given Cd at low levels by drinking water (0, 0.2, 0.6 and 2.0 mg Cd/L) for 16 weeks. The results showed that mice accumulated lung Cd comparable to non-smoking humans and showed inflammation in lung by histopathology at 2 mg Cd/L. The results of high resolution metabolomics combined with bioinformatics showed that mice treated with 2 mg Cd/L increased levels of lipids in the lung, accompanied by disruption in mitochondrial energy metabolism. In addition, targeted metabolomic analysis showed that these mice had increased accumulation of mitochondrial carnitine and citric acid cycle intermediates. The results of redox proteomics showed that Cd at 2 mg/L stimulated oxidation of isocitrate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase and ATP synthase. Taken together, the results showed impaired mitochondrial function and accumulation of lipids in the lung with a Cd dose response relevant to non-smokers without occupational exposures. These findings suggest that dietary Cd intake could be an important variable contributing to human pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, United States
| | - Joshua D Chandler
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, United States
| | - Soojin Park
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ken Liu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, United States
| | - Jolyn Fernandes
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, United States
| | - Michael Orr
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, United States
| | - M Ryan Smith
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, United States
| | - Chunyu Ma
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, United States
| | - Sang-Moo Kang
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Karan Uppal
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, United States
| | - Dean P Jones
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, United States.
| | - Young-Mi Go
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University, United States.
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167
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Polykretis P, Cencetti F, Donati C, Luchinat E, Banci L. Cadmium effects on superoxide dismutase 1 in human cells revealed by NMR. Redox Biol 2019; 21:101102. [PMID: 30654299 PMCID: PMC6348768 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium is a toxic pollutant that in recent decades has become more widespread in the environment due to anthropogenic activities, significantly increasing the risk of exposure. Concurrently, a continually growing body of research has begun to enumerate the harmful effects that this heavy metal has on human health. Consequently, additional research is required to better understand the mechanism and effects of cadmium at the molecular level. The main mechanism of cadmium toxicity is based on the indirect induction of severe oxidative stress, through several processes that unbalance the anti-oxidant cellular defence system, including the displacement of metals such as zinc from its native binding sites. Such mechanism was thought to alter the in vivo enzymatic activity of SOD1, one of the main antioxidant proteins of many tissues, including the central nervous system. SOD1 misfolding and aggregation is correlated with cytotoxicity in neurodegenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We assessed the effect of cadmium on SOD1 folding and maturation pathway directly in human cells through in-cell NMR. Cadmium does not directly bind intracellular SOD1, instead causes the formation of its intramolecular disulfide bond in the zinc-bound form. Metallothionein overexpression is strongly induced by cadmium, reaching NMR-detectable levels. The intracellular availability of zinc modulates both SOD1 oxidation and metallothionein overexpression, strengthening the notion that zinc-loaded metallothioneins help maintaining the redox balance under cadmium-induced acute stress. Cadmium does not bind to superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) in human cells. In defect of zinc, cadmium causes the premature oxidation of SOD1. Cadmium induces the overexpression of metallothioneins to levels detectable by NMR. Zinc modulates metallothionein expression and attenuates SOD1 oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagis Polykretis
- Magnetic Resonance Center - CERM, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesca Cencetti
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Donati
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Enrico Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center - CERM, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 50, 50134 Florence, Italy.
| | - Lucia Banci
- Magnetic Resonance Center - CERM, University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
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168
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Azam S, Louis GS, Miksovska J. Cadmium association with DREAM promotes DREAM interactions with intracellular partners in a similar manner to its physiological ligand, calcium. Metallomics 2019; 11:1115-1127. [DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00059c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cd2+exposure has been associated with neurodegenerative diseases and other pathologies, but the underlying mechanism through which it exerts toxic effects remain unresolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samiol Azam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
| | - Gessica St Louis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
| | - Jaroslava Miksovska
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University
- Miami
- USA
- Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University
- Miami
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169
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Wang Q, Wei S. Cadmium affects blood pressure and negatively interacts with obesity: Findings from NHANES 1999-2014. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 643:270-276. [PMID: 29936168 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.06.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Inconsistencies are noted regarding the association between cadmium exposure and blood pressure/hypertension and the interaction between cadmium and body mass index (BMI). This study aims to clarify these inconsistencies in a large sample (n = 32,791) of adults age ≥20 years from eight cycles of the US National Health Examination and Nutrition Survey (NHANES, 1999-2014). The cadmium levels in blood (BCd) and urine (UCd) were used as exposure biomarker. Multiple-linear/logistic regression models were built and stratified by sex, ethnicity and BMI category. The interaction between BCd and BMI was assessed on additive and multiplicative scales. A twofold increase in BCd was associated with 0.54 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.49, 0.58) and 0.05 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.04, 0.06) increases in the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), respectively, in black women. The SBP and DBP increased by 0.92 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.73, 1.11) and 0.85 mm Hg (95% CI: 0.65, 1.05), respectively, in Mexican-Am women. Significant associations were found between BCd and hypertension in them (systolic risk per twofold BCd, OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.61; and diastolic risk per twofold BCd, OR = 1.55; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.05). UCd was significantly associated with hypertension in all individuals (OR = 1.14 per twofold; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.21). The associations between cadmium exposure and blood pressure/hypertension showed some discrepancies across BMI categories. A negative interaction was observed between BCd and obesity with regard to their effects on systolic hypertension (RERI = -0.30; 95% CI: -0.56, -0.03; ratio of ORs = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.89). Our findings provided evidence for the effect of cadmium on blood pressure and the prevalence of hypertension in American adults. The associations showed discrepancies by sex and ethnicity. The negative interaction between cadmium exposure and obesity influenced systolic hypertension risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Sheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (HUST), Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubation), Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China.
