151
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Kathage J, Castañera P, Alonso‐Prados JL, Gómez‐Barbero M, Rodríguez‐Cerezo E. The impact of restrictions on neonicotinoid and fipronil insecticides on pest management in maize, oilseed rape and sunflower in eight European Union regions. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:88-99. [PMID: 28842940 PMCID: PMC5765491 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2013, the European Commission restricted the use of three neonicotinoids (clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam) and the pyrazole fipronil, which are widely used to control early-season pests. Here, we used original farm survey data to examine the impact of the restrictions on pest management practices in eight regional case studies including maize, oilseed rape and sunflower in seven European Union (EU) countries. RESULTS In four case studies, farmers switched to using untreated seeds as no alternative seed treatments were available. In three case studies, farmers switched to using unrestricted neonicotinoid- or pyrethroid-treated seeds. In five case studies, farmers increased the use of soil or foliar treatments, with pyrethroids as the principal insecticide class. Other changes in pest management practices ranged from increased sowing density to more frequent scouting for pests. Many farmers perceived that the time, cost and amount of insecticides required to protect crops increased, along with pest pressure. Alternative seed treatments were mostly perceived as being less effective than the restricted seed treatments. CONCLUSION Farmers generally relied on alternative seed treatments or more soil/foliar treatments in the first growing season after the restrictions took effect. Further study is required to assess the effectiveness and sustainability of these alternatives compared with the restricted insecticides. © 2017 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Kathage
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Sustainable ResourcesEconomics of Agriculture UnitSevilleSpain
| | - Pedro Castañera
- Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)Biological Research Center (CIB)MadridSpain
| | - José Luis Alonso‐Prados
- National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA)DTEVPFMadridSpain
| | - Manuel Gómez‐Barbero
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Sustainable ResourcesEconomics of Agriculture UnitSevilleSpain
| | - Emilio Rodríguez‐Cerezo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Directorate for Sustainable ResourcesEconomics of Agriculture UnitSevilleSpain
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152
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Tan K, Wang C, Dong S, Li X, Nieh JC. The pesticide flupyradifurone impairs olfactory learning in Asian honey bees (Apis cerana) exposed as larvae or as adults. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17772. [PMID: 29259229 PMCID: PMC5736693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Relatively little attention has focused on how pesticides may affect Asian honey bees, which provide vital crop pollination services and are key native pollinators. We therefore studied the effects of a relatively new pesticide, flupyradifurone (FLU), which has been developed, in part, because it appears safer for honey bees than neonicotinoids. We tested the effects of FLU on Apis cerana olfactory learning in larvae (lower dose of 0.033 µg/larvae/day over 6 days) and, in a separate experiment, adults (lower dose of 0.066 µg/adult bee/day) at sublethal, field-realistic doses given over 3 days. A worst-case field-realistic dose is 0.44 µg/bee/day. Learning was tested in adult bees. The lower larval dose did not increase mortality, but the lower adult dose resulted in 20% mortality. The lower FLU doses decreased average olfactory learning by 74% (larval treatment) and 48% (adult treatment) and reduced average memory by 48% (larval treatment) and 22% (adult treatment) as compared to controls. FLU at higher doses resulted in similar learning impairments. The effects of FLU, a pesticide that is reported to be safer than neonicotinoids for honey bees, thus deserve greater attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Tan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650223, China.
- Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650223, China.
| | - Cao Wang
- Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650223, China
| | - Shihao Dong
- Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650223, China
| | - Xinyu Li
- Eastern Bee Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Heilongtan, Kunming, Yunnan Province, 650223, China
| | - James C Nieh
- Division of Biological Sciences Section of Ecology, Behavior, and Evolution, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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153
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Nottingham L, Kuhar TP, Kring T, Herbert DA, Arancibia R, Schultz P. Effects of Thiamethoxam-Treated Seed on Mexican Bean Beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), Nontarget Arthropods, and Crop Performance in Southwestern Virginia Snap Beans. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 46:1397-1405. [PMID: 29069307 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvx152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thiamethoxam is a neonicotinoid insecticide commonly applied directly to the seeds (seed-treatment) of commercial snap beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L. While previous studies have examined target and nontarget effects of thiamethoxam seed-treatments in snap beans and other crops, to our knowledge, none have been conducted in agroecosystems predominated by the pest Mexican bean beetle, Epilachna varivestis Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). This study examined the effects of thiamethoxam-treated snap beans on E. varivestis, other arthropods, and crop performance in southwestern Virginia. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate residual toxicity of treated snap beans to E. varivestis and a key predator, Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Treated plants were highly toxic to E. varivestis at 13 d, moderately toxic from 16 to 20 d, and minimally toxic at 24 d. P. maculiventris was unaffected by exposure to treated plants or by feeding on E. varivestis that consumed treated plants. Small plot field experiments in 2014 and 2015 showed no significant effects of thiamethoxam seed-treatments on E. varivestis densities, other arthropods, crop injury, or yield. In 2016, planting was delayed by persistent rain, resulting in early E. varivestis colonization. In this year, thiamethoxam-treated plants had significantly lower densities and feeding injury from E. varivestis, followed by significantly higher yields. Natural enemies were unaffected by seed-treatments in all field experiments. These experiments demonstrated that thiamethoxam seed-treatments provide control of E. varivestis when beetles infest fields within 2 to 3 wk after planting; but otherwise provide negligible advantages. Negative effects from thiamethoxam seed-treatments on nontarget arthropods appear minimal for snap beans in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nottingham
- Washington State University Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center Wenatchee, WA 98801
| | - T P Kuhar
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0319
| | - T Kring
- Department of Entomology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061-0319
| | - D A Herbert
- Virginia Tech Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Holland, VA
| | - R Arancibia
- Virginia Tech Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Painter, VA
| | - P Schultz
- Virginia Tech Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Beach, VA
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154
