151
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Epigenetics in Parkinson’s Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 978:363-390. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-53889-1_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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152
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Monfrini E, Di Fonzo A. Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase (LRRK2) Genetics and Parkinson's Disease. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 14:3-30. [PMID: 28353276 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-49969-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of LRRK2 mutations as a cause of Parkinson's disease (PD), including the sporadic late-onset form, established the decisive role of genetics in the field of PD research. Among LRRK2 mutations, the G2019S, mostly lying in a haplotype originating from a common Middle Eastern ancestor, has been identified in different populations worldwide. The G2385R and R1628P variants represent validated risk factors for PD in Asian populations. Here, we describe in detail the origin, the present worldwide epidemiology, and the penetrance of LRRK2 mutations. Furthermore, this chapter aims to characterize other definitely/probably pathogenic mutations and risk variants of LRRK2. Finally, we provide some general guidelines for a LRRK2 genetic testing and counseling. In summary, LRRK2 discovery revolutionized the understanding of PD etiology and laid the foundation for a promising future of genetics in PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Monfrini
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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153
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Hasegawa T, Sugeno N, Kikuchi A, Baba T, Aoki M. Membrane Trafficking Illuminates a Path to Parkinson’s Disease. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2017; 242:63-76. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.242.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Naoto Sugeno
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Akio Kikuchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Toru Baba
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
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154
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Absence of Hikeshi, a nuclear transporter for heat-shock protein HSP70, causes infantile hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathy. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 25:366-370. [PMID: 28000699 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2016.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic leukoencephalopathies are a heterogeneous group of central nervous system disorders with white matter involvement. In a Finnish patient, we identified a novel homozygous disease-causing variant in HIKESHI, c.11G>C, p.(Cys4Ser), leading to hypomyelinating leukoencephalopathy with periventricular cysts and vermian atrophy. A founder Ashkenazi-Jewish disease-causing variant recently linked Hikeshi and its heat-shock protective function to leukoencephalopathy. In our patient, clinical features of lower limb spasticity, optic atrophy, nystagmus, and severe developmental delay were similar to reported patients. Additional features included vermian atrophy, epileptic seizures, and an ovarian tumor. Structural modeling and protein analyses revealed that modified interactions inside Hikeshi's hydrophobic pockets induce protein instability. The patient's cells showed impaired nuclear translocation of HSP70 during heat shock, and decreased ERO1-Lα, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) oxidoreductase. Overall, we show that: (1) the clinical spectrum associated with Hikeshi deficiency extends to leukoencephalopathy with vermian atrophy and epilepsy; (2) the cellular disease process involves both nuclear chaperone and ER functions.
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155
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Defects in trafficking bridge Parkinson's disease pathology and genetics. Nature 2016; 539:207-216. [PMID: 27830778 DOI: 10.1038/nature20414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a debilitating, age-associated movement disorder. A central aspect of the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease is the progressive demise of midbrain dopamine neurons and their axonal projections, but the underlying causes of this loss are unclear. Advances in genetics and experimental model systems have illuminated an important role for defects in intracellular transport pathways to lysosomes. The accumulation of altered proteins and damaged mitochondria, particularly at axon terminals, ultimately might overwhelm the capacity of intracellular disposal mechanisms. Cell-extrinsic mechanisms, including inflammation and prion-like spreading, are proposed to have both protective and deleterious functions in Parkinson's disease.
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156
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Lill CM. Genetics of Parkinson's disease. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:386-396. [PMID: 27818248 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Almost two decades after the identification of SNCA as the first causative gene in Parkinson's disease (PD) and the subsequent understanding that genetic factors play a substantial role in PD development, our knowledge of the genetic architecture underlying this disease has vastly improved. Approximately 5-10% of patients suffer from a monogenic form of PD where autosomal dominant mutations in SNCA, LRRK2, and VPS35 and autosomal recessive mutations in PINK1, DJ-1, and Parkin cause the disease with high penetrance. Furthermore, recent whole-exome sequencing have described autosomal recessive DNAJC6 mutations in predominately atypical, but also cases with typical PD. In addition, several other genes have been linked to atypical Parkinsonian phenotypes. However, the vast majority of PD is genetically complex, i.e. it is caused by the combined action of common genetic variants in concert with environmental factors. By the application of genome-wide association studies, 26 PD risk loci have been established to date. Similar to other genetically complex diseases, these show only moderate effects on PD risk. Increasing this etiologic complexity, many of the involved genetic and environmental risk factors likely interact in an intricate fashion. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge in PD genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Lill
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Group, Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Str. 1, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
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157
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Abbas MM, Govindappa ST, Sudhaman S, Thelma B, Juyal RC, Behari M, Muthane UB. Early Onset Parkinson's disease due to DJ1 mutations: An Indian study. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 32:20-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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158
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Kalinderi K, Bostantjopoulou S, Fidani L. The genetic background of Parkinson's disease: current progress and future prospects. Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 134:314-326. [PMID: 26869347 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Almost two decades of genetic research in Parkinson's disease (PD) have remarkably increased our knowledge regarding the genetic basis of PD with numerous genes and genetic loci having been found to cause familial PD or affect the risk for PD. Approximately 5-10% of PD patients have monogenic forms of the disease, exhibiting a classical Mendelian type of inheritance, however, the majority PD cases are sporadic, probably caused by a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. Nowadays, six genes, alpha synuclein, LRRK2, VPS35, Parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1, have definitely been associated with an autosomal dominant or recessive PD mode of inheritance. The advent of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the implementation of new technologies, like next generation sequencing (NGS) and exome sequencing has undoubtedly greatly aided the identification on novel risk variants for sporadic PD. In this review, we will summarize the current progress and future prospects in the field of PD genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Kalinderi
- Department of General Biology; Medical School; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - S. Bostantjopoulou
- 3rd University Department of Neurology; G. Papanikolaou Hospital; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
| | - L. Fidani
- Department of General Biology; Medical School; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki Greece
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159
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Khodadadi H, Azcona LJ, Aghamollaii V, Omrani MD, Garshasbi M, Taghavi S, Tafakhori A, Shahidi GA, Jamshidi J, Darvish H, Paisán-Ruiz C. PTRHD1 (C2orf79) mutations lead to autosomal-recessive intellectual disability and parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2016; 32:287-291. [PMID: 27753167 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atypical parkinsonism is a neurodegenerative disease that includes diverse neurological and psychiatric manifestations. OBJECTIVES We aimed to identify the disease-cauisng mutations in a consanguineous family featuring intellectual disability and parkinsonism. METHODS Full phenotypic characterization, followed by genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping and whole-genome sequencing, was carried out in all available family members. RESULTS The chromosome, 2p23.3, was identified as the disease-associated locus, and a homozygous PTRHD1 mutation (c.157C>T) was then established as the disease-causing mutation. The pathogenicity of this PTRHD1 mutation was supported by its segregation with the disease status, its location in a functional domain of the encoding protein, as well as its absence in public databases and ethnicity-matched control chromosomes. CONCLUSION Given the role of 2p23 locus in patients with intellectual disability and the previously reported PTRHD1 mutation (c.155G>A) in patients with parkinsonism and cognitive dysfunction, we concluded that the PTRHD1 mutation identified in this study is likely to be responsible for the phenotypic features of the family under consideration. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Khodadadi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Luis J Azcona