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170
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Jin R, Zhu X, Shrubsole MJ, Yu C, Xia Z, Dai Q. Associations of renal function with urinary excretion of metals: Evidence from NHANES 2003-2012. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1355-1362. [PMID: 30442456 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urinary metals are considered measures of long-term exposures of metals, such as cadmium (Cd). Some studies indicate reduced renal function may affect the urinary excretion of several metals in general population making assessments difficult. OBJECTIVES To examine whether reduced renal function is associated with reduced urinary excretion of 12 metals or their metabolites and, in turn, an underestimated measure of Cd in general population. METHODS We conducted analyses using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2012. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the associations between urinary metal levels and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Restricted cubic spline regression models were used to evaluate the nonlinearity. RESULTS Urinary metal levels significantly increased (p < 0.001) with increasing eGFR, except for antimony (p = 0.172). Urinary levels of arsenic, dimethylarsonic acid, cobalt, molybdenum and tungsten increased linearly with eGFR, while Cd, lead, mercury, barium, cesium and thallium increased nonlinearly (p < 0.001) with eGFR. Based on a restricted cubic spline regression model, we found, corresponding to a fixed blood Cd adverse cutpoint of 5 μg/L, predicted urinary Cd cutpoints substantially varied from 0.78-1.21 μg/g for urinary Cd between those aged <40 years and who had chronic kidney disease and those aged 60 years or over with normal renal function, respectively. CONCLUSION Reduced renal function is associated with reduced urinary metals; and associations are also observed across the eGFR range not just in the reduced range. Urinary abnormal cutpoints of metals are likely dependent on eGFR and age. The associations between urinary exposure of metals and disease risk are likely underestimated without considering the modifying effect of renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rufeng Jin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Xiangzhu Zhu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
| | - Martha J Shrubsole
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
| | - Chang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
| | - Zhaolin Xia
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Qi Dai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37203, USA.
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171
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Tucovic D, Popov Aleksandrov A, Mirkov I, Ninkov M, Kulas J, Zolotarevski L, Vukojevic V, Mutic J, Tatalovic N, Kataranovski M. Oral cadmium exposure affects skin immune reactivity in rats. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 164:12-20. [PMID: 30092388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin can acquire cadmium (Cd) by oral route, but there is paucity of data concerning cutaneous effects of this metal. Cd acquired by oral route can affect skin wound healing, but the effect of Cd on other activities involved in skin homeostasis, including skin immunity, are not explored. Using the rat model of 30-day oral administration of Cd (5 ppm and 50 ppm) in drinking water, basic aspects of immune-relevant activity of epidermal cells were examined. Dose-dependent Cd deposition in the the skin was observed (0.035 ± 0.02 µg/g and 0.127 ± 0.04 µg/g at 5 ppm and 50 ppm, respectively, compared to 0.012 ± 0.009 µg/g at 0 ppm of Cd). This resulted in skin inflammation (oxidative stress at both Cd doses and dose-dependent structural changes in the skin and the presence/activation of innate immunity cells). At low Cd dose inflammatory response (nitric oxide and IL-1β) was observed. Other inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF) response occurred at 50 ppm, which was increased further following skin sensitization with contact allergen dinitro-chlorobenzene (DNCB). Epidermal cells exposed to both Cd doses enhanced concanavalin A (ConA)-stimulated lymphocyte production of IL-17. This study showed for the first time the effect of the metal which gained access to the skin via gut on immune reactivity of epidermal cells. Presented data might be relevant for the link between dietary Cd and the risk of skin pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Tucovic
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Popov Aleksandrov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Mirkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Ninkov
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Kulas
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lidija Zolotarevski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Vukojevic
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 12-16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Mutic
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, 12-16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nikola Tatalovic
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena Kataranovski
- Immunotoxicology Group, Department of Ecology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic", University of Belgrade, 142 Bulevar despota Stefana, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; Institute of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 16 Studentski trg, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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172
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Afsar B, Elsurer Afsar R, Kanbay A, Covic A, Ortiz A, Kanbay M. Air pollution and kidney disease: review of current evidence. Clin Kidney J 2018; 12:19-32. [PMID: 30746128 PMCID: PMC6366136 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfy111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with amazing technological advances, the industrial revolution of the mid-19th century introduced new sources of pollution. By the mid-20th century, the effects of these changes were beginning to be felt around the world. Among these changes, health problems due to environmental air pollution are increasingly recognized. At the beginning, respiratory and cardiovascular diseases were emphasized. However, accumulated data indicate that every organ system in the body may be involved, and the kidney is no exception. Although research on air pollution and kidney damage is recent, there is now scientific evidence that air pollution harms the kidney. In this holistic review, we have summarized the epidemiology, disease states and mechanisms of air pollution and kidney damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baris Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Rengin Elsurer Afsar
- Department of Nephrology, Suleyman Demirel University School of Medicine, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Asiye Kanbay
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Istanbul Medeniyet University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Department, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, "Dr. C.I. Parhon" University Hospital, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Dialysis Unit, School of Medicine, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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173
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Sintering-Induced Nucleation and Growth of Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Plasmonic Resonance Ceramic Color. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-018-0952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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174
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Naz A, Chowdhury A, Mishra BK, Karthikeyan K. Distribution of heavy metals and associated human health risk in mine, agricultural and roadside soils at the largest chromite mine of India. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:2155-2175. [PMID: 29582262 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This study accessed the levels of Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn concentration in soils of different locations (mine, roadside, agricultural and control sites) of Sukinda chromite mine (the India's largest Chromite mine and listed among the world's ten most polluted regions). Geo-accumulation (Igeo) index indicates that the mine, agricultural and roadside soils are 'heavily to extremely contaminated' due to Cr, Ni, Pb and Cd, hence human residing/working in this region can have health hazards due to contaminated soil via different exposure pathways. The concentration of heavy metals (mg/kg) in mine site vary between 52.35 and 244.8 (Cr6+), 12,030.2 and 31,818.6 (Cr3+), 5460.4 and 8866.0 (Ni), 70.02 and 208.6 (Pb), 0.95 and 5.3 (Cd), 209.1 and 360.4 (Mn), 21,531.8 and 28,847 (Fe) and 221 and 349.3 (Zn). Fe, Cr6+, Cr3+ and Ni concentration in soil follows an order of mine site > road sites > agricultural lands > control forest sites. Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis indicate Cd, Cr, Fe, Ni and Pb as major pollutants in the region. Cancer Risk is 'high' in both adult (5.38E-04) and children (4.45E-04) in mining sites and 'low' to 'very low' in agricultural and road side soils. The hazard index for all the heavy metals in a mining areas is varied from 2.9 to 5.2 in adult and 2.8-5.1 in children, indicating 'high' to 'very high' non-cancer risk due to significant contribution of Ni, Pb and Cr6+ concentration (73, 11 and 10%, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliya Naz
- Environmental Laboratory Division, Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, P.O. 83, Mundra Road, Bhuj, Gujarat, 370001, India
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
| | - Abhiroop Chowdhury
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India.