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Zhang S, Zhang Z, Wen Z, Gu C, An YQC, Bales C, DiFonzo C, Song Q, Wang D. Fine mapping of the soybean aphid-resistance genes Rag6 and Rag3c from Glycine soja 85-32. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2017; 130:2601-2615. [PMID: 28887657 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-017-2979-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Rag6 and Rag3c were delimited to a 49-kb interval on chromosome 8 and a 150-kb interval on chromosome 16, respectively. Structural variants in the exons of candidate genes were identified. The soybean aphid, an invasive species, has significantly threatened soybean production in North America since 2000. Host-plant resistance is known as an ideal management strategy for aphids. Two novel aphid-resistance loci, Rag6 and Rag3c, from Glycine soja 85-32, were previously detected in a 10.5-cM interval on chromosome 8 and a 7.5-cM interval on chromosome 16, respectively. Defining the exact genomic position of these two genes is critical for improving the effectiveness of marker-assisted selection for aphid resistance and for identification of the functional genes. To pinpoint the locations of Rag6 and Rag3c, four populations segregating for Rag6 and Rag3c were used to fine map these two genes. The availability of the Illumina Infinium SoySNP50K/8K iSelect BeadChip, combined with single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers discovered through the whole-genome re-sequencing of E12901, facilitated the fine mapping process. Rag6 was refined to a 49-kb interval on chromosome 8 with four candidate genes, including three clustered nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NBS-LRR) genes and an amine oxidase encoding gene. Rag3c was refined to a 150-kb interval on chromosome 16 with 11 candidate genes, two of which are a LRR gene and a lipase gene. Moreover, by sequencing the whole-genome exome-capture of the resistant source (E12901), structural variants were identified in the exons of the candidate genes of Rag6 and Rag3c. The closely linked SNP markers and the candidate gene information presented in this study will be significant resources for integrating Rag6 and Rag3c into elite cultivars and for future functional genetics studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shichen Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., Rm. A384E, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1325, USA
| | - Zhongnan Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., Rm. A384E, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1325, USA
| | - Zixiang Wen
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., Rm. A384E, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1325, USA
| | - Cuihua Gu
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., Rm. A384E, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1325, USA
| | - Yong-Qiang Charles An
- Plant Genetic Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, at Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
| | - Carmille Bales
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., Rm. A384E, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1325, USA
| | - Chris DiFonzo
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Qijian Song
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Dechun Wang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 1066 Bogue St., Rm. A384E, East Lansing, MI, 48824-1325, USA.
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155
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A common neonicotinoid pesticide, thiamethoxam, alters honey bee activity, motor functions, and movement to light. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15132. [PMID: 29123189 PMCID: PMC5680225 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Honey bees provide key ecosystem services. To pollinate and to sustain the colony, workers must walk, climb, and use phototaxis as they move inside and outside the nest. Phototaxis, orientation to light, is linked to sucrose responsiveness and the transition of work from inside to outside the nest, and is also a key component of division of labour. However, the sublethal effects of pesticides on locomotion and movement to light are relatively poorly understood. Thiamethoxam (TMX) is a common neonicotinoid pesticide that bees can consume in nectar and pollen. We used a vertical arena illuminated from the top to test the effects of acute and chronic sublethal exposures to TMX. Acute consumption (1.34 ng/bee) impaired locomotion, caused hyperactivity (velocity: +109%; time moving: +44%) shortly after exposure (30 min), and impaired motor functions (falls: +83%; time top: -43%; time bottom: +93%; abnormal behaviours: +138%; inability to ascend: +280%) over a longer period (60 min). A 2-day chronic exposure (field-relevant daily intakes of 1.42-3.48 ng/bee/day) impaired bee ability to ascend. TMX increased movement to light after acute and chronic exposure. Thus, TMX could reduce colony health by harming worker locomotion and, potentially, alter division of labour if bees move outside or remain outdoors.
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156
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Forfert N, Troxler A, Retschnig G, Gauthier L, Straub L, Moritz RFA, Neumann P, Williams GR. Neonicotinoid pesticides can reduce honeybee colony genetic diversity. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186109. [PMID: 29059234 PMCID: PMC5653293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoid insecticides can cause a variety of adverse sub-lethal effects in bees. In social species such as the honeybee, Apis mellifera, queens are essential for reproduction and colony functioning. Therefore, any negative effect of these agricultural chemicals on the mating success of queens may have serious consequences for the fitness of the entire colony. Queens were exposed to the common neonicotinoid pesticides thiamethoxam and clothianidin during their developmental stage. After mating, their spermathecae were dissected to count the number of stored spermatozoa. Furthermore, their worker offspring were genotyped with DNA microsatellites to determine the number of matings and the genotypic composition of the colony. Colonies providing the male mating partners were also inferred. Both neonicotinoid and control queens mated with drones originating from the same drone source colonies, and stored similar number of spermatozoa. However, queens reared in colonies exposed to both neonicotinoids experienced fewer matings. This resulted in a reduction of the genetic diversity in their colonies (i.e. higher intracolonial relatedness). As decreased genetic diversity among worker bees is known to negatively affect colony vitality, neonicotinoids may have a cryptic effect on colony health by reducing the mating frequency of queens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Forfert
- Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Aline Troxler
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gina Retschnig
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Lars Straub
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robin F. A. Moritz
- Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Social Insect Research Group, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geoffrey R. Williams
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Centre, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
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157
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Wang X, Anadón A, Wu Q, Qiao F, Ares I, Martínez-Larrañaga MR, Yuan Z, Martínez MA. Mechanism of Neonicotinoid Toxicity: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Metabolism. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 58:471-507. [PMID: 28968193 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Thousands of tons of neonicotinoids are widely used around the world as broad-spectrum systemic insecticides and veterinary drugs. Researchers originally thought that neonicotinoids exhibited low mammalian toxicity. However, following their widespread use, it became increasingly evident that neonicotinoids could have various toxic effects on vertebrates and invertebrates. The primary focus of this review is to summarize the research progress associated with oxidative stress as a plausible mechanism for neonicotinoid-induced toxicity as well as neonicotinoid metabolism. This review summarizes the research conducted over the past decade into the production of reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, and oxidative stress as aresult of neonicotinoid treatments, along with their correlation with the toxicity and metabolism of neonicotinoids. The metabolism of neonicotinoids and protection of various compounds against neonicotinoid-induced toxicity based on their antioxidative effects is also discussed. This review sheds new light on the critical roles of oxidative stress in neonicotinoid-induced toxicity to nontarget species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; .,National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China;
| | - Arturo Anadón