- Department of Neurosciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Vajiheh Aghamollaii
- Department of Neurology, Roozbeh Psychiatry Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mir Davood Omrani
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Garshasbi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Taghavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Tafakhori
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital and Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholam Ali Shahidi
- Movement Disorders Clinic, Hazrat Rassol Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Jamshidi
- Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Hossein Darvish
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Coro Paisán-Ruiz
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Genetics and Genomic sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York, USA.,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, New York, USA.,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
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160
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Murdoch JD, Rostosky CM, Gowrisankaran S, Arora AS, Soukup SF, Vidal R, Capece V, Freytag S, Fischer A, Verstreken P, Bonn S, Raimundo N, Milosevic I. Endophilin-A Deficiency Induces the Foxo3a-Fbxo32 Network in the Brain and Causes Dysregulation of Autophagy and the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System. Cell Rep 2016; 17:1071-1086. [PMID: 27720640 PMCID: PMC5080600 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophilin-A, a well-characterized endocytic adaptor essential for synaptic vesicle recycling, has recently been linked to neurodegeneration. We report here that endophilin-A deficiency results in impaired movement, age-dependent ataxia, and neurodegeneration in mice. Transcriptional analysis of endophilin-A mutant mice, complemented by proteomics, highlighted ataxia- and protein-homeostasis-related genes and revealed upregulation of the E3-ubiquitin ligase FBXO32/atrogin-1 and its transcription factor FOXO3A. FBXO32 overexpression triggers apoptosis in cultured cells and neurons but, remarkably, coexpression of endophilin-A rescues it. FBXO32 interacts with all three endophilin-A proteins. Similarly to endophilin-A, FBXO32 tubulates membranes and localizes on clathrin-coated structures. Additionally, FBXO32 and endophilin-A are necessary for autophagosome formation, and both colocalize transiently with autophagosomes. Our results point to a role for endophilin-A proteins in autophagy and protein degradation, processes that are impaired in their absence, potentially contributing to neurodegeneration and ataxia. Endophilin-A is needed for autophagosome formation in mammalian neurons and brain Absence of endophilin-A upregulates the E3-ubiquitin ligase FBXO32 FBXO32-endophilin-A interaction maintains neuronal health and protein homeostasis Endophilin-A KO mice show age-dependent ataxia, motor impairments, and neurodegeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Murdoch
- European Neuroscience Institute (ENI), 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sandra-Fausia Soukup
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ramon Vidal
- Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Capece
- Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Siona Freytag
- European Neuroscience Institute (ENI), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andre Fischer
- Epigenetics and Systems Medicine in Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37077 Göttingen, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Human Genetics, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Computational Systems Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nuno Raimundo
- Institute of Cellular Biochemistry, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ira Milosevic
- European Neuroscience Institute (ENI), 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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161
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DNAJC6 mutations are not common causes of early onset Parkinson's disease in Chinese Han population. Neurosci Lett 2016; 634:60-62. [PMID: 27687717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNAJC6 has been reported as a causative gene for early onset Parkinson's disease (EOPD) in some populations, and different mutations have been reported to be associated with EOPD. However, Until now, there is limited information about DNAJC6 gene test in sporadic EOPD patients in Chinese population. Herein, we performed comprehensive DNAJC6 mutation screenings in 117 EOPD patients from Chinese population. None of the reported disease-causing mutations were found. However, we identified a novel non-synonymous heterozygous variant c.2798T>C (p.Val933Ala). Bioinformatics analysis demonstrate that the c.2798T>C variant exhibits highly conserved residues across species. Our data suggests that DNAJC6 mutations are not common causes of EOPD in Chinese population.
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162
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Yuan L, Song Z, Deng X, Zheng W, Guo Y, Yang Z, Deng H. Systematic analysis of genetic variants in Han Chinese patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33850. [PMID: 27653456 PMCID: PMC5032117 DOI: 10.1038/srep33850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. Accumulated evidence confirms that genetic factors play a considerable role in PD pathogenesis. To examine whether point variants or haplotypes are associated with PD development, genotyping of 35 variants in 22 PD-related genes was performed in a well-characterized cohort of 512 Han Chinese PD patients and 512 normal controls. Both Pearson's χ2 test and haplotype analysis were used to evaluate whether variants or their haplotypes were associated with PD in this cohort. The only statistically significant differences in genotypic and allelic frequencies between the patients and the controls were in the DnaJ heat shock protein family (Hsp40) member C10 gene (DNAJC10) variant rs13414223 (P = 0.004 and 0.002, respectively; odds ratio = 0.652, 95% confidence interval: 0.496-0.857). No other variants or haplotypes exhibited any significant differences between these two groups (all corrected P > 0.05). Our findings indicate that the variant rs13414223 in the DNAJC10 gene, a paralog of PD-related genes DNAJC6 and DNAJC13, may play a protective role in PD. This suggests it may be a PD-associated gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Song
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiong Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Medical Information, Information Security and Big Data Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhijian Yang
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurology, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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163
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Analysis of DNAJC13 mutations in French-Canadian/French cohort of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 45:212.e13-212.e17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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164
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Sanchez E, Darvish H, Mesias R, Taghavi S, Firouzabadi SG, Walker RH, Tafakhori A, Paisán-Ruiz C. Identification of a Large DNAJB2 Deletion in a Family with Spinal Muscular Atrophy and Parkinsonism. Hum Mutat 2016; 37:1180-1189. [PMID: 27449489 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we described the identification of a large DNAJB2 (HSJ1) deletion in a family with recessive spinal muscular atrophy and Parkinsonism. After performing homozygosity mapping and whole genome sequencing, we identified a 3.8 kb deletion, spanning the entire DnaJ domain of the HSJ1 protein, as the disease-segregating mutation. By performing functional assays, we showed that HSJ1b-related DnaJ domain deletion leads to loss of HSJ1b mRNA and protein levels, increased HSJ1a mRNA and protein expressions, increased cell death, protein aggregation, and enhanced autophagy. Given the role of HSJ1 proteins in the degradation of misfolded proteins, we speculated that enhanced autophagy might be promoted by the elevated HSJ1a expression seen in HSJ1b-deficient cells. We also observed a significant reduction in both tau and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels, which may explain the dopaminergic deficits seen in one of the affected siblings. We concluded that HSJ1b deficiency leads to a complex neurological phenotype, possibly due to the accumulation of misfolded proteins, caused by the lack of the DnaJ domain activity. We thus expand the phenotypic and genotypic spectrums associated with DNAJB2 disease and suggest relevant disease-associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sanchez
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York
| | - Hossein Darvish
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roxana Mesias
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York.,The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York
| | - Shaghyegh Taghavi
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ruth H Walker
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York.,Department of Neurology, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, New York City, New York
| | - Abbas Tafakhori
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital and Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Coro Paisán-Ruiz
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York. .,Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York. .,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York. .,Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York. .,Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York City, New York.