- Coastal and Marine Ecology Division, Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, P.O. 83, Mundra Road, Bhuj, Gujarat, 370001, India.
| | - Brijesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, Jharkhand, 826004, India
| | - K Karthikeyan
- Environmental Laboratory Division, Gujarat Institute of Desert Ecology, P.O. 83, Mundra Road, Bhuj, Gujarat, 370001, India
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175
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Ali F, Kazi TG, Afridi HI, Baig JA. Exposure of cadmium via smoking and drinking water on zinc levels of biological samples of malnutrition pregnant women: A prospective cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 63:48-54. [PMID: 30145445 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In present study, the interaction of a toxic (cadmium) and essential element (zinc) was determined in scalp hair of pregnant and non-pregnant women resident in a rural area of Thraparkar, Pakistan, where malnutrition is prevalent. In the malnourished group (pregnant and nonpregnant women), deficiency of the essential element (zinc) due to malnutrition and exposure of toxic metal (cadmium) via non-branded cigarette smoking and drinking groundwater were carried out. For comparative purposes, scalp hair samples were also collected from pregnant and non-pregnant women, residing in Hyderabad city, consuming municipal treated drinking water and smoking branded cigarette, termed as the reference group. The domestic treated and ground water, as well as the branded and non-branding cigarettes were analysed for cadmium (Cd). Whereas Zinc (Zn) and Cd were determined in scalp hair samples of malnutrioned and reference women. The groundwater indicated 5 to 12 fold higher levels of Cd than the WHO recommended value in drinking water. Whereas the content of Cd in locally made non-branded cigarettes was found to be two fold higher than branded cigarettes. These data indicate that the malnourished pregnant and non-pregnant smokers women group had three to four times higher levels of Cd in their scalp hair samples than those values obtained for reference non smokers. Whereas, the content of Zn in scalp hair samples of the reference women was ∼20% higher than the malnourished group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faiza Ali
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Tasneem Gul Kazi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Hassan Imran Afridi
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
| | - Jameel Ahmed Baig
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, 76080, Pakistan.
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176
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Lee CY, Su CH, Tsai PK, Yang ML, Ho YC, Lee SS, Chen CH, Chen WY, Lin ML, Chen CJ, Chian CY, Huang-Liu R, Chang YL, Kuan YH. Cadmium nitrate-induced neuronal apoptosis is protected by N-acetyl-l-cysteine via reducing reactive oxygen species generation and mitochondria dysfunction. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 108:448-456. [PMID: 30241048 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for various diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Cadmium nitrate (Cd(NO3)2) is one of the major products from the cigarette smoke. Up to now, no supporting evidence on Cd(NO3)2-induced apoptosis and its related working mechanism in neurons has been found. In present study, the mode of cell death, caspase activities, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and mitochondrial dysfunction in N2a cells, which are neuron-like cells, were assessed by Annexin V-FITC and PI assays, caspase fluorometric assay, DCFH-DA fluorescence assay, and JC-1 fluorescence assay respectively. The results showed that not only Cd(NO3)2 induced apoptosis and necrosis but also the activities of caspase-3 and -9 expressed in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, Cd(NO3)2 also induced both mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS generation in a concentration-dependent manner. All these indicated that in N2a cells parallel trends could be observed in apoptosis, caspase-3 and -9 activities, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS generation when induced by Cd(NO3)2. Furthermore, Cd(NO3)2-induced apoptosis, caspases activities, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS generation were reduced by N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC). These results indicated that Cd(NO3)2-induced neuronal apoptosis was reduced by NAC via intrinsic apoptotic caspase cascade activities and their up-stream factors, including mitochondrial dysfunction and ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ying Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Su
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ping-Kun Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Yang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chyuan Ho
- School of Medical Applied Chemistry, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan-Shinn Lee
- School of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chen
- Department of Hair Styling and Design, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ying Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Liang Lin
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Department of Education and Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Chian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Rosa Huang-Liu
- School of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Lan Chang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsiang Kuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.
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177
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Kehili N, Saka S, Aouacheri O. L’effet phytoprotecteur de la nigelle (Nigella sativa) contre la toxicité induite par le cadmium chez les rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3166/phyto-2018-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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178
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Hu Q, Zeng WA, Li F, Huang Y, Gu S, Cai H, Zeng M, Li Q, Tan L. Effect of Nano Zeolite on the Transformation of Cadmium Speciation and Its Uptake by Tobacco in Cadmium-contaminated Soil. OPEN CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/chem-2018-0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe study was aimed at exploring the effects of applying ordinary and nano zeolite on the soil pH, soil available cadmium (Cd) content, soil Cd speciation and Cd uptakes by tobacco using pot experiment with simulated Cd contaminated soil indoors. The results showed that soil pH increased and available Cd content reduced with the amount of ordinary and nano zeolite increasing. Compared with the control, the application of ordinary and nano zeolite increased soil pH at 0.47 - 1.05 and 0.73 - 1.57, respectively, and reduced the available Cd contents at 19.3% - 32.7% and 23.2% - 40.5%, respectively. In addition, soil pH had significantly negative correlation with available Cd content in each treatment (p<0.05). Nano zeolite could more effectively reduce Cd contents of all parts of tobacco than ordinary zeolite with the same amount treatments, and Cd content in all parts of tobacco plants was positively correlated with soil available Cd content. The content of exchangeable Cd (EXE) in soil decreased to some extent with different zeolite treatments, application of nano zeolite was better than that of application of ordinary zeolite in reducing Cd bioavailability and transferability. Overall, application of nano zeolite has an advantage over ordinary zeolite in reducing available Cd content in soil and Cd content in tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulong Hu
- Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Wei-ai Zeng
- Changsha Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Fan Li
- Changsha Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Yanning Huang
- Institute of Agricultural Bio-Resources, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, Hunan 410125, China
| | - Songsong Gu
- Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Hailin Cai
- Changsha Tobacco Company of Hunan Province, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Lin Tan
- Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
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179