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Qinghua Wu
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.,Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové 50003, Czech Republic
| | - Fang Qiao
- MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Irma Ares
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María-Rosa Martínez-Larrañaga
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Zonghui Yuan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; .,MAO Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.,Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - María-Aránzazu Martínez
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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158
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5 Key Challenges and Solutions for Governing Complex Adaptive (Food) Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9091594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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159
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Crossthwaite AJ, Bigot A, Camblin P, Goodchild J, Lind RJ, Slater R, Maienfisch P. The invertebrate pharmacology of insecticides acting at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. JOURNAL OF PESTICIDE SCIENCE 2017; 42:67-83. [PMID: 30363948 PMCID: PMC6183333 DOI: 10.1584/jpestics.d17-019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is a ligand-gated ion channel composed of 5 protein subunits arranged around a central cation selective pore. Several classes of natural and synthetic insecticides mediate their effect through interacting at nAChRs. This review examines the basic pharmacology of the neonicotinoids and related chemistry, with an emphasis on sap-feeding insects from the order Hemiptera, the principle pest target for such insecticides. Although the receptor subunit stoichiometry for endogenous invertebrate nAChRs is unknown, there is clear evidence for the existence of distinct neonicotinoid binding sites in native insect preparations, which reflects the predicted wide repertoire of nAChRs and differing pharmacology within this insecticide class. The spinosyns are principally used to control chewing pests such as Lepidoptera, whilst nereistoxin analogues are used on pests of rice and vegetables through contact and systemic action, the pharmacology of both these insecticides is unique and different to that of the neonicotinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Crossthwaite
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Aurelien Bigot
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schaffhauserstrasse 101, CH-4332 Stein, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Camblin
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schwarzwaldallee 215, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jim Goodchild
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Robert J. Lind
- Syngenta Crop Protection, Jealott’s Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, RG42 6EY, UK
| | - Russell Slater
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schwarzwaldallee 215, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter Maienfisch
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Schwarzwaldallee 215, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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160
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Endocrine Disruptor Compounds (EDCs) and agriculture: The case of pesticides. C R Biol 2017; 340:406-409. [PMID: 28826788 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A number of pesticides are suspected or proved to act as endocrine disruptor compounds (EDCs). In the present survey of the literature, we try to define the main issues to be considered to classify individual pesticides as EDC or not.
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161
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Stanley DA, Raine NE. Bumblebee colony development following chronic exposure to field-realistic levels of the neonicotinoid pesticide thiamethoxam under laboratory conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8005. [PMID: 28808317 PMCID: PMC5556064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08752-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonicotinoid pesticides are used in agriculture to reduce damage from crop pests. However, beneficial insects such as bees can come into contact with these pesticides when foraging in treated areas, with potential consequences for bee declines and pollination service delivery. Honeybees are typically used as a model organism to investigate insecticide impacts on bees, but relatively little is known about impacts on other taxa such as bumblebees. In this experiment, we chronically exposed whole mature bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) colonies to field-realistic levels of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam (2.4ppb & 10ppb) over four weeks, and compared colony growth under laboratory conditions. We found no impact of insecticide exposure on colony weight gain, or the number or mass of sexuals produced, although colonies exposed to 2.4ppb produced larger males. As previous studies have reported pesticide effects on bumblebee colony growth, this may suggest that impacts on bumblebee colonies are more pronounced for colonies at an earlier stage in the reproductive cycle. Alternatively, it may also indicate that thiamethoxam differs in toxicity compared to previously tested neonicotinoids in terms of reproductive effects. In either case, assessing bumblebee colony development under field conditions is likely more informative for real world scenarios than tests conducted in laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara A Stanley
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK.
- Botany and Plant Science, School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Nigel E Raine
- School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, TW20 0EX, UK
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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162
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Samson-Robert O, Labrie G, Chagnon M, Fournier V. Planting of neonicotinoid-coated corn raises honey bee mortality and sets back colony development. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3670. [PMID: 28828265 PMCID: PMC5560231 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide occurrences of honey bee colony losses have raised concerns about bee health and the sustainability of pollination-dependent crops. While multiple causal factors have been identified, seed coating with insecticides of the neonicotinoid family has been the focus of much discussion and research. Nonetheless, few studies have investigated the impacts of these insecticides under field conditions or in commercial beekeeping operations. Given that corn-seed coating constitutes the largest single use of neonicotinoid, our study compared honey bee mortality from commercial apiaries located in two different agricultural settings, i.e. corn-dominated areas and corn-free environments, during the corn planting season. Data was collected in 2012 and 2013 from 26 bee yards. Dead honey bees from five hives in each apiary were counted and collected, and samples were analyzed using a multi-residue LC-MS/MS method. Long-term effects on colony development were simulated based on a honey bee population dynamic model. Mortality survey showed that colonies located in a corn-dominated area had daily mortality counts 3.51 times those of colonies from corn crop-free sites. Chemical analyses revealed that honey bees were exposed to various agricultural pesticides during the corn planting season, but were primarily subjected to neonicotinoid compounds (54% of analysed samples contained clothianidin, and 31% contained both clothianidin and thiamethoxam). Performance development simulations performed on hive populations' show that increased mortality during the corn planting season sets back colony development and bears contributions to collapse risk but, most of all, reduces the effectiveness and value of colonies for pollination services. Our results also have implications for the numerous large-scale and worldwide-cultivated crops that currently rely on pre-emptive use of neonicotinoid seed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Samson-Robert
- Centre de recherche en innovation sur les végétaux, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Geneviève Labrie
- Centre de recherche sur les grains Inc., Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, Québec, Canada
| | - Madeleine Chagnon
- Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Valérie Fournier
- Centre de recherche en innovation sur les végétaux, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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163
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Isaacs R, Williams N, Ellis J, Pitts-Singer TL, Bommarco R, Vaughan M. Integrated Crop Pollination: Combining strategies to ensure stable and sustainable yields of pollination-dependent crops. Basic Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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164
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Czerwinski MA, Sadd BM. Detrimental interactions of neonicotinoid pesticide exposure and bumblebee immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2017; 327:273-283. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben Michael Sadd
- School of Biological Sciences; Illinois State University; Normal Illinois
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165
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Nicholls E, Fowler R, Niven JE, Gilbert JD, Goulson D. Larval exposure to field-realistic concentrations of clothianidin has no effect on development rate, over-winter survival or adult metabolic rate in a solitary bee, Osmia bicornis. PeerJ 2017. [PMID: 28649467 PMCID: PMC5480390 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is widespread concern regarding the effects of agro-chemical exposure on bee health, of which neonicotinoids, systemic insecticides detected in the pollen and nectar of both crops and wildflowers, have been the most strongly debated. The majority of studies examining the effect of neonicotinoids on bees have focussed on social species, namely honey bees and bumble bees. However, most bee species are solitary, their life histories differing considerably from these social species, and thus it is possible that their susceptibility to pesticides may be quite different. Studies that have included solitary bees have produced mixed results regarding the impact of neonicotinoid exposure on survival and reproductive success. While the majority of studies have focused on the effects of adult exposure, bees are also likely to be exposed as larvae via the consumption of contaminated pollen. Here we examined the effect of exposure of Osmia bicornis larvae to a range of field-realistic concentrations (0–10 ppb) of the neonicotinoid clothianidin, observing no effect on larval development time, overwintering survival or adult weight. Flow-through respirometry was used to test for latent effects of larval exposure on adult physiological function. We observed differences between male and female bees in the propensity to engage in discontinuous gas exchange; however, no effect of larval clothianidin exposure was observed. Our results suggest that previously reported adverse effects of neonicotinoids on O. bicornis are most likely mediated by impacts on adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Nicholls
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Fowler
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy E Niven
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - James D Gilbert
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom.,School of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
| | - Dave Goulson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
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166
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Feeding toxicity and impact of imidacloprid formulation and mixtures with six representative pesticides at residue concentrations on honey bee physiology (Apis mellifera). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178421. [PMID: 28591204 PMCID: PMC5462352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Imidacloprid is the most widely used insecticide in agriculture. In this study, we used feeding methods to simulate in-hive exposures of formulated imidacloprid (Advise® 2FL) alone and mixtures with six representative pesticides for different classes. Advise, fed at 4.3 mg/L (equal to maximal residue detection of 912 ppb active ingredient [a.i.] in pollen) induced 36% mortality and 56% feeding suppression after 2-week feeding. Treatments with individual Bracket (acephate), Karate (λ-cyhalothrin), Vydate (oxamyl), Domark (tetraconazole), and Roundup (glyphosate) at residue level had a mortality range of 1.3–13.3%, statistically similar to that of control (P>0.05). The additive/synergistic toxicity was not detected from binary mixtures of Advise with different classes of pesticides at residue levels. The feeding of the mixture of all seven pesticides increased mortality to 53%, significantly higher than Advise only but still without synergism. Enzymatic data showed that activities of invertase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase activities in imidacloprid-treated survivors were mostly similar to those found in control. Esterase activity mostly increased, but was significantly suppressed by Bracket (acephate). The immunity-related phenoloxidase activity in imidacloprid-treated survivors tended to be lower, but most treatments were statistically similar to the control. Increase of cytochrome P450 activity was correlated with Advise concentrations and reached significant difference at 56 mg/L (12 ppm a.i.). Our data demonstrated that residue levels of seven pesticide in pollens/hive may not adversely affect honey bees, but long term exclusive ingestion of the maximal residue levels of imidacloprid (912 ppb) and sulfoxaflor (3 ppm a.i.) may induce substantial bee mortality. Rotating with other insecticides is a necessary and practical way to reduce the residue level of any given pesticide.
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167
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Abbo PM, Kawasaki JK, Hamilton M, Cook SC, DeGrandi-Hoffman G, Li WF, Liu J, Chen YP. Effects of Imidacloprid and Varroa destructor on survival and health of European honey bees, Apis mellifera. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:467-477. [PMID: 26990560 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
There has been growing concern over declines in populations of honey bees and other pollinators which are a vital part to our food security. It is imperative to identify factors responsible for accelerated declines in bee populations and develop solutions for reversing bee losses. While exact causes of colony losses remain elusive, risk factors thought to play key roles are ectoparasitic mites Varroa destructor and neonicotinoid pesticides. The present study aims to investigate effects of a neonicotinoid pesticide Imidacloprid and Varroa mites individually on survivorship, growth, physiology, virus dynamics and immunity of honey bee workers. Our study provides clear evidence that the exposure to sublethal doses of Imidacloprid could exert a significantly negative effect on health and survival of honey bees. We observed a significant reduction in the titer of vitellogenin (Vg), an egg yolk precursor that regulates the honey bees development and behavior and often are linked to energy homeostasis, in bees exposed to Imidacloprid. This result indicates that sublethal exposure to neonicotinoid could lead to increased energy usage in honey bees as detoxification is a energy-consuming metabolic process and suggests that Vg could be a useful biomarker for measuring levels of energy stress and sublethal effects of pesticides on honey bees. Measurement of the quantitative effects of different levels of Varroa mite infestation on the replication dynamic of Deformed wing virus (DWV), an RNA virus associated with Varroa infestation, and expression level of immune genes yields unique insights into how honey bees respond to stressors under laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pendo M Abbo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Joshua K Kawasaki
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, USA
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Steven C Cook
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Wen Feng Li
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jie Liu
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
- College of Bee Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan Ping Chen
- USDA-ARS Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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168
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Sgolastra F, Medrzycki P, Bortolotti L, Renzi MT, Tosi S, Bogo G, Teper D, Porrini C, Molowny-Horas R, Bosch J. Synergistic mortality between a neonicotinoid insecticide and an ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicide in three bee species. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:1236-1243. [PMID: 27685544 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neonicotinoid insecticides have been identified as an important factor contributing to bee diversity declines. Nonetheless, uncertainties remain about their impact under field conditions. Most studies have been conducted on Apis mellifera and tested single compounds. However, in agricultural environments, bees are often exposed to multiple pesticides. We explore the synergistic mortality between a neonicotinoid (clothianidin) and an ergosterol-biosynthesis-inhibiting fungicide (propiconazole) in three bee species (A. mellifera, Bombus terrestris, Osmia bicornis) following oral exposure in the laboratory. RESULTS We developed a new approach based on the binomial proportion test to analyse synergistic interactions. We estimated uptake of clothianidin per foraging bout in honey bees foraging on seed-coated rapeseed fields. We found significant synergistic mortality in all three bee species exposed to non-lethal doses of propiconazole and their respective LD10 of clothianidin. Significant synergism was only found at the first assessment times in A. mellifera (4 and 24 h) and B. terrestris (4 h), but persisted throughout the experiment (96 h) in O. bicornis. O. bicornis was also the most sensitive species to clothianidin. CONCLUSION Our results underscore the importance to test pesticide combinations likely to occur in agricultural environments, and to include several bee species in environmental risk assessment schemes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sgolastra
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Piotr Medrzycki
- CREA-API, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Unità di Ricerca in Apicoltura e Bachicoltura, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Bortolotti
- CREA-API, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Unità di Ricerca in Apicoltura e Bachicoltura, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Simone Tosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gherardo Bogo
- CREA-API, Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l'Analisi dell'Economia Agraria, Unità di Ricerca in Apicoltura e Bachicoltura, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biologiche, Geologiche ed Ambientali, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Dariusz Teper
- Research Institute of Horticulture, Apiculture Division, Puławy, Poland
| | - Claudio Porrini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Jordi Bosch
- CREAF, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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169
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Benuszak J, Laurent M, Chauzat MP. The exposure of honey bees (Apis mellifera; Hymenoptera: Apidae) to pesticides: Room for improvement in research. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:423-438. [PMID: 28256316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Losses of honey bees have been repeatedly reported from many places worldwide. The widespread use of synthetic pesticides has led to concerns regarding their environmental fate and their effects on pollinators. Based on a standardised review, we report the use of a wide variety of honey bee matrices and sampling methods in the scientific papers studying pesticide exposure. Matrices such as beeswax and beebread were very little analysed despite their capacities for long-term pesticide storage. Moreover, bioavailability and transfer between in-hive matrices were poorly understood and explored. Many pesticides were studied but interactions between molecules or with other stressors were lacking. Sampling methods, targeted matrices and units of measure should have been, to some extent, standardised between publications to ease comparison and cross checking. Data on honey bee exposure to pesticides would have also benefit from the use of commercial formulations in experiments instead of active ingredients, with a special assessment of co-formulants (quantitative exposure and effects). Finally, the air matrix within the colony must be explored in order to complete current knowledge on honey bee pesticide exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Benuszak
- Unit of Coordination and Support to Surveillance, ANSES, Scientific Affairs Department for Laboratories, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Marion Laurent
- Unit of Honeybee Pathology, ANSES, European Union and National Reference Laboratory for Honeybee Health, Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Chauzat
- Unit of Coordination and Support to Surveillance, ANSES, Scientific Affairs Department for Laboratories, Maisons-Alfort, France; Unit of Honeybee Pathology, ANSES, European Union and National Reference Laboratory for Honeybee Health, Sophia Antipolis, France.
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170
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171
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Zhang H, Breeze T, Bailey A, Garthwaite D, Harrington R, Potts SG. Arthropod Pest Control for UK Oilseed Rape - Comparing Insecticide Efficacies, Side Effects and Alternatives. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169475. [PMID: 28076392 PMCID: PMC5226783 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oilseed rape (Brassica napus) is an important combinable break crop in the UK, which is largely protected from arthropod pests by insecticidal chemicals. Despite ongoing debate regarding the use of neonicotinoids, the dominant seed treatment ingredients used for this crop, there is little publicly available data comparing the efficacy of insecticides in controlling key arthropod pests or comparing the impacts on non-target species and the wider environment. To provide an insight into these matters, a UK-wide expert survey targeting agronomists and entomologists was conducted from March to June 2015. Based on the opinions of 90 respondents, an average of 20% yield loss caused by the key arthropod pests was expected to have occurred in the absence of insecticide treatments. Relatively older chemical groups were perceived to have lower efficacy for target pests than newer ones, partly due to the development of insecticide resistance. Without neonicotinoid seed treatments, a lack of good control for cabbage stem flea beetle was perceived. Wide spectrum foliar insecticide sprays were perceived to have significantly greater negative impacts than seed treatments on users' health, natural enemies, pollinators, soil and water, and many foliar active ingredients have had potential risks for non-target arthropod species in UK oilseed rape fields for the past 25 years. Overall, 72% of respondents opposed the neonicotinoid restriction, while 10% supported it. Opposition and support of the restriction were largely based on concerns for pollinators and the wider environment, highlighting the uncertainty over the side effects of neonicotinoid use. More people from the government and research institutes leaned towards neutrality over the issue, compared to those directly involved in growing the crop. Neonicotinoid restriction was expected to result in greater effort and expenditure on pest control and lower production (0-1 t/ha less). Alternatives for future oilseed rape protection were then discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Breeze
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Bailey
- Land Management and Systems, Faculty of Agribusiness and Commerce, Lincoln University, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - David Garthwaite
- Pesticide Usage Survey, Fera Science Ltd, Sand Hutton, York, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Harrington
- Rothamsted Insect Survey, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Simon G. Potts
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, School of Agriculture, Policy and Development, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
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172
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Hurley T, Mitchell P. Value of neonicotinoid seed treatments to US soybean farmers. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:102-112. [PMID: 27577180 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of neonicotinoid seed treatment to soybean farmers have received increased scrutiny. Rather than use data from small-plot experiments, this research uses survey data from 500 US farmers to estimate the benefit of neonicotinoid seed treatments to them. As seed treatment users, farmers are familiar with their benefits in the field and have economic incentives to only use them if they provide value. RESULTS Of the surveyed farmers, 51% used insecticide seed treatments, averaging 87% of their soybean area. Farmers indicated that human and environmental safety is an important consideration affecting their pest management decisions and reported aphids as the most managed and important soybean pest. Asking farmers who used seed treatments to state how much value they provided gives an estimate of $US 28.04 ha-1 treated in 2013, net of seed treatment costs. Farmer-reported average yields provided an estimated average yield gain of 128.0 kg ha-1 treated in 2013, or about $US 42.20 ha-1 treated, net of seed treatment costs. CONCLUSION These estimates using different data and methods are consistent and suggest the value of insecticide seed treatments to the US soybean farmers who used them in 2013 was around $US 28-42 ha-1 treated, net of seed treatment costs. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrance Hurley
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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173
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Sepsis and Hemocyte Loss in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera) Infected with Serratia marcescens Strain Sicaria. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167752. [PMID: 28002470 PMCID: PMC5176276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Global loss of honey bee colonies is threatening the human food supply. Diverse pathogens reduce honey bee hardiness needed to sustain colonies, especially in winter. We isolated a free-living Gram negative bacillus from hemolymph of worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) found separated from winter clusters. In some hives, greater than 90% of the dying bees detached from the winter cluster were found to contain this bacterium in their hemolymph. Throughout the year, the same organism was rarely found in bees engaged in normal hive activities, but was detected in about half of Varroa destructor mites obtained from colonies that housed the septic bees. Flow cytometry of hemolymph from septic bees showed a significant reduction of plasmatocytes and other types of hemocytes. Interpretation of the16S rRNA sequence of the bacterium indicated that it belongs to the Serratia genus of Gram-negative Gammaproteobacteria, which has not previously been implicated as a pathogen of adult honey bees. Complete genome sequence analysis of the bacterium supported its classification as a novel strain of Serratia marcescens, which was designated as S. marcescens strain sicaria (Ss1). When compared with other strains of S. marcescens, Ss1 demonstrated several phenotypic and genetic differences, including 65 genes not previously found in other Serratia genomes. Some of the unique genes we identified in Ss1 were related to those from bacterial insect pathogens and commensals. Recovery of this organism extends a complex pathosphere of agents which may contribute to failure of honey bee colonies.
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174
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Douglas MR, Tooker JF. Meta-analysis reveals that seed-applied neonicotinoids and pyrethroids have similar negative effects on abundance of arthropod natural enemies. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2776. [PMID: 27957400 PMCID: PMC5147019 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seed-applied neonicotinoids are widely used in agriculture, yet their effects on non-target species remain incompletely understood. One important group of non-target species is arthropod natural enemies (predators and parasitoids), which contribute considerably to suppression of crop pests. We hypothesized that seed-applied neonicotinoids reduce natural-enemy abundance, but not as strongly as alternative insecticide options such as soil- and foliar-applied pyrethroids. Furthermore we hypothesized that seed-applied neonicotinoids affect natural enemies through a combination of toxin exposure and prey scarcity. Methods To test our hypotheses, we compiled datasets comprising observations from randomized field studies in North America and Europe that compared natural-enemy abundance in plots that were planted with seed-applied neonicotinoids to control plots that were either (1) managed without insecticides (20 studies, 56 site-years, 607 observations) or (2) managed with pyrethroid insecticides (eight studies, 15 site-years, 384 observations). Using the effect size Hedge’s d as the response variable, we used meta-regression to estimate the overall effect of seed-applied neonicotinoids on natural-enemy abundance and to test the influence of potential moderating factors. Results Seed-applied neonicotinoids reduced the abundance of arthropod natural enemies compared to untreated controls (d = −0.30 ± 0.10 [95% confidence interval]), and as predicted under toxin exposure this effect was stronger for insect than for non-insect taxa (QM = 8.70, df = 1, P = 0.003). Moreover, seed-applied neonicotinoids affected the abundance of arthropod natural enemies similarly to soil- or foliar-applied pyrethroids (d = 0.16 ± 0.42 or −0.02 ± 0.12; with or without one outlying study). Effect sizes were surprisingly consistent across both datasets (I2 = 2.7% for no-insecticide controls; I2 = 0% for pyrethroid controls), suggesting little moderating influence of crop species, neonicotinoid active ingredients, or methodological choices. Discussion Our meta-analysis of nearly 1,000 observations from North American and European field studies revealed that seed-applied neonicotinoids reduced the abundance of arthropod natural enemies similarly to broadcast applications of pyrethroid insecticides. These findings suggest that substituting pyrethroids for seed-applied neonicotinoids, or vice versa, will have little net affect on natural enemy abundance. Consistent with previous lab work, our results also suggest that seed-applied neonicotinoids are less toxic to spiders and mites, which can contribute substantially to biological control in many agricultural systems. Finally, our ability to interpret the negative effect of neonicotinoids on natural enemies is constrained by difficulty relating natural-enemy abundance to biological control function; this is an important area for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret R Douglas
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , United States
| | - John F Tooker
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , United States
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175
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Arce AN, David TI, Randall EL, Ramos Rodrigues A, Colgan TJ, Wurm Y, Gill RJ. Impact of controlled neonicotinoid exposure on bumblebees in a realistic field setting. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andres N. Arce
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus; Buckhurst Road Ascot SL5 7PY UK
| | - Thomas I. David
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus; Buckhurst Road Ascot SL5 7PY UK
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection; Rothamsted Research; Harpenden Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Emma L. Randall
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus; Buckhurst Road Ascot SL5 7PY UK
- College of Life and Environmental Science; University of Exeter, Penryn Campus; Penryn Cornwall TR10 9FE UK
| | - Ana Ramos Rodrigues
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus; Buckhurst Road Ascot SL5 7PY UK
| | - Thomas J. Colgan
- Department of Organismal Biology; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Yannick Wurm
- Department of Organismal Biology; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Richard J. Gill
- Department of Life Sciences; Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus; Buckhurst Road Ascot SL5 7PY UK
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176
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Stanley DA, Russell AL, Morrison SJ, Rogers C, Raine NE. Investigating the impacts of field-realistic exposure to a neonicotinoid pesticide on bumblebee foraging, homing ability and colony growth. J Appl Ecol 2016; 53:1440-1449. [PMID: 27867216 PMCID: PMC5103171 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The ability to forage and return home is essential to the success of bees as both foragers and pollinators. Pesticide exposure may cause behavioural changes that interfere with these processes, with consequences for colony persistence and delivery of pollination services.We investigated the impact of chronic exposure (5-43 days) to field-realistic levels of a neonicotinoid insecticide (2·4 ppb thiamethoxam) on foraging ability, homing success and colony size using radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in free-flying bumblebee colonies.Individual foragers from pesticide-exposed colonies carried out longer foraging bouts than untreated controls (68 vs. 55 min). Pesticide-exposed bees also brought back pollen less frequently than controls indicating reduced foraging performance.A higher proportion of bees from pesticide-exposed colonies returned when released 1 km from their nests; this is potentially related to increased orientation experience during longer foraging bouts. We measured no impact of pesticide exposure on homing ability for bees released from 2 km, or when data were analysed overall.Despite a trend for control colonies to produce more new workers earlier, we found no overall impacts of pesticide exposure on whole colony size. Synthesis and applications. This study shows that field-realistic neonicotinoid exposure can have impacts on both foraging ability and homing success of bumblebees, with implications for the success of bumblebee colonies in agricultural landscapes and their ability to deliver crucial pollination services. Pesticide risk assessments should include bee species other than honeybees and assess a range of behaviours to elucidate the impact of sublethal effects. This has relevance for reviews of neonicotinoid risk assessment and usage policy world-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara A. Stanley
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
- Botany and Plant ScienceSchool of Natural Sciences and Ryan InstituteNational University of IrelandGalwayIreland
| | - Avery L. Russell
- Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in Entomology and Insect ScienceUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZ85721USA
| | | | - Catherine Rogers
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
| | - Nigel E. Raine
- School of Biological SciencesRoyal Holloway University of LondonEghamTW20 0EXUK
- School of Environmental SciencesUniversity of GuelphGuelphONN1G 2W1Canada
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177
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Spurgeon D, Hesketh H, Lahive E, Svendsen C, Baas J, Robinson A, Horton A, Heard M. Chronic oral lethal and sub‐lethal toxicities of different binary mixtures of pesticides and contaminants in bees (Apis mellifera, Osmia bicornis and Bombus terrestris). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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178
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Kurze C, Routtu J, Moritz RF. Parasite resistance and tolerance in honeybees at the individual and social level. ZOOLOGY 2016; 119:290-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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179
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Mogren CL, Lundgren JG. Neonicotinoid-contaminated pollinator strips adjacent to cropland reduce honey bee nutritional status. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29608. [PMID: 27412495 PMCID: PMC4944152 DOI: 10.1038/srep29608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide pollinator declines are attributed to a number of factors, including pesticide exposures. Neonicotinoid insecticides specifically have been detected in surface waters, non-target vegetation, and bee products, but the risks posed by environmental exposures are still not well understood. Pollinator strips were tested for clothianidin contamination in plant tissues, and the risks to honey bees assessed. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantified clothianidin in leaf, nectar, honey, and bee bread at organic and seed-treated farms. Total glycogen, lipids, and protein from honey bee workers were quantified. The proportion of plants testing positive for clothianidin were the same between treatments. Leaf tissue and honey had similar concentrations of clothianidin between organic and seed-treated farms. Honey (mean±SE: 6.61 ± 0.88 ppb clothianidin per hive) had seven times greater concentrations than nectar collected by bees (0.94 ± 0.09 ppb). Bee bread collected from organic sites (25.8 ± 3.0 ppb) had significantly less clothianidin than those at seed treated locations (41.6 ± 2.9 ppb). Increasing concentrations of clothianidin in bee bread were correlated with decreased glycogen, lipid, and protein in workers. This study shows that small, isolated areas set aside for conservation do not provide spatial or temporal relief from neonicotinoid exposures in agricultural regions where their use is largely prophylactic.
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180
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Stanley DA, Raine NE. Chronic exposure to a neonicotinoid pesticide alters the interactions between bumblebees and wild plants. Funct Ecol 2016; 30:1132-1139. [PMID: 27512241 PMCID: PMC4950133 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Insect pollinators are essential for both the production of a large proportion of world crops and the health of natural ecosystems. As important pollinators, bumblebees must learn to forage on flowers to feed both themselves and provision their colonies.Increased use of pesticides has caused concern over sublethal effects on bees, such as impacts on reproduction or learning ability. However, little is known about how sublethal exposure to field-realistic levels of pesticide might affect the ability of bees to visit and manipulate flowers.We observed the behaviour of individual bumblebees from colonies chronically exposed to a neonicotinoid pesticide (10 ppb thiamethoxam) or control solutions foraging for the first time on an array of morphologically complex wildflowers (Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium repens) in an outdoor flight arena.We found that more bees released from pesticide-treated colonies became foragers, and that they visited more L. corniculatus flowers than controls. Interestingly, bees exposed to pesticide collected pollen more often than controls, but control bees learnt to handle flowers efficiently after fewer learning visits than bees exposed to pesticide. There were also different initial floral preferences of our treatment groups; control bees visited a higher proportion of T. repens flowers, and bees exposed to pesticide were more likely to choose L. corniculatus on their first visit.Our results suggest that the foraging behaviour of bumblebees on real flowers can be altered by sublethal exposure to field-realistic levels of pesticide. This has implications for the foraging success and persistence of bumblebee colonies, but perhaps more importantly for the interactions between wild plants and flower-visiting insects and ability of bees to deliver the crucial pollination services to plants necessary for ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara A Stanley
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham TW20 0EX UK; Botany and Plant Science School of Natural Sciences and Ryan Institute National University of Ireland Galway Ireland
| | - Nigel E Raine
- School of Biological Sciences Royal Holloway University of London Egham TW20 0EX UK; School of Environmental Sciences University of Guelph Guelph ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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181
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Spafford H, Ching A, Manley M, Hardin C, Bittenbender H. Management of Chinese Rose Beetle (Adoretus sinicus) Adults Feeding on Cacao (Theobroma cacao) Using Insecticides. INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7020028. [PMID: 27348004 PMCID: PMC4931440 DOI: 10.3390/insects7020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese rose beetle (Adoretus sinicus Burmeister (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)) is an introduced, widely-established pest in Hawai’i. The adult beetles feed on the leaves of cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), which can lead to defoliation and even death of young trees. We evaluated the impact of five commercially available products with different active ingredients (imidacloprid, azadirachtin, Beauveria bassiana (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill., kaolin clay, and pyrethrin) and the presence or absence of weed mat cover in reducing adult beetle feeding on sapling cacao in the field. The use of weed mat cover reduced feeding damage compared to the untreated control, as did foliar application of imidacloprid, azadirachtin, and B. bassiana. In the laboratory, field-collected adult beetles were presented cacao leaf samples dipped in one of the five products and compared to a control. Beetles exposed to pyrethrin died rapidly. Among the other treatments, only exposure to imidacloprid significantly reduced survival relative to the control. Beetles fed very little on leaf samples with azadirachtin but their longevity was not significantly reduced. Imidacloprid, azadirachtin, and weed mat application had the most promise for reducing adult Chinese rose beetle feeding damage in young cacao and deserve further investigation for successful management of this significant pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Spafford
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 310, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Alexander Ching
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 310, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Megan Manley
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 310, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Chelsea Hardin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i Manoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 310, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
| | - Harry Bittenbender
- Department of Tropical Plant and Soil Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i Manoa, 3190 Maile Way, St John Hall Room 102, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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182
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Woodcock BA, Heard MS, Jitlal MS, Rundlöf M, Bullock JM, Shore RF, Pywell RF. Replication, effect sizes and identifying the biological impacts of pesticides on bees under field conditions. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Woodcock
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Maclean Building Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Matthew S. Heard
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Maclean Building Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Mark S. Jitlal
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Maclean Building Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Maj Rundlöf
- Department of Biology; Lund University; 223 62 Lund Sweden
| | - James M. Bullock
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Maclean Building Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
| | - Richard F. Shore
- Lancaster Environment Centre; NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Library Avenue Lancaster Bailrigg LA1 4AP UK
| | - Richard F. Pywell
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology; Maclean Building Crowmarsh Gifford Wallingford Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
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183
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Mullin CA, Fine JD, Reynolds RD, Frazier MT. Toxicological Risks of Agrochemical Spray Adjuvants: Organosilicone Surfactants May Not Be Safe. Front Public Health 2016; 4:92. [PMID: 27242985 PMCID: PMC4862968 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrochemical risk assessment that takes into account only pesticide active ingredients without the spray adjuvants commonly used in their application will miss important toxicity outcomes detrimental to non-target species, including humans. Lack of disclosure of adjuvant and formulation ingredients coupled with a lack of adequate analytical methods constrains the assessment of total chemical load on beneficial organisms and the environment. Adjuvants generally enhance the pesticidal efficacy and inadvertently the non-target effects of the active ingredient. Spray adjuvants are largely assumed to be biologically inert and are not registered by the USA EPA, leaving their regulation and monitoring to individual states. Organosilicone surfactants are the most potent adjuvants and super-penetrants available to growers. Based on the data for agrochemical applications to almonds from California Department of Pesticide Regulation, there has been increasing use of adjuvants, particularly organosilicone surfactants, during bloom when two-thirds of USA honey bee colonies are present. Increased tank mixing of these with ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors and other fungicides and with insect growth regulator insecticides may be associated with recent USA honey bee declines. This database archives every application of a spray tank adjuvant with detail that is unprecedented globally. Organosilicone surfactants are good stand alone pesticides, toxic to bees, and are also present in drug and personal care products, particularly shampoos, and thus represent an important component of the chemical landscape to which pollinators and humans are exposed. This mini review is the first to possibly link spray adjuvant use with declining health of honey bee populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher A. Mullin
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Julia D. Fine
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Ryan D. Reynolds
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Maryann T. Frazier
- Department of Entomology, Center for Pollinator Research, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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184
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Hladik ML, Vandever M, Smalling KL. Exposure of native bees foraging in an agricultural landscape to current-use pesticides. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:469-77. [PMID: 26520270 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The awareness of insects as pollinators and indicators of environmental quality has grown in recent years, partially in response to declines in honey bee (Apis mellifera) populations. While most pesticide research has focused on honey bees, there has been less work on native bee populations. To determine the exposure of native bees to pesticides, bees were collected from an existing research area in northeastern Colorado in both grasslands (2013-2014) and wheat fields (2014). Traps were deployed bi-monthly during the summer at each land cover type and all bees, regardless of species, were composited as whole samples and analyzed for 136 current-use pesticides and degradates. This reconnaissance approach provides a sampling of all species and represents overall pesticide exposure (internal and external). Nineteen pesticides and degradates were detected in 54 composite samples collected. Compounds detected in >2% of the samples included: insecticides thiamethoxam (46%), bifenthrin (28%), clothianidin (24%), chlorpyrifos (17%), imidacloprid (13%), fipronil desulfinyl (7%; degradate); fungicides azoxystrobin (17%), pyraclostrobin (11%), fluxapyroxad (9%), and propiconazole (9%); herbicides atrazine (19%) and metolachlor (9%). Concentrations ranged from 1 to 310 ng/g for individual pesticides. Pesticides were detected in samples collected from both grasslands and wheat fields; the location of the sample and the surrounding land cover at the 1000 m radius influenced the pesticides detected but because of a small number of temporally comparable samples, correlations between pesticide concentration and land cover were not significant. The results show native bees collected in an agricultural landscape are exposed to multiple pesticides, these results can direct future research on routes/timing of pesticide exposure and the design of future conservation efforts for pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Hladik
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, 6000 J Street, Placer Hall, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA.
| | - Mark Vandever
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, 2150 Centre Ave Bldg C, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA,.
| | - Kelly L Smalling
- U.S. Geological Survey, New Jersey Water Science Center, 3450 Princeton Pike, Suite 110, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, USA.
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