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165
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Domingo A, Amar D, Grütz K, Lee LV, Rosales R, Brüggemann N, Jamora RD, Cutiongco-Dela Paz E, Rolfs A, Dressler D, Walter U, Krainc D, Lohmann K, Shamir R, Klein C, Westenberger A. Evidence of TAF1 dysfunction in peripheral models of X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3205-15. [PMID: 26879577 PMCID: PMC11108471 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The molecular dysfunction in X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism is not completely understood. Thus far, only noncoding alterations have been found in genetic analyses, located in or nearby the TATA-box binding protein-associated factor 1 (TAF1) gene. Given that this gene is ubiquitously expressed and is a critical component of the cellular transcription machinery, we sought to study differential gene expression in peripheral models by performing microarray-based expression profiling in blood and fibroblasts, and comparing gene expression in affected individuals vs. ethnically matched controls. Validation was performed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction in discovery and independent replication sets. We observed consistent downregulation of common TAF1 transcripts in samples from affected individuals in gene-level and high-throughput experiments. This signal was accompanied by a downstream effect in the microarray, reflected by the dysregulation of 307 genes in the disease group. Gene Ontology and network analyses revealed enrichment of genes involved in RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription, a pathway relevant to TAF1 function. Thus, the results converge on TAF1 dysfunction in peripheral models of X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism, and provide evidence of altered expression of a canonical gene in this disease. Furthermore, our study illustrates a link between the previously described genetic alterations and TAF1 dysfunction at the transcriptome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Domingo
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria Goeppert Str. 1, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- Graduate School Lübeck, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - David Amar
- Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karen Grütz
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria Goeppert Str. 1, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lillian V Lee
- XDP Study Group, Philippine Children's Medical Center, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Raymond Rosales
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Santo Tomas, Manila, Philippines
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria Goeppert Str. 1, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Roland Dominic Jamora
- Department of Neurosciences, College of Medicine, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
| | - Eva Cutiongco-Dela Paz
- National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila, Philippines
- Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Arndt Rolfs
- Albrecht-Kossel-Institute for Neuroregeneration, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dirk Dressler
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Walter
- Department of Neurology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Dimitri Krainc
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria Goeppert Str. 1, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ron Shamir
- Edmond J. Safra Center for Bioinformatics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria Goeppert Str. 1, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
| | - Ana Westenberger
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Maria Goeppert Str. 1, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
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166
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Abstract
An increasing proportion of the individual and population risk to develop Parkinson’s disease (PD) can be explained by genetic variants of different effect strength, forming a continuum from rare high penetrance gain or loss of function mutations to relatively common genetic risk variants that only mildly modify disease risk. In the coming years, further advances in molecular genetic technologies, in particular the increasing use of next generation sequencing, is likely to generate a wealth of new knowledge about the genetic basis of PD. Although specific treatments for PD based on the underlying genetic etiology will probably not be available in the near future, genetic testing is therefore likely to play an increasing role, both in the counselling of individual patients and their families with respect to the expected disease course and recurrence risks, and in the stratification of patient groups in clinical trials. Thus, the usefulness of genetic testing strongly depends on question asked and needs to be considered within each particular setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gasser
- Correspondence to: Thomas Gasser, Center of Neurology, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institute for
Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Str., 3 72076 Tübingen, Germany. Tel.: +49
7071 29 80171; Fax: +49 7071 29 4490;
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167
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Identification of TMEM230 mutations in familial Parkinson's disease. Nat Genet 2016; 48:733-9. [PMID: 27270108 PMCID: PMC6047531 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder without effective treatment. It is generally sporadic with unknown etiology. However, genetic studies of rare familial forms have led to the identification of mutations in several genes, which are linked to typical Parkinson’s disease or parkinsonian disorders. The pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease remain largely elusive. Here, we report a novel genetic locus for an autosomal dominant, clinically typical and Lewy body confirmed Parkinson’s disease on the short arm of chromosome 20 (20pter-p12) and TMEM230 as the disease-causing gene. We show that TMEM230 encodes a transmembrane protein of secretory/recycling vesicles, including synaptic vesicles in neurons. The disease-linked TMEM230 mutants impair synaptic vesicle trafficking. Our data provide the first genetic evidence that a mutant transmembrane protein of synaptic vesicles in neurons is etiologically linked to Parkinson’s disease, with novel implications in understanding the pathogenic mechanism of Parkinson’s disease and for developing rational therapies.
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168
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Marras C, Lang A, van de Warrenburg BP, Sue CM, Tabrizi SJ, Bertram L, Mercimek-Mahmutoglu S, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Warner TT, Durr A, Assmann B, Lohmann K, Kostic V, Klein C. Nomenclature of genetic movement disorders: Recommendations of the international Parkinson and movement disorder society task force. Mov Disord 2016; 31:436-57. [PMID: 27079681 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The system of assigning locus symbols to specify chromosomal regions that are associated with a familial disorder has a number of problems when used as a reference list of genetically determined disorders,including (I) erroneously assigned loci, (II) duplicated loci, (III) missing symbols or loci, (IV) unconfirmed loci and genes, (V) a combination of causative genes and risk factor genes in the same list, and (VI) discordance between phenotype and list assignment. In this article, we report on the recommendations of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force for Nomenclature of Genetic Movement Disorders and present a system for naming genetically determined movement disorders that addresses these problems. We demonstrate how the system would be applied to currently known genetically determined parkinsonism, dystonia, dominantly inherited ataxia, spastic paraparesis, chorea, paroxysmal movement disorders, neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation, and primary familial brain calcifications. This system provides a resource for clinicians and researchers that, unlike the previous system, can be considered an accurate and criterion-based list of confirmed genetically determined movement disorders at the time it was last updated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Marras
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Anthony Lang
- Toronto Western Hospital Morton, Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Centre, and the Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital and Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sarah J Tabrizi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Lars Bertram
- Lübeck Interdisciplinary Platform for Genome Analytics (LIGA), Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative and Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Saadet Mercimek-Mahmutoglu
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Division of Pediatric Neurology and Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neurology & F. M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas T Warner
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies, Department of Molecular Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Sorbonne Université, UPMC, Inserm and Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Génétique et Cytogénétique, Paris, France
| | - Birgit Assmann
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics I, Heidelberg University Hospital, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg
| | - Katja Lohmann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vladimir Kostic
- Institute of Neurology, School of Medicine University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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169
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Conedera S, Apaydin H, Li Y, Yoshino H, Ikeda A, Matsushima T, Funayama M, Nishioka K, Hattori N. FBXO7 mutations in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 40:192.e1-192.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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170
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Schreij AMA, Fon EA, McPherson PS. Endocytic membrane trafficking and neurodegenerative disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1529-45. [PMID: 26721251 PMCID: PMC11108351 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2105-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are amongst the most devastating of human disorders. New technologies have led to a rapid increase in the identification of disease-related genes with an enhanced appreciation of the key roles played by genetics in the etiology of these disorders. Importantly, pinpointing the normal function of disease gene proteins leads to new understanding of the cellular machineries and pathways that are altered in the disease process. One such emerging pathway is membrane trafficking in the endosomal system. This key cellular process controls the localization and levels of a myriad of proteins and is thus critical for normal cell function. In this review we will focus on three neurodegenerative diseases; Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and hereditary spastic paraplegias, for which a large number of newly discovered disease genes encode proteins that function in endosomal membrane trafficking. We will describe how alterations in these proteins affect endosomal function and speculate on the contributions of these disruptions to disease pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M A Schreij
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, 3801 University Street, Montreal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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171
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Abstract
Mutations in LRRK2 are associated with inherited Parkinson's disease (PD) in a large number of families, and the genetic locus containing the LRRK2 gene contains a risk factor for sporadic PD. The LRRK2 protein contains several domains that suggest a role in cellular signaling, including a kinase domain. It is also clear that LRRK2 interacts, either physically or genetically, with several other important proteins implicated in PD, suggesting that LRRK2 may be a central player in the pathways that underlie parkinsonism. As such, LRRK2 has been proposed to be a plausible target for therapeutic intervention, with kinase inhibition being pursued most actively. However, there are still several fundamental aspects of LRRK2 biology and function that remain unresolved at this time. This review will focus on the key questions of normal function of LRRK2 and how this might be related to the pathophysiology of PD.
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172
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Olgiati S, Quadri M, Bonifati V. Genetics of movement disorders in the next-generation sequencing era. Mov Disord 2016; 31:458-70. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.26521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Olgiati
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam The Netherlands
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173
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Olgiati S, Quadri M, Mandemakers W, Bonifati V. Reply. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:337-8. [PMID: 26702604 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Olgiati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Mandemakers
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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174
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Elsayed LEO, Drouet V, Usenko T, Mohammed IN, Hamed AAA, Elseed MA, Salih MAM, Koko ME, Mohamed AYO, Siddig RA, Elbashir MI, Ibrahim ME, Durr A, Stevanin G, Lesage S, Ahmed AE, Brice A. A Novel Nonsense Mutation in DNAJC6 Expands the Phenotype of Autosomal-Recessive Juvenile-Onset Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:335-7. [PMID: 26703368 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liena Elbaghir Omer Elsayed
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, ICM, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Valérie Drouet
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | - Tatiana Usenko
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | - Mustafa A M Salih
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Eltayeb Koko
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | | | | | - Muntaser Eltayeb Ibrahim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Alexandra Durr
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Genetics, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Stevanin
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France.,Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, ICM, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Genetics, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Lesage
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France
| | | | - Alexis Brice
- Inserm U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, UMR_S1127, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Paris, France.,APHP, Department of Genetics, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
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175
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Olgiati S, Quadri M, Fang M, Rood JP, Saute JA, Chien HF, Bouwkamp CG, Graafland J, Minneboo M, Breedveld GJ, Zhang J, Verheijen FW, Boon AJ, Kievit AJ, Jardim LB, Mandemakers W, Barbosa ER, Rieder CR, Leenders KL, Wang J, Bonifati V. D
NAJC
6
Mutations Associated With Early-Onset Parkinson's Disease. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:244-56. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Olgiati
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Marialuisa Quadri
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Jonas A. Saute
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Hsin Fen Chien
- Department of Neurology; University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Christian G. Bouwkamp
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam the Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Josja Graafland
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | - Michelle Minneboo
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; Porto Alegre Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Wim Mandemakers
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam the Netherlands
| | | | - Carlos R.M. Rieder
- Neurology Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre; Porto Alegre Brazil
| | - Klaus L. Leenders
- Department of Neurology; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen the Netherlands
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen; Shenzhen China
- Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Princess Al Jawhara Center of Excellence in the Research of Hereditary Disorders; King Abdulaziz University; Jeddah Saudi Arabia
- Macau University of Science and Technology; Macau China
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics; Erasmus MC; Rotterdam the Netherlands
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176
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Farlow JL, Robak LA, Hetrick K, Bowling K, Boerwinkle E, Coban-Akdemir ZH, Gambin T, Gibbs RA, Gu S, Jain P, Jankovic J, Jhangiani S, Kaw K, Lai D, Lin H, Ling H, Liu Y, Lupski JR, Muzny D, Porter P, Pugh E, White J, Doheny K, Myers RM, Shulman JM, Foroud T. Whole-Exome Sequencing in Familial Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol 2016; 73:68-75. [PMID: 26595808 PMCID: PMC4946647 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease for which susceptibility is linked to genetic and environmental risk factors. OBJECTIVE To identify genetic variants contributing to disease risk in familial PD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A 2-stage study design that included a discovery cohort of families with PD and a replication cohort of familial probands was used. In the discovery cohort, rare exonic variants that segregated in multiple affected individuals in a family and were predicted to be conserved or damaging were retained. Genes with retained variants were prioritized if expressed in the brain and located within PD-relevant pathways. Genes in which prioritized variants were observed in at least 4 families were selected as candidate genes for replication in the replication cohort. The setting was among individuals with familial PD enrolled from academic movement disorder specialty clinics across the United States. All participants had a family history of PD. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Identification of genes containing rare, likely deleterious, genetic variants in individuals with familial PD using a 2-stage exome sequencing study design. RESULTS The 93 individuals from 32 families in the discovery cohort (49.5% [46 of 93] female) had a mean (SD) age at onset of 61.8 (10.0) years. The 49 individuals with familial PD in the replication cohort (32.6% [16 of 49] female) had a mean (SD) age at onset of 50.1 (15.7) years. Discovery cohort recruitment dates were 1999 to 2009, and replication cohort recruitment dates were 2003 to 2014. Data analysis dates were 2011 to 2015. Three genes containing a total of 13 rare and potentially damaging variants were prioritized in the discovery cohort. Two of these genes (TNK2 and TNR) also had rare variants that were predicted to be damaging in the replication cohort. All 9 variants identified in the 2 replicated genes in 12 families across the discovery and replication cohorts were confirmed via Sanger sequencing. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE TNK2 and TNR harbored rare, likely deleterious, variants in individuals having familial PD, with similar findings in an independent cohort. To our knowledge, these genes have not been previously associated with PD, although they have been linked to critical neuronal functions. Further studies are required to confirm a potential role for these genes in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice L Farlow
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Laurie A Robak
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas3Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas4Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston5Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Resear
| | - Kurt Hetrick
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kevin Bowling
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas9Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | | | - Tomasz Gambin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shen Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Preti Jain
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama10Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Shalini Jhangiani
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kaveeta Kaw
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas5Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University School of Informatics and Computing, Indianapolis
| | - Hua Ling
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - James R Lupski
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas3Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas4Department of Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston8Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor
| | - Donna Muzny
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Paula Porter
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas5Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston
| | - Elizabeth Pugh
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Janson White
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Kimberly Doheny
- Center for Inherited Disease Research, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas5Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston11Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas13Department
| | - Tatiana Foroud
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
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177
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Kumaran R, Cookson MR. Pathways to Parkinsonism Redux: convergent pathobiological mechanisms in genetics of Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:R32-44. [PMID: 26101198 PMCID: PMC4571999 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, there have been a large number of genes identified that contribute to the lifetime risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). Some genes follow a Mendelian inheritance pattern, but others are risk factors for apparently sporadic PD. Here, we will focus on those genes nominated by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) in sporadic PD, with a particular emphasis on genes that overlap between familial and sporadic disease such as those encoding a-synuclein (SNCA), tau (MAPT), and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). We will advance the view that there are likely relationships between these genes that map not only to neuronal processes, but also to neuroinflammation. We will particularly discuss evidence for a role of PD proteins in microglial activation and regulation of the autophagy-lysosome system that is dependent on microtubule transport in neurons. Thus, there are at least two non-mutually exclusive pathways that include both non-cell-autonomous and cell-autonomous mechanisms in the PD brain. Collectively, these data have highlighted the amount of progress made in understanding PD and suggest ways forward to further dissect this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindran Kumaran
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA
| | - Mark R Cookson
- Cell Biology and Gene Expression Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, 35 Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3707, USA
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178
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Kalinderi K, Bostantjopoulou S, Katsarou Z, Dimikiotou M, Fidani L. D620N mutation in the VPS35 gene and R1205H mutation in the EIF4G1 gene are uncommon in the Greek population. Neurosci Lett 2015; 606:113-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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179
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Systematic Genetic Analysis of the SMPD1 Gene in Chinese Patients with Parkinson's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5025-9. [PMID: 26377108 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9426-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To examine the association between the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1, acid lysosomal (SMPD1) gene, and Parkinson's disease (PD) in Han Chinese from Central South part of Mainland China, we performed systematic genetic analysis in 502 Chinese Han patients with PD and 637 gender-, age-, and ethnicity-matched normal controls from Central South part of the Mainland China. We identified 11 single nucleotide variants and Leu-Ala (Val) repeat variants in the SMPD1 gene in our large cohort. Two novel missense variants, c.638A > C (p.H213P) and c.1673T > C (p.L558P), and a rare known missense variant, c.1805G > A (p.R602H, rs370129081), were identified in three sporadic PD cases. None of these three variants were observed in controls. Additionally, case-control analysis showed association between Leu-Ala (Val) repeat variants in SMPD1 and Chinese Han patients with PD (P = 0.015, χ (2) = 8.451). Our data provide supportive evidence that some genetic variants in SMPD1 increase the risk of PD in the Chinese Han population.
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180
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Park BC, Yim YI, Zhao X, Olszewski MB, Eisenberg E, Greene LE. The clathrin-binding and J-domains of GAK support the uncoating and chaperoning of clathrin by Hsc70 in the brain. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:3811-21. [PMID: 26345367 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.171058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-G-associated kinase (GAK), the ubiquitously expressed J-domain protein, is essential for the chaperoning and uncoating of clathrin that is mediated by Hsc70 (also known as HSPA8). Adjacent to the C-terminal J-domain that binds to Hsc70, GAK has a clathrin-binding domain that is linked to an N-terminal kinase domain through a PTEN-like domain. Knocking out GAK in fibroblasts caused inhibition of clathrin-dependent trafficking, which was rescued by expressing a 62-kDa fragment of GAK, comprising just the clathrin-binding and J-domains. Expressing this fragment as a transgene in mice rescued the lethality and the histological defects caused by knocking out GAK in the liver or in the brain. Furthermore, when both GAK and auxilin (also known as DNAJC6), the neuronal-specific homolog of GAK, were knocked out in the brain, mice expressing the 62-kDa GAK fragment were viable, lived a normal life-span and had no major behavior abnormalities. However, these mice were about half the size of wild-type mice. Therefore, the PTEN-like domains of GAK and auxilin are not essential for Hsc70-dependent chaperoning and uncoating of clathrin, but depending on the tissue, these domains appear to increase the efficiency of these co-chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Chan Park
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yang-In Yim
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xiaohong Zhao
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Maciej B Olszewski
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Evan Eisenberg
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Lois E Greene
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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181
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Smith HL, Li W, Cheetham ME. Molecular chaperones and neuronal proteostasis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 40:142-52. [PMID: 25770416 PMCID: PMC4471145 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is essential for maintaining the functionality of the proteome. The disruption of proteostasis, due to genetic mutations or an age-related decline, leads to aberrantly folded proteins that typically lose their function. The accumulation of misfolded and aggregated protein is also cytotoxic and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Neurons have developed an intrinsic protein quality control network, of which molecular chaperones are an essential component. Molecular chaperones function to promote efficient folding and target misfolded proteins for refolding or degradation. Increasing molecular chaperone expression can suppress protein aggregation and toxicity in numerous models of neurodegenerative disease; therefore, molecular chaperones are considered exciting therapeutic targets. Furthermore, mutations in several chaperones cause inherited neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we focus on the importance of molecular chaperones in neurodegenerative diseases, and discuss the advances in understanding their protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Smith
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Wenwen Li
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK
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182
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Abstract
Loss of protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a common feature of aging and disease that is characterized by the appearance of nonnative protein aggregates in various tissues. Protein aggregation is routinely suppressed by the proteostasis network (PN), a collection of macromolecular machines that operate in diverse ways to maintain proteome integrity across subcellular compartments and between tissues to ensure a healthy life span. Here, we review the composition, function, and organizational properties of the PN in the context of individual cells and entire organisms and discuss the mechanisms by which disruption of the PN, and related stress response pathways, contributes to the initiation and progression of disease. We explore emerging evidence that disease susceptibility arises from early changes in the composition and activity of the PN and propose that a more complete understanding of the temporal and spatial properties of the PN will enhance our ability to develop effective treatments for protein conformational diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Labbadia
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208;
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183
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Hunn BHM, Cragg SJ, Bolam JP, Spillantini MG, Wade-Martins R. Impaired intracellular trafficking defines early Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 2015; 38:178-88. [PMID: 25639775 PMCID: PMC4740565 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2014.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an insidious and incurable neurodegenerative disease, and represents a significant cost to individuals, carers, and ageing societies. It is defined at post-mortem by the loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra together with the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. We examine here the role of α-synuclein and other cellular transport proteins implicated in PD and how their aberrant activity may be compounded by the unique anatomy of the dopaminergic neuron. This review uses multiple lines of evidence from genetic studies, human tissue, induced pluripotent stem cells, and refined animal models to argue that prodromal PD can be defined as a disease of impaired intracellular trafficking. Dysfunction of the dopaminergic synapse heralds trafficking impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H M Hunn
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - J Paul Bolam
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Medical Research Council Anatomical Neuropharmacology Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Maria-Grazia Spillantini
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, The Clifford Allbutt Building, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Richard Wade-Martins
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK.
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184
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Vanhauwaert R, Verstreken P. Flies with Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:42-51. [PMID: 25708988 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disease. Most cases of the disease are of sporadic origin, but about 10% of the cases are familial. The genes thus far identified in Parkinson's disease are well conserved. Drosophila is ideally suited to study the molecular neuronal cell biology of these genes and the pathogenic mutations in Parkinson's disease. Flies reproduce quickly, and their elaborate genetic tools in combination with their small size allow researchers to analyze identified cells and neurons in large numbers of animals. Furthermore, fruit flies recapitulate many of the cellular and molecular defects also seen in patients, and these defects often result in clear locomotor and behavioral phenotypes, facilitating genetic modifier screens. Hence, Drosophila has played a prominent role in Parkinson's disease research and has provided invaluable insight into the molecular mechanisms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Vanhauwaert
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49,3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49,3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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185
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Verstraeten A, Theuns J, Van Broeckhoven C. Progress in unraveling the genetic etiology of Parkinson disease in a genomic era. Trends Genet 2015; 31:140-9. [PMID: 25703649 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) and Parkinson-plus syndromes are genetically heterogeneous neurological diseases. Initial studies into the genetic causes of PD relied on classical molecular genetic approaches in well-documented case families. More recently, these approaches have been combined with exome sequencing and together have identified 15 causal genes. Additionally, genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have discovered over 25 genetic risk factors. Elucidation of the genetic architecture of sporadic and familial parkinsonism, however, has lagged behind that of simple Mendelian conditions, suggesting the existence of features confounding genetic data interpretation. Here we discuss the successes and potential pitfalls of gene discovery in PD and related disorders in the post-genomic era. With an estimated 30% of trait variance currently unexplained, tackling current limitations will further expedite gene discovery and lead to increased application of these genetic insights in molecular diagnostics using gene panel and exome sequencing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Verstraeten
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jessie Theuns
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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186
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Abstract
Several proteins encoded by PD genes are implicated in synaptic vesicle traffic. Endophilin, a key factor in the endocytosis of synaptic vesicles, was shown to bind to, and be ubiquitinated by, the PD-linked E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin. Here we report that Parkin's level is specifically upregulated in brain and fibroblasts of endophilin mutant mice due to increased transcriptional regulation. Studies of transfected HEK293T cells show that Parkin ubiquitinates not only endophilin, but also its major binding partners, dynamin and synaptojanin 1. These results converge with the recently reported functional relationship of endophilin to the PD gene LRRK2 and with the identification of a PD-linked synaptojanin 1 mutation, in providing evidence for a link between PD and endocytosis genes.
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187
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Jiang T, Tan MS, Tan L, Yu JT. Application of next-generation sequencing technologies in Neurology. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 2:125. [PMID: 25568878 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.11.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic risk factors that underlie many rare and common neurological diseases remain poorly understood because of the multi-factorial and heterogeneous nature of these disorders. Although genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully uncovered numerous susceptibility genes for these diseases, odds ratios associated with risk alleles are generally low and account for only a small proportion of estimated heritability. These results implicated that there are rare (present in <5% of the population) but not causative variants exist in the pathogenesis of these diseases, which usually have large effect size and cannot be captured by GWAS. With the decreasing cost of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and whole-exome sequencing (WES) have enabled the rapid identification of rare variants with large effect size, which made huge progress in understanding the basis of many Mendelian neurological conditions as well as complex neurological diseases. In this article, recent NGS-based studies that aimed to investigate genetic causes for neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinocerebellar ataxias, have been reviewed. In addition, we also discuss the future directions of NGS applications in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Jiang
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Meng-Shan Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lan Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Qingdao 266071, China ; 2 College of Medicine and Pharmaceutics, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266071, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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188
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Daniel G, Moore DJ. Modeling LRRK2 Pathobiology in Parkinson's Disease: From Yeast to Rodents. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2015; 22:331-368. [PMID: 24850078 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2014_311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2, PARK8) gene represent the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease (PD) with autosomal dominant inheritance, whereas common variation at the LRRK2 genomic locus influences the risk of developing idiopathic PD. LRRK2 is a member of the ROCO protein family and contains multiple domains, including Ras-of-Complex (ROC) GTPase, kinase, and protein-protein interaction domains. In the last decade, the biochemical characterization of LRRK2 and the development of animal model s have provided important insight into the pathobiology of LRRK2. In this review, we comprehensively describe the different models employed to understand LRRK2-associated PD, including yeast, invertebrates, transgenic and viral-based rodents, and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. We discuss how these models have contributed to understanding LRRK2 pathobiology and the advantages and limitations of each model for exploring aspects of LRRK2-associated PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Daniel
- School of Life Sciences, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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189
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Pesce ER, Blatch GL, Edkins AL. Hsp40 Co-chaperones as Drug Targets: Towards the Development of Specific Inhibitors. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2015_92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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190
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Schreij AMA, Chaineau M, Ruan W, Lin S, Barker PA, Fon EA, McPherson PS. LRRK2 localizes to endosomes and interacts with clathrin-light chains to limit Rac1 activation. EMBO Rep 2014; 16:79-86. [PMID: 25427558 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201438714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common cause of dominant-inherited Parkinson's disease (PD), and yet we do not fully understand the physiological function(s) of LRRK2. Various components of the clathrin machinery have been recently found mutated in familial forms of PD. Here, we provide molecular insight into the association of LRRK2 with the clathrin machinery. We report that through its GTPase domain, LRRK2 binds directly to clathrin-light chains (CLCs). Using genome-edited HA-LRRK2 cells, we localize LRRK2 to endosomes on the degradative pathway, where it partially co-localizes with CLCs. Knockdown of CLCs and/or LRRK2 enhances the activation of the small GTPase Rac1, leading to alterations in cell morphology, including the disruption of neuronal dendritic spines. In Drosphila, a minimal rough eye phenotype caused by overexpression of Rac1, is dramatically enhanced by loss of function of CLC and LRRK2 homologues, confirming the importance of this pathway in vivo. Our data identify a new pathway in which CLCs function with LRRK2 to control Rac1 activation on endosomes, providing a new link between the clathrin machinery, the cytoskeleton and PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M A Schreij
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mathilde Chaineau
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wenjing Ruan
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susan Lin
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philip A Barker
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Edward A Fon
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Peter S McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery and McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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191
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Gustavsson EK, Trinh J, Guella I, Vilariño-Güell C, Appel-Cresswell S, Stoessl AJ, Tsui JK, McKeown M, Rajput A, Rajput AH, Aasly JO, Farrer MJ. DNAJC13 genetic variants in parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2014; 30:273-8. [PMID: 25393719 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel mutation (p.N855S) in DNAJC13 has been linked to familial, late-onset Lewy body parkinsonism in a Dutch-German-Russian Mennonite multi-incident kindred. METHODS DNAJC13 was sequenced in 201 patients with parkinsonism and 194 controls from Canada. Rare (minor allele frequency < 0.01) missense variants identified in patients were genotyped in two Parkinson's disease case-controls cohorts. RESULTS Eighteen rare missense mutations were identified; four were observed in controls, three were observed in both patients and controls, and eleven were identified only in patients. Subsequent genotyping showed p.E1740Q and p.L2170W to be more frequent in patients, and p.R1516H being more frequent in controls. Additionally, p.P336A, p.V722L, p.N855S, p.R1266Q were seen in one patient each, and p.T1895M was found in two patients. CONCLUSION Although the contribution of rare genetic variation in DNAJC13 to parkinsonisms remains to be further elucidated, this study suggests that, in addition to p.N855S, other rare variants might affect disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil K Gustavsson
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Neurology, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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192
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Synaptojanin 1 mutation in Parkinson's disease brings further insight into the neuropathological mechanisms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:289728. [PMID: 25302295 PMCID: PMC4181773 DOI: 10.1155/2014/289728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1) is a phosphoinositide phosphatase highly expressed in nerve terminals. Its two phosphatase domains dephosphorylate phosphoinositides present in membranes, while its proline-rich domain directs protein-protein interactions with synaptic components, leading to efficient recycling of synaptic vesicles in neurons. Triplication of SYNJ1 in Down's syndrome is responsible for higher level of phosphoinositides, enlarged endosomes, and learning deficits. SYNJ1 downregulation in Alzheimer's disease models is protective towards amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ) toxicity. One missense mutation in one of SYNJ1 functional domains was recently incriminated in an autosomal recessive form of early-onset Parkinson's disease (PD). In the third decade of life, these patients develop progressive Parkinsonism with bradykinesia, dystonia, and variable atypical symptoms such as cognitive decline, seizures, and eyelid apraxia. The identification of this new gene, together with the fact that most of the known PD proteins play a role in synaptic vesicle recycling and lipid metabolism, points out that synaptic maintenance is a key player in PD pathological mechanisms. Studying PD genes as a network regulating synaptic activity could bring insight into understanding the neuropathological processes of PD and help identify new genes at fault in this devastating disorder.
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193
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Abstract
Genetic and pathological studies link α-synuclein to the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the normal function of this presynaptic protein remains unknown. α-Synuclein, an acidic lipid binding protein, shares high sequence identity with β- and γ-synuclein. Previous studies have implicated synucleins in synaptic vesicle (SV) trafficking, although the precise site of synuclein action continues to be unclear. Here we show, using optical imaging, electron microscopy, and slice electrophysiology, that synucleins are required for the fast kinetics of SV endocytosis. Slowed endocytosis observed in synuclein null cultures can be rescued by individually expressing mouse α-, β-, or γ-synuclein, indicating they are functionally redundant. Through comparisons to dynamin knock-out synapses and biochemical experiments, we suggest that synucleins act at early steps of SV endocytosis. Our results categorize α-synuclein with other familial PD genes known to regulate SV endocytosis, implicating this pathway in PD.
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194
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Dyment DA, Smith AC, Humphreys P, Schwartzentruber J, Beaulieu CL, Bulman DE, Majewski J, Woulfe J, Michaud J, Boycott KM. Homozygous nonsense mutation in SYNJ1 associated with intractable epilepsy and tau pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1222.e1-5. [PMID: 25316601 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The tauopathies are a heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the shared presence of tau aggregates and neurofibrillary tangles within the central nervous system. Here, we present a child with a severe neurodegenerative disorder characterized by intractable seizures and significant tau-immunoreactive neurofibrillary degeneration localized predominantly to the substantia nigra on neuropathology with absence of beta-amyloid plaques and Lewy or Pick bodies. Whole-exome sequencing identified a homozygous truncating mutation in Synaptojanin 1 (SYNJ1). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot experiments demonstrated diminished SYNJ1 messenger RNA and protein. Knockout Synj1(-/-) mice have convulsions and die early in life. More recently, homozygous missense mutations have been reported in 2 families with early-onset parkinsonism and seizures. Our findings broaden the spectrum of disease associated with alteration of SYNJ1 and further implicate defects in synaptic vesicle recycling in the tauopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Dyment
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amanda C Smith
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Humphreys
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Chandree L Beaulieu
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Dennis E Bulman
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacek Majewski
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John Woulfe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean Michaud
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kym M Boycott
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Genetics, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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195
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Miura E, Hasegawa T, Konno M, Suzuki M, Sugeno N, Fujikake N, Geisler S, Tabuchi M, Oshima R, Kikuchi A, Baba T, Wada K, Nagai Y, Takeda A, Aoki M. VPS35 dysfunction impairs lysosomal degradation of α-synuclein and exacerbates neurotoxicity in a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2014; 71:1-13. [PMID: 25107340 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in vacuolar protein sorting 35 (VPS35) have been linked to familial Parkinson's disease (PD). VPS35, a component of the retromer, mediates the retrograde transport of cargo from the endosome to the trans-Golgi network. Here we showed that retromer depletion increases the lysosomal turnover of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor, thereby affecting the trafficking of cathepsin D (CTSD), a lysosome protease involved in α-synuclein (αSYN) degradation. VPS35 knockdown perturbed the maturation step of CTSD in parallel with the accumulation of αSYN in the lysosomes. Furthermore, we found that the knockdown of Drosophila VPS35 not only induced the accumulation of the detergent-insoluble αSYN species in the brain but also exacerbated both locomotor impairments and mild compound eye disorganization and interommatidial bristle loss in flies expressing human αSYN. These findings indicate that the retromer may play a crucial role in αSYN degradation by modulating the maturation of CTSD and might thereby contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Miura
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takafumi Hasegawa
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Konno
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira 187-8502, Japan
| | - Mari Suzuki
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira 187-8502, Japan
| | - Naoto Sugeno
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Fujikake
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira 187-8502, Japan
| | - Sven Geisler
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, Department for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mitsuaki Tabuchi
- Laboratory of Applied Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
| | - Ryuji Oshima
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Akio Kikuchi
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Toru Baba
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Keiji Wada
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira 187-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Nagai
- Department of Degenerative Neurological Diseases, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira 187-8502, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai 982-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Division of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience & Sensory Organs, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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196
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Abstract
In the past 15 years there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the genetics of Parkinson's disease (PD). Highly-penetrant mutations in different genes (SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35, Parkin, PINK1, and DJ-1) are known to cause rare monogenic forms of the disease. Furthermore, different variants with incomplete penetrance in the LRRK2 and the GBA gene are strong risk factors for PD, and are especially prevalent in some populations. Last, common variants of small effect size, modulating the risk for PD, have been identified by genome-wide association studies in more than 20 chromosomal loci. Here, I first outline the evolution of the research strategies to find PD-related genes, and then focus on recent advances in the field of the monogenic forms, including VPS35 mutations in autosomal dominant PD, and DNAJC6 and SYNJ1 mutations in recessive forms of juvenile parkinsonism. Additional genetic determinants of PD likely remain to be identified, as the currently known mutations and variants only explain a minor fraction of the disease burden. There is great expectation that the new DNA sequencing technologies (exome and whole-genome sequencing) will bring us closer to the full resolution of the genetic landscape of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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197
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Abstract
The discovery of genes implicated in familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD) has provided new insights into the molecular events leading to neurodegeneration. Clinically, patients with genetically determined PD can be difficult to distinguish from those with sporadic PD. Monogenic causes include autosomal dominantly (SNCA, LRRK2, VPS35, EIF4G1) as well as recessively (PARK2, PINK1, DJ-1) inherited mutations. Additional recessive forms of parkinsonism present with atypical signs, including very early disease onset, dystonia, dementia and pyramidal signs. New techniques in the search for phenotype-associated genes (next-generation sequencing, genome-wide association studies) have expanded the spectrum of both monogenic PD and variants that alter risk to develop PD. Examples of risk genes include the two lysosomal enzyme coding genes GBA and SMPD1, which are associated with a 5-fold and 9-fold increased risk of PD, respectively. It is hoped that further knowledge of the genetic makeup of PD will allow designing treatments that alter the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Spatola
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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198
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Koutras C, Braun JEA. J protein mutations and resulting proteostasis collapse. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:191. [PMID: 25071450 PMCID: PMC4086201 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite a century of intensive investigation the effective treatment of protein aggregation diseases remains elusive. Ordinarily, molecular chaperones ensure that proteins maintain their functional conformation. The appearance of misfolded proteins that aggregate implies the collapse of the cellular chaperone quality control network. That said, the cellular chaperone network is extensive and functional information regarding the detailed action of specific chaperones is not yet available. J proteins (DnaJ/Hsp40) are a family of chaperone cofactors that harness Hsc70 (heat shock cognate protein of 70 kDa) for diverse conformational cellular tasks and, as such, represent novel clinically relevant targets for diseases resulting from the disruption of proteostasis. Here we review incisive reports identifying mutations in individual J protein chaperones and the proteostasis collapse that ensues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Koutras
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
| | - Janice E. A. Braun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of CalgaryCalgary, AB, Canada
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199
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Garcia-Cazorla A, Duarte ST. Parkinsonism and inborn errors of metabolism. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:627-42. [PMID: 24906253 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9723-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Parkinsonism is a frequent neurological syndrome in adulthood but is very rare in childhood. Early forms of Parkinsonism have many distinctive features as compared to Parkinsonism in adults. In fact, rather than Parkinsonism, the general concept "hypokinetic-rigid syndrome" (HRS) is more accurate in children. In general, the terms "dystonia-parkinsonism", "parkinsonism-plus", or "parkinsonism-like" are preferred to designate these forms of paediatric HRS. Inborn errors of metabolism (IEM) constitute an important group amongst the genetic causes of Parkinsonism at any age. The main IEM causing Parkinsonism are metal-storage diseases, neurotransmitter defects, lysosomal storage disorders and energy metabolism defects. IEM should not be neglected as many of them represent treatable causes of Parkinsonism. Here we review IEMs causing this neurological syndrome and propose diagnostic approaches depending on the age of onset and the associated clinical and neuroimaging features.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Garcia-Cazorla
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu (HSJD), Barcelona, Spain,
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200
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Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressively debilitating neurodegenerative syndrome. Although best described as a movement disorder, the condition has prominent autonomic, cognitive, psychiatric, sensory and sleep components. Striatal dopaminergic innervation and nigral neurons are progressively lost, with associated Lewy pathology readily apparent on autopsy. Nevertheless, knowledge of the molecular events leading to this pathophysiology is limited. Current therapies offer symptomatic benefit but they fail to slow progression and patients continue to deteriorate. Recent discoveries in sporadic, Mendelian and more complex forms of parkinsonism provide novel insight into disease etiology; 28 genes, including those encoding alpha-synuclein (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT), have been linked and/or associated with PD. A consensus regarding the affected biological pathways and molecular processes has also started to emerge. In early-onset and more a typical PD, deficits in mitophagy pathways and lysosomal function appear to be prominent. By contrast, in more typical late-onset PD, chronic, albeit subtle, dysfunction in synaptic transmission, early endosomal trafficking and receptor recycling, as well as chaperone-mediated autophagy, provide a unifying synthesis of the molecular pathways involved. Disease-modification (neuroprotection) is no longer such an elusive goal given the unparalleled opportunity for diagnosis, translational neuroscience and therapeutic development provided by genetic discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Lin
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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