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Shen J, Wang X, Zhou D, Li T, Tang L, Gong T, Su J, Liang P. Modelling cadmium-induced cardiotoxicity using human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4221-4235. [PMID: 29993192 PMCID: PMC6111808 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium, a highly ubiquitous toxic heavy metal, has been widely recognized as an environmental and industrial pollutant, which confers serious threats to human health. The molecular mechanisms of the cadmium-induced cardiotoxicity (CIC) have not been studied in human cardiomyocytes at the cellular level. Here we showed that human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) can recapitulate the CIC at the cellular level. The cadmium-treated hPSC-CMs exhibited cellular phenotype including reduced cell viability, increased apoptosis, cardiac sarcomeric disorganization, elevated reactive oxygen species, altered action potential profile and cardiac arrhythmias. RNA-sequencing analysis revealed a differential transcriptome profile and activated MAPK signalling pathway in cadmium-treated hPSC-CMs, and suppression of P38 MAPK but not ERK MAPK or JNK MAPK rescued CIC phenotype. We further identified that suppression of PI3K/Akt signalling pathway is sufficient to reverse the CIC phenotype, which may play an important role in CIC. Taken together, our data indicate that hPSC-CMs can serve as a suitable model for the exploration of molecular mechanisms underlying CIC and for the discovery of CIC cardioprotective drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Shen
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danni Zhou
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tongyu Li
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tingyu Gong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Su
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Liang
- Key Laboratory of combined Multi-organ Transplantation, Ministry of Public Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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180
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Protective Effect of Increased Zinc Supply against Oxidative Damage of Sublingual Gland in Chronic Exposure to Cadmium: Experimental Study on Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:3732842. [PMID: 30116477 PMCID: PMC6079320 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3732842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is one of the main chemical pollutants found in the daily environment of developed countries. Cigarettes are a significant source of that metal, which makes it important in terms of oral cavity health. The aim of this study was to determine if increased supply of zinc in chronic exposure to cadmium might protect the sublingual gland structure against oxidative damage. The experiment took 12 months and was conducted on 72 adult male rats. They were randomized into 9 groups. Eight groups received cadmium in drinking water (as CdCl2) at 5 or 50 mg Cd/dm3 and/or zinc (as ZnCl2) at 30 or 60 mg Zn/dm3. The control group received regular water. In the sublingual gland of all animal groups, levels of oxidative parameters were measured. The oxidative stress index was calculated as a TOS/TAS ratio. Cadmium exposure at 5 mg and 50 mg Cd/dm3 induced oxidative stress in the sublingual glands of the rats. Cadmium reduced the TAS and GSH levels and increased LPO, H2O2, TOS, and OSI. In cadmium exposure conditions, increasing the supply of zinc by 79% or 151%, as compared to the standard dietary intake of this microelement, completely prevented the reduction of TAS and GSH levels and accumulation of LPO, H2O2, and TOS in the examined gland at both exposure levels to that metal. The outcome data confirm the protective effect of increased zinc intake on the sublingual gland tissue in chronic cadmium exposure.
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181
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Chen X, Zhu G, Wang Z, Liang Y, Chen B, He P, Nordberg M, Nordberg GF, Ding X, Jin T. The association between dietary cadmium exposure and renal dysfunction - the benchmark dose estimation of reference levels: the ChinaCad study. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1365-1373. [PMID: 29888394 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The tolerable dietary intake of cadmium was recommended at provisional tolerable monthly intake of 25 μg kg-1 body weight. However, several studies indicated that this tolerable level should be re-evaluated for sufficient health protection. In this study, we show the reference levels of dietary cadmium intake for renal dysfunction by using a benchmark dose (BMD) approach. A total of 790 subjects (302 men and 488 women) living in control and cadmium-polluted areas were included. The dietary cadmium intake was estimated by a food survey. Blood cadmium, urinary cadmium and renal function markers (microalbuminuria, N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase [NAG] and its isoform B [NAGB], β2 -microglobulin and retinol binding protein) in urine were measured. We calculated the 95% lower confidence bounds of BMD (BMDLs) of cumulative cadmium intake. In control and two polluted areas, the median cumulative cadmium intake was 0.5, 2.1 and 11.1 g. The odds ratio of the intermediate (1.0-3.0 g), second highest (3.0-11.0 g) and the highest cumulative cadmium intake (>11.0 g) compared with the lowest cumulative cadmium intake (<1.0 g) were 2.8 (95% CI: 1.4-5.8), 8.1 (95% CI: 3.8-17.2) and 11.4 (95% CI: 6.5-26.4) for urinary NAG and 6.6 (95% CI: 3.2-13.8), 14.8 (95% CI: 6.8-32.2) and 22.5 (95% CI: 10.7-47.5) for urinary NAGB. The BMDLs of cumulative cadmium intake were 1.1-1.2 g (benchmark response [BMR] = 5%) for urinary NAG, and were 0.7-0.9 g (BMR = 5%) for urinary NAGB, and were 1.3-1.4 g (BMR = 5%) for urinary β2 -microglobulin. The BMDLs of cumulative cadmium intake in a Chinese population were lower than the critical standard previously reported. Further evaluations are needed for sufficient health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China.,Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yihuai Liang
- Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ping He
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Monica Nordberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar F Nordberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Kidney and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Taiyi Jin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
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182
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Fathabad AE, Shariatifar N, Moazzen M, Nazmara S, Fakhri Y, Alimohammadi M, Azari A, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Determination of heavy metal content of processed fruit products from Tehran's market using ICP- OES: A risk assessment study. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:436-446. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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183
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Kang GH, Uhm JY, Choi YG, Kang EK, Kim SY, Choo WO, Chang SS. Environmental exposure of heavy metal (lead and cadmium) and hearing loss: data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES 2010-2013). Ann Occup Environ Med 2018; 30:22. [PMID: 29692915 PMCID: PMC5905116 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-018-0237-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lead and cadmium have been identified as risk factors for hearing loss in animal studies, but large-scale studies targeting the general human population are rare. This study was conducted to investigate the link between heavy metal concentrations in blood and hearing impairment, using a national population-based survey. METHODS The study participants comprised 6409 Koreans aged 20 or older, who were included in the Fifth and Sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES 2010-2013). Hearing impairment was categorized into two types, low- and high-frequency hearing impairment, using pure tone audiometry. Low-frequency hearing impairment was defined as having a binaural average of hearing thresholds for 0.5, 1, and 2 kHz exceeding 25 dB, and high-frequency hearing impairment was defined as having a binaural average of hearing thresholds for 3, 4, and 6 kHz exceeding 25 dB. The blood levels of heavy metals (lead and cadmium) were classified into quartiles. Cross-sectional association between hearing impairment and the level of heavy metals (lead and cadmium) was examined in both sexes. Multivariate logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS Among men, the prevalence of low- and high- frequency hearing impairment was 13.9% and 46.7%, respectively, which was higher than the prevalence among women (11.8% and 27.0%, respectively). Regarding lead, the adjusted OR of high-frequency hearing impairment for the highest blood level group versus the lowest group was significant in both men (OR = 1.629, 95% CI = 1.161-2.287) and women (OR = 1.502, 95% CI = 1.027-2.196), after adjusting for age, body mass index, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and noise exposure (occupational, loud, firearm noises). No links were found between blood lead levels and low-frequency hearing impairment, or between blood cadmium levels and low- or high-frequency hearing impairment in either sex. CONCLUSIONS The present study findings suggest that even exposure to low-level lead is a risk factor for high-frequency hearing loss. A prospective epidemiologic study should be conducted to identify the causal relationship between human health and exposure to heavy metals, and efforts to reduce heavy metal exposure in the general population should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gu Hyeok Kang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, 95 Dunsanseo-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35233 Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Young Uhm
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, 95 Dunsanseo-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35233 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gon Choi
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, 95 Dunsanseo-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35233 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kye Kang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, 95 Dunsanseo-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35233 Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Kim
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, 95 Dunsanseo-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35233 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Oh Choo
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, 95 Dunsanseo-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35233 Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Sil Chang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Eulji University Hospital, 95 Dunsanseo-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, 35233 Republic of Korea
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184
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Ganguly K, Levänen B, Palmberg L, Åkesson A, Lindén A. Cadmium in tobacco smokers: a neglected link to lung disease? Eur Respir Rev 2018; 27:27/147/170122. [PMID: 29592863 PMCID: PMC9488953 DOI: 10.1183/16000617.0122-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium in tobacco smoke may contribute to the development of pulmonary emphysema. However, there is poor understanding of the mechanisms behind the pathogenic role of cadmium in this and other smoking-related lung diseases. The traditional focus on the total body burden of cadmium, estimated through analysis of urine, may not fully reflect the local burden of cadmium, since it is inhaled by smokers. Thus, assessing the local accumulation of cadmium in the lungs appears more relevant, given that there is tissue-specific retention of cadmium. In this review, we outline the principal sources of cadmium exposure and the clinical effects of occupational exposure. In addition, we review evidence on local cadmium and its association with alterations in innate immunity in tobacco smokers. Moreover, we scrutinise the data on cadmium as a cause of lung disease in translational models. We conclude that cadmium may contribute to smoking-related lung diseases, possibly via an altered redox balance and by making macrophages dysfunctional. However, there is a need for new studies on local cadmium levels and their relation to pathology in long-term tobacco smokers, as well as for more in-depth studies on cellular and molecular mechanisms, to elucidate the importance of cadmium in smoking-related lung diseases. Cadmium in tobacco smoke emerges as a potentially important pathogenic factor in smoking-related lung diseasehttp://ow.ly/msOm30irmg7
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185
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Kim MS, Kim SH, Jeon D, Kim HY, Han JY, Kim B, Lee K. Low-dose cadmium exposure exacerbates polyhexamethylene guanidine-induced lung fibrosis in mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:384-396. [PMID: 29590002 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1451177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal present in tobacco smoke, air, food, and water. Inhalation is an important route of Cd exposure, and lungs are one of the main target organs for metal-induced toxicity. Cd inhalation is associated with an increased risk of pulmonary diseases. The present study aimed to assess the effects of repeated exposure to low-dose Cd in a mouse model of polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG)-induced lung fibrosis. Mice were grouped into the following groups: vehicle control (VC), PHMG, cadmium chloride (CdCl2), and PHMG + CdCl2. Animals in the PHMG group exhibited increased numbers of total cells and inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) accompanied by inflammation and fibrosis in lung tissues. These parameters were exacerbated in mice in the PHMG + CdCl2 group. In contrast, mice in the CdCl2 group alone displayed only minimal inflammation in pulmonary tissue. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and fibrogenic mediators was significantly elevated in lungs of mice in the PHMG group compared with that VC. Further, expression of these cytokines and mediators was enhanced in pulmonary tissue in mice administered PHMG + CdCl2. Data demonstrate that repeated exposure to low-dose Cd may enhance the development of PHMG-induced pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Seok Kim
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Kim
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
- b Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology , University of Science & Technology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Doin Jeon
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Young Kim
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Han
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- c Biosafety Research Institute and Laboratory of Pathology (BK21 Plus Program) , College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonbuk National University , Iksan , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhong Lee
- a National Center for Efficacy Evaluation of Respiratory Disease Product , Korea Institute of Toxicology , Jeongeup-si , Republic of Korea
- b Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology , University of Science & Technology , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
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186
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Fu L, Feng YJ, Ji YL, Wang H, Xu DX. Subchronic cadmium exposure upregulates the mRNA level of genes associated to hepatic lipid metabolism in adult female CD1 mice. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 38:1026-1035. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Lin Fu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Yu-Jie Feng
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Yan-Li Ji
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
| | - De-Xiang Xu
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology; Anhui Medical University; Hefei China
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187
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Satarug S. Dietary Cadmium Intake and Its Effects on Kidneys. TOXICS 2018; 6:E15. [PMID: 29534455 PMCID: PMC5874788 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a food-chain contaminant that has high rates of soil-to-plant transference. This phenomenon makes dietary Cd intake unavoidable. Although long-term Cd intake impacts many organ systems, the kidney has long been considered to be a critical target of its toxicity. This review addresses how measurements of Cd intake levels and its effects on kidneys have traditionally been made. These measurements underpin the derivation of our current toxicity threshold limit and tolerable intake levels for Cd. The metal transporters that mediate absorption of Cd in the gastrointestinal tract are summarized together with glomerular filtration of Cd and its sequestration by the kidneys. The contribution of age differences, gender, and smoking status to Cd accumulation in lungs, liver, and kidneys are highlighted. The basis for use of urinary Cd excretion to reflect body burden is discussed together with the use of urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) and β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) levels to quantify its toxicity. The associations of Cd with the development of chronic kidney disease and hypertension, reduced weight gain, and zinc reabsorption are highlighted. In addition, the review addresses how urinary Cd threshold levels have been derived from human population data and their utility as a warning sign of impending kidney malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soisungwan Satarug
- Centre for Kidney Disease Research and Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute and Centre for Health Services Research, Woolloongabba, Brisbane 4102, Australia.
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188
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Peng X, Deng Y, Peng Y, Yue K. Effects of biochar addition on toxic element concentrations in plants: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:970-977. [PMID: 29107363 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Consuming food contaminated by toxic elements (TEs) could pose a substantial risk to human health. Recently, biochar has been extensively studied as an effective soil ameliorant in situ because of its ability to suppress the phytoavailability of TEs. However, despite the research interest, the effects of biochar applications to soil on different TE concentrations in different plant parts remain unclear. Here, we synthesize 1813 individual observations data collected from 97 articles to evaluate the effects of biochar addition on TE concentrations in plant parts. We found that (1) the experiment type, biochar feedstock and pyrolysis temperature all significantly decreased the TE concentration in plant parts; (2) the responses of Cd and Pb concentrations in edible and indirectly edible plant parts were significantly more sensitive to the effect of biochar than the Zn, Ni, Mn, Cr, Co and Cu concentrations; and (3) the biochar dosage and surface area, significantly influenced certain TE concentrations in plant tissues as determined via correlation analysis. Moreover, the only exception in this study was found for metalloid element (i.e., As) concentrations in plants, which were not significantly influenced by biochar addition. Overall, the effects of biochar on TE concentrations in plant tissues were negative, at least on average, and the central trends suggest that biochar has a considerable ability to mitigate the transfer of TEs to food, thereby reducing the associated health risks. Our results provide an initial quantitative determination of the effects of biochar addition on multifarious TEs in different plant parts as well as an assessment of the ability of biochar to reduce TE concentrations in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China; College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China
| | - Yinger Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China; College of Environment and Civil Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, PR China.
| | - Yan Peng
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, DK, 1958, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Kai Yue
- Long-term Research Station of Alpine Forest Ecosystems, Institute of Ecology and Forestry, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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189
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Involvement of PKA/DARPP-32/PP1α and β- arrestin/Akt/GSK-3β Signaling in Cadmium-Induced DA-D2 Receptor-Mediated Motor Dysfunctions: Protective Role of Quercetin. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2528. [PMID: 29410441 PMCID: PMC5802731 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20342-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Given increasing risk of cadmium-induced neurotoxicity, the study was conducted to delineate the molecular mechanisms associated with cadmium-induced motor dysfunctions and identify targets that govern dopaminergic signaling in the brain involving in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. Selective decrease in dopamine (DA)-D2 receptors on cadmium exposure was evident which affected the post-synaptic PKA/DARPP-32/PP1α and β-arrestin/Akt/GSK-3β signaling concurrently in rat corpus striatum and PC12 cells. Pharmacological inhibition of PKA and Akt in vitro demonstrates that both pathways are independently modulated by DA-D2 receptors and associated with cadmium-induced motor deficits. Ultrastructural changes in the corpus striatum demonstrated neuronal degeneration and loss of synapse on cadmium exposure. Further, molecular docking provided interesting evidence that decrease in DA-D2 receptors may be due to direct binding of cadmium at the competitive site of dopamine on DA-D2 receptors. Treatment with quercetin resulted in the alleviation of cadmium-induced behavioral and neurochemical alterations. This is the first report demonstrating that cadmium-induced motor deficits are associated with alteration in postsynaptic dopaminergic signaling due to a decrease in DA-D2 receptors in the corpus striatum. The results further demonstrate that quercetin has the potential to alleviate cadmium-induced dopaminergic dysfunctions.
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190
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Nawab J, Farooqi S, Xiaoping W, Khan S, Khan A. Levels, dietary intake, and health risk of potentially toxic metals in vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops in Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5558-5571. [PMID: 29222655 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Food safety is a major concern worldwide and human beings are frequently exposed to potentially toxic metals (PTMs) through consumption of vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops grown in contaminated areas. The present study investigates the concentrations of PTMs such as chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in the foodstuffs (fruits, vegetables, and cereals) collected from different markets of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Samples of fruits (banana, tangerine, apple, and guava), vegetables (tomato, onion, potato, pea, and lady finger), and cereals (rice, kidney beans, and chick peas) were acid-extracted and analyzed using ICP-MS. The concentrations of Cr, Zn, Pb, As, and Cd in fruits (54, 50, 50, 45, and 4% samples, respectively), vegetables (53, 43, 63, 80, and 46%), and cereals (37, 62, 25, 70, and 25%) exceeded their respective permissible limits set by FAO/WHO (2001). The results showed that the highest mean concentration was observed for Ni (14.95 mg/kg), Pb (0.57 mg/kg), and Cd (0.27 mg/kg) in vegetables followed by fruits and cereals. However, the highest mean concentration of As (0.44 mg/kg) was observed in cereal crops followed by vegetables and fruits. The individual health risk of PTMs via consumption of fruits, vegetables, and cereals were found within safe limits for adults and children. Nevertheless, the total HRI values (fruits + vegetables + cereals) for Ni, As, and Cd for both adults and children were observed > 1 and may posed potential risk for the community consuming these foodstuffs on a daily basis. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javed Nawab
- Key laboratory of Tibetan Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan.
| | - Saad Farooqi
- Department of Environmental and Conservation Sciences, University of Swat, Swat, 19130, Pakistan
| | - Wang Xiaoping
- Key laboratory of Tibetan Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Sardar Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan.
| | - Asad Khan
- Department of Geology, FATA University, F.R. Kohat, Darra Adam Khel, Pakistan
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191
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Panahi HA, Nasrollahi S, Fouladlou S, Moniri E. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly[dimethylacrylamide- co
-allyl acetoacetate] Grafted to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Preconcentration and Determination of Cadmium Ions in Biological and Environmental Samples. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Homayon Ahmad Panahi
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University; Central Tehran Branch; Tehran Iran
| | - Sara Nasrollahi
- Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University; Central Tehran Branch; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Elham Moniri
- Department of Chemistry; Islamic Azad University; Varamin (Pishva) Branch Iran
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192
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Kumar N, Kumari V, Ram C, Bharath Kumar BS, Verma S. Impact of oral cadmium intoxication on levels of different essential trace elements and oxidative stress measures in mice: a response to dose. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5401-5411. [PMID: 29209977 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of oral intoxication of cadmium and the possible causes of oxidative stress and its preferential accumulation in different organs as well as sub-sequential effects in mice. Twenty-four Swiss albino male mice were divided into three groups viz., normal control group without cadmium chloride (CdCl2), whereas a daily dose of 0.5 and 1.2 mg of CdCl2 was orally administered for a period of a week to dose group 1 (DG-1) and dose group 2 (DG-2), respectively. A significant increase in the severity of cadmium toxicity was observed in animals as evidenced by aggravation in liver enzymes viz., serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase, whereas lower levels of antioxidative stress markers in liver and kidney tissues of treated mice were observed as compared to normal control group. A significant depletion of calcium levels in liver tissues of DG-1 (217.36 ± 1.73 μg/g of wet tissues) and DG-2 (186.41 ± 1.56 μg/g of wet tissues) groups, along with Cd accumulation, was observed. To summarize, the current study would increase our understanding with respect to dose-dependent absorption of Cd and its toxicity led to mortality as well as adverse health effects in the body of mice. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Vandna Kumari
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Chand Ram
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
| | | | - Sunita Verma
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
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193
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Mezynska M, Brzóska MM. Environmental exposure to cadmium-a risk for health of the general population in industrialized countries and preventive strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:3211-3232. [PMID: 29230653 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0827-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal belonging to the group of the main chemical pollutants of the natural and occupational environment in economically developed countries. The forecasts indicate that contamination of the environment with this toxic metal, and thus the exposure of the general population, will increase. Food (particularly plant products) is the main source of the general population exposure to this element. Moreover, an important, and often the main, source of intoxication with Cd is habitual tobacco smoking. Recent epidemiological studies have provided numerous evidence that even low-level environmental exposure to this toxic metal, nowadays occurring in numerous economically developed countries, creates a risk for health of the general population. The low-level lifetime exposure to this metal may lead to the damage to the kidneys, liver, skeletal system, and cardiovascular system, as well as to the deterioration of the sight and hearing. Moreover, it has been suggested that environmental exposure to this xenobiotic may contribute to the development of cancer of the lung, breast, prostate, pancreas, urinary bladder, and nasopharynx. Taking the above into account, the aim of this review article is to draw more attention to Cd as an environmental risk factor for the health of the general population and the need to undertake preventive actions allowing to reduce the risk of health damage due to a lifetime exposure to this toxic metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mezynska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C street, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Malgorzata M Brzóska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C street, 15-222, Bialystok, Poland.
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194
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Hutchinson D, Müller J, McCarthy JE, Gun'ko YK, Verma NK, Bi X, Di Cristo L, Kickham L, Movia D, Prina-Mello A, Volkov Y. Cadmium nanoparticles citrullinate cytokeratins within lung epithelial cells: cadmium as a potential cause of citrullination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2018; 13:441-449. [PMID: 29430177 PMCID: PMC5797466 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s152028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of the study was to determine whether the cadmium-derived materials induce intracellular protein citrullination. Methods Human A549 lung epithelial cells were exposed to cadmium in soluble and nanoparticulate forms represented by cadmium chloride (CdCl2) and cadmium oxide (CdO), respectively, and their combinations with ultrafine carbon black (ufCB) produced by high temperature combustion, imitating cigarette burning. Protein citrullination in cell lysates was analyzed by Western immunoblotting and verified by immunofluorescent confocal microscopy. Target citrullinated proteins were identified by proteomic analysis. Results CdO, ufCB and its combination with CdCl2 and CdO after high temperature combustion induced protein citrullination in cultured human lung epithelial cells, as detected by immunoblotting with anti-citrullinated protein antibody. Cytokeratins of type II (1, 2, 5, 6A, 6B and 77) and type I (9, 10) were identified as major intracellular citrullination targets. Immunofluorescent staining confirmed the localization of citrullinated proteins both in the cytoplasm and cell nuclei. Conclusion Cadmium oxide nanoparticle exposure facilitated post-translational citrullination of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hutchinson
- Royal Cornwall Hospital NHS Trust, Treliske.,University of Exeter Medical School Cornwall, UK
| | | | | | - Yurii K Gun'ko
- School of Chemistry.,Advanced Materials for BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Xuezhi Bi
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, ASTAR Graduate Academy, Singapore
| | - Luisana Di Cristo
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Kickham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dania Movia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Adriele Prina-Mello
- Advanced Materials for BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yuri Volkov
- Advanced Materials for BioEngineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,International Laboratory of Magnetically Controlled Nanosystems for Theranostics of Oncological and Cardiovascular Diseases, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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195
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Bio-prospectus of cadmium bioadsorption by lactic acid bacteria to mitigate health and environmental impacts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1599-1615. [PMID: 29352397 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8743-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Foodstuffs and water are the key sources of cadmium biomagnifiaction. The available strategies to mitigate this problem are unproductive and expensive for practical large-scale use. Biological decontamination of metals through environmental microbes has been known since long time, whereas lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have not been extensively studied for this purpose. The LAB are known for maintaining homeostasis and suppression of pathogens in humans and animals. They also play a vital role in bioremediation of certain heavy metals. Recently in-vivo research findings strongly complement the in-vitro results in relation to decreased total body cadmium burden in animal model. This review summarizes the currently available information on impact of toxic metal (Cd) on human and animal health as well as cadmium sequestration through microbes placed broadly, whereas preeminent attention grabbed on LAB-cadmium interaction to explore their possible role in bioremediation of cadmium from foods and environment to safeguard human as well as environment health.
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196
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Ataei N, Aghaei M, Panjehpour M. The protective role of melatonin in cadmium-induced proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13:159-167. [PMID: 29606970 PMCID: PMC5842487 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.223801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous environmental and occupational pollutant, acts as a metalloestrogen to induce cell proliferation. It is suggested that Cd may also contribute to the development of estrogen-related cancers like ovarian cancer which is the most lethal cancer in women. Furthermore, it was shown that melatonin has antiproliferative effect on estradiol (E2)-induced proliferation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether melatonin inhibits Cd-induced proliferation in ovarian cancer cell lines and also whether Cd and melatonin can modulate estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression. OVCAR3 and SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cell lines were treated with CdCl2 (1-100 nM) and melatonin (1 μM) for 48 h. Cell proliferation evaluation was carried out by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. ERα expression was detected by western blotting method 24 h after cell treatment. The results were demonstrated that Cd increased proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines in a dose dependent manner. Melatonin inhibited Cd-induced proliferation of OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cell lines. Moreover, CdCl2 significantly increased ERα expression in both OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cell lines compared to control. Melatonin significantly inhibited Cd inducing effect on ERα expression of OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cell. In conclusion, due to the proliferative effect on ovarian cancer cell lines, Cd could play an important role in the etiology of ovarian cancer by inducing cells ERα expression. Furthermore, melatonin has the protective role on Cd-induced cell proliferation by inhibition of ERα expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negar Ataei
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mahmoud Aghaei
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mojtaba Panjehpour
- Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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197
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Wang L, Zheng M, Gao Y, Cui J. In vitro study on the joint hepatoxicity upon combined exposure of cadmium and BDE-209. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 57:62-69. [PMID: 29216509 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Joint toxicity is an important issue during the risk assessment of environmental pollutants. Contamination of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) under the environmental and biological settings poses substantial health risk to humans. Although previous studies demonstrated the co-occurrence of cadmium and decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) in environmental mediums, food chains and even human body, their potentially joint toxicities remain elusive thus far. Our investigation here with respect to the hepatotoxicity in vitro clearly demonstrated that combined exposure of cadmium and BDE-209 aggravated the injuries in hepatocytes, which was evidenced by the additive effects on the induction of remarkable morphological alternations, LDH release, cell apoptosis and necrosis, impairment of mitochondrial activity and transmembrane potential. Enhanced ROS production was one of the mechanisms for cell apoptosis and death upon joint treatment. Additionally, more cadmium-treated cells underwent apoptosis than BDE-209-treated cells while more ROS was generated with BDE-209 treatment, indicating that other mechanisms might be involved in cadmium-induced apoptosis. Our results would be helpful for evaluating the joint-hepatotoxicity upon combined exposure of cadmium and BDE-209 as well as investigating the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixin Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Miaomiao Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Xiqing District Environmental Protection Monitoring Station, Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Jiansheng Cui
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
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198
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da Cunha Martins A, Carneiro MFH, Grotto D, Adeyemi JA, Barbosa F. Arsenic, cadmium, and mercury-induced hypertension: mechanisms and epidemiological findings. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2018; 21:61-82. [PMID: 29446707 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2018.1432025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg) are toxic elements widely distributed in the environment. Exposure to these elements was attributed to produce several acute and chronic illnesses including hypertension. The aim of this review is to provide a summary of the most frequently proposed mechanisms underlying hypertension associated with As, Cd, and Hg exposure including: oxidative stress, impaired nitric oxide (NO) signaling, modified vascular response to neurotransmitters and disturbed vascular muscle Ca2+ signaling, renal damage, and interference with the renin-angiotensin system. Due to the complexity of the vascular system, a combination rather than a singular mechanism needs to be considered. In addition, epidemiological findings showing the relationship between various biomarkers of metal exposure and hypertension are described. Given the complex etiology of hypertension, further epidemiological studies evaluating the roles of confounding factors such as age, gender, and life style are still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airton da Cunha Martins
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
| | - Maria Fernanda Hornos Carneiro
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
| | - Denise Grotto
- b Laboratório de Pesquisa em Toxicologia , Universidade de Sorocaba , Sorocaba-SP , Brazil
| | - Joseph A Adeyemi
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
| | - Fernando Barbosa
- a Laboratório de Toxicologia e Essencialidade de Metais, Depto. de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto , Universidade de São Paulo , Ribeirão Preto-SP , Brazil
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199
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Maynar-Mariño M, Llerena F, Bartolomé I, Crespo C, Muñoz D, Robles MC, Caballero MJ. Effect of long-term aerobic, anaerobic and aerobic-anaerobic physical training in seric toxic minerals concentrations. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018; 45:136-141. [PMID: 29173470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many substances poured out from industries can be toxic to humans and can impair physical performance. Besides, physical training may modify the body concentrations of these substances as a result of physiological adaptations. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to determine if different modalities of exercise might affect serum concentrations of toxic trace elements in sportsmen. METHODS 80 Spanish national sportsmen were recruited before the start of their training period. All the athletes had been training regularly for the previous two years with a rigorous training target at high-level competition. 31 sedentary participants from the same geographic area formed the control group. Serum arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cesium and lead samples were analyzed with an ICP-MS. RESULTS Serum concentrations were higher among the sportsmen group than among the control group, being highly significant in cases of Be from 0.043±0.019 to 0.074±0.029μg/L, Cs from 0.693±0.305 to 1.358±0.569μg/L and Pb from 0.162±0.171 to 2.375±1.699μg/L; and significant in the case of Cd from 0.046±0.027 to 0.067±0.059μg/L. However, if they were separated according to different sport modalities, it was found that, although they had higher concentrations than controls, there were elements that changed their concentrations in relation to the metabolic type of activity performed. CONCLUSIONS In some cases physical exercise induces favorable adaptations to avoid environmental pollution damage. Endurance training (65-75% VO2max) can be considered the most effective exercise to prevent toxicity effects. However, integral-matrixes analysis are required in further research to overcome some controversial behaviors of some elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Maynar-Mariño
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, University Avenue, Cáceres, Cáceres, 0071, Spain.
| | - Francisco Llerena
- Department of Medical-Surgical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Elvas Avenue, Badajoz, Badajoz, 06071, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bartolomé
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, University Avenue, Cáceres, Cáceres, 0071, Spain
| | - Carmen Crespo
- Department of Physiology, School of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, University Avenue, Cáceres, Cáceres, 0071, Spain
| | - Diego Muñoz
- Department of Medical-Surgical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Elvas Avenue, Badajoz, Badajoz, 06071, Spain
| | - María-Concepción Robles
- Department of Medical-Surgical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Elvas Avenue, Badajoz, Badajoz, 06071, Spain
| | - María-Jesús Caballero
- Department of Medical-Surgical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Extremadura, Elvas Avenue, Badajoz, Badajoz, 06071, Spain
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200
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Ye S, Shin J, Lee J, Jung EM, Lee J, Yun E, Kim Y, Oh Y, Ha EH. Systematic Review of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Fish and Shellfish in Korea. EWHA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2018. [DOI: 10.12771/emj.2018.41.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinhee Ye
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Shin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jueun Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Jung
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeongsook Lee
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunsun Yun
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeosook Kim
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Younghee Oh
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Ha
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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