151
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Abstract
During an immune response, CD8(+)T cells can differentiate into multiple types of effector and memory cells that are important components of immune surveillance. However, their dysregulation has been implicated in infection with viruses or intracellular bacteria and tumorigenesis. miRNAs have been identified as crucial regulators of gene expression, and they perform this function by repressing specific target genes at the post-transcriptional level. Most miRNAs expressed in a given cell type serve the function to impede broadly cell-type-inappropriate gene expression and potently deepen a pre-existing differentiation program. It is increasingly recognized that miRNAs directly modulate the concentration of many regulatory proteins that are required for the development of immune cells in the thymus and their responses in the periphery. This review outlines our current understanding of the function of miRNAs in CD8(+)T cell biology as it impacts expression of protein-coding genes in the context of proper development, infection, as well as oncogenesis. In addition, we conclude with a perspective on future challenges and the clinical relevance of miRNA biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Dong-Qing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
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152
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Karnati HK, Raghuwanshi S, Sarvothaman S, Gutti U, Saladi RGV, Komati JK, Tummala PR, Gutti RK. microRNAs: Key Players in Hematopoiesis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 887:171-211. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22380-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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153
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Saki N, Abroun S, Soleimani M, Hajizamani S, Shahjahani M, Kast RE, Mortazavi Y. Involvement of MicroRNA in T-Cell Differentiation and Malignancy. Int J Hematol Oncol Stem Cell Res 2015; 9:33-49. [PMID: 25802699 PMCID: PMC4369232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are 19-22 nucleotide RNAs involved in such important processes as development, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Different miRNAs are uniquely expressed in lymphoid T cells, and play a role indevelopment and differentiation of various subtypes by targeting their target genes. Recent studies have shown that aberrant miRNA expression may be involved in T cell leukemogenesis and lymphogenesis, and may function as tumor suppressor (such as miR-451, miR-31, miR-150, and miR-29a) or oncogene (e.g. miR-222, miR-223, miR-17-92, miR-155). MiRNAs can be used as new biomarkers for prognosis and diagnosis or as an index of disease severity in T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. This article presents a review of studies in recent years on the role of miRNAs in T-cell development and their aberrant expression in pathogenesis of T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Characterizing miRNAs can help recognize their role as new important molecules with prognostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najmaldin Saki
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Abroun
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding author: Saeid Abroun, Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran., Tel: +982182883860,
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeideh Hajizamani
- Health research institute, Research Center of Thalassemia & Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Yousef Mortazavi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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154
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprised of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, is believed to develop as a result of a deregulated inflammatory response to environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite advances in understanding the genetic risks of IBD, associated single nucleotide polymorphisms have low penetrance, monozygotic twin studies suggest a low concordance rate, and increasing worldwide IBD incidence leave gaps in our understanding of IBD heritability and highlight the importance of environmental influences. Operating at the interface between environment and heritable molecular and cellular phenotypes, microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of endogenous, small noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression. Studies to date have identified unique miRNA expression profile signatures in IBD and preliminary functional analyses associate these deregulated miRNAs to canonical pathways associated with IBD pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize and discuss the miRNA expression signatures associated with IBD in tissue and peripheral blood, highlight miRNAs with potential future clinical applications as diagnostic and therapeutic targets, and provide an outlook on how to develop miRNA based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Pekow
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, 900 East 57th Street, MB # 9, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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155
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Fiorino S, Bacchi-Reggiani L, Sabbatani S, Grizzi F, di Tommaso L, Masetti M, Fornelli A, Bondi A, de Biase D, Visani M, Cuppini A, Jovine E, Pession A. Possible role of tocopherols in the modulation of host microRNA with potential antiviral activity in patients with hepatitis B virus-related persistent infection: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2014; 112:1751-68. [PMID: 25325563 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114514002839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents a serious global health problem and persistent HBV infection is associated with an increased risk of cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure. Recently, the study of the role of microRNA (miRNA) in the pathogenesis of HBV has gained considerable interest as well as new treatments against this pathogen have been approved. A few studies have investigated the antiviral activity of vitamin E (VE) in chronic HBV carriers. Herein, we review the possible role of tocopherols in the modulation of host miRNA with potential anti-HBV activity. A systematic research of the scientific literature was performed by searching the MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases. The keywords used were 'HBV therapy', 'HBV treatment', 'VE antiviral effects', 'tocopherol antiviral activity', 'miRNA antiviral activity' and 'VE microRNA'. Reports describing the role of miRNA in the regulation of HBV life cycle, in vitro and in vivo available studies reporting the effects of VE on miRNA expression profiles and epigenetic networks, and clinical trials reporting the use of VE in patients with HBV-related chronic hepatitis were identified and examined. Based on the clinical results obtained in VE-treated chronic HBV carriers, we provide a reliable hypothesis for the possible role of this vitamin in the modulation of host miRNA profiles perturbed by this viral pathogen and in the regulation of some cellular miRNA with a suggested potential anti-HBV activity. This approach may contribute to the improvement of our understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms involved in HBV infection and increase the possibility of its management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fiorino
- Unità Operativa di Medicina Interna, Ospedale di Budrio,Via Benni 44,40065Budrio, Bologna,Italy
| | - L Bacchi-Reggiani
- Istituto di Cardiologia, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Università degli Studi di Bologna,Bologna,Italy
| | - S Sabbatani
- Istituto di Malattie Infettive, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Università degli Studi di Bologna,Bologna,Italy
| | - F Grizzi
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center,Rozzano, Milano,Italy
| | - L di Tommaso
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center,Rozzano, Milano,Italy
| | - M Masetti
- Unità Operativa di Chirurgia A, Ospedale Maggiore Bologna,Bologna,Italy
| | - A Fornelli
- Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Ospedale Maggiore,Bologna,Italy
| | - A Bondi
- Servizio di Anatomia Patologica, Ospedale Maggiore,Bologna,Italy
| | - D de Biase
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale,Università di Bologna, Ospedale Bellaria,Bologna,Italy
| | - M Visani
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie,Università di Bologna,Bologna,Italy
| | - A Cuppini
- Unità Operativa di Medicina Interna, Ospedale di Budrio,Via Benni 44,40065Budrio, Bologna,Italy
| | - E Jovine
- Unità Operativa di Chirurgia A, Ospedale Maggiore Bologna,Bologna,Italy
| | - A Pession
- Dipartimento di Farmacia e Biotecnologie,Università di Bologna,Bologna,Italy
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156
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Bushkin Y, Radford F, Pine R, Lardizabal A, Mangura BT, Gennaro ML, Tyagi S. Profiling T cell activation using single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:836-41. [PMID: 25505292 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Flow cytometric characterization of Ag-specific T cells typically relies on detection of protein analytes. Shifting the analysis to detection of RNA would provide several significant advantages, which we illustrate by developing a new host immunity-based platform for detection of infections. Cytokine mRNAs synthesized in response to ex vivo stimulation with pathogen-specific Ags are detected in T cells with single-molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization followed by flow cytometry. Background from pre-existing in vivo analytes is lower for RNAs than for proteins, allowing greater sensitivity for detection of low-frequency cells. Moreover, mRNA analysis reveals kinetic differences in cytokine expression that are not apparent at the protein level but provide novel insights into gene expression programs expected to define different T cell subsets. The utility of probing immunological memory of infections is demonstrated by detecting T cells that recognize mycobacterial and viral Ags in donors exposed to the respective pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Bushkin
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; and
| | - Felix Radford
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; and
| | - Richard Pine
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; and
| | - Alfred Lardizabal
- Global Tuberculosis Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Bonita T Mangura
- Global Tuberculosis Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103
| | - Maria Laura Gennaro
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; and
| | - Sanjay Tyagi
- Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07103; and
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157
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Arruda LCM, Lorenzi JCC, Sousa APA, Zanette DL, Palma PVB, Panepucci RA, Brum DS, Barreira AA, Covas DT, Simões BP, Silva WA, Oliveira MC, Malmegrim KCR. Autologous hematopoietic SCT normalizes miR-16, -155 and -142-3p expression in multiple sclerosis patients. Bone Marrow Transplant 2014; 50:380-9. [PMID: 25486582 DOI: 10.1038/bmt.2014.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Autologous hematopoietic SCT (AHSCT) has been investigated in the past as a therapeutic alternative for multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite advances in clinical management, knowledge about mechanisms involved with clinical remission post transplantation is still limited. Abnormal microRNA and gene expression patterns were described in MS and have been suggested as disease biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. Here we assessed T- and B-cell reconstitution, microRNAs and immunoregulatory gene expression after AHSCT. Early immune reconstitution was mainly driven by peripheral homeostatic proliferation. AHSCT increased CD4(+)CD25(hi)FoxP3(+) regulatory T-cell counts and expression of CTLA-4 and GITR (glucocorticoid-induced TNFR) on CD4(+)CD25(hi) T cells. We found transient increase in exhausted PD-1(+) T cells and of suppressive CD8(+)CD28(-)CD57(+) T cells. At baseline, CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells from MS patients presented upregulated miR-16, miR-155 and miR-142-3p and downregulated FOXP3, FOXO1, PDCD1 and IRF2BP2. After transplantation, the expression of FOXP3, FOXO1, PDCD1 and IRF2BP2 increased, reaching control levels at 2 years. Expression of miR-16, miR-155 and miR-142-3p decreased towards normal levels at 6 months post therapy, remaining downregulated until the end of follow-up. These data strongly suggest that AHSCT normalizes microRNA and gene expression, thereby improving the immunoregulatory network. These mechanisms may be important for disease control in the early periods after AHSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C M Arruda
- 1] Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil [2] Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - J C C Lorenzi
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - A P A Sousa
- 1] Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil [2] Division of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - D L Zanette
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - P V B Palma
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - R A Panepucci
- 1] Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil [2] Division of Hematology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D S Brum
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, Hospital das Clínicas, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A A Barreira
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Science, Hospital das Clínicas, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D T Covas
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - B P Simões
- 1] Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - W A Silva
- Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M C Oliveira
- 1] Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil [2] Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - K C R Malmegrim
- 1] Center for Cell-based Therapy, Regional Blood Center of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil [2] Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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158
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Isobe T, Hisamori S, Hogan DJ, Zabala M, Hendrickson DG, Dalerba P, Cai S, Scheeren F, Kuo AH, Sikandar SS, Lam JS, Qian D, Dirbas FM, Somlo G, Lao K, Brown PO, Clarke MF, Shimono Y. miR-142 regulates the tumorigenicity of human breast cancer stem cells through the canonical WNT signaling pathway. eLife 2014; 3. [PMID: 25406066 PMCID: PMC4235011 DOI: 10.7554/elife.01977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of stem and progenitor cell functions. We previously reported that miR-142 and miR-150 are upregulated in human breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) as compared to the non-tumorigenic breast cancer cells. In this study, we report that miR-142 efficiently recruits the APC mRNA to an RNA-induced silencing complex, activates the canonical WNT signaling pathway in an APC-suppression dependent manner, and activates the expression of miR-150. Enforced expression of miR-142 or miR-150 in normal mouse mammary stem cells resulted in the regeneration of hyperproliferative mammary glands in vivo. Knockdown of endogenous miR-142 effectively suppressed organoid formation by BCSCs and slowed tumor growth initiated by human BCSCs in vivo. These results suggest that in some tumors, miR-142 regulates the properties of BCSCs at least in part by activating the WNT signaling pathway and miR-150 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Isobe
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Shigeo Hisamori
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Daniel J Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Maider Zabala
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - David G Hendrickson
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Piero Dalerba
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Shang Cai
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Ferenc Scheeren
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Angera H Kuo
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Shaheen S Sikandar
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Jessica S Lam
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Dalong Qian
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Frederick M Dirbas
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - George Somlo
- City of Hope Cancer Center, Duarte, United States
| | - Kaiqin Lao
- Applied Biosystems, Foster City, United States
| | - Patrick O Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Michael F Clarke
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
| | - Yohei Shimono
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, United States
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159
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Zahm AM, Menard-Katcher C, Benitez AJ, Tsoucas DM, Le Guen CL, Hand NJ, Friedman JR. Pediatric eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with changes in esophageal microRNAs. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G803-12. [PMID: 25147232 PMCID: PMC4200319 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00121.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) has increased in the past several years, yet our understanding of its pathogenesis remains limited. To test the hypothesis that microRNAs (miRNAs) are altered in children with EoE, miRNAs were profiled in esophageal mucosa biopsies obtained from patients with active disease (n = 5) and healthy control subjects (n = 6). Fourteen miRNAs were significantly altered between groups; four of these miRNAs were decreased in EoE patients. A panel of five miRNAs (miR-203, miR-375, miR-21, miR-223, and miR-142-3p) were selected for validation in an independent set of samples from control (n = 22), active disease (n = 22), inactive disease (n = 22), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (n = 6) patients. Each panel miRNA was significantly altered among groups. miRNA changes in esophageal biopsies were not reflected in the circulating RNA pool, as no differences in panel miRNA levels were observed in sera collected from the four patient groups. In addition, in contrast to previous studies, no change in esophageal miRNA levels was detected following treatment that resolved esophageal eosinophilia. In an effort to identify the ramifications of reduced esophageal miR-203, miR-203 activity was inhibited in cultured epithelial cells via expression of a tough decoy miRNA inhibitor. Luciferase reporter assays demonstrated that miR-203 does not directly regulate human IL-15 through targeting of the IL-15 3'-untranslated region. From these experiments, it is concluded that miRNAs are perturbed in the esophageal mucosa, but not the serum, of pediatric EoE patients. Further investigation is required to decipher pathologically relevant consequences of miRNA perturbation in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Zahm
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Calies Menard-Katcher
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alain J. Benitez
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daphne M. Tsoucas
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Claire L. Le Guen
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas J. Hand
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joshua R. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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160
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Carissimi C, Carucci N, Colombo T, Piconese S, Azzalin G, Cipolletta E, Citarella F, Barnaba V, Macino G, Fulci V. miR-21 is a negative modulator of T-cell activation. Biochimie 2014; 107 Pt B:319-26. [PMID: 25304039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs acting as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and play fundamental roles in regulating immune response and autoimmunity. We show that memory T-lymphocytes express higher levels of miR-21 compared to naïve T-lymphocytes and that miR-21 expression is induced upon TCR engagement of naïve T-cells. We identify bona fide miR-21 targets by direct immuno-purification and profiling of AGO2-associated mRNAs in Jurkat cells over-expressing miR-21. Our analysis shows that, in T-lymphocytes, miR-21 targets genes are involved in signal transduction. Coherently, TCR signalling is dampened upon miR-21 over-expression in Jurkat cells, resulting in lower ERK phosphorylation, AP-1 activation and CD69 expression. Primary human lymphocytes in which we impaired miR-21 activity, display IFN-γ production enhancement and stronger activation in response to TCR engagement as assessed by CD69, OX40, CD25 and CD127 analysis. By intracellular staining of the endogenous protein in primary T-lymphocytes we validate three key regulators of lymphocyte activation as novel miR-21 targets. Our results highlight an unexpected function of miR-21 as a negative modulator of signal transduction downstream of TCR in T-lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carissimi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Carucci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Teresa Colombo
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Silvia Piconese
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Gianluca Azzalin
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Emanuela Cipolletta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Franca Citarella
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Barnaba
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Macino
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Italy
| | - Valerio Fulci
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Cellulari ed Ematologia, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Italy.
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161
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De Tullio G, De Fazio V, Sgherza N, Minoia C, Serratì S, Merchionne F, Loseto G, Iacobazzi A, Rana A, Petrillo P, Silvestris N, Iacopino P, Guarini A. Challenges and opportunities of microRNAs in lymphomas. Molecules 2014; 19:14723-81. [PMID: 25232701 PMCID: PMC6271734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190914723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that control the expression of many target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) involved in normal cell functions (differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis). Consequently their aberrant expression and/or functions are related to pathogenesis of many human diseases including cancers. Haematopoiesis is a highly regulated process controlled by a complex network of molecular mechanisms that simultaneously regulate commitment, differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC). Alterations on this network could affect the normal haematopoiesis, leading to the development of haematological malignancies such as lymphomas. The incidence of lymphomas is rising and a significant proportion of patients are refractory to standard therapies. Accurate diagnosis, prognosis and therapy still require additional markers to be used for diagnostic and prognostic purpose and evaluation of clinical outcome. The dysregulated expression or function of miRNAs in various types of lymphomas has been associated with lymphoma pathogenesis. Indeed, many recent findings suggest that almost all lymphomas seem to have a distinct and specific miRNA profile and some miRNAs are related to therapy resistance or have a distinct kinetics during therapy. MiRNAs are easily detectable in fresh or paraffin-embedded diagnostic tissue and serum where they are highly stable and quantifiable within the diagnostic laboratory at each consultation. Accordingly they could be specific biomarkers for lymphoma diagnosis, as well as useful for evaluating prognosis or disease response to the therapy, especially for evaluation of early relapse detection and for greatly assisting clinical decisions making. Here we summarize the current knowledge on the role of miRNAs in normal and aberrant lymphopoiesis in order to highlight their clinical value as specific diagnosis and prognosis markers of lymphoid malignancies or for prediction of therapy response. Finally, we discuss their controversial therapeutic role and future applications in therapy by modulating miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacoma De Tullio
- Haematology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy.
