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Abstract
Although clotrimazole was first used against fungal infections, a body of research was later developed indicating that this drug has anticancer properties as well. The mechanism of action is based on the inhibition of mitochondrial-bound glycolytic enzymes and calmodulin, which starves cancer cells of energy. Clotrimazole and its derivatives have been shown to decrease rates of cancer cell proliferation, induce G1 phase arrest, and promote pro-apoptotic factors, which lead to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kadavakollu
- Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University, Silver City, NM, 88061, USA
| | - C Stailey
- Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University, Silver City, NM, 88061, USA
| | - C S Kunapareddy
- Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University, Silver City, NM, 88061, USA
| | - S White
- Department of Natural Sciences, Western New Mexico University, Silver City, NM, 88061, USA
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152
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Role of mitochondria-cytoskeleton interactions in respiration regulation and mitochondrial organization in striated muscles. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2013; 1837:232-45. [PMID: 24189374 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2013] [Revised: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the regulation of respiration and energy fluxes in permeabilized oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers, focusing also on the role of cytoskeletal protein tubulin βII isotype in mitochondrial metabolism and organization. By analyzing accessibility of mitochondrial ADP, using respirometry and pyruvate kinase-phosphoenolpyruvate trapping system for ADP, we show that the apparent affinity of respiration for ADP can be directly linked to the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM). Previous studies have shown that MOM permeability in cardiomyocytes can be regulated by VDAC interaction with cytoskeletal protein, βII tubulin. We found that in oxidative soleus skeletal muscle the high apparent Km for ADP is associated with low MOM permeability and high expression of non-polymerized βII tubulin. Very low expression of non-polymerized form of βII tubulin in glycolytic muscles is associated with high MOM permeability for adenine nucleotides (low apparent Km for ADP).
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153
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Pantic B, Trevisan E, Citta A, Rigobello MP, Marin O, Bernardi P, Salvatori S, Rasola A. Myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) prevents ROS-induced cell death by assembling a hexokinase II-Src complex on the mitochondrial surface. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e858. [PMID: 24136222 PMCID: PMC3920960 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biological functions of myotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK), a serine/threonine kinase whose gene mutations cause myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1), remain poorly understood. Several DMPK isoforms exist, and the long ones (DMPK-A/B/C/D) are associated with the mitochondria, where they exert unknown activities. We have studied the isoform A of DMPK, which we have found to be prevalently associated to the outer mitochondrial membrane. The kinase activity of mitochondrial DMPK protects cells from oxidative stress and from the ensuing opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), which would otherwise irreversibly commit cells to death. We observe that DMPK (i) increases the mitochondrial localization of hexokinase II (HK II), (ii) forms a multimeric complex with HK II and with the active form of the tyrosine kinase Src, binding its SH3 domain and (iii) it is tyrosine-phosphorylated by Src. Both interaction among these proteins and tyrosine phosphorylation of DMPK are increased under oxidative stress, and Src inhibition selectively enhances death in DMPK-expressing cells after HK II detachment from the mitochondria. Down-modulation of DMPK abolishes the appearance of muscle markers in in vitro myogenesis, which is rescued by oxidant scavenging. Our data indicate that, together with HK II and Src, mitochondrial DMPK is part of a multimolecular complex endowed with antioxidant and pro-survival properties that could be relevant during the function and differentiation of muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Pantic
- 1] CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy [2] Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova 35121, Italy
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154
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Salani B, Marini C, Rio AD, Ravera S, Massollo M, Orengo AM, Amaro A, Passalacqua M, Maffioli S, Pfeffer U, Cordera R, Maggi D, Sambuceti G. Metformin impairs glucose consumption and survival in Calu-1 cells by direct inhibition of hexokinase-II. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2070. [PMID: 23797762 PMCID: PMC3691576 DOI: 10.1038/srep02070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-hyperglycaemic drug metformin has important anticancer properties as shown by the direct inhibition of cancer cells proliferation. Tumor cells avidly use glucose as a source for energy production and cell building blocks. Critical to this phenotype is the production of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P), catalysed by hexokinases (HK) I and II, whose role in glucose retention and metabolism is highly advantageous for cell survival and proliferation. Here we show that metformin impairs the enzymatic function of HKI and II in Calu-1 cells. This inhibition virtually abolishes cell glucose uptake and phosphorylation as documented by the reduced entrapment of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose. In-silico models indicate that this action is due to metformin capability to mimic G6P features by steadily binding its pocket in HKII. The impairment of this energy source results in mitochondrial depolarization and subsequent cell death. These results could represent a starting point to open effective strategies in cancer prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Salani
- Department of Internal Medicine-DIMI, University of Genova, 16132 Genova, Italy
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155
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Schindler A, Foley E. Hexokinase 1 blocks apoptotic signals at the mitochondria. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2685-92. [PMID: 24018046 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To coordinate a meaningful response to infection or tissue damage, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) triggers a spectrum of reactions in target cells that includes cell activation, differentiation, proliferation and death. Deregulated TNF signaling can lead to tissue damage and organ dysfunction during inflammation. Previously, we identified hexokinase 1 (HK1) as a potent pro-survival factor that counters TNF-induced apoptosis in type II cells. Here we used HK1 siRNA and clotrimazole to generate mitochondrial depletion phenotypes of HK1 to test if HK1 acts at the mitochondria to block TNF-induced apoptosis. We found that HK1 is predominantly mitochondrial in type II cells and that its depletion at the mitochondria decreased the inner mitochondrial membrane potential and accelerated TNF-induced apoptosis. In addition, we showed that the decrease of the mitochondrial membrane potential after HK1 depletion depended on the presence of Bak and Bax and was blocked by Bcl-2 overexpression. From these findings, we conclude that HK1 counters TNF-induced apoptosis through antagonization of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins at the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Schindler
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada
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156
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Leanza L, Biasutto L, Managò A, Gulbins E, Zoratti M, Szabò I. Intracellular ion channels and cancer. Front Physiol 2013; 4:227. [PMID: 24027528 PMCID: PMC3759743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several types of channels play a role in the maintenance of ion homeostasis in subcellular organelles including endoplasmatic reticulum, nucleus, lysosome, endosome, and mitochondria. Here we give a brief overview of the contribution of various mitochondrial and other organellar channels to cancer cell proliferation or death. Much attention is focused on channels involved in intracellular calcium signaling and on ion fluxes in the ATP-producing organelle mitochondria. Mitochondrial K+ channels (Ca2+-dependent BKCa and IKCa, ATP-dependent KATP, Kv1.3, two-pore TWIK-related Acid-Sensitive K+ channel-3 (TASK-3)), Ca2+ uniporter MCU, Mg2+-permeable Mrs2, anion channels (voltage-dependent chloride channel VDAC, intracellular chloride channel CLIC) and the Permeability Transition Pore (MPTP) contribute importantly to the regulation of function in this organelle. Since mitochondria play a central role in apoptosis, modulation of their ion channels by pharmacological means may lead to death of cancer cells. The nuclear potassium channel Kv10.1 and the nuclear chloride channel CLIC4 as well as the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER)-located inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor, the ER-located Ca2+ depletion sensor STIM1 (stromal interaction molecule 1), a component of the store-operated Ca2+ channel and the ER-resident TRPM8 are also mentioned. Furthermore, pharmacological tools affecting organellar channels and modulating cancer cell survival are discussed. The channels described in this review are summarized on Figure 1. Overall, the view is emerging that intracellular ion channels may represent a promising target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova Padova, Italy
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157
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Rajala A, Gupta VK, Anderson RE, Rajala RVS. Light activation of the insulin receptor regulates mitochondrial hexokinase. A possible mechanism of retinal neuroprotection. Mitochondrion 2013; 13:566-76. [PMID: 23993956 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Revised: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Akt has been shown to mediate the anti-apoptotic activity through hexokinase (HK)-mitochondria interaction. We previously reported that Akt activation in retinal rod photoreceptor cells is mediated through the light-dependent insulin receptor (IR)/PI3K pathway. Our data indicate that light-induced activation of IR/PI3K/Akt results in the translocation of HK-II to mitochondria. We also found that PHLPPL, a serine/threonine phosphatase, enhanced the binding of HK-II to mitochondria. We found a mitochondrial targeting signal in PHLPPL and our study suggests that Akt translocation to mitochondria could be mediated through PHLPPL. Our results suggest that the light-dependent IR/PI3K/Akt pathway regulates hexokinase-mitochondria interaction in photoreceptors. Down-regulation of IR signaling has been associated with ocular diseases of retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and Leber Congenital Amaurosis-type 2, and agents that enhance the binding interaction between hexokinase and mitochondria may have therapeutic potential against these ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammaji Rajala
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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158
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Krasnov GS, Dmitriev AA, Lakunina VA, Kirpiy AA, Kudryavtseva AV. Targeting VDAC-bound hexokinase II: a promising approach for concomitant anti-cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2013; 17:1221-33. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2013.833607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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159
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Roberts DJ, Tan-Sah VP, Smith JM, Miyamoto S. Akt phosphorylates HK-II at Thr-473 and increases mitochondrial HK-II association to protect cardiomyocytes. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23798-806. [PMID: 23836898 PMCID: PMC3745326 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.482026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Hexokinase II (HK-II) is an enzyme that catalyzes the first step in glycolysis and localizes not only in the cytosol but also at mitochondria. Akt, activated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) treatment in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes, translocates to mitochondria and increases mitochondrial HK-II binding. Expression of an HK-II-dissociating peptide diminished IGF-1-induced increases in mitochondrial HK-II as well as protection against hydrogen peroxide treatment, suggesting an important role of mitochondrial HK-II in IGF-1/Akt-mediated protection. We hypothesized, on the basis of an Akt phosphorylation consensus sequence present in HK-II, that Thr-473 is the target of Akt kinase activity. Indeed, recombinant kinase-active Akt robustly phosphorylates WT HK-II, but not Thr-473 mutants. Phosphomimetic (T473D)HK-II, but not non-phosphorylatable (T473A)HK-II, constitutively increased mitochondrial binding compared with WT HK-II and concomitantly confers greater protection against hydrogen peroxide. Glucose 6-phosphate (G-6P), a product of the catalytic activity of HK-II, is well known to dissociate HK-II from mitochondria. Addition of G-6P to isolated mitochondria dose-dependently dissociates WT HK-II, and this response is inhibited significantly in mitochondria isolated from cardiomyocytes expressing T473D HK-II. Pretreatment with IGF-1 also inhibits G-6P-induced overexpressed or endogenous HK-II dissociation, and this response was blocked by Akt inhibition. These results show that Akt phosphorylation of HK-II at Thr-473 is responsible for the Akt-mediated increase in HK-II binding to mitochondria. This increase is, at least in part, due to the decreased sensitivity to G-6P-induced dissociation. Thus, phosphorylation-mediated regulation of mitochondrial HK-II would be a critical component of the protective effect of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Roberts
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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160
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Ravani L, Esposito E, Bories C, Moal VLL, Loiseau PM, Djabourov M, Cortesi R, Bouchemal K. Clotrimazole-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier hydrogels: thermal analysis and in vitro studies. Int J Pharm 2013; 454:695-702. [PMID: 23792467 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work is to design a new formulation containing clotrimazole (CTZ) loaded into nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the treatment of fungal vaginal infections. In order to obtain formulations with suitable viscosity for mucosal application, NLC containing CTZ produced by the ultrasonication method were viscosized by the addition of poloxamer P407 in the NLC dispersion (CTZ-NLC-gel). These systems exhibit well-known thermogelling properties. The rheological characterization of the CTZ-NLC hydrogel using a controlled stress rheometer evidenced that the presence of NLC or CTZ did not affect gelling temperature (Tgel). Dilution with simulated vaginal fluid (SVF) increased the Tgel from 17.4 to 29.6°C. For these thermogelling systems, micro-calorimetric assays conducted by a Micro-DSC III confirmed that the hydrogel-containing CTZ-NLC was able to change its structure with a rapid passage from non-crystalline (liquid) to crystalline (semi-solid) form. Furthermore, when a local application is considered, no drug should pass through the vaginal mucosa, limiting thus the systemic diffusion and toxicity. For this purpose, Franz cell has been employed to investigate the ex vivo permeation of CTZ through pig vaginal mucosa. The results showed no CTZ diffusion. The toxicological experiments performed on HeLa cells after a 24h incubation time confirmed that CTZ-NLC-gel at a concentration of 1mg/mL showed a low toxicity profile resulting in a cell vitality of 77.2%. Interestingly, anti-candida activity studies demonstrated that CTZ-NLC gel was 4-fold more active than Fungizone(®) against Candida albicans. These encouraging results suggest that the hydrogel containing CTZ-NLC could be proposed as an innovative system to administer CTZ to treat vaginal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ravani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Italy
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161
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Bernardi P. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore: a mystery solved? Front Physiol 2013; 4:95. [PMID: 23675351 PMCID: PMC3650560 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The permeability transition (PT) denotes an increase of the mitochondrial inner membrane permeability to solutes with molecular masses up to about 1500 Da. It is presumed to be mediated by opening of a channel, the permeability transition pore (PTP), whose molecular nature remains a mystery. Here I briefly review the history of the PTP, discuss existing models, and present our new results indicating that reconstituted dimers of the FOF1 ATP synthase form a channel with properties identical to those of the mitochondrial megachannel (MMC), the electrophysiological equivalent of the PTP. Open questions remain, but there is now promise that the PTP can be studied by genetic methods to solve the large number of outstanding problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova Padova, Italy
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162
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Wei L, Zhou Y, Dai Q, Qiao C, Zhao L, Hui H, Lu N, Guo QL. Oroxylin A induces dissociation of hexokinase II from the mitochondria and inhibits glycolysis by SIRT3-mediated deacetylation of cyclophilin D in breast carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e601. [PMID: 23598413 PMCID: PMC3641353 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oroxylin A is a major active component of the Chinese traditional medicinal plant Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, which has been reported as a potential anticancer drug. We demonstrated that, Oroxylin A inhibited the glycolysis and the binding of hexokinase II (HK II) with mitochondria in human breast carcinoma cell lines, which was dependent on sirtuin-3 (SIRT3). The level of SIRT3 in mitochondria was increased by Oroxylin A. Then SIRT3 deacetylated cyclophilin D, diminished its peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity and induced its dissociation from the adenine nucleotide translocator. Finally, SIRT3-induced inactivation of cyclophilin D resulted in the detachment of mitochondrial HK II and the inhibition of glycolysis. These results have important implications for the metabolism reprogramming effect and the susceptibility to Oroxylin A-induced mitochondrial cytotoxicity through the regulation of SIRT3 in breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, The People's Republic of China
| | - Y Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, The People's Republic of China
| | - Q Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, The People's Republic of China
| | - C Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, The People's Republic of China
| | - L Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, The People's Republic of China
| | - H Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, The People's Republic of China
| | - N Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, The People's Republic of China
| | - Q-L Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, Department of Physiology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, The People's Republic of China
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163
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Vélez J, Hail N, Konopleva M, Zeng Z, Kojima K, Samudio I, Andreeff M. Mitochondrial uncoupling and the reprograming of intermediary metabolism in leukemia cells. Front Oncol 2013; 3:67. [PMID: 23565503 PMCID: PMC3613776 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly 60 years ago Otto Warburg proposed, in a seminal publication, that an irreparable defect in the oxidative capacity of normal cells supported the switch to glycolysis for energy generation and the appearance of the malignant phenotype (Warburg, 1956). Curiously, this phenotype was also observed by Warburg in embryonic tissues, and recent research demonstrated that normal stem cells may indeed rely on aerobic glycolysis – fermenting pyruvate to lactate in the presence of ample oxygen – rather than on the complete oxidation of pyruvate in the Krebs cycle – to generate cellular energy (Folmes et al., 2012). However, it remains to be determined whether this phenotype is causative for neoplastic development, or rather the result of malignant transformation. In addition, in light of mounting evidence demonstrating that cancer cells can carry out electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, although in some cases predominantly using electrons from non-glucose carbon sources (Bloch-Frankenthal et al., 1965), Warburg’s hypothesis needs to be revisited. Lastly, recent evidence suggests that the leukemia bone marrow microenvironment promotes the Warburg phenotype adding another layer of complexity to the study of metabolism in hematological malignancies. In this review we will discuss some of the evidence for alterations in the intermediary metabolism of leukemia cells and present evidence for a concept put forth decades ago by lipid biochemist Feodor Lynen, and acknowledged by Warburg himself, that cancer cell mitochondria uncouple ATP synthesis from electron transport and therefore depend on glycolysis to meet their energy demands (Lynen, 1951; Warburg, 1956).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Vélez
- Grupo de Terapia Celular y Molecular Laboratorio de Bioquimica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Bogotá, Colombia
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164
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Suh DH, Kim MK, Kim HS, Chung HH, Song YS. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore as a selective target for anti-cancer therapy. Front Oncol 2013; 3:41. [PMID: 23483560 PMCID: PMC3592197 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) is the ultimate step in dozens of lethal apoptotic signal transduction pathways which converge on mitochondria. One of the representative systems proposed to be responsible for the MOMP is the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Although the molecular composition of the MPTP is not clearly understood, the MPTP attracts much interest as a promising target for resolving two conundrums regarding cancer treatment: tumor selectivity and resistance to treatment. The regulation of the MPTP is closely related to metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells including mitochondrial alterations. Restoration of deregulated apoptotic machinery in cancer cells by tumor-specific modulation of the MPTP could therefore be a promising anti-cancer strategy. Currently, a number of MPTP-targeting agents are under pre-clinical and clinical studies. Here, we reviewed the structure and regulation of the MPTP as well as the current status of the development of promising MPTP-targeting drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong H Suh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine Seoul, South Korea
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165
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Nederlof R, Xie C, Eerbeek O, Koeman A, Milstein DMJ, Hollmann MW, Mik EG, Warley A, Southworth R, Akar FG, Zuurbier CJ. Pathophysiological consequences of TAT-HKII peptide administration are independent of impaired vascular function and ensuing ischemia. Circ Res 2013; 112:e8-13. [PMID: 23329797 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.274308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have shown that partial dissociation of hexokinase II (HKII) from mitochondria in the intact heart using low-dose transactivating transcriptional factor (TAT)-HKII (200 nmol/L) prevents the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning, whereas high-dose TAT-HKII (10 μmol/L) administration results in rapid myocardial dysfunction, mitochondrial depolarization, and disintegration. In this issue of Circulation Research, Pasdois et al argue that the deleterious effects of TAT-HKII administration on cardiac function are likely because of vasoconstriction and ensuing ischemia. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether altered vascular function and ensuing ischemia recapitulate the deleterious effects of TAT-HKII in intact myocardium. METHODS AND RESULTS Using a variety of complementary techniques, including mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) imaging, high-resolution optical action potential mapping, analysis of lactate production, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide epifluorescence, lactate dehydrogenase release, and electron microscopy, we provide direct evidence that refutes the notion that acute myocardial dysfunction by high-dose TAT-HKII peptide administration is a consequence of impaired vascular function. Moreover, we demonstrate that low-dose TAT-HKII treatment, which abrogates the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning, is not associated with ischemia or ischemic injury. CONCLUSIONS Our findings challenge the notion that the effects of TAT-HKII are attributable to impaired vascular function and ensuing ischemia, thereby lending further credence to the role of mitochondria-bound HKII as a critical regulator of cardiac function, ischemia-reperfusion injury, and cardioprotection by ischemic preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Nederlof
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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166
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Pasdois P, Parker JE, Griffiths EJ, Halestrap AP. Hexokinase II and reperfusion injury: TAT-HK2 peptide impairs vascular function in Langendorff-perfused rat hearts. Circ Res 2013; 112:e3-7. [PMID: 23329796 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.274233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mitochondrial-bound hexokinase II (HK2) was recently proposed to play a crucial role in the normal functioning of the beating heart and to be necessary to maintain mitochondrial membrane potential. However, our own studies confirmed that mitochondria from ischemic rat hearts were HK2-depleted, yet showed no indication of depolarization and responded normally to ADP. OBJECTIVE To establish whether the human TAT-HK2 peptide used to dissociate mitochondrial-bound HKII in the Langendorff-perfused heart may exert its effects indirectly by impairing coronary function. METHODS AND RESULTS Ischemic preconditioning was blocked in rat hearts perfused with 2.5 µmol/L TAT-HK2 before ischemia or at the onset of reperfusion. However, TAT-HK2 also decreased the phosphocreatine:ATP ratio that correlated with reduced rate pressure product and increased diastolic pressure. These effects were preceded by increased aortic pressure (Langendorff constant flow) or decreased coronary flow (Langendorff constant pressure), which was also observed, albeit less pronounced, at 200 nmol/L TAT-HK2 and was prevented by coperfusion with the NO-donor diethylamine NONOate. Mitochondria from TAT-HK2-perfused hearts showed no loss of bound HK2, unlike mitochondria from ischemic hearts where the expected loss was prevented by ischemic preconditioning. CONCLUSIONS In the perfused rat heart, TAT-HK2 should be used with caution and careful attention to dosage because some of its effects may be mediated by vasoconstriction of the coronary vasculature rather than dissociation of HK2 from myocyte mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Pasdois
- School of Biochemistry and the Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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167
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Horng CT, Chiang NN, Chen IL, Liang WZ, Chen IS, Kuo DH, Shieh PC, Jan CR. Effect of clotrimazole on cytosolic Ca2+rise and viability in HA59T human hepatoma cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:89-95. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.764321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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168
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Abstract
GSK-3 is a multifunctional kinase that is located in the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria of all cell types, and it is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases. In cancer, GSK-3 modulates the response of the cell death machinery to stress stimuli, including chemotherapeutics. Mitochondria are at the heart of the integration between survival and noxious signals; therefore, modulation of the mitochondrial functions carried out by GSK-3 is profoundly involved in the apoptosis escape capabilities that hallmark neoplasms. This review briefly covers the mechanistic interactions among oncogenic kinase pathways, GSK-3 activity and subsequent modulation of mitochondrial functions that shape the pro-survival phenotype of cancer cells, such as control of redox homeostasis and inhibition of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Chiara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova Padova, Italy
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169
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Pasdois P, Parker JE, Halestrap AP. Extent of mitochondrial hexokinase II dissociation during ischemia correlates with mitochondrial cytochrome c release, reactive oxygen species production, and infarct size on reperfusion. J Am Heart Assoc 2012; 2:e005645. [PMID: 23525412 PMCID: PMC3603240 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.112.005645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background The mechanisms by which ischemic preconditioning (IP) inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening and, hence, ischemia–reperfusion injury remain unclear. Here we investigate whether and how mitochondria‐bound hexokinase 2 (mtHK2) may exert part of the cardioprotective effects of IP. Methods and Results Control and IP Langendorff‐perfused rat hearts were subject to ischemia and reperfusion with measurement of hemodynamic function and infarct size. Outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) permeabilization after ischemia was determined by measuring rates of respiration and H2O2 production in the presence and absence of added cytochrome c in isolated mitochondria and permeabilized fibers. IP prevented OMM permeabilization during ischemia and reduced the loss of mtHK2, but not Bcl‐xL, observed in control ischemic hearts. By contrast, treatment of permeabilized fibers with glucose‐6‐phosphate at pH 6.3 induced mtHK2 loss without OMM permeabilization. However, metabolic pretreatments of the perfused heart chosen to modulate glucose‐6‐phosphate and intracellular pHi revealed a strong inverse correlation between end‐ischemic mtHK2 content and infarct size after reperfusion. Loss of mtHK2 was also associated with reduced rates of creatine phosphate generation during the early phase of reperfusion. This could be mimicked in permeabilized fibers after mtHK2 dissociation. Conclusions We propose that loss of mtHK2 during ischemia destabilizes mitochondrial contact sites, which, when accompanied by degradation of Bcl‐xL, induces OMM permeabilization and cytochrome c loss. This stimulates reactive oxygen species production and mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening on reperfusion, leading to infarction. Consequently, inhibition of mtHK2 loss during ischemia could be an important mechanism responsible for the cardioprotection mediated by IP and other pretreatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Pasdois
- School of Biochemistry and The Bristol Heart Institute, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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170
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Chemotherapeutic induction of mitochondrial oxidative stress activates GSK-3α/β and Bax, leading to permeability transition pore opening and tumor cell death. Cell Death Dis 2012; 3:e444. [PMID: 23235461 PMCID: PMC3542620 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2012.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Survival of tumor cells is favored by mitochondrial changes that make death induction more difficult in a variety of stress conditions, such as exposure to chemotherapeutics. These changes are not fully characterized in tumor mitochondria, and include unbalance of the redox equilibrium, inhibition of permeability transition pore (PTP) opening through kinase signaling pathways and modulation of members of the Bcl-2 protein family. Here we show that a novel chemotherapeutic, the Gold(III)-dithiocarbamato complex AUL12, induces oxidative stress and tumor cell death both favoring PTP opening and activating the pro-apoptotic protein Bax of the Bcl-2 family. AUL12 inhibits the respiratory complex I and causes a rapid burst of mitochondrial superoxide levels, leading to activation of the mitochondrial fraction of GSK-3α/β and to the ensuing phosphorylation of the mitochondrial chaperone cyclophilin D, which in turn facilitates PTP opening. In addition, following AUL12 treatment, Bax interacts with active GSK-3α/β and translocates onto mitochondria, where it contributes to PTP induction and tumor cell death. These findings provide evidence that targeting the redox equilibrium maintained by mitochondria in tumor cells allows to hit crucial mechanisms that shield neoplasms from the toxicity of many anti-tumor strategies, and identify AUL12 as a promising chemotherapeutic compound.
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171
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Mitochondrial localization of TIGAR under hypoxia stimulates HK2 and lowers ROS and cell death. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012. [PMID: 23185017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1206530109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The p53-inducible protein TIGAR (Tp53-induced Glycolysis and Apoptosis Regulator) functions as a fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase (Fru-2,6-BPase), and through promotion of the pentose phosphate pathway, increases NADPH production to help limit reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we show that under hypoxia, a fraction of TIGAR protein relocalized to mitochondria and formed a complex with hexokinase 2 (HK2), resulting in an increase in HK2 activity. Mitochondrial localization of TIGAR depended on mitochondrial HK2 and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1α) activity. The ability of TIGAR to function as a Fru-2,6-BPase was independent of HK2 binding and mitochondrial localization, although both of these activities can contribute to the full activity of TIGAR in limiting mitochondrial ROS levels and protecting from cell death.
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172
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Hammoudi N, Ahmed KBR, Garcia-Prieto C, Huang P. Metabolic alterations in cancer cells and therapeutic implications. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2012; 30:508-25. [PMID: 21801600 PMCID: PMC4013402 DOI: 10.5732/cjc.011.10267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer metabolism has emerged as an important area of research in recent years. Elucidation of the metabolic differences between cancer and normal cells and the underlying mechanisms will not only advance our understanding of fundamental cancer cell biology but also provide an important basis for the development of new therapeutic strategies and novel compounds to selectively eliminate cancer cells by targeting their unique metabolism. This article reviews several important metabolic alterations in cancer cells, with an emphasis on increased aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) and glutamine addiction, and discusses the mechanisms that may contribute to such metabolic changes. In addition, metabolic alterations in cancer stem cells, mitochondrial metabolism and its influence on drug sensitivity, and potential therapeutic strategies and agents that target cancer metabolism are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Hammoudi
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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173
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2-Deoxy-D-glucose cooperates with arsenic trioxide to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells: involvement of IGF-1R-regulated Akt/mTOR, MEK/ERK and LKB-1/AMPK signaling pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:1604-16. [PMID: 23041229 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 09/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
While the anti-tumor efficacy of 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) is normally low in monotherapy, it may represent a valuable radio- and chemo-sensitizing agent. We here demonstrate that 2-10 mM 2-DG cooperates with arsenic trioxide (ATO) and other antitumor drugs to induce apoptosis in human myeloid leukemia cell lines. Using ATO and HL60 as drug and cell models, respectively, we observed that 2-DG/ATO combination activates the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, as indicated by Bid-, and Bax-regulated cytochrome c and Omi/HtrA2 release, XIAP down-regulation, and caspase-9/-3 pathway activation. 2-DG neither causes oxidative stress nor increases ATO uptake, but causes inner mitochondria membrane permeabilization as well as moderate ATP depletion, which nevertheless do not satisfactorily explain the pro-apoptotic response. Surprisingly 2-DG causes cell line-specific decrease in LKB-1/AMPK phosphorylation/activation, and also causes Akt/mTOR/p70S6K and MEK/ERK activation, which is prevented by co-treatment with ATO. The use of kinase-specific pharmacologic inhibitors and/or siRNAs reveals that apoptosis is facilitated by AMPK inactivation and restrained by Akt and ERK activation, and that Akt and ERK activation mediates AMPK inhibition. Finally, 2-DG stimulates IGF-1R phosphorylation/activation, and co-treatment with IGF-1R inhibitor prevents 2-DG effects on Akt, ERK and AMPK, and facilitates 2-DG-provoked apoptosis. In summary 2-DG elicits IGF-1R-mediated AMPK inactivation and Akt and ERK activation, which facilitates or restrain apoptosis, respectively. 2-DG-provoked AMPK inactivation increases the apoptotic efficacy of ATO, while in turn ATO-provoked Akt and ERK inactivation may increase the efficacy of 2-DG as anti-tumor drug.
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174
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Abstract
The current status of peptides that target the mitochondria in the context of cancer is the focus of this review. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy used to kill tumor cells are principally mediated by the process of apoptosis that is governed by the mitochondria. The failure of anticancer therapy often resides at the level of the mitochondria. Therefore, the mitochondrion is a key pharmacological target in cancer due to many of the differences that arise between malignant and healthy cells at the level of this ubiquitous organelle. Additionally, targeting the characteristics of malignant mitochondira often rely on disruption of protein--protein interactions that are not generally amenable to small molecules. We discuss anticancer peptides that intersect with pathological changes in the mitochondrion.
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175
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Abstract
The present study demonstrates the important structural features of ceramide required for proper regulation, binding and identification by both pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins. The C-4=C-5 trans-double bond has little influence on the ability of Bax and Bcl-xL to identify and bind to these channels. The stereochemistry of the headgroup and access to the amide group of ceramide is indispensible for Bax binding, indicating that Bax may interact with the polar portion of the ceramide channel facing the bulk phase. In contrast, Bcl-xL binding to ceramide channels is tolerant of stereochemical changes in the headgroup. The present study also revealed that Bcl-xL has an optimal interaction with long-chain ceramides that are elevated early in apoptosis, whereas short-chain ceramides are not well regulated. Inhibitors specific for the hydrophobic groove of Bcl-xL, including 2-methoxyantimycin A3, ABT-737 and ABT-263 provide insights into the region of Bcl-xL involved in binding to ceramide channels. Molecular docking simulations of the lowest-energy binding poses of ceramides and Bcl-xL inhibitors to Bcl-xL were consistent with the results of our functional studies and propose potential binding modes.
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176
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Granchi C, Minutolo F. Anticancer agents that counteract tumor glycolysis. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:1318-50. [PMID: 22684868 PMCID: PMC3516916 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Can we consider cancer to be a "metabolic disease"? Tumors are the result of a metabolic selection, forming tissues composed of heterogeneous cells that generally express an overactive metabolism as a common feature. In fact, cancer cells have increased needs for both energy and biosynthetic intermediates to support their growth and invasiveness. However, their high proliferation rate often generates regions that are insufficiently oxygenated. Therefore, their carbohydrate metabolism must rely mostly on a glycolytic process that is uncoupled from oxidative phosphorylation. This metabolic switch, also known as the Warburg effect, constitutes a fundamental adaptation of tumor cells to a relatively hostile environment, and supports the evolution of aggressive and metastatic phenotypes. As a result, tumor glycolysis may constitute an attractive target for cancer therapy. This approach has often raised concerns that antiglycolytic agents may cause serious side effects toward normal cells. The key to selective action against cancer cells can be found in their hyperbolic addiction to glycolysis, which may be exploited to generate new anticancer drugs with minimal toxicity. There is growing evidence to support many glycolytic enzymes and transporters as suitable candidate targets for cancer therapy. Herein we review some of the most relevant antiglycolytic agents that have been investigated thus far for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlotta Granchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
| | - Filippo Minutolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa (Italy)
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177
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Zamorano S, Rojas-Rivera D, Lisbona F, Parra V, Court FA, Villegas R, Cheng EH, Korsmeyer SJ, Lavandero S, Hetz C. A BAX/BAK and cyclophilin D-independent intrinsic apoptosis pathway. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37782. [PMID: 22719850 PMCID: PMC3373601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Most intrinsic death signals converge into the activation of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family members BAX and BAK at the mitochondria, resulting in the release of cytochrome c and apoptosome activation. Chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress leads to apoptosis through the upregulation of a subset of pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins, activating BAX and BAK at the mitochondria. Here we provide evidence indicating that the full resistance of BAX and BAK double deficient (DKO) cells to ER stress is reverted by stimulation in combination with mild serum withdrawal. Cell death under these conditions was characterized by the appearance of classical apoptosis markers, caspase-9 activation, release of cytochrome c, and was inhibited by knocking down caspase-9, but insensitive to BCL-X(L) overexpression. Similarly, the resistance of BIM and PUMA double deficient cells to ER stress was reverted by mild serum withdrawal. Surprisingly, BAX/BAK-independent cell death did not require Cyclophilin D (CypD) expression, an important regulator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Our results suggest the existence of an alternative intrinsic apoptosis pathway emerging from a cross talk between the ER and the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Zamorano
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Rojas-Rivera
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernanda Lisbona
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Parra
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe A. Court
- Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biology, P. Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rosario Villegas
- Millennium Nucleus for Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Biology, P. Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Emily H. Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stanley J. Korsmeyer
- Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Cardiology Division, Department of Internal medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Molecular Studies of the Cell, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Neurounion Biomedical Foundation, Santiago, Chile
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178
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Clarke KJ, Adams AE, Manzke LH, Pearson TW, Borchers CH, Porter RK. A role for ubiquitinylation and the cytosolic proteasome in turnover of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1). BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1759-67. [PMID: 22531154 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study we show that mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and thymus mitochondria can be ubiquitinylated and degraded by the cytosolic proteasome. Using a ubiquitin conjugating system, we show that UCP1 can be ubiquitinylated in vitro. We demonstrate that UCP1 is ubiquitinylated in vivo using isolated mitochondria from brown adipose tissue, thymus and whole brown adipocytes. Using an in vitro ubiquitin conjugating-proteasome degradation system, we show that the cytosolic proteasome can degrade UCP1 at a rate commensurate with the half-life of UCP1 (i.e. 30-72h in brown adipocytes and ~3h, in thymocytes). In addition, we demonstrate that the cytoplasmic proteasome is required for UCP1 degradation from mitochondria that the process is inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 and that dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential inhibits degradation of UCP1. There also appears to be a greater amount of ubiquitinylated UCP1 associated with BAT mitochondria from cold-acclimated animals. We have also identified (using immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry) ubiquitinylated proteins with molecular masses greater than 32kDa, as being UCP1. We conclude that there is a role for ubiquitinylation and the cytosolic proteasome in turnover of mitochondrial UCP1. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 17th European Bioenergetics Conference (EBEC 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran J Clarke
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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179
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Induction of the permeability transition pore in cells depleted of mitochondrial DNA. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1860-6. [PMID: 22402226 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory complexes are believed to play a role in the function of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), whose dysregulation affects the process of cell death and is involved in a variety of diseases, including cancer and degenerative disorders. We investigated here the PTP in cells devoid of mitochondrial DNA (ρ(0) cells), which lack respiration and constitute a model for the analysis of mitochondrial involvement in several pathological conditions. We observed that mitochondria of ρ(0) cells maintain a membrane potential and that this is readily dissipated after displacement of hexokinase (HK) II from the mitochondrial surface by treatment with either the drug clotrimazole or with a cell-permeant HK II peptide, or by placing ρ(0) cells in a medium without serum and glucose. The PTP inhibitor cyclosporin A (CsA) could decrease the mitochondrial depolarization induced by either HK II displacement or by nutrient depletion. We also found that a fraction of the kinases ERK1/2 and GSK3α/β is located in the mitochondrial matrix of ρ(0) cells, and that glucose and serum deprivation caused concomitant ERK1/2 inhibition and GSK3α/β activation with the ensuing phosphorylation of cyclophilin D, the mitochondrial target of CsA. GSK3α/β inhibition with indirubin-3'-oxime decreased PTP-induced cell death in ρ(0) cells following nutrient ablation. These findings indicate that ρ(0) cells are equipped with a functioning PTP, whose regulatory mechanisms are similar to those observed in cancer cells, and suggest that escape from PTP opening is a survival factor in this model of mitochondrial diseases. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: 17th European Bioenergetics Conference (EBEC 2012).
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180
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Wooi Ng
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (K.W.N., N.P.) and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom (M.L.A., A.D., D.M., N.P.)
| | - Meredith L. Allen
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (K.W.N., N.P.) and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom (M.L.A., A.D., D.M., N.P.)
| | - Ajay Desai
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (K.W.N., N.P.) and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom (M.L.A., A.D., D.M., N.P.)
| | - Duncan Macrae
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (K.W.N., N.P.) and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom (M.L.A., A.D., D.M., N.P.)
| | - Nazima Pathan
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Pharmacology, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London (K.W.N., N.P.) and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom (M.L.A., A.D., D.M., N.P.)
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181
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Vagnozzi RJ, Hoffman NE, Elrod JW, Madesh M, Force T. Protein Kinase Signaling at the Crossroads of Myocyte Life and Death in Ischemic Heart Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:e173-e182. [PMID: 24839450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia results in death of cardiac myocytes via tightly-regulated and interconnected signaling pathways. Protein kinases play crucial roles in this regulation and are highly amenable to therapeutic intervention, making targeted inhibition an attractive strategy for ischemic heart disease. Recent studies have uncovered numerous kinases that participate in the cardiomyocyte response to ischemic injury, thus potentiating the development of new therapeutics. Moreover, many kinase signaling pathways converge at the mitochondria, a key participant in both cardiomyocyte physiology and the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease. Herein we highlight kinase pathways regulating three major drivers of cell death: mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening (mPTP), programmed necrosis and Ca2+ overload-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Inhibition of each of these kinase pathways has been proposed as a means to limit cardiomyocyte death from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Vagnozzi
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Nicholas E Hoffman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Thomas Force
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
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182
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The role of a membrane-bound glutathione transferase in the peroxynitrite-induced mitochondrial permeability transition pore: Formation of a disulfide-linked protein complex. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 516:160-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/16/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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183
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Das S, Steenbergen C, Murphy E. Does the voltage dependent anion channel modulate cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:1451-6. [PMID: 22100866 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The voltage dependent anion channel (VDAC) provides exchange of metabolites, anions, and cations across the outer mitochondrial membrane. VDAC provides substrates and adenine nucleotides necessary for electron transport and therefore plays a key role in regulating mitochondrial bioenergetics. VDAC has also been suggested to regulate the response to cell death signaling. Emerging data show that VDAC is regulated by protein-protein interactions as well as by post-translational modifications. This review will focus on the regulation of VDAC and its potential role in regulating cell death in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: VDAC structure, function, and regulation of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarjit Das
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institute and Systems Biology Center, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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184
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Miura T, Tanno M. The mPTP and its regulatory proteins: final common targets of signalling pathways for protection against necrosis. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 94:181-9. [PMID: 22072634 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) is a non-selective, large-conductance channel that is closed under physiological conditions. Opening of the mPTP, leading to abolition of mitochondrial functions, is a major mechanism of myocyte necrosis by ischaemia/reperfusion, and direct inhibition of mPTP opening by use of pharmacological or genetic manipulations limits infarct size in vivo. Multiple pro-survival signal pathways commonly target the mPTP and inhibit its opening. Although the molecular structure of the mPTP has not been established, recent studies have characterized roles of each mPTP subunit and functions of several proteins directly interacting with the mPTP. This article briefly describes the understanding of mPTP regulation and interaction of the mPTP with four proteins (hexokinase II, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and sirtuin 3) that are downstream of signal pathways relevant to protection from ischaemia/reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Miura
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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185
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McCommis KS, Baines CP. The role of VDAC in cell death: friend or foe? BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2011; 1818:1444-50. [PMID: 22062421 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 10/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) forms the interface between mitochondria and the cytosol, its importance in metabolism is well understood. However, research on VDAC's role in cell death is a rapidly growing field, unfortunately with much confusing and contradictory results. The fact that VDAC plays a role in outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization is undeniable, however, the mechanisms behind this remain very poorly understood. In this review, we will summarize the studies that show evidence of VDAC playing a role in cell death. To begin, we will discuss the evidence for and against VDAC's involvement in mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) and attempt to clarify that VDAC is not an essential component of the MPT pore (MPTP). Next, we will evaluate the remaining literature on VDAC in cell death which can be divided into three models: proapoptotic agents escaping through VDAC, VDAC homo- or hetero-oligomerization, or VDAC closure resulting in outer mitochondrial membrane permeabilization through an unknown pathway. We will then discuss the growing list of modulators of VDAC activity that have been associated with induction/protection against cell death. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: VDAC structure, function, and regulation of mitochondrial metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S McCommis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, USA
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186
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SCaMC-1 promotes cancer cell survival by desensitizing mitochondrial permeability transition via ATP/ADP-mediated matrix Ca(2+) buffering. Cell Death Differ 2011; 19:650-60. [PMID: 22015608 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2011.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+)-mediated mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT) is the final common pathway of stress-induced cell death in many major pathologies, but its regulation in intact cells is poorly understood. Here we report that the mitochondrial carrier SCaMC-1/SLC25A24 mediates ATP-Mg(2-)/Pi(2-) and/or HADP(2-)/Pi(2-) uptake into the mitochondria after an increase in cytosolic [Ca(2+)]. ATP and ADP contribute to Ca(2+) buffering in the mitochondrial matrix, resulting in desensitization of the mPT. Comprehensive gene expression analysis showed that SCaMC-1 overexpression is a general feature of transformed and cancer cells. Knockdown of the transporter led to vast reduction of mitochondrial Ca(2+) buffering capacity and sensitized cells to mPT-mediated necrotic death triggered by oxidative stress and Ca(2+) overload. These findings revealed that SCaMC-1 exerts a negative feedback control between cellular Ca(2+) overload and mPT-dependent cell death, suggesting that the carrier might represent a novel target for cancer therapy.
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187
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von Stockum S, Basso E, Petronilli V, Sabatelli P, Forte MA, Bernardi P. Properties of Ca(2+) transport in mitochondria of Drosophila melanogaster. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:41163-41170. [PMID: 21984833 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.268375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the pathways for Ca(2+) transport in mitochondria of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We demonstrate the presence of ruthenium red (RR)-sensitive Ca(2+) uptake, of RR-insensitive Ca(2+) release, and of Na(+)-stimulated Ca(2+) release in energized mitochondria, which match well characterized Ca(2+) transport pathways of mammalian mitochondria. Following larger matrix Ca(2+) loading Drosophila mitochondria underwent spontaneous RR-insensitive Ca(2+) release, an event that in mammals is due to opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP). Like the PTP of mammals, Drosophila Ca(2+)-induced Ca(2+) release could be triggered by uncoupler, diamide, and N-ethylmaleimide, indicating the existence of regulatory voltage- and redox-sensitive sites and was inhibited by tetracaine. Unlike PTP-mediated Ca(2+) release in mammals, however, it was (i) insensitive to cyclosporin A, ubiquinone 0, and ADP; (ii) inhibited by P(i), as is the PTP of yeast mitochondria; and (iii) not accompanied by matrix swelling and cytochrome c release even in KCl-based medium. We conclude that Drosophila mitochondria possess a selective Ca(2+) release channel with features intermediate between the PTP of yeast and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia von Stockum
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Emy Basso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Petronilli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of I-35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sabatelli
- Institute of Molecular Genetics at the Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Michael A Forte
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Institute of Neuroscience and Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of I-35121 Padova, Italy.
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188
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Das S, Steenbergen C. Mitochondrial adenine nucleotide transport and cardioprotection. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 52:448-53. [PMID: 21945520 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly metabolically active cell organelles that not only act as the powerhouse of the cell by supplying energy through ATP production, but also play a destructive role by initiating cell death pathways. Growing evidence recognizes that mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the major causes of cardiovascular disease. Under de-energized conditions, slowing of adenine nucleotide transport in and out of the mitochondria significantly attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on and update the mechanistic pathways which may explain how altered adenine nucleotide transport can influence cardiovascular function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Local Signaling in Myocytes".
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarjit Das
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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189
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Ramsay EE, Hogg PJ, Dilda PJ. Mitochondrial metabolism inhibitors for cancer therapy. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2731-44. [PMID: 21918915 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0584-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells catabolise nutrients in a different way than healthy cells. Healthy cells mainly rely on oxidative phosphorylation, while cancer cells employ aerobic glycolysis. Glucose is the main nutrient catabolised by healthy cells, while cancer cells often depend on catabolism of both glucose and glutamine. A key organelle involved in this altered metabolism is mitochondria. Mitochondria coordinate the catabolism of glucose and glutamine across the cancer cell. Targeting mitochondrial metabolism in cancer cells has potential for the treatment of this disease. Perhaps the most promising target is the hexokinase-voltage dependent anion channel-adenine nucleotide translocase complex that spans the outer- and inner-mitochondrial membranes. This complex links glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells. This review discusses cancer cell mitochondrial metabolism and the small molecule inhibitors of this metabolism that are in pre-clinical or clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E Ramsay
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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190
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The role of oxidized cytochrome c in regulating mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production and its perturbation in ischaemia. Biochem J 2011; 436:493-505. [PMID: 21410437 PMCID: PMC3195442 DOI: 10.1042/bj20101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized cytochrome c is a powerful superoxide scavenger within the mitochondrial IMS (intermembrane space), but the importance of this role in situ has not been well explored. In the present study, we investigated this with particular emphasis on whether loss of cytochrome c from mitochondria during heart ischaemia may mediate the increased production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) during subsequent reperfusion that induces mPTP (mitochondrial permeability transition pore) opening. Mitochondrial cytochrome c depletion was induced in vitro with digitonin or by 30 min ischaemia of the perfused rat heart. Control and cytochrome c-deficient mitochondria were incubated with mixed respiratory substrates and an ADP-regenerating system (State 3.5) to mimic physiological conditions. This contrasts with most published studies performed with a single substrate and without significant ATP turnover. Cytochrome c-deficient mitochondria produced more H2O2 than control mitochondria, and exogenous cytochrome c addition reversed this increase. In the presence of increasing [KCN] rates of H2O2 production by both pre-ischaemic and end-ischaemic mitochondria correlated with the oxidized cytochrome c content, but not with rates of respiration or NAD(P)H autofluorescence. Cytochrome c loss during ischaemia was not mediated by mPTP opening (cyclosporine-A insensitive), neither was it associated with changes in mitochondrial Bax, Bad, Bak or Bid. However, bound HK2 (hexokinase 2) and Bcl-xL were decreased in end-ischaemic mitochondria. We conclude that cytochrome c loss during ischaemia, caused by outer membrane permeabilization, is a major determinant of H2O2 production by mitochondria under pathophysiological conditions. We further suggest that in hypoxia, production of H2O2 to activate signalling pathways may be also mediated by decreased oxidized cytochrome c and less superoxide scavenging.
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191
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Perrelli MG, Pagliaro P, Penna C. Ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardioprotective mechanisms: Role of mitochondria and reactive oxygen species. World J Cardiol 2011; 3:186-200. [PMID: 21772945 PMCID: PMC3139040 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v3.i6.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reperfusion therapy must be applied as soon as possible to attenuate the ischemic insult of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However reperfusion is responsible for additional myocardial damage, which likely involves opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). In reperfusion injury, mitochondrial damage is a determining factor in causing loss of cardiomyocyte function and viability. Major mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction include the long lasting opening of mPTPs and the oxidative stress resulting from formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Several signaling cardioprotective pathways are activated by stimuli such as preconditioning and postconditioning, obtained with brief intermittent ischemia or with pharmacological agents. These pathways converge on a common target, the mitochondria, to preserve their function after ischemia/reperfusion. The present review discusses the role of mitochondria in cardioprotection, especially the involvement of adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channels, ROS signaling, and the mPTP. Ischemic postconditioning has emerged as a new way to target the mitochondria, and to drastically reduce lethal reperfusion injury. Several clinical studies using ischemic postconditioning during angioplasty now support its protective effects, and an interesting alternative is pharmacological postconditioning. In fact ischemic postconditioning and the mPTP desensitizer, cyclosporine A, have been shown to induce comparable protection in AMI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Giulia Perrelli
- Maria-Giulia Perrelli, Pasquale Pagliaro, Claudia Penna, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
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Rasola A, Bernardi P. Mitochondrial permeability transition in Ca(2+)-dependent apoptosis and necrosis. Cell Calcium 2011; 50:222-33. [PMID: 21601280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 386] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 04/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A variety of stimuli utilize an increase of cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration as a second messenger to transmit signals, through Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum or opening of plasma membrane Ca(2+) channels. Mitochondria contribute to the tight spatiotemporal control of this process by accumulating Ca(2+), thus shaping the return of cytosolic Ca(2+) to resting levels. The rise of mitochondrial matrix free Ca(2+) concentration stimulates oxidative metabolism; yet, in the presence of a variety of sensitizing factors of pathophysiological relevance, the matrix Ca(2+) increase can also lead to opening of the permeability transition pore (PTP), a high conductance inner membrane channel. While transient openings may serve the purpose of providing a fast Ca(2+) release mechanism, persistent PTP opening is followed by deregulated release of matrix Ca(2+), termination of oxidative phosphorylation, matrix swelling with inner membrane unfolding and eventually outer membrane rupture with release of apoptogenic proteins and cell death. Thus, a rise in mitochondrial Ca(2+) can convey both apoptotic and necrotic death signals by inducing opening of the PTP. Understanding the signalling networks that govern changes in mitochondrial free Ca(2+) concentration, their interplay with Ca(2+) signalling in other subcellular compartments, and regulation of PTP has important implications in the fine comprehension of the main biological routines of the cell and in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Italy.
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193
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Gerard M, Deleersnijder A, Demeulemeester J, Debyser Z, Baekelandt V. Unraveling the role of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases in neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2011; 44:13-27. [PMID: 21553017 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-011-8184-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunophilins are a family of highly conserved proteins with a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity that binds immunosuppressive drugs such as FK506, cyclosporin A, and rapamycin. Immunophilins can be divided into two subfamilies, the cyclophilins, and the FK506 binding proteins (FKBPs). Next to the immunophilins, a third group of peptidyl-prolyl isomerases exist, the parvulins, which do not influence the immune system. The beneficial role of immunophilin ligands in neurodegenerative disease models has been known for more than a decade but remains largely unexplained in terms of molecular mechanisms. In this review, we summarize reported effects of parvulins, immunophilins, and their ligands in the context of neurodegeneration. We focus on the role of FKBP12 in Parkinson's disease and propose it as a novel drug target for therapy of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Gerard
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, IRC, K.U. Leuven-Kortrijk, Etienne Sabbelaan 53, 8500 Kortrijk, Flanders, Belgium
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194
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Smeele KMA, Southworth R, Wu R, Xie C, Nederlof R, Warley A, Nelson JK, van Horssen P, van den Wijngaard JP, Heikkinen S, Laakso M, Koeman A, Siebes M, Eerbeek O, Akar FG, Ardehali H, Hollmann MW, Zuurbier CJ. Disruption of hexokinase II-mitochondrial binding blocks ischemic preconditioning and causes rapid cardiac necrosis. Circ Res 2011; 108:1165-9. [PMID: 21527739 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.244962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Isoforms I and II of the glycolytic enzyme hexokinase (HKI and HKII) are known to associate with mitochondria. It is unknown whether mitochondria-bound hexokinase is mandatory for ischemic preconditioning and normal functioning of the intact, beating heart. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that reducing mitochondrial hexokinase would abrogate ischemic preconditioning and disrupt myocardial function. METHODS AND RESULTS Ex vivo perfused HKII(+/-) hearts exhibited increased cell death after ischemia and reperfusion injury compared with wild-type hearts; however, ischemic preconditioning was unaffected. To investigate acute reductions in mitochondrial HKII levels, wild-type hearts were treated with a TAT control peptide or a TAT-HK peptide that contained the binding motif of HKII to mitochondria, thereby disrupting the mitochondrial HKII association. Mitochondrial hexokinase was determined by HKI and HKII immunogold labeling and electron microscopy analysis. Low-dose (200 nmol/L) TAT-HK treatment significantly decreased mitochondrial HKII levels without affecting baseline cardiac function but dramatically increased ischemia-reperfusion injury and prevented the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning. Treatment for 15 minutes with high-dose (10 μmol/L) TAT-HK resulted in acute mitochondrial depolarization, mitochondrial swelling, profound contractile impairment, and severe cardiac disintegration. The detrimental effects of TAT-HK treatment were mimicked by mitochondrial membrane depolarization after mild mitochondrial uncoupling that did not cause direct mitochondrial permeability transition opening. CONCLUSIONS Acute low-dose dissociation of HKII from mitochondria in heart prevented ischemic preconditioning, whereas high-dose HKII dissociation caused cessation of cardiac contraction and tissue disruption, likely through an acute mitochondrial membrane depolarization mechanism. The results suggest that the association of HKII with mitochondria is essential for the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning and normal cardiac function through maintenance of mitochondrial potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M A Smeele
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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195
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Sun L, Li HM, Seufferheld MJ, Walters KR, Margam VM, Jannasch A, Diaz N, Riley CP, Sun W, Li YF, Muir WM, Xie J, Wu J, Zhang F, Chen JY, Barker EL, Adamec J, Pittendrigh BR. Systems-scale analysis reveals pathways involved in cellular response to methamphetamine. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18215. [PMID: 21533132 PMCID: PMC3080363 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methamphetamine (METH), an abused illicit drug, disrupts many cellular
processes, including energy metabolism, spermatogenesis, and maintenance of
oxidative status. However, many components of the molecular underpinnings of
METH toxicity have yet to be established. Network analyses of integrated
proteomic, transcriptomic and metabolomic data are particularly well suited
for identifying cellular responses to toxins, such as METH, which might
otherwise be obscured by the numerous and dynamic changes that are
induced. Methodology/Results We used network analyses of proteomic and transcriptomic data to evaluate
pathways in Drosophila melanogaster that are affected by
acute METH toxicity. METH exposure caused changes in the expression of genes
involved with energy metabolism, suggesting a Warburg-like effect (aerobic
glycolysis), which is normally associated with cancerous cells. Therefore,
we tested the hypothesis that carbohydrate metabolism plays an important
role in METH toxicity. In agreement with our hypothesis, we observed that
increased dietary sugars partially alleviated the toxic effects of METH. Our
systems analysis also showed that METH impacted genes and proteins known to
be associated with muscular homeostasis/contraction, maintenance of
oxidative status, oxidative phosphorylation, spermatogenesis, iron and
calcium homeostasis. Our results also provide numerous candidate genes for
the METH-induced dysfunction of spermatogenesis, which have not been
previously characterized at the molecular level. Conclusion Our results support our overall hypothesis that METH causes a toxic syndrome
that is characterized by the altered carbohydrate metabolism, dysregulation
of calcium and iron homeostasis, increased oxidative stress, and disruption
of mitochondrial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Sun
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- Synthetic Biology & Bioenergy, J. Craig Venter Institute, San Diego,
California, United States of America
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
United States of America
| | - Hong-Mei Li
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Manfredo J. Seufferheld
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kent R. Walters
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Venu M. Margam
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
United States of America
| | - Amber Jannasch
- Metabolomics Profiling Facility at Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Naomi Diaz
- Metabolomics Profiling Facility at Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Catherine P. Riley
- Metabolomics Profiling Facility at Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue
University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Weilin Sun
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Yueh-Feng Li
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
United States of America
- Chung Hwa College of Medical Technology, Jen-Te Hsiang, Tainan,
Taiwan
| | - William M. Muir
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette,
Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana,
United States of America
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Statistics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Informatics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United
States of America
| | - Jake Y. Chen
- School of Informatics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United
States of America
| | - Eric L. Barker
- Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jiri Adamec
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska,
United States of America
| | - Barry R. Pittendrigh
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign,
Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bhat PJ, Darunte L, Kareenhalli V, Dandekar J, Kumar A. Can metabolic plasticity be a cause for cancer? Warburg-Waddington legacy revisited. Clin Epigenetics 2011; 2:113-22. [PMID: 22704333 PMCID: PMC3365601 DOI: 10.1007/s13148-011-0030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 03/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fermentation of glucose to lactate in the presence of sufficient oxygen, known as aerobic glycolysis or Warburg effect, is a universal phenotype of cancer cells. Understanding its origin and role in cellular immortalization and transformation has attracted considerable attention in the recent past. Intriguingly, while we now know that Warburg effect is essential for tumor growth and development, it is thought to arise because of genetic and/or epigenetic changes. In contrast to the above, we propose that Warburg effect can also arise due to normal biochemical fluctuations, independent of genetic and epigenetic changes. Cells that have acquired Warburg effect proliferate rapidly to give rise to a population of heterogeneous progenitors of cancer cells. Such cells also generate more lactate and alter the fitness landscape. This dynamic fitness landscape facilitates evolution of cancer cells from its progenitors, in a fashion analogous to Darwinian evolution. Thus, sporadic cancer can also occur first by the acquisition of Warburg effect, then followed by mutation and selection. The idea proposed here circumvents the inherent difficulties associated with the current understanding of tumorigenesis, and is also consistent with many experimental and epidemiological observations. We discuss this model in the context of epigenetics as originally enunciated by Waddington. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s13148-011-0030-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paike Jayadeva Bhat
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 40076 India
| | - Lalit Darunte
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 40076 India
| | - Venkatesh Kareenhalli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 40076 India
| | - Jaswandi Dandekar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 40076 India
| | - Abhay Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 40076 India
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely School of Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144402 India
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197
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Gall JM, Wong V, Pimental DR, Havasi A, Wang Z, Pastorino JG, Bonegio RGB, Schwartz JH, Borkan SC. Hexokinase regulates Bax-mediated mitochondrial membrane injury following ischemic stress. Kidney Int 2011; 79:1207-16. [PMID: 21430642 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2010.532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Hexokinase (HK), the rate-limiting enzyme in glycolysis, controls cell survival by promoting metabolism and/or inhibiting apoptosis. Since HK isoforms I and II have mitochondrial targeting sequences, we attempted to separate the protective effects of HK on cell metabolism from those on apoptosis. We exposed renal epithelial cells to metabolic stress causing ATP depletion in the absence of glucose and found that this activated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and Bax caused mitochondrial membrane injury and apoptosis. ATP depletion led to a progressive HK II dissociation from mitochondria, released mitochondrial apoptosis inducing factor and cytochrome c into the cytosol, activated caspase-3, and reduced cell survival. Compared with control, adenoviral-mediated HK I or II overexpression improved cell survival following stress, but did not prevent GSK3β or Bax activation, improve ATP content, or reduce mitochondrial fragmentation. HK I or HK II overexpression increased mitochondria-associated isoform-specific HK content, and decreased mitochondrial membrane injury and apoptosis after stress. In vivo, HK II localized exclusively to the proximal tubule. Ischemia reduced total renal HK II content and dissociated HK II from proximal tubule mitochondria. In cells overexpressing HK II, Bax and HK II did not interact before or after stress. While the mechanism by which HK antagonizes Bax-mediated apoptosis is unresolved by these studies, one possible scenario is that the two proteins compete for a common binding site on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Gall
- Renal Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, USA
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198
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Aniya Y, Imaizumi N. Mitochondrial glutathione transferases involving a new function for membrane permeability transition pore regulation. Drug Metab Rev 2011; 43:292-9. [PMID: 21428695 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2011.552913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The mitochondria in mammalian cells are a predominant resource of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are produced during respiration-coupled oxidative metabolism or various chemical stresses. End-products from membrane-lipid peroxidation caused by ROS are highly toxic, thereby their elimination/scavenging are protective of mitochondria and cells against oxidative damages. In mitochondria, soluble (kappa, alpha, mu, pi, zeta) and membrane-bound glutathione transferases (GSTs) (MGST1) are distributed. Mitochondrial GSTs display both glutathione transferase and peroxidase activities that detoxify such harmful products through glutathione (GSH) conjugation or GSH-mediated peroxide reduction. Some GST isoenzymes are induced by oxidative stress, an adaptation mechanism for the protection of cells from oxidative stress. Membrane-bound MGST1 is activated through the thiol modification in oxidative conditions. Protective action of MGST1 against oxidative stress has been confirmed using MCF7 cells highly expressed of MGST1. In recent years, mitochondria have been recognized as a regulator of cell death via both apoptosis and necrosis, where oxidative stress-induced alteration of the membrane permeability is an important step. Recent studies have shown that MGST1 in the inner mitochondrial membrane could interact with the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) regulator proteins, such as adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT) and/or cyclophilin D, and could contribute to oxidant-induced MPT pores. Interaction of GST alpha with ANT has also been shown. In this review, functions of the mitochondrial GSTs, including a new role for mitochondria-mediated cell death, are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Aniya
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, 207 Uehara, Nishihara, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan.
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199
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Pagliaro P, Moro F, Tullio F, Perrelli MG, Penna C. Cardioprotective pathways during reperfusion: focus on redox signaling and other modalities of cell signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:833-50. [PMID: 20649460 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Post-ischemic reperfusion may result in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, reduced availability of nitric oxide (NO•), Ca(2+)overload, prolonged opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and other processes contributing to cell death, myocardial infarction, stunning, and arrhythmias. With the discovery of the preconditioning and postconditioning phenomena, reperfusion injury has been appreciated as a reality from which protection is feasible, especially with postconditioning, which is under the control of physicians. Potentially cooperative protective signaling cascades are recruited by both pre- and postconditioning. In these pathways, phosphorylative/dephosphorylative processes are widely represented. However, cardioprotective modalities of signal transduction also include redox signaling by ROS, S-nitrosylation by NO• and derivative, S-sulfhydration by hydrogen sulfide, and O-linked glycosylation with beta-N-acetylglucosamine. All these modalities can interact and regulate an entire pathway, thus influencing each other. For instance, enzymes can be phosphorylated and/or nitrosylated in specific and/or different site(s) with consequent increase or decrease of their specific activity. The cardioprotective signaling pathways are thought to converge on mitochondria, and various mitochondrial proteins have been identified as targets of these post-transitional modifications in both pre- and postconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Università di Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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Azzolin L, Antolini N, Calderan A, Ruzza P, Sciacovelli M, Marin O, Mammi S, Bernardi P, Rasola A. Antamanide, a derivative of Amanita phalloides, is a novel inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16280. [PMID: 21297983 PMCID: PMC3030572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antamanide is a cyclic decapeptide derived from the fungus Amanita phalloides. Here we show that antamanide inhibits the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, a central effector of cell death induction, by targeting the pore regulator cyclophilin D. Indeed, (i) permeability transition pore inhibition by antamanide is not additive with the cyclophilin D-binding drug cyclosporin A, (ii) the inhibitory action of antamanide on the pore requires phosphate, as previously shown for cyclosporin A; (iii) antamanide is ineffective in mitochondria or cells derived from cyclophilin D null animals, and (iv) abolishes CyP-D peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity. Permeability transition pore inhibition by antamanide needs two critical residues in the peptide ring, Phe6 and Phe9, and is additive with ubiquinone 0, which acts on the pore in a cyclophilin D-independent fashion. Antamanide also abrogates mitochondrial depolarization and the ensuing cell death caused by two well-characterized pore inducers, clotrimazole and a hexokinase II N-terminal peptide. Our findings have implications for the comprehension of cyclophilin D activity on the permeability transition pore and for the development of novel pore-targeting drugs exploitable as cell death inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Azzolin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Antolini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova and CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Calderan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova and CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Ruzza
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova and CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Sciacovelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
| | - Oriano Marin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Mammi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova and CNR Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Rasola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences University of Padova and CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Padova, Italy
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