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Sun R, Yang N, Kong B, Cao B, Feng D, Yu X, Ge C, Huang J, Shen J, Wang P, Feng S, Fei F, Guo J, He J, Aa N, Chen Q, Pan Y, Schumacher JD, Yang CS, Guo GL, Aa J, Wang G. Orally Administered Berberine Modulates Hepatic Lipid Metabolism by Altering Microbial Bile Acid Metabolism and the Intestinal FXR Signaling Pathway. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 91:110-122. [PMID: 27932556 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.106617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that the lipid-lowering effect of berberine (BBR) involves actions on the low-density lipoprotein receptor and the AMP-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. However, the implication of these mechanisms is unclear because of the low bioavailability of BBR. Because the main action site of BBR is the gut and intestinal farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a pivotal role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, we hypothesized that the effects of BBR on intestinal FXR signaling pathway might account for its pharmacological effectiveness. Using wild type (WT) and intestine-specific FXR knockout (FXRint-/-) mice, we found that BBR prevented the development of high-fat-diet-induced obesity and ameliorated triglyceride accumulation in livers of WT, but not FXRint-/- mice. BBR increased conjugated bile acids in serum and their excretion in feces. Furthermore, BBR inhibited bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity in gut microbiota, and significantly increased the levels of tauro-conjugated bile acids, especially tauro-cholic acid(TCA), in the intestine. Both BBR and TCA treatment activated the intestinal FXR pathway and reduced the expression of fatty-acid translocase Cd36 in the liver. These results indicate that BBR may exert its lipid-lowering effect primarily in the gut by modulating the turnover of bile acids and subsequently the ileal FXR signaling pathway. In summary, we provide the first evidence to suggest a new mechanism of BBR action in the intestine that involves, sequentially, inhibiting BSH, elevating TCA, and activating FXR, which lead to the suppression of hepatic expression of Cd36 that results in reduced uptake of long-chain fatty acids in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runbin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Na Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoyi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chun Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingqiu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianliang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Siqi Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Aa
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Justin D Schumacher
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Chung S Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Grace L Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiye Aa
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China (R.S., N.Y., D.F., X.Y., C.G., J.H., P.W., S.F., F.F. J.G., J.H., N.A., Q.C., J.A., G.W.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (B.K., J.S., Y.P., J.D.S., G.L.G.), Department of Chemical Biology (C.S.Y.), Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey; Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital (B.C.), the Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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