| | - Vincenza De Fazio
- Haematology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Nicola Sgherza
- Haematology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Carla Minoia
- Haematology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Simona Serratì
- Haematology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Francesca Merchionne
- Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Antonio Perrino Hospital, Brindisi 72100, Italy
| | - Giacomo Loseto
- Haematology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Angela Iacobazzi
- Haematology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Antonello Rana
- Haematology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Patrizia Petrillo
- Haematology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Pasquale Iacopino
- Haematology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy
| | - Attilio Guarini
- Haematology Unit, National Cancer Research Centre, Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari 70124, Italy
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162
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Zahm AM, Hand NJ, Tsoucas DM, Le Guen CL, Baldassano RN, Friedman JR. Rectal microRNAs are perturbed in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease of the colon. J Crohns Colitis 2014; 8:1108-17. [PMID: 24613022 PMCID: PMC4146627 DOI: 10.1016/j.crohns.2014.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Changes in intestinal microRNAs have been reported in adult patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. The goal of this study was to identify changes in microRNA expression associated with colitis in children with inflammatory bowel disease. METHODS Rectal mucosal biopsies (n = 50) and blood samples (n = 47) were collected from patients with known or suspected inflammatory bowel disease undergoing endoscopy. Rectal and serum microRNA levels were profiled using the nCounter platform and the TaqMan low-density array platform, respectively. Significantly altered microRNAs were validated in independent sample sets via quantitative RT-PCR. In vitro luciferase reporter assays were performed in the human colorectal Caco-2 cell line to determine the effect of miR-192 on NOD2 expression. RESULTS Profiling of rectal RNA identified 21 microRNAs significantly altered between control, UC, and colonic CD sample groups. Nine of the ten microRNAs selected for validation were confirmed as significantly changed. Rectal miR-24 was increased 1.47-fold in UC compared to CD samples (p = 0.0052) and was the only microRNA altered between IBD subtypes. Three colitis-associated microRNAs were significantly altered in sera of disease patients and displayed diagnostic utility. However, no serum microRNAs were found to distinguish ulcerative colitis from Crohn's colitis. Finally, miR-192 inhibition did not affect luciferase reporter activity, suggesting that miR-192 does not regulate human NOD2. CONCLUSION This study has demonstrated that rectal and serum microRNAs are perturbed in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. Future studies identifying targets of inflammatory bowel disease-associated microRNAs may lead to novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Zahm
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Nicholas J Hand
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Daphne M Tsoucas
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Claire L Le Guen
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Robert N Baldassano
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Joshua R Friedman
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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163
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Holm A, Bang-Berthelsen CH, Knudsen S, Kornum BR, Modvig S, Jennum P, Gammeltoft S. miRNA profiles in plasma from patients with sleep disorders reveal dysregulation of miRNAs in narcolepsy and other central hypersomnias. Sleep 2014; 37:1525-33. [PMID: 25142559 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of human diseases including neurological disorders. The aim is to address the involvement of miRNAs in the pathophysiology of central hypersomnias including autoimmune narcolepsy with cataplexy and hypocretin deficiency (type 1 narcolepsy), narcolepsy without cataplexy (type 2 narcolepsy), and idiopathic hypersomnia. DESIGN We conducted high-throughput analysis of miRNA in plasma from three groups of patients-with type 1 narcolepsy, type 2 narcolepsy, and idiopathic hypersomnia, respectively-in comparison with healthy controls using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) panels. SETTING University hospital based sleep clinic and research laboratories. PATIENTS Twelve patients with type 1 narcolepsy, 12 patients with type 2 narcolepsy, 12 patients with idiopathic hypersomnia, and 12 healthy controls. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS By analyzing miRNA in plasma with qPCR we identified 50, 24, and 6 miRNAs that were different in patients with type 1 narcolepsy, type 2 narcolepsy, and idiopathic hypersomnia, respectively, compared with healthy controls. Twenty miRNA candidates who fulfilled the criteria of at least two-fold difference and p-value < 0.05 were selected to validate the miRNA changes in an independent cohort of patients. Four miRNAs differed significantly between type 1 narcolepsy patients and healthy controls. Levels of miR-30c, let-7f, and miR-26a were higher, whereas the level of miR-130a was lower in type 1 narcolepsy than healthy controls. The miRNA differences were not specific for type 1 narcolepsy, since the levels of the four miRNAs were also altered in patients with type 2 narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia compared with healthy controls. CONCLUSION The levels of four miRNAs differed in plasma from patients with type 1 narcolepsy, type 2 narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia suggesting that alterations of miRNAs may be involved in the pathophysiology of central hypersomnias.
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164
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Xu X, Kriegel AJ, Jiao X, Liu H, Bai X, Olson J, Liang M, Ding X. miR-21 in ischemia/reperfusion injury: a double-edged sword? Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:789-97. [PMID: 25159851 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00020.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are endogenous, small RNA molecules that suppress expression of targeted mRNA. miR-21, one of the most extensively studied miRNAs, is importantly involved in divergent pathophysiological processes relating to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, such as inflammation and angiogenesis. The role of miR-21 in renal I/R is complex, with both protective and pathological pathways being regulated by miR-21. Preconditioning-induced upregulation of miR-21 contributes to the protection against subsequent renal I/R injury through the targeting of genes such as the proapoptotic gene programmed cell death 4 and interactions between miR-21 and hypoxia-inducible factor. Conversely, long-term elevation of miR-21 may be detrimental to the organ by promoting the development of renal interstitial fibrosis following I/R injury. miR-21 is importantly involved in several pathophysiological processes related to I/R injury including inflammation and angiogenesis as well as the biology of stem cells that could be used to treat I/R injury; however, the effect of miR-21 on these processes in renal I/R injury remains to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xialian Xu
- Division of Nephrology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Alison J Kriegel
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Xiaoyan Jiao
- Division of Nephrology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jessica Olson
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Mingyu Liang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Division of Nephrology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China; Institutes of Biomedical Sciences of Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China; Kidney and Dialysis Institute of Shanghai, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China; and Kidney and Blood Purification Laboratory of Shanghai, Shanghai, Peoples Republic of China
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165
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Let-7a is differentially expressed in bronchial biopsies of patients with severe asthma. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6103. [PMID: 25130484 PMCID: PMC7365315 DOI: 10.1038/srep06103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease. Around 5 to 10% of patients classified
as having severe asthma can-not be adequately controlled despite the use of all
currently available therapeutic approaches. Previous studies have revealed the
potential important role of miRNAs in the regulation of a variety of inflammatory
processes, including asthma. Expression of selected miRNAs, specifically let-7a,
miR-21 and miR-223, that were shown to have important roles in asthma pathogenesis,
were analyzed in bronchial biopsies of 24 patients with asthma, 12 mild and 12
severe and 10 controls with no chronic disease. We found significantly reduced
expression of let-7a in bronchial biopsies from patients with severe asthma in
comparison to patients with mild asthma as well as in comparison to the
non-asthmatic controls. On the other hand, no significant differences in miR-21 and
miR-223 expression were found between the different groups analyzed. Reduced let-7a
levels in bronchial biopsies of patients with severe therapy-resistant asthma could
not only be used as a potential biomarker to discriminate between different asthma
phenotypes, but also might be a target for modulation of treatment at the
inflammatory site for a group of patients that are most affected and still lack
effective treatment.
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166
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Mohan M, Chandra LC, Torben W, Aye PP, Alvarez X, Lackner AA. miR-190b is markedly upregulated in the intestine in response to simian immunodeficiency virus replication and partly regulates myotubularin-related protein-6 expression. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2014; 193:1301-13. [PMID: 24981450 PMCID: PMC4108538 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
HIV replication and the cellular micro-RNA (miRNA) machinery interconnect at several posttranscriptional levels. To understand their regulatory role in the intestine, a major site of HIV/SIV replication, dissemination, and CD4(+) T cell depletion, we profiled miRNA expression in colon following SIV infection (10 acute SIV, 5 uninfected). Nine (four up and five down) miRNAs showed statistically significant differential expression. Most notably, miR-190b expression showed high statistical significance (adjusted p = 0.0032), the greatest fold change, and was markedly elevated in colon and jejunum throughout SIV infection. In addition, miR-190b upregulation was detected before peak viral replication and the nadir of CD4(+) T cell depletion predominantly in lamina propria leukocytes. Interestingly non-SIV-infected macaques with diarrhea and colitis failed to upregulate miR-190b, suggesting that its upregulation was neither inflammation nor immune-activation driven. SIV infection of in vitro-cultured CD4(+) T cells and primary intestinal macrophages conclusively identified miR-190b upregulation to be driven in response to viral replication. Further miR-190b expression levels in colon and jejunum positively correlated with tissue viral loads. In contrast, mRNA expression of myotubularin-related protein 6 (MTMR6), a negative regulator of CD4(+) T cell activation/proliferation, significantly decreased in SIV-infected macrophages. Luciferase reporter assays confirmed MTMR6 as a direct miR-190b target. To our knowledge, this is the first report, which describes dysregulated miRNA expression in the intestine, that identifies a potentially significant role for miR-190b in HIV/SIV pathogenesis. More importantly, miR-190b-mediated MTMR6 downregulation suggests an important mechanism that could keep infected cells in an activated state, thereby promoting viral replication. In the future, the mechanisms driving miR-190b upregulation including other cellular processes it regulates in SIV-infected cells need determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Mohan
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Lawrance C Chandra
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Workineh Torben
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Pyone P Aye
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433
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167
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Biomarker Studies in Multiple Sclerosis: From Proteins to Noncoding RNAs. Neurochem Res 2014; 39:1661-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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168
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Designing Ago2-specific siRNA/shRNA to Avoid Competition with Endogenous miRNAs. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e176. [PMID: 25025466 PMCID: PMC4121517 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Relatively large amounts of transfected siRNA can compete for Ago proteins and thus compromise endogenous miRNA function, potentially leading to toxicities. Here, we show that shRNA can also perturb endogenous miRNA function similarly. More importantly, we also show that the problem can be solved by designing shRNAs in the context of pre-miR-451 structure with completely complementary stem, which significantly improves the Ago2 specificity. This shRNA was shown to be Ago2-specific, and maintain target-silencing ability while avoiding competition with endogenous miRNAs by not competing for Agos 1, 3, and 4. We conclude that modified pre-miR-451 structure provides a general platform to design shRNAs that significantly reduce perturbation of miRNA function.
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169
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Liu J, Wu CP, Lu BF, Jiang JT. Mechanism of T cell regulation by microRNAs. Cancer Biol Med 2014; 10:131-7. [PMID: 24379987 PMCID: PMC3860337 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding single-stranded RNAs that can modulate target gene expression at post-transcriptional level and participate in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. T cells have important functions in acquired immune response; miRNAs regulate this immune response by targeting the mRNAs of genes involved in T cell development, proliferation, differentiation, and function. For instance, miR-181 family members function in progression by targeting Bcl2 and CD69, among others. MiR-17 to miR-92 clusters function by binding to CREB1, PTEN, and Bim. Considering that the suppression of T cell-mediated immune responses against tumor cells is involved in cancer progression, we should investigate the mechanism by which miRNA regulates T cells to develop new approaches for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Liu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Chang-Ping Wu
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Bin-Feng Lu
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jing-Ting Jiang
- Department of Tumor Biological Treatment, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
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170
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Zeng L, Cui J, Wu H, Lu Q. The emerging role of circulating microRNAs as biomarkers in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmunity 2014; 47:419-29. [PMID: 24953646 DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2014.929667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved RNAs known as microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small, single-stranded, non-coding RNAs that play a critical role in the regulation of host genome expression at the posttranscriptional level. MiRNA-mediated gene regulation is vital for normal cellular functions, such as the cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis, and nearly one-third of human messenger RNAs might be miRNA targets. Increasing evidence has suggested that miRNAs play a critical role in the regulating the immune system and preventing autoimmune disorders. Circulating miRNAs, which can be easily detected by a non-invasive methods, have been proven to be able to distinguish diseased individuals from healthy subjects. In addition, these circulating miRNAs have relatively high sensitivity and specificity and thus have been developed as biomarkers for the diagnosis and monitoring of human diseases. To date, nearly 100 circulating miRNAs have been proven to be biomarkers for various diseases, and this number continues to rise. This review aims to summarize the most promising identified circulating miRNAs as potential biomarkers in autoimmune diseases and to discuss current challenges and future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The 2nd Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics , Changsha , China
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171
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Drusco A, Nuovo GJ, Zanesi N, Di Leva G, Pichiorri F, Volinia S, Fernandez C, Antenucci A, Costinean S, Bottoni A, Rosito IA, Liu CG, Burch A, Acunzo M, Pekarsky Y, Alder H, Ciardi A, Croce CM. MicroRNA profiles discriminate among colon cancer metastasis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96670. [PMID: 24921248 PMCID: PMC4055753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are being exploited for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of cancer and other diseases. Their high tissue specificity and critical role in oncogenesis provide new biomarkers for the diagnosis and classification of cancer as well as predicting patients' outcomes. MicroRNAs signatures have been identified for many human tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). In most cases, metastatic disease is difficult to predict and to prevent with adequate therapies. The aim of our study was to identify a microRNA signature for metastatic CRC that could predict and differentiate metastatic target organ localization. Normal and cancer tissues of three different groups of CRC patients were analyzed. RNA microarray and TaqMan Array analysis were performed on 66 Italian patients with or without lymph nodes and/or liver recurrences. Data obtained with the two assays were analyzed separately and then intersected to identify a primary CRC metastatic signature. Five differentially expressed microRNAs (hsa-miR-21, -103, -93, -31 and -566) were validated by qRT-PCR on a second group of 16 American metastatic patients. In situ hybridization was performed on the 16 American patients as well as on three distinct commercial tissues microarray (TMA) containing normal adjacent colon, the primary adenocarcinoma, normal and metastatic lymph nodes and liver. Hsa-miRNA-21, -93, and -103 upregulation together with hsa-miR-566 downregulation defined the CRC metastatic signature, while in situ hybridization data identified a lymphonodal invasion profile. We provided the first microRNAs signature that could discriminate between colorectal recurrences to lymph nodes and liver and between colorectal liver metastasis and primary hepatic tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Drusco
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gerard J. Nuovo
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Nicola Zanesi
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gianpiero Di Leva
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Flavia Pichiorri
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Stefano Volinia
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Dept. of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Universita' degli Studi, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cecilia Fernandez
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Anna Antenucci
- UOSD of Clinical Pathology, Regina Elena Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefan Costinean
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Arianna Bottoni
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | | | - Chang-Gong Liu
- Dept. Experimental therapeutic-unit 1950, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Aaron Burch
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mario Acunzo
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yuri Pekarsky
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hansjuerg Alder
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Antonio Ciardi
- Dep. of Radiologic and Oncologic Sciences and Pathology, University of Rome “La Sapienza”, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo M. Croce
- MVIMG, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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172
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Transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of cytokine gene expression in HIV-1 antigen-specific CD8+ T cells that mediate virus inhibition. J Virol 2014; 88:9514-28. [PMID: 24899193 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00802-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The ability of CD8+ T cells to effectively limit HIV-1 replication and block HIV-1 acquisition is determined by the capacity to rapidly respond to HIV-1 antigens. Understanding both the functional properties and regulation of an effective CD8+ response would enable better evaluation of T cell-directed vaccine strategies and may inform the design of new therapies. We assessed the antigen specificity, cytokine signature, and mechanisms that regulate antiviral gene expression in CD8+ T cells from a cohort of HIV-1-infected virus controllers (VCs) (<5,000 HIV-1 RNA copies/ml and CD4+ lymphocyte counts of >400 cells/μl) capable of soluble inhibition of HIV-1. Gag p24 and Nef CD8+ T cell-specific soluble virus inhibition was common among the VCs and correlated with substantial increases in the abundance of mRNAs encoding the antiviral cytokines macrophage inflammatory proteins MIP-1α, MIP-1αP (CCL3L1), and MIP-1β; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF); lymphotactin (XCL1); tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9 (TNFRSF9); and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). The induction of several of these mRNAs was driven through a coordinated response of both increased transcription and stabilization of mRNA, which together accounted for the observed increase in mRNA abundance. This coordinated response allows rapid and robust induction of mRNA messages that can enhance the CD8+ T cells' ability to inhibit virus upon antigen encounter. IMPORTANCE We show that mRNA stability, in addition to transcription, is key in regulating the direct anti-HIV-1 function of antigen-specific memory CD8+ T cells. Regulation at the level of RNA helps enable rapid recall of memory CD8+ T cell effector functions for HIV-1 inhibition. By uncovering and understanding the mechanisms employed by CD8+ T cell subsets with antigen-specific anti-HIV-1 activity, we can identify new strategies for comprehensive identification of other important antiviral genes. This will, in turn, enhance our ability to inhibit virus replication by informing both cure strategies and HIV-1 vaccine designs that aim to reduce transmission and can aid in blocking HIV-1 acquisition.
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173
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Munshi SU, Panda H, Holla P, Rewari BB, Jameel S. MicroRNA-150 is a potential biomarker of HIV/AIDS disease progression and therapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95920. [PMID: 24828336 PMCID: PMC4020752 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The surrogate markers of HIV/AIDS progression include CD4 T cell count and plasma viral load. But, their reliability has been questioned in patients on anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Five microRNAs (miRNAs) - miR-16, miR-146b-5p, miR-150, miR-191 and miR-223 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were earlier found to assign HIV/AIDS patients into groups with varying CD4 T cell counts and viral loads. In this pilot study, we profiled the expression of these five miRNAs in PBMCs, and two of these miRNAs (miR-146b-5p and miR-150) in the plasma of HIV/AIDS patients, including those on ART and those who developed ART resistance, to evaluate if these are biomarkers of disease progression and therapy. Results We quantified miRNA levels by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) using RNA isolated from PBMCs and plasma of healthy persons or HIV-infected patients who were (1) asymptomatic; (2) symptomatic and ART naïve; (3) on ART; and (4) failing ART. Our results show miR-150 (p<0.01) and to a lesser extent miR-146b-5p (p<0.05) levels in PBMCs to reliably distinguish between ART-naïve AIDS patients, those on ART, and those developing drug resistance and failing ART. The plasma levels of these two miRNAs also varied significantly between patients in these groups and between patients and healthy controls (p values <0.05). Conclusions We report for the first time that PBMC and plasma levels of miR-150 and miR-146b-5p are predictive of HIV/AIDS disease progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif Ullah Munshi
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Harekrushna Panda
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Centre, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Prasida Holla
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Bharat Bhushan Rewari
- ART Department, National AIDS Control Organization and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Shahid Jameel
- Virology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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174
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Zhao H, Li H, Du W, Zhang D, Ge J, Xue F, Zhou Z, Yang R. ReducedMIR130Ais involved in primary immune thrombocytopenia via targetingTGFB1andIL18. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:767-73. [PMID: 24801815 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology; Institute of Haematology & Blood Diseases Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin China
- Department of Haematology and Oncology; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy; Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital; Tianjin China
| | - Huiyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology; Institute of Haematology & Blood Diseases Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin China
| | - Weiting Du
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology; Institute of Haematology & Blood Diseases Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin China
- Department of Immunology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disease Research; The Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope; Duarte CA USA
| | - Donglei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology; Institute of Haematology & Blood Diseases Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin China
| | - Jing Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology; Institute of Haematology & Blood Diseases Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin China
| | - Feng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology; Institute of Haematology & Blood Diseases Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin China
| | - Zeping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology; Institute of Haematology & Blood Diseases Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin China
- Department of Haematology; The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University; Kunming China
| | - Renchi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Haematology; Institute of Haematology & Blood Diseases Hospital; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College; Tianjin China
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175
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Ma H, Wu Y, Dang Y, Choi JG, Zhang J, Wu H. Pol III Promoters to Express Small RNAs: Delineation of Transcription Initiation. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 3:e161. [PMID: 24803291 PMCID: PMC4040628 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2014.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pol III promoters such as U6 are commonly used to express small RNAs, including small interfering RNA, short hairpin RNA, and guide RNA, for the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats genome-editing system. However, whether the small RNAs were precisely expressed as desired has not been studied. Here, using deep sequencing to analyze small RNAs, we show that, for mouse U6 promoter, sequences immediately upstream of the putative initiation site, which is often modified to accommodate the restriction enzyme sites that enable easy cloning of small RNAs, are critical for precise transcription initiation. When the promoter is kept unmodified, transcription starts precisely from the first available A or G within the range of positions −1 to +2. In addition, we show that transcription from another commonly used pol III promoter, H1, starts at multiple sites, which results in variability at the 5′ end of the transcripts. Thus, inaccuracy of 5′ end of small RNA transcripts might be a common problem when using these promoters to express small RNAs based on currently believed concepts. Our study provides general guidelines for minimizing the variability of initiation, thereby enabling more accurate expression of small RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongming Ma
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Yonggan Wu
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Ying Dang
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Jang-Gi Choi
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Junli Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
| | - Haoquan Wu
- Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, Texas, USA
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176
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Bhan A, Mandal SS. Long noncoding RNAs: emerging stars in gene regulation, epigenetics and human disease. ChemMedChem 2014; 9:1932-56. [PMID: 24677606 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are classes of transcripts that are encoded by the genome and transcribed but never get translated into proteins. Though not translated into proteins, ncRNAs play pivotal roles in a variety of cellular functions. Here, we review the functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their implications in various human diseases. Increasing numbers of studies demonstrate that lncRNAs play critical roles in regulation of protein-coding genes, maintenance of genomic integrity, dosage compensation, genomic imprinting, mRNA processing, cell differentiation, and development. Misregulation of lncRNAs is associated with a variety of human diseases, including cancer, immune and neurological disorders. Different classes of lncRNAs, their functions, mechanisms of action, and associations with different human diseases are summarized in detail, highlighting their as yet untapped potential in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunoday Bhan
- Epigenetics Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019 (USA)
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177
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Abstract
The activation of T cells is a tightly regulated process that has evolved to maximize protective immune responses to pathogens while minimizing damage to self-tissues. A delicate balance of cell-intrinsic, costimulatory, and transcriptional pathways as well as micro-environmental cues such as local cytokines controls the magnitude and nature of T-cell responses in vivo. The discovery of functional small noncoding RNAs called micro-RNAs (miRNAs) has introduced new mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of protein translation and cellular responses to stimuli. miRNAs are short (approximately 22 bp) RNA species, which bind to mRNAs and suppress translation. Due to their short length and imperfect base pairing requirements, each miRNA has the potential to regulate various pathways through the translational inhibition of multiple mRNAs. The human and mouse genomes each encode hundreds of miRNAs, and studying the function of miRNAs has led to the realization that they play important roles in diverse biological processes from development and cancer to immunity. This review focuses on the function of mir-155 in T cells and the impact of this miRNA on autoimmunity, tumor immunity, and pathogen-induced immunity.
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178
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Wang L, He L, Zhang R, Liu X, Ren Y, Liu Z, Zhang X, Cheng W, Hua ZC. Regulation of T lymphocyte activation by microRNA-21. Mol Immunol 2014; 59:163-71. [PMID: 24631982 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that act as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. To identify microRNAs involved in T cell activation, we performed a microRNA array profiling with Jurkat cells. We found that microRNA-21 (miR-21), which is upregulated in many tumors by targeting a series of tumor suppressor genes to promote tumor growth, was significantly increased in activated Jurkat cells and primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes compared with that in quiescent counterparts. By using a signaling network building tool, miR-21 was predicted regulates ERK and JNK signaling in activated Jurkat cells. Indeed, miR-21 promotes ERK and JNK signaling in activated T cells. Sprouty1, a direct target of miR-21 that has been shown an inhibitor of ERK and JNK, was also inhibited by forced miR-21 expression in activated T cells. Reciprocally, miR-21 levels were induced by MEK or JNK signaling response to T cell receptor (TCR) engagement. Furthermore, transfection with miR-21 mimic promotes activator protein 1 (AP-1) activity and interleukin-2 (IL-2) expression. These results provide a missing function of miR-21 in TCR-mediated signaling transduction in T lymphocytes, suggesting that miR-21 may augment T cell immune response by a positive feedback mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, PR China
| | - Liangqiang He
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, PR China
| | - Rong Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, PR China
| | - Xiufeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, PR China
| | - Yongzhe Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, PR China
| | - Zhipeng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, PR China
| | - Wei Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, PR China.
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, PR China; Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University, Changzhou City, PR China; Jiangsu TargetPharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou City, PR China.
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179
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Nieto-Diaz M, Esteban FJ, Reigada D, Muñoz-Galdeano T, Yunta M, Caballero-López M, Navarro-Ruiz R, Del Águila A, Maza RM. MicroRNA dysregulation in spinal cord injury: causes, consequences and therapeutics. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:53. [PMID: 24701199 PMCID: PMC3934005 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trauma to the spinal cord causes permanent disability to more than 180,000 people every year worldwide. The initial mechanical damage triggers a complex set of secondary events involving the neural, vascular, and immune systems that largely determine the functional outcome of the spinal cord injury (SCI). Cellular and biochemical mechanisms responsible for this secondary injury largely depend on activation and inactivation of specific gene programs. Recent studies indicate that microRNAs function as gene expression switches in key processes of the SCI. Microarray data from rodent contusion models reveal that SCI induces changes in the global microRNA expression patterns. Variations in microRNA abundance largely result from alterations in the expression of the cells at the damaged spinal cord. However, microRNA expression levels after SCI are also influenced by the infiltration of immune cells to the injury site and the death and migration of specific neural cells after injury. Evidences on the role of microRNAs in the SCI pathophysiology have come from different sources. Bioinformatic analysis of microarray data has been used to identify specific variations in microRNA expression underlying transcriptional changes in target genes, which are involved in key processes in the SCI. Direct evidences on the role of microRNAs in SCI are scarcer, although recent studies have identified several microRNAs (miR-21, miR-486, miR-20) involved in key mechanisms of the SCI such as cell death or astrogliosis, among others. From a clinical perspective, different evidences make clear that microRNAs can be potent therapeutic tools to manipulate cell state and molecular processes in order to enhance functional recovery. The present article reviews the actual knowledge on how injury affects microRNA expression and the meaning of these changes in the SCI pathophysiology, to finally explore the clinical potential of microRNAs in the SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Nieto-Diaz
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Francisco J Esteban
- Departamento de Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales y de la Salud, Universidad de Jaén Jaén, Spain
| | - David Reigada
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Teresa Muñoz-Galdeano
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Mónica Yunta
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain ; Unidad de Patología Mitocondrial, Unidad Funcional de Investigación en Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid, Spain
| | - Marcos Caballero-López
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Rosa Navarro-Ruiz
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Angela Del Águila
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
| | - Rodrigo M Maza
- Molecular Neuroprotection Group, Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos (Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha) Toledo, Spain
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180
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Sun Y, Tawara I, Zhao M, Qin ZS, Toubai T, Mathewson N, Tamaki H, Nieves E, Chinnaiyan AM, Reddy P. Allogeneic T cell responses are regulated by a specific miRNA-mRNA network. J Clin Invest 2014; 123:4739-54. [PMID: 24216511 DOI: 10.1172/jci70013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor T cells that respond to host alloantigens following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) induce graft-versus-host (GVH) responses, but their molecular landscape is not well understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene (mRNA) expression and fine-tune the molecular responses of T cells. We stimulated naive T cells with either allogeneic or nonspecific stimuli and used argonaute cross-linked immunoprecipitation (CLIP) with subsequent ChIP microarray analyses to profile miR responses and their direct mRNA targets. We identified a unique expression pattern of miRs and mRNAs following the allostimulation of T cells and a high correlation between the expression of the identified miRs and a reduction of their mRNA targets. miRs and mRNAs that were predicted to be differentially regulated in allogeneic T cells compared with nonspecifically stimulated T cells were validated in vitro. These analyses identified wings apart-like homolog (Wapal) and synaptojanin 1 (Synj1) as potential regulators of allogeneic T cell responses. The expression of these molecular targets in vivo was confirmed in MHC-mismatched experimental BMT. Targeted silencing of either Wapal or Synj1 prevented the development of GVH response, confirming a role for these regulators in allogeneic T cell responses. Thus, this genome-wide analysis of miRNA-mRNA interactions identifies previously unrecognized molecular regulators of T cell responses.
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181
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Xie LN, Zhou F, Liu XM, Fang Y, Yu Z, Song NX, Kong FS. Serum microRNA155 is increased in patients with acute graft-versus-host disease. Clin Transplant 2014; 28:314-23. [PMID: 24494749 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.12314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Na Xie
- Department of Hematology; The General Hospital of Jinan Military District; Jinan China
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Hematology; The General Hospital of Jinan Military District; Jinan China
| | - Xi-Min Liu
- Department of Hematology; The General Hospital of Jinan Military District; Jinan China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Department of Hematology; The General Hospital of Jinan Military District; Jinan China
| | - Zhe Yu
- Department of Hematology; The General Hospital of Jinan Military District; Jinan China
| | - Ning-Xia Song
- Department of Hematology; The General Hospital of Jinan Military District; Jinan China
| | - Fan-Sheng Kong
- Department of Hematology; The General Hospital of Jinan Military District; Jinan China
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182
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Xia J, Zhang W. A meta-analysis revealed insights into the sources, conservation and impact of microRNA 5'-isoforms in four model species. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:1427-41. [PMID: 24178030 PMCID: PMC3919606 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) 5'-isoforms, or 5'-isomiRs, are small-RNA species that originate from the same genomic loci as the major miRNAs with their 5' ends shifted from the 5' ends of the miRNAs by a few nucleotides. Although 5'-isomiRs have been reported, their origins, properties and potential functions remain to be examined. We systematically studied 5'-isomiRs in human, mouse, fruitfly and worm by analysing a large collection of small non-coding RNA and mRNA profiling data. The results revealed a broad existence of 5'-isomiRs in the four species, many of which were conserved and could arise from genomic loci of canonical and non-canonical miRNAs. The well-conserved 5'-isomiRs have several features, including a preference of the 3p over the 5p arms of hairpins of conserved mammalian miRNAs, altered 5'-isomiRs across species and across tissues, and association with structural variations of miRNA hairpins. Importantly, 5'-isomiRs and their major miRNAs may have different mRNA targets and thus potentially play distinct roles of gene regulation, as shown by an integrative analysis combining miRNA and mRNA profiling data from psoriatic and normal human skin and from murine miRNA knockout assays. Indeed, 18 5'-isomiRs had aberrant expression in psoriatic human skin, suggesting their potential function in psoriasis pathogenesis. The results of the current study deepened our understanding of the diversity and conservation of miRNAs, their plasticity in gene regulation and potential broad function in complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Institute for Systems Biology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Weixiong Zhang
- Institute for Systems Biology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Washington University in Saint Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA and Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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183
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Wang WX, Danaher RJ, Miller CS, Berger JR, Nubia VG, Wilfred BS, Neltner JH, Norris CM, Nelson PT. Expression of miR-15/107 family microRNAs in human tissues and cultured rat brain cells. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2014; 12:19-30. [PMID: 24480177 PMCID: PMC3975925 DOI: 10.1016/j.gpb.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The miR-15/107 family comprises a group of 10 paralogous microRNAs (miRNAs), sharing a 5′ AGCAGC sequence. These miRNAs have overlapping targets. In order to characterize the expression of miR-15/107 family miRNAs, we employed customized TaqMan Low-Density micro-fluid PCR-array to investigate the expression of miR-15/107 family members, and other selected miRNAs, in 11 human tissues obtained at autopsy including the cerebral cortex, frontal cortex, primary visual cortex, thalamus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, stomach and skeletal muscle. miR-103, miR-195 and miR-497 were expressed at similar levels across various tissues, whereas miR-107 is enriched in brain samples. We also examined the expression patterns of evolutionarily conserved miR-15/107 miRNAs in three distinct primary rat brain cell preparations (enriched for cortical neurons, astrocytes and microglia, respectively). In primary cultures of rat brain cells, several members of the miR-15/107 family are enriched in neurons compared to other cell types in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to mature miRNAs, we also examined the expression of precursors (pri-miRNAs). Our data suggested a generally poor correlation between the expression of mature miRNAs and their precursors. In summary, we provide a detailed study of the tissue and cell type-specific expression profile of this highly expressed and phylogenetically conserved family of miRNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Xia Wang
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Robert J Danaher
- College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Craig S Miller
- College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Joseph R Berger
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Vega G Nubia
- Department of Neurology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Bernard S Wilfred
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Janna H Neltner
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Christopher M Norris
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Peter T Nelson
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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184
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Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that there are unique sets of miRNAs that have distinct governing roles in several aspects of both innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition, new tools allow selective modulation of the expression of individual miRNAs, both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of how miRNAs drive the activity of immune cells, and how their modulation in vivo opens new avenues for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in multiple diseases, from immunodeficiency to cancer.
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185
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MicroRNAs as Haematopoiesis Regulators. Adv Hematol 2013; 2013:695754. [PMID: 24454381 PMCID: PMC3884629 DOI: 10.1155/2013/695754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of different types of blood cells including their formation, development, and differentiation is collectively known as haematopoiesis. Blood cells are divided into three lineages erythriod (erythrocytes), lymphoid (B and T cells), and myeloid (granulocytes, megakaryocytes, and macrophages). Haematopoiesis is a complex process regulated by several mechanisms including microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small RNAs which regulate the expression of a number of genes involved in commitment and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Evidence shows that miRNAs play an important role in haematopoiesis; for example, myeloid and erythroid differentiation is blocked by the overexpression of miR-15a. miR-221, miR-222, and miR-24 inhibit the erythropoiesis, whereas miR-150 plays a role in B and T cell differentiation. miR-146 and miR-10a are downregulated in megakaryopoiesis. Aberrant expression of miRNAs was observed in hematological malignancies including chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, multiple myelomas, and B cell lymphomas. In this review we have focused on discussing the role of miRNA in haematopoiesis.
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186
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Lower and upper stem-single-stranded RNA junctions together determine the Drosha cleavage site. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20687-92. [PMID: 24297910 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1311639110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microprocessor [Drosha-DGCR8 (DiGeorge syndrome critical region gene 8) complex] processing of primary microRNA (pri-miRNA) is the critical first step in miRNA biogenesis, but how the Drosha cleavage site is determined has been unclear. Previous models proposed that the Drosha-DGCR8 complex measures either ~22 nt from the upper stem-single-stranded RNA (ssRNA, terminal loop) junction or ~11 nt from the lower stem-ssRNA junction to determine the cleavage site. Here, using miRNA-offset RNAs to determine the Drosha cleavage site, we show that the Microprocessor measures the distances from both the lower and upper stem-ssRNA junctions to determine the cleavage site in human cells, and optimal distances from both structures are critical to the precision of Drosha processing. If the distances are not optimal, Drosha tends to cleave at multiple sites, which can, in turn, generate multiple 5' isomiRs. Thus, our results also reveal a mechanism of 5' isomiR generation.
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187
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Xiong X, Kang X, Zheng Y, Yue S, Zhu S. Identification of loop nucleotide polymorphisms affecting microRNA processing and function. Mol Cells 2013; 36:518-26. [PMID: 24241682 PMCID: PMC3887969 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs are short 21-22 nucleotide single strand RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Most microRNAs are first transcribed as long primary microRNAs and then undergo a two step-wise sequential processing to yield single-stranded mature microRNAs. It has been suggested that the loop region of primary microRNAs plays an important role in regulating microRNA biogenesis and target recognition. However, despite the fact that several single nucleotide polymorphisms have been identified in mature microRNA sequences and are related to human diseases, it remains unclear whether and how the single nucleotide polymorphisms in the loop regions of primary microRNAs would affect the biogenesis and function of microRNAs. Herein, we provide evidence that primary microRNAs loop nucleotides control the accuracy and efficiency of microRNA processing. Accordingly, we identified 32 single nucleotide polymorphisms in the loop regions of human primary microRNAs using bioinformatics, and further validated three loss-of-function and one gain-of-function single nucleotide polymorphisms using dual-luciferase assays. Thus, these results reveal a critical regulatory role encoded in the loop nucleotides of primary microRNAs for microRNA processing and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxing Xiong
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Zhejiang University,
China
| | - Xianhui Kang
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Zhejiang University,
China
| | - Yueying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Zhejiang University,
China
| | - Sibiao Yue
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University,
USA
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of medicine, Zhejiang University,
China
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188
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Skårn M, Barøy T, Stratford EW, Myklebost O. Epigenetic regulation and functional characterization of microRNA-142 in mesenchymal cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79231. [PMID: 24236112 PMCID: PMC3827369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcripts encoded by the microRNA mir-142 gene are highly active in hematopoietic cells, but expressed at low levels in many other cell types. Treatment with the demethylating agent 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine increased both the 1,636 nucleotide primary transcript and mature miR-142-5p/3p in mesenchymal cells, indicating that mir-142 is epigenetically repressed by DNA methylation. The transcription start site was determined to be located 1,205 base pairs upstream of the precursor sequence within a highly conserved CpG island. In addition, a second CpG island overlapped with the precursor. A TATA-box, several promoter-proximal elements and enrichment of conserved transcription factor binding sites within the first 100 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site, suggests that this region represents the core/proximal mir-142 promoter. Moreover, both CpG islands were heavily methylated in mesenchymal cells, having low levels of miR-142-5p/3p, and unmethylated in hematopoietic cells where both miRNAs were abundantly expressed. We show that treatment with 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine significantly reduced the DNA methylation of the upstream CpG island, which led to increased expression, and that in vitro DNA methylation of the upstream region of the mir-142 precursor repressed its transcriptional activity. When overexpressed, miR-142-5p/3p reduced proliferation of cells with epigenetic silencing of endogenous mir-142. This finding is interesting as miR-142-5p/3p have been reported to be deregulated in tumors of mesenchymal origin. We provide the first experimental evidence that transcription of mir-142 is directly repressed by DNA methylation. In addition, we discovered that the antisense strand of mir-142 might act as a precursor for functional mature antisense miRNAs. Thus, our study expands the current knowledge about the regulation of mir-142 and function of miR-142-5p/3p, and adds novel insight into the rapidly increasing field of microRNA regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magne Skårn
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Tale Barøy
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva Wessel Stratford
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Cancer Stem Cell Innovation Centre, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ola Myklebost
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Stem Cell Centre, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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189
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Abstract
Acquisition of effector properties is a key step in the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Here we show that inflammatory signals regulate Dicer expression in CTLs, and that deletion or depletion of Dicer in mouse or human activated CD8(+) T cells causes up-regulation of perforin, granzymes, and effector cytokines. Genome-wide analysis of microRNA (miR, miRNA) changes induced by exposure of differentiating CTLs to IL-2 and inflammatory signals identifies miR-139 and miR-150 as components of an miRNA network that controls perforin, eomesodermin, and IL-2Rα expression in differentiating CTLs and whose activity is modulated by IL-2, inflammation, and antigenic stimulation. Overall, our data show that strong IL-2R and inflammatory signals act through Dicer and miRNAs to control the cytolytic program and other aspects of effector CTL differentiation.
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190
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Smigielska-Czepiel K, van den Berg A, Jellema P, Slezak-Prochazka I, Maat H, van den Bos H, van der Lei RJ, Kluiver J, Brouwer E, Boots AMH, Kroesen BJ. Dual role of miR-21 in CD4+ T-cells: activation-induced miR-21 supports survival of memory T-cells and regulates CCR7 expression in naive T-cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76217. [PMID: 24098447 PMCID: PMC3787993 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cell-type specific miRNA expression patterns have been described but the detailed role of single miRNAs in the function of T-cells remains largely unknown. We investigated the role of miR-21 in the function of primary human CD4+ T-cells. MiR-21 is substantially expressed in T-cells with a memory phenotype, and is robustly upregulated upon αCD3/CD28 activation of both naive and memory T-cells. By inhibiting the endogenous miR-21 function in activated naive and memory T-cells, we showed that miR-21 regulates fundamentally different aspects of T-cell biology, depending on the differentiation status of the T-cell. Stable inhibition of miR-21 function in activated memory T-cells led to growth disadvantage and apoptosis, indicating that the survival of memory T-cells depends on miR-21 function. In contrast, stable inhibition of miR-21 function in activated naive T-cells did not result in growth disadvantage, but led to a significant induction of CCR7 protein expression. Direct interaction between CCR7 and miR-21 was confirmed in a dual luciferase reporter assay. Our data provide evidence for a dual role of miR-21 in CD4+ T cells; Regulation of T-cell survival is confined to activated memory T-cells, while modulation of potential homing properties, through downregulation of CCR7 protein expression, is observed in activated naive T-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Smigielska-Czepiel
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Initiative on healthy Ageing and Immune Longevity (GRAIL), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke van den Berg
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pytrick Jellema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Izabella Slezak-Prochazka
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny Maat
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilda van den Bos
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Jan van der Lei
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost Kluiver
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Initiative on healthy Ageing and Immune Longevity (GRAIL), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Anne Mieke H. Boots
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Initiative on healthy Ageing and Immune Longevity (GRAIL), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Bart-Jan Kroesen
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Groningen Research Initiative on healthy Ageing and Immune Longevity (GRAIL), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- * E-mail:
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191
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Montagner S, Orlandi EM, Merante S, Monticelli S. The role of miRNAs in mast cells and other innate immune cells. Immunol Rev 2013; 253:12-24. [PMID: 23550635 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large class of small regulatory molecules able to control translation of target mRNAs and consequently to regulate various biological processes at a posttranscriptional level. Their importance is highlighted by the fact that altered miRNA expression is linked to a variety of human diseases, particularly cancer. Accordingly, miRNA biogenesis itself must be carefully regulated, both transcriptionally and posttranscriptionally. Here, we focus on the role of miRNAs in three lineages of myeloid cells important in both innate and acquired immunity: mast cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells. These three cell types are strategically located throughout the body tissues, where they can respond to foreign material, danger, and inflammatory signals. We discuss the role of miRNAs in these cell types, with a special focus on three of the most extensively studied miRNAs, namely miR-221, miR-146a, and miR-155. We also discuss the role of cell-to-cell transfer of miRNAs in dendritic cells, mast cells, and macrophages, and we speculate about possible future directions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Montagner
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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192
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Jeker LT, Bluestone JA. MicroRNA regulation of T-cell differentiation and function. Immunol Rev 2013; 253:65-81. [PMID: 23550639 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as key controllers of T-cell differentiation and function. Their expression is dynamically regulated by extracellular signals such as costimulation and cytokine signals. miRNAs set thresholds for gene expression and optimize protein concentrations of genetic networks. Absence of individual miRNAs can lead to severe immune dysfunction. In this study, we review emerging principles and provide examples of important functions exerted by miRNAs. Although our understanding of miRNA function in T-cell differentiation is still rudimentary, the available evidence leaves no doubt that these small post-transcriptional regulators are indispensable for proper functioning of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas T Jeker
- Diabetes Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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193
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Beaulieu AM, Bezman NA, Lee JE, Matloubian M, Sun JC, Lanier LL. MicroRNA function in NK-cell biology. Immunol Rev 2013; 253:40-52. [PMID: 23550637 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The important role of microRNAs in directing immune responses has become increasingly clear. Here, we highlight discoveries uncovering the role of specific microRNAs in regulating the development and function of natural killer (NK) cells. Furthermore, we discuss the impact of NK cells on the entire immune system during global and specific microRNA ablation in the settings of inflammation, infection, and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee M Beaulieu
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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194
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Brameier M, Ibing W, Höfer K, Montag J, Stahl-Hennig C, Motzkus D. Mapping the small RNA content of simian immunodeficiency virions (SIV). PLoS One 2013; 8:e75063. [PMID: 24086438 PMCID: PMC3781035 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that regulatory small non-coding RNAs are not only components of eukaryotic cells and vesicles, but also reside within a number of different viruses including retroviral particles. Using ultra-deep sequencing we have comprehensively analyzed the content of simian immunodeficiency virions (SIV), which were compared to mock-control preparations. Our analysis revealed that more than 428,000 sequence reads matched the SIV mac239 genome sequence. Among these we could identify 12 virus-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs) that were highly abundant. Beside known retrovirus-enriched small RNAs, like 7SL-RNA, tRNALys3 and tRNALys isoacceptors, we also identified defined fragments derived from small ILF3/NF90-associated RNA snaR-A14, that were enriched more than 50 fold in SIV. We also found evidence that small nucleolar RNAs U2 and U12 were underrepresented in the SIV preparation, indicating that the relative number or the content of co-isolated exosomes was changed upon infection. Our comprehensive atlas of SIV-incorporated small RNAs provides a refined picture of the composition of retrovirions, which gives novel insights into viral packaging.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Exosomes/metabolism
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Humans
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- RNA, Ribosomal/metabolism
- RNA, Small Cytoplasmic/genetics
- RNA, Small Cytoplasmic/metabolism
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/genetics
- RNA, Small Nucleolar/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/metabolism
- RNA, Untranslated/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Signal Recognition Particle/genetics
- Signal Recognition Particle/metabolism
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Virion/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Brameier
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Ibing
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Höfer
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith Montag
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Motzkus
- Unit of Infection Models, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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195
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Davis TE, Kis-Toth K, Szanto A, Tsokos GC. Glucocorticoids suppress T cell function by up-regulating microRNA-98. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:1882-90. [PMID: 23575983 DOI: 10.1002/art.37966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify microRNAs (miRNAs) in human T cells that can explain known antiinflammatory properties of steroids. METHODS Activated human CD4+ T cells from healthy donors were exposed to 1 μM methylprednisolone (MP) in vitro and then subjected to miRNA and messenger RNA microarray analyses. Changes in expression profiles were recorded. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), we confirmed the suppression of predicted targets, and through miRNA transfection experiments, we could suggest mechanistic links. RESULTS We identified numerous steroid-responsive genes and miRNAs-many known and some novel-including multiple previously unknown proinflammatory genes suppressed by MP. Further studies using qPCR, flow cytometry, and ELISA demonstrated that methylprednisolone increased the expression of miRNA-98 (miR-98) and suppressed the levels of predicted targets, including interleukin-13 and 3 tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs): Fas, FasL, and TNFR superfamily member 1B. Forced expression of miR-98 in T cells resulted in suppression of the same targets. CONCLUSION The findings of this study demonstrate a link between miR-98 expression and the effects of MP and provide evidence suggesting that MP acts through miR-98 to inhibit specific proinflammatory targets. Identification of this antiinflammatory mechanism of glucocorticoids is important, since it may pave the way toward the elusive goal of dissociating adverse effects from therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor E Davis
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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196
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Wei L, Gong X, Martinez OM, Krams SM. Differential expression and functions of microRNAs in liver transplantation and potential use as non-invasive biomarkers. Transpl Immunol 2013; 29:123-9. [PMID: 24001411 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators in many biologic processes and have been implicated in the control of genes relevant to acute rejection and liver functions. Here we review the miRNAs specifically expressed in allografts during acute rejection and discuss potential roles for these miRNAs in liver dysfunction. We focus on miRNAs dysregulated both in the liver and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and include a discussion of the potential for these miRNAs as non-invasive biomarkers to reflect liver status posttransplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei
- Department of Surgery, Division of Abdominal Transplantation, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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197
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Dynamic nature of noncoding RNA regulation of adaptive immune response. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:17347-77. [PMID: 23975170 PMCID: PMC3794731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140917347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune response plays a fundamental role in protecting the organism from infections; however, dysregulation often occurs and can be detrimental for the organism, leading to a variety of immune-mediated diseases. Recently our understanding of the molecular and cellular networks regulating the immune response, and, in particular, adaptive immunity, has improved dramatically. For many years, much of the focus has been on the study of protein regulators; nevertheless, recent evidence points to a fundamental role for specific classes of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating development, activation and homeostasis of the immune system. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are the most comprehensive and well-studied, a number of reports suggest the exciting possibility that long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) could mediate host response and immune function. Finally, evidence is also accumulating that suggests a role for miRNAs and other small ncRNAs in autocrine, paracrine and exocrine signaling events, thus highlighting an elaborate network of regulatory interactions mediated by different classes of ncRNAs during immune response. This review will explore the multifaceted roles of ncRNAs in the adaptive immune response. In particular, we will focus on the well-established role of miRNAs and on the emerging role of lncRNAs and circulating ncRNAs, which all make indispensable contributions to the understanding of the multilayered modulation of the adaptive immune response.
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198
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Regulation of huntingtin gene expression by miRNA-137, -214, -148a, and their respective isomiRs. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:16999-7016. [PMID: 23965969 PMCID: PMC3759948 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140816999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With the advent of deep sequencing technology, a variety of miRNA length and sequence variants, termed isomiRNAs (isomiRs), have been discovered. However, the functional roles of these commonly detected isomiRs remain unknown. In this paper, we demonstrated that miRNAs regulate the expression of the HTT gene, whose mutation leads to Huntington’s disease (HD), a hereditary degenerative disorder. Specifically, we validated the interactions of canonical miRNAs, miR-137, miR-214, and miR-148a, with the HTT 3′UTR using a luciferase assay. Moreover, we applied synthetic miRNA mimics to examine whether a slight shifting of miRNA seed regions might alter the regulation of the HTT transcript. We also examined miR-137, miR-214, and miR-148a isomiRs and showed the activity of these isoforms on reporter constructs bearing appropriate sequences from the HTT 3′UTR. Hence, we demonstrated that certain 5′-end variants of miRNAs might be functional for the regulation of the same targets as canonical miRNAs.
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199
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Jernås M, Malmeström C, Axelsson M, Nookaew I, Wadenvik H, Lycke J, Olsson B. MicroRNA regulate immune pathways in T-cells in multiple sclerosis (MS). BMC Immunol 2013; 14:32. [PMID: 23895517 PMCID: PMC3734042 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNA are small noncoding RNA molecules that are involved in the control of gene expression. To investigate the role of microRNA in multiple sclerosis (MS), we performed genome-wide expression analyses of mRNA and microRNA in T-cells from MS patients and controls. Methods Heparin-anticoagulated peripheral blood was collected from MS-patients and healthy controls followed by isolation of T-cells. MicroRNA and RNA from T-cells was prepared and hybridized to Affymetrix miR 2.0 array and Affymetrix U133Plus 2.0 Human Genome array (Santa Clara, CA), respectively. Verifications were performed with real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results We identified 2,452 differentially expressed genes and 21 differentially expressed microRNA between MS patients and controls. By Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, 20 of 21 differentially expressed microRNA were shown to affect the expression of their target genes, many of which were involved in the immune system. Tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 14 (TNFSF14) was a microRNA target gene significantly decreased in MS. The differential expression of mir-494, mir-197 and the predicted microRNA target gene TNFSF14 was verified by real-time PCR and ELISA. Conclusion These findings indicate that microRNA may be important regulatory molecules in T-cells in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margareta Jernås
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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200
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MicroRNAs implicated in the immunopathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:430239. [PMID: 23983769 PMCID: PMC3741610 DOI: 10.1155/2013/430239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the deposition of immune complexes due to widespread loss of immune tolerance to nuclear self-antigens. Deposition in the renal glomeruli results in the development of lupus nephritis (LN), the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in SLE. In addition to the well-recognized genetic susceptibility to SLE, disease pathogenesis is influenced by epigenetic regulators such as microRNAs (miRNAs). miRNAs are small, noncoding RNAs that bind to the 3′ untranslated region of target mRNAs resulting in posttranscriptional gene modulation. miRNAs play an important and dynamic role in the activation of innate immune cells and are critical in regulating the adaptive immune response. Immune stimulation and the resulting cytokine milieu alter miRNA expression while miRNAs themselves modify cellular responses to stimulation. Here we examine dysregulated miRNAs implicated in LN pathogenesis from human SLE patients and murine lupus models. The effects of LN-associated miRNAs in the kidney, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, macrophages, mesangial cells, dendritic cells, and splenocytes are discussed. As the role of miRNAs in immunopathogenesis becomes delineated, it is likely that specific miRNAs may serve as targets for therapeutic intervention in the treatment of LN and other pathologies